diff --git a/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/disks/chapter.sgml b/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/disks/chapter.sgml index 469876183c..5bbd5e82df 100644 --- a/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/disks/chapter.sgml +++ b/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/disks/chapter.sgml @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ @@ -19,8 +19,10 @@ Before you install and configure FreeBSD on your system, there is an important subject that you should be aware of if, especially if you have - multiple hard drives. + multiple hard drives. + DOS + Microsoft Windows In a PC running DOS or any of the BIOS-dependent operating systems (WINxxx), the BIOS is able to abstract the normal disk drive order, and the operating system goes along with the change. This allows the user @@ -34,6 +36,8 @@ to logically swap the drives. It's like switching the cables on the drives, but without having to open the case. + SCSI + BIOS More expensive systems with SCSI controllers often include BIOS extensions which allow the SCSI drives to be re-ordered in a similar fashion for up to seven drives. @@ -116,6 +120,10 @@ Disk Naming + IDE + SCSI + RAID + fash memory Physical drives come in two main flavors, IDE, or SCSI; but there are also drives backed by RAID controllers, flash memory, and so @@ -192,7 +200,9 @@ Slices and Partitions - + slices + partitions + dangerously dedicated Physical disks usually contain slices, unless they are dangerously dedicated. Slice numbers follow @@ -220,6 +230,7 @@ have their own branches, such as /usr/local, and so on. + root filesystem There are various reasons to house some of these directories on separate filesystems. /var contains log, spool, and various types of temporary files, and @@ -235,6 +246,8 @@ The fstab File + filesystemsmounted with + fstab During the boot process, filesystems listed in /etc/fstab are @@ -272,6 +285,7 @@ The mount Command + filesystemsmounting The &man.mount.8; command is what is ultimately used to mount filesystems. @@ -397,6 +411,7 @@ The umount Command + filesystemsunmounting The umount command takes, as a parameter, one of a mountpoint, a device name, or the or @@ -415,15 +430,17 @@ Adding Disks + disksadding Originally contributed by &a.obrien; 26 April 1998 - Lets say we want to add a new SCSI disk to a machine that currently - only has a single drive. First turn off the computer and install the - drive in the computer following the instructions of the computer, - controller, and drive manufacturer. Due the wide variations of procedures - to do this, the details are beyond the scope of this document. + Lets say we want to add a new SCSI disk to a machine that + currently only has a single drive. First turn off the computer + and install the drive in the computer following the instructions + of the computer, controller, and drive manufacturer. Due the + wide variations of procedures to do this, the details are beyond + the scope of this document. Login as user root. After you've installed the drive, inspect /var/run/dmesg.boot to ensure the new @@ -433,77 +450,92 @@ be wd1 in pre-4.0 systems, or ad1 in most 4.X systems). - Because FreeBSD runs on IBM-PC compatible computers, it must take into - account the PC BIOS partitions. These are different from the traditional - BSD partitions. A PC disk has up to four BIOS partition entries. If the - disk is going to be truly dedicated to FreeBSD, you can use the - dedicated mode. Otherwise, FreeBSD will have to live - with in one of the PC BIOS partitions. FreeBSD calls the PC BIOS - partitions slices so as not to confuse them with - traditional BSD partitions. You may also use slices on a disk that is - dedicated to FreeBSD, but used in a computer that also has another - operating system installed. This is to not confuse the - fdisk utility of the other operating system. + partitions + slices + fdisk + + Because FreeBSD runs on IBM-PC compatible computers, it must + take into account the PC BIOS partitions. These are different + from the traditional BSD partitions. A PC disk has up to four + BIOS partition entries. If the disk is going to be truly + dedicated to FreeBSD, you can use the + dedicated mode. Otherwise, FreeBSD will + have to live with in one of the PC BIOS partitions. FreeBSD + calls the PC BIOS partitions slices so as + not to confuse them with traditional BSD partitions. You may + also use slices on a disk that is dedicated to FreeBSD, but used + in a computer that also has another operating system installed. + This is to not confuse the fdisk utility of + the other operating system. In the slice case the drive will be added as - /dev/da1s1e. This is read as: SCSI disk, unit number - 1 (second SCSI disk), slice 1 (PC BIOS partition 1), and - e BSD partition. In the dedicated case, the drive - will be added simply as /dev/da1e. + /dev/da1s1e. This is read as: SCSI disk, + unit number 1 (second SCSI disk), slice 1 (PC BIOS partition 1), + and e BSD partition. In the dedicated + case, the drive will be added simply as + /dev/da1e. Using sysinstall - - You may use /stand/sysinstall to partition and - label a new disk using its easy to use menus. Either login as user - root or use the su command. Run + sysinstalladding disks + + You may use /stand/sysinstall to + partition and label a new disk using its easy to use menus. + Either login as user root or use the + su command. Run /stand/sysinstall and enter the - Configure menu. With in the FreeBSD - Configuration Menu, scroll down and select the - Partition item. Next you should be presented with a - list of hard drives installed in your system. If you do not see - da1 listed, you need to recheck your physical - installation and dmesg output in the file + Configure menu. With in the + FreeBSD Configuration Menu, scroll down and + select the Partition item. Next you should + be presented with a list of hard drives installed in your + system. If you do not see da1 listed, you + need to recheck your physical installation and + dmesg output in the file /var/run/dmesg.boot. - Select da1 to enter the FDISK Partition - Editor. Choose A to use the entire disk - for FreeBSD. When asked if you want to remain cooperative with - any future possible operating systems, answer - YES. Write the changes to the disk using - W. Now exit the FDISK editor using - q. Next you will be asked about the Master Boot - Record. Since you are adding a disk to an already running system, - choose None. + Select da1 to enter the FDISK + Partition Editor. Choose A to + use the entire disk for FreeBSD. When asked if you want to + remain cooperative with any future possible operating + systems, answer YES. Write the + changes to the disk using W. Now exit the + FDISK editor using q. Next you will be + asked about the Master Boot Record. Since you are adding a + disk to an already running system, choose + None. - Next enter the Disk Label Editor. This is where - you will create the traditional BSD partitions. A disk can have up to - eight partitions, labeled a-h. A few of the partition labels have - special uses. The a partition is used for the root - partition (/). Thus only your system disk (e.g, - the disk you boot from) should have an a partition. - The b partition is used for swap partitions, and you - may have many disks with swap partitions. The c - partition addresses the entire disk in dedicated mode, or the entire - FreeBSD slice in slice mode. The other partitions are for general - use. + BSD partitions + Next enter the Disk Label Editor. This + is where you will create the traditional BSD partitions. A + disk can have up to eight partitions, labeled a-h. A few of + the partition labels have special uses. The + a partition is used for the root partition + (/). Thus only your system disk (e.g, + the disk you boot from) should have an a + partition. The b partition is used for + swap partitions, and you may have many disks with swap + partitions. The c partition addresses the + entire disk in dedicated mode, or the entire FreeBSD slice in + slice mode. The other partitions are for general use. - Sysinstall's Label editor favors the e partition - for non-root, non-swap partitions. With in the Label editor, create a - single file system using C. When prompted if this - will be a FS (file system) or swap, choose FS and - give a mount point (e.g, /mnt). When adding a disk - in post-install mode, Sysinstall will not create entries in - /etc/fstab for you, so the mount point you specify - isn't important. + Sysinstall's Label editor favors the e + partition for non-root, non-swap partitions. With in the + Label editor, create a single file system using + C. When prompted if this will be a FS + (file system) or swap, choose FS and give a + mount point (e.g, /mnt). When adding a + disk in post-install mode, Sysinstall will not create entries + in /etc/fstab for you, so the mount point + you specify isn't important. - You are now ready to write the new label to the disk and create a - file system on it. Do this by hitting W. Ignore any - errors from Sysinstall that it could not mount the new partition. Exit - the Label Editor and Sysinstall completely. + You are now ready to write the new label to the disk and + create a file system on it. Do this by hitting + W. Ignore any errors from Sysinstall that + it could not mount the new partition. Exit the Label Editor + and Sysinstall completely. - The last step is to edit /etc/fstab to add an - entry for your new disk. + The last step is to edit /etc/fstab + to add an entry for your new disk. @@ -535,6 +567,7 @@ Dedicated + OS/2 If you will not be sharing the new drive with another operating system, you may use the dedicated mode. Remember @@ -565,12 +598,17 @@ Virtual Disks: Network, Memory, and File-Based Filesystems + virtual disks + disksvirtual Aside from the disks you physically insert into your computer: floppies, CDs, hard drives, and so forth; other forms of disks are understood by FreeBSD - the virtual disks. + NFS + Coda + disksmemory These include network filesystems such as the Network Filesystem and Coda, memory-based filesystems such as md and @@ -579,6 +617,7 @@ vnconfig: file-backed filesystem + disksfile-backed &man.vnconfig.8; configures and enables vnode pseudo disk devices. A vnode is a representation @@ -622,6 +661,7 @@ Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Avail Capacity Mounted on md: Memory Filesystem + disksmemory md is a simple, efficient means to do memory filesystems. @@ -645,6 +685,9 @@ Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Avail Capacity Mounted on Disk Quotas + accountingdisk + space + disk quotas Quotas are an optional feature of the operating system that allow you to limit the amount of disk space and/or the number of @@ -676,7 +719,7 @@ Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Avail Capacity Mounted on line: enable_quotas=YES - + disk quotaschecking For finer control over your quota startup, there is an additional configuration variable available. Normally on bootup, the quota integrity of each file system is checked by the @@ -740,6 +783,7 @@ Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Avail Capacity Mounted on Setting Quota Limits + disk quotaslimits Once you have configured your system to enable quotas, verify that they really are enabled. An easy way to do this is to @@ -761,6 +805,7 @@ Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Avail Capacity Mounted on combination of both. Each of these limits are further broken down into two categories; hard and soft limits. + hard limit A hard limit may not be exceeded. Once a user reaches his hard limit he may not make any further allocations on the file system in question. For example, if the user has a hard limit of @@ -768,6 +813,7 @@ Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Avail Capacity Mounted on user can only allocate an additional 10 blocks. Attempting to allocate an additional 11 blocks will fail. + soft limit Soft limits, on the other hand, can be exceeded for a limited amount of time. This period of time is known as the grace period, which is one week by default. If a user stays over his or her @@ -825,6 +871,7 @@ Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Avail Capacity Mounted on Checking Quota Limits and Disk Usage + disk quotaschecking You can use either the quota or the repquota commands to check quota limits and @@ -845,6 +892,7 @@ Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Avail Capacity Mounted on /usr 65* 50 75 5days 7 50 60 /usr/var 0 50 75 0 50 60 + grace period On the /usr file system in the above example this user is currently 15 blocks over the soft limit of 50 blocks and has 5 days of the grace period left. Note the @@ -862,6 +910,7 @@ Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Avail Capacity Mounted on Quotas over NFS + NFS Quotas are enforced by the quota subsystem on the NFS server. The &man.rpc.rquotad.8; daemon makes quota information available @@ -881,6 +930,7 @@ Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Avail Capacity Mounted on Creating CDs + CDROMscreating Contributed by Mike Meyer mwm@mired.org, April 2001. @@ -901,18 +951,22 @@ Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Avail Capacity Mounted on to make up the tracks on the CD, then write the tracks to the CD. + ISO 9660 + filesystemsISO-9660 The ISO 9660 file system was designed to deal with these differences. It unfortunately codifies file system limits that were common then. Fortunately, it provides an extension mechanism that allows properly written CDs to exceed those limits while still working with systems that do not support those extensions. + mkisofs The mkisofs program is used to produce a data file containing an ISO 9660 file system. It has options that support various extensions, and is described below. You can install it with the /usr/ports/sysutils/mkisofs port. + CD burnerATAPI Which tool to use to burn the CD depends on whether your CD burner is ATAPI or something else. ATAPI CD burners use the burncd program that is part of @@ -930,6 +984,7 @@ Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Avail Capacity Mounted on &prompt.root; mkisofs imagefile.iso /path/to/tree + filesystemsISO-9660 This command will create an imagefile containing an ISO 9660 file system that is a copy of the tree at /path/to/tree. In the process, it will @@ -939,6 +994,8 @@ Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Avail Capacity Mounted on for details of this process, and options that can be used to control it. + filesystemsHFS + filesystemsJoliet A number of options are available to overcome those restrictions. In particular, enables the Rock Ridge extensions common to Unix systems, @@ -953,7 +1010,8 @@ Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Avail Capacity Mounted on file system image that is identical to the FreeBSD tree you started from, though it may violate the ISO 9660 standard in a number of ways. - + + CDROMscreating bootable The last option of general use is . This is used to specify the location of the boot image for use in producing an El Torito bootable CD. This option takes an @@ -983,7 +1041,7 @@ Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Avail Capacity Mounted on burncd - + CDROMsburning If you have an ATAPI CD burner, you can use the burncd command to burn an ISO image onto a CD. burncd is part of the base system, installed @@ -1024,7 +1082,7 @@ Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Avail Capacity Mounted on the to use. To find the proper setting, use the flag of cdrecord, which might produce results like this: - + CDROMsburning &prompt.root; cdrecord Cdrecord 1.9 (i386-unknown-freebsd4.2) Copyright (C) 1995-2000 Jörg Schilling Using libscg version 'schily-0.1' diff --git a/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/printing/chapter.sgml b/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/printing/chapter.sgml index ebedc1631d..89ed7a371b 100644 --- a/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/printing/chapter.sgml +++ b/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/printing/chapter.sgml @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ @@ -12,6 +12,8 @@ Synopsis + LPD spooling system + printing In order to use printers with FreeBSD, you will need to set them up to work with the Berkeley line printer spooling system, also @@ -38,6 +40,7 @@ attached to other hosts on the network. + print jobs It enables users to submit files to be printed; these submissions are known as jobs. @@ -96,6 +99,7 @@ for data to be copied to the printer. + TeX LPD can conveniently run a job to be printed through filters to add date/time headers or convert a special file @@ -190,6 +194,7 @@ or both of the following interfaces: + printerserial Serial interfaces use a serial port on your computer to send data to the printer. Serial @@ -200,6 +205,7 @@ options. + printerparallel Parallel interfaces use a parallel port on your computer to send data to the @@ -209,6 +215,7 @@ options with parallel interfaces, making their configuration exceedingly simple. + centronics (see parallel printers) Parallel interfaces are sometimes known as Centronics interfaces, named after the connector type on the printer. @@ -222,6 +229,7 @@ can communicate in both directions under FreeBSD when a IEEE1284 compliant cable is used. + PostScript Usually, the only time you need two-way communication with the printer is if the printer speaks PostScript. PostScript printers can be very verbose. In fact, PostScript jobs are @@ -274,6 +282,7 @@ DTE-to-DCE cable. + null-modem cable A null-modem cable connects some pins straight through, swaps others (send data to receive @@ -284,12 +293,15 @@ A serial printer cable, required - for some unusual printers, is like the null modem cable, + for some unusual printers, is like the null-modem cable, but sends some signals to their counterparts instead of being internally shorted. + baud rate + parity + flow control protocol You should also set up the communications parameters for the printer, usually through front-panel controls or DIP switches on the printer. Choose the highest @@ -547,6 +559,7 @@ sio2: type 16550A the program &man.lptest.1; is perfect: it generates all 96 printable ASCII characters in 96 lines. + PostScript For a PostScript (or other language-based) printer, we will need a more sophisticated test. A small PostScript program, such as the following, will suffice: @@ -561,6 +574,7 @@ showpage used as shown in the examples appearing in the following sections. + PCL When this document refers to a printer language, it is assuming a language like PostScript, and not Hewlett @@ -574,6 +588,7 @@ showpage Checking a Parallel Printer + printerparallel This section tells you how to check if FreeBSD can communicate with a printer connected to a parallel port. @@ -636,6 +651,7 @@ showpage Checking a Serial Printer + printerserial This section tells you how to check if FreeBSD can communicate with a printer on a serial port. @@ -653,6 +669,9 @@ showpage printer:dv=/dev/port:br#bps-rate:pa=parity + bits-per-second + serial port + parity Where port is the device entry for the serial port (ttyd0, ttyd1, etc.), @@ -739,6 +758,7 @@ showpage reads this file each time the spooler is used, so updates to the file take immediate effect. + printercapabilities The format of the &man.printcap.5; file is straightforward. Use your favorite text editor to make changes to /etc/printcap. The format is identical to @@ -759,6 +779,7 @@ showpage section for more information on naming. + header pages Turn off header pages (which are on by default) by inserting the sh capability; see the @@ -876,6 +897,7 @@ bamboo|ps|PS|S|panasonic|Panasonic KX-P4455 PostScript v51.4: Suppressing Header Pages + printingheader pages The LPD spooling system will by default print a header page for each job. The header @@ -908,6 +930,8 @@ bamboo|ps|PS|S|panasonic|Panasonic KX-P4455 PostScript v51.4:\ Making the Spooling Directory + printer spool + print jobs The next step in the simple spooler setup is to make a spooling directory, a directory where @@ -1022,6 +1046,7 @@ bamboo|ps|PS|S|panasonic|Panasonic KX-P4455 PostScript v51.4:\ Configuring Spooler Communication Parameters + printerserial For printers on serial ports, LPD can set up the bps rate, parity, and other serial communication parameters on behalf of @@ -1131,6 +1156,7 @@ bamboo|ps|PS|S|panasonic|Panasonic KX-P4455 PostScript v51.4:\ Installing the Text Filter + print filters We are now ready to tell LPD what text filter to use to send jobs to the printer. A text filter, @@ -1276,6 +1302,7 @@ $%&'()*+,-./01234567 Filters + print filters Although LPD handles network protocols, queuing, access control, and other aspects of printing, most of the real @@ -1384,6 +1411,7 @@ $%&'()*+,-./01234567 capability in /etc/printcap, or /dev/console by default). + troff Which filter LPD starts and the filter's arguments depend on what is listed in the /etc/printcap file and what arguments the user specified for the job on the @@ -1492,7 +1520,8 @@ $%&'()*+,-./01234567 - + + printerfilters A conversion filter converts a specific file format into one the printer can render onto paper. For @@ -1585,6 +1614,7 @@ $%&'()*+,-./01234567 Accommodating Plain Text Jobs on PostScript Printers + print jobs If you are the only user of your computer and PostScript (or other language-based) printer, and you promise to never send plain @@ -1604,6 +1634,7 @@ $%&'()*+,-./01234567 How do we do this? + printerserial If you have got a serial printer, a great way to do it is to install lprps. lprps is a PostScript printer filter which performs two-way communication with @@ -1671,7 +1702,8 @@ fi Simulating PostScript on Non-PostScript Printers - + PostScriptemulating + Ghostscript PostScript is the de facto standard for high quality typesetting and printing. PostScript is, however, an expensive standard. Thankfully, Alladin @@ -1766,6 +1798,7 @@ exit 2 Why Install Conversion Filters? + TeXprinting dvi files Conversion filters make printing various kinds of files easy. As an example, suppose we do a lot of work with the TeX @@ -1879,6 +1912,7 @@ exit 2 printer needs a df capability in its entry in /etc/printcap. + fortran Despite what others might contend, formats like FORTRAN text and plot are probably obsolete. At your site, you can give new meanings to these or any of the formatting options just by @@ -2163,6 +2197,8 @@ exit 0 some file types—and, of course, you can still provide conversion filters just for them. + apsfilter + printerfiltersapsfilter The FreeBSD ports collection has a text filter that performs automatic conversion called apsfilter. It can detect plain text, PostScript, and DVI files, run the proper @@ -2270,6 +2306,8 @@ exit 0 script to do the needed initialization and then execute lpf. + page accounting + accountingprinter In order for lpf to do page accounting correctly, it needs correct values filled in for the pw and pl capabilities in the @@ -2288,6 +2326,8 @@ exit 0 various printers, then you probably want to consider header pages as a necessary evil. + banner pages (see header pages) + header pages Header pages, also known as banner or burst pages identify to whom jobs belong after they are printed. They are usually printed in large, bold letters, @@ -2676,6 +2716,8 @@ done Networked Printing + printernetwork + network printing FreeBSD supports networked printing: sending jobs to remote printers. Networked printing generally refers to two different things: @@ -2740,6 +2782,9 @@ done linkend="printing-advanced-restricting-remote">Restricting Jobs from Remote Printers). + printernetwork + + network printing If you are using a printer with a network interface that is compatible with LPD, then the printer host in the discussion below is the printer itself, and the @@ -2923,6 +2968,8 @@ exec /usr/libexec/lpr/lpf "$@" | /usr/local/libexec/netprint scrivener 5100Restricting Printer Usage This section gives information on restricting printer usage. The + printerrestricting + access to LPD system lets you control who can access a printer, both locally or remotely, whether they can print multiple copies, how large their jobs can be, and how large the printer queues can get. @@ -3065,12 +3112,14 @@ bamboo|ps|PS|S|panasonic|Panasonic KX-P4455 PostScript v51.4:\ Controlling Sizes of Jobs Submitted + print jobs If you have many users accessing the printers, you probably need to put an upper limit on the sizes of the files users can submit to print. After all, there is only so much free space on the filesystem that houses the spooling directories, and you also need to make sure there is room for the jobs of other users. + print jobscontrolling LPD enables you to limit the maximum byte size a file in a job can be with the mx capability. The units are in BUFSIZ blocks, which are 1024 bytes. If you put a zero for this @@ -3242,6 +3291,7 @@ boo/minfree Accounting for Printer Usage + accountingprinter So, you need to charge for printouts. And why not? Paper and ink cost money. And then there are maintenance costs—printers are loaded with moving parts and tend to break down. You have examined @@ -3525,6 +3575,7 @@ total 337.00 154 $ 6.74 Using Printers + printerusage This section tells you how to use printers you have setup with FreeBSD. Here is an overview of the user-level commands: @@ -3581,6 +3632,7 @@ total 337.00 154 $ 6.74 &prompt.user; lpr filename ... + printing This prints each of the listed files to the default printer. If you list no files, &man.lpr.1; reads data to print from standard input. For example, this command prints some @@ -3611,6 +3663,7 @@ total 337.00 154 $ 6.74 Checking Jobs + print jobs When you print with &man.lpr.1;, the data you wish to print is put together in a package called a print job, which is sent to the LPD spooling system. Each printer has a queue of jobs, and @@ -3771,6 +3824,7 @@ cfA013rose dequeued plain text or if you want plain text formatted through the &man.pr.1; utility. + TeX For example, the following command prints a DVI file (from the TeX typesetting system) named fish-report.dvi to the printer named bamboo: @@ -4249,6 +4303,7 @@ cfA013rose dequeued LPRng + LPRng LPRng, which purportedly means LPR: the Next Generation is a complete rewrite of PLP. Patrick Powell @@ -4315,6 +4370,9 @@ exit 2 "#$%&'()*+,-./012345 #$%&'()*+,-./0123456 + DOS + OS/2 + ASCII You have become another victim of the staircase effect, caused by conflicting interpretations of what characters should indicate a new line. UNIX-style @@ -4386,6 +4444,7 @@ exit 2 proper escape code, modify the text filter to send the code first, then send the print job. + PCL Here is an example text filter for printers that understand the Hewlett-Packard PCL escape codes. This filter makes the printer treat LF characters as a LF and