More tightening and clarification in this chapter. More commits to follow.
Sponsored by: iXsystems
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Dru Lavigne
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2020-12-08 03:00:23 +00:00
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1 changed files with 72 additions and 97 deletions
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@ -173,64 +173,60 @@
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<sect2 xml:id="setting-locale">
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<title>Setting Locale for Login Shell</title>
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<para>Usually it is sufficient to export the value of the
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locale name as <envar>LANG</envar> in the login shell. This
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could be done in the user's <filename>~/.login_conf</filename>
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<para>Locale settings are configured either in a user's
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<filename>~/.login_conf</filename>
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or in the startup file of the user's shell:
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(<filename>~/.profile</filename>,
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<filename>~/.profile</filename>,
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<filename>~/.bashrc</filename>, or
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<filename>~/.cshrc</filename>). There is no need to set the
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locale subsets such as <envar>LC_CTYPE</envar> or
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<envar>LC_CTIME</envar>. Refer to language-specific &os;
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documentation for more information.</para>
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<filename>~/.cshrc</filename>.</para>
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<para>Each user should set the following two environment
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variables in their configuration files:</para>
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<para>Two environment
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variables should be set:</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para><envar>LANG</envar> for &posix;<indexterm>
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<para><envar>LANG</envar>, which sets the locale<indexterm>
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<primary>POSIX</primary>
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</indexterm>
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&man.setlocale.3; family functions</para>
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</indexterm></para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<indexterm><primary>MIME</primary></indexterm>
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<para><envar>MM_CHARSET</envar> for applications' MIME
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character set</para>
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<para><envar>MM_CHARSET</envar> which sets the MIME
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character set used by applications</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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<para>These should be set in the user's shell configuration, the
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specific application configuration, and the
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<para>In addition to the user's shell configuration, these
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variables should also be set for
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specific application configuration and
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<application>Xorg</application> configuration.</para>
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<indexterm><primary>locale</primary></indexterm>
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<indexterm><primary>login class</primary></indexterm>
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<para>This section describes the two methods for setting
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locale. The first is recommended and assigns the
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environment variables in the
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<link linkend="login-class">login class</link>. The second
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method adds the environment variable assignments to the
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system's shell
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<link linkend="startup-file">startup file</link>.</para>
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<para>Two methods are available for making the needed variable
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assignments: the
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<link linkend="login-class">login class</link> method, which
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is the recommended method, and the
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<link linkend="startup-file">startup file</link> method.
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The next two sections demonstrate how to use both methods.</para>
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<sect3 xml:id="login-class">
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<title>Login Classes Method</title>
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<para>This method assigns the required environment variables for
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<para>This first method is the recommended method as it
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assigns the required environment variables for
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locale name and MIME character sets
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for every possible shell.
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This setup can be either be
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performed by each user or it can be performed for all users by the
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This setup can either be
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performed by each user or it can be configured for all users by the
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superuser.</para>
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<para>This minimal example sets both variables for the
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Latin-1 encoding. These lines were added to the
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<filename>.login_conf</filename> in an individual user's
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<para>This minimal example sets both variables for
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Latin-1 encoding in the
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<filename>.login_conf</filename> of an individual user's
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home directory:</para>
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<programlisting>me:\
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@ -240,9 +236,9 @@
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<indexterm><primary>Traditional Chinese</primary>
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<secondary>BIG-5 encoding</secondary></indexterm>
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<para>Here is an example of a user's
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<filename>.login_conf</filename> that sets the variables
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<filename>~/.login_conf</filename> that sets the variables
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for Traditional Chinese in BIG-5 encoding. More
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variables are set because some applications do not
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variables are needed because some applications do not
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correctly respect locale variables for Chinese,
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Japanese, and Korean:</para>
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@ -260,19 +256,16 @@ me:\
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:charset=big5:\
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:xmodifiers="@im=gcin": #Set gcin as the XIM Input Server</programlisting>
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<para>See &man.login.conf.5; for more
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details.</para>
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<para>Alternately, the superuser can configure all users of the system for localization. The following variables in the user's login class in
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<filename>/etc/login.conf</filename> set the correct
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language:</para>
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<para>Alternately, the superuser can configure all users of the system for localization. The following variables in
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<filename>/etc/login.conf</filename> are used to set the locale and
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MIME character sete:</para>
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<programlisting><replaceable>language_name</replaceable>|<replaceable>Account Type Description</replaceable>:\
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:charset=<replaceable>MIME_charset</replaceable>:\
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:lang=<replaceable>locale_name</replaceable>:\
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:tc=default:</programlisting>
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<para>The previous Latin-1 example would look like
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<para>So, the previous Latin-1 example would look like
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this:</para>
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<programlisting>german|German Users Accounts:\
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@ -280,73 +273,61 @@ me:\
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:lang=de_DE.ISO8859-1:\
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:tc=default:</programlisting>
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<para>See &man.login.conf.5; for more
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details about these variables.</para>
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<para>Whenever <filename>/etc/login.conf</filename> is edited, remember to execute the following
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command to update the capability database:</para>
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<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cap_mkdb /etc/login.conf</userinput></screen>
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<sect4>
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<title>Changing Login Classes with
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&man.vipw.8;</title>
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<title>Utilities Which Change Login Classes</title>
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<indexterm>
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<primary><command>vipw</command></primary>
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</indexterm>
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<para>In addition to manually editing
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<filename>/etc/login.conf</filename>, several utilities
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are available for setting the locale for newly created
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users.</para>
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<para>When using <command>vipw</command> to add new users,
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use <replaceable>language</replaceable> to set the
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language:</para>
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specify the <replaceable>language</replaceable> to set the
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locale:</para>
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<programlisting>user:password:1111:11:<replaceable>language</replaceable>:0:0:User Name:/home/user:/bin/sh</programlisting>
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</sect4>
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<sect4>
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<title>Changing Login Classes with
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&man.adduser.8;</title>
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<indexterm>
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<primary><command>adduser</command></primary>
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</indexterm>
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<indexterm><primary>login class</primary></indexterm>
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<para>When using <command>adduser</command> to add new
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users, configure the language as follows:</para>
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users, the default language can be pre-configured for
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all new users or specified for an individual user.</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>If all new users use the same language, set
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<literal>defaultclass =
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language</literal> in
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<filename>/etc/adduser.conf</filename>.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>Alternatively, input the specified language at
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this prompt:
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<para>To override this setting when creating a
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user, either input the required locale at
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this prompt:</para>
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<screen><prompt>Enter login class: default []:</prompt></screen>
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when creating a new user using
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&man.adduser.8;.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>Another alternative is to use the following
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when creating a user that uses a different language
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than the one set in
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<filename>/etc/adduser.conf</filename>:</para>
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<para>or specify the locale to set when invoking
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<command>adduser</command>:</para>
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<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>adduser -class language</userinput></screen>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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</sect4>
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<sect4>
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<title>Changing Login Classes with
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&man.pw.8;</title>
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<indexterm>
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<primary><command>pw</command></primary>
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</indexterm>
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<para>If &man.pw.8; is used to add new users, call
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it in this form:</para>
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<para>If <command>pw</command> is used to add new users, specify the
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locale as follows:</para>
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<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>pw useradd user_name -L language</userinput></screen>
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</sect4>
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@ -355,39 +336,33 @@ me:\
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<sect3 xml:id="startup-file">
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<title>Shell Startup File Method</title>
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<note>
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<para>This method is not recommended because it requires
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a different setup for each shell. Use the <link
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linkend="login-class">Login Class Method</link>
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instead.</para>
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</note>
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<indexterm><primary>MIME</primary></indexterm>
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<indexterm><primary>locale</primary></indexterm>
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<para>To add the locale name and MIME character set, set
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the two environment variables shown below in the
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<filename>/etc/profile</filename> or
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<filename>/etc/csh.login</filename> shell startup files.
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This example sets the German language:</para>
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<para>In <filename>/etc/profile</filename>:</para>
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<para>This method is not recommended as each shell that is used requires
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manual configuration, where each shell has a different configuration file
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and differing syntax. As an example, to set the German
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language for the <command>sh</command> shell, these
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lines could be added to <filename>~/.profile</filename> to set the shell for that user only.
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Thse lines could also be added to <filename>/etc/profile</filename> or
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<filename>/usr/share/skel/dot.profile</filename> to set that shell for all users:</para>
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<programlisting><envar>LANG=de_DE.ISO8859-1; export LANG</envar>
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<envar>MM_CHARSET=ISO-8859-1; export MM_CHARSET</envar></programlisting>
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<para>Or in <filename>/etc/csh.login</filename>:</para>
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<para>However, the name of the configuration file and the
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syntax used differs for the
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<command>csh</command> shell. These are the equivalent
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settings for <filename>~/.csh.login</filename>,
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<filename>/etc/csh.login</filename>, or
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<filename>/usr/share/skel/dot.login</filename>:</para>
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<programlisting><envar>setenv LANG de_DE.ISO8859-1</envar>
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<envar>setenv MM_CHARSET ISO-8859-1</envar></programlisting>
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<para>Alternatively, add the above settings to
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<filename>/usr/share/skel/dot.profile</filename> or
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<filename>/usr/share/skel/dot.login</filename>.</para>
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<para>To configure <application>Xorg</application>, add
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<emphasis>one</emphasis> of the following to
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<filename>~/.xinitrc</filename>, depending upon the
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shell:</para>
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<para>To complicate matters, the syntax needed to configure
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<application>Xorg</application> in
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<filename>~/.xinitrc</filename> also depends upon the
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shell. The first example is for the <command>sh</command>
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shell and the second is for the <command>csh</command>
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shell.</para>
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<programlisting><envar>LANG=de_DE.ISO8859-1; export LANG</envar></programlisting>
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