New Improved!
Submitted by: Annelise Anderson <andrsn@andrsn.stanford.edu>
This commit is contained in:
parent
933aaa03ac
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Notes:
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2020-12-08 03:00:23 +00:00
svn path=/head/; revision=1823
3 changed files with 447 additions and 159 deletions
en/tutorials/newuser
en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/new-users
en_US.ISO_8859-1/articles/new-users
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@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
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<!-- $Id: newuser.docb,v 1.3 1997-07-01 21:38:45 max Exp $ -->
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<!-- $Id: newuser.docb,v 1.4 1997-08-15 17:11:49 jfieber Exp $ -->
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<!-- The FreeBSD Documentation Project -->
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<!-- The FreeBSD Documentation Project -->
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<!DOCTYPE BOOK PUBLIC "-//Davenport//DTD DocBook V3.0//EN">
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<!DOCTYPE BOOK PUBLIC "-//Davenport//DTD DocBook V3.0//EN">
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@ -13,12 +13,12 @@
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<firstname>Annelise</firstname>
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<firstname>Annelise</firstname>
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<surname>Anderson</surname>
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<surname>Anderson</surname>
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<affiliation>
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<affiliation>
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<address><email>andrsn@hoover.stanford.edu</email></address>
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<address><email>andrsn@andrsn.stanford.edu</email></address>
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</affiliation>
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</affiliation>
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</author>
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</author>
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</authorgroup>
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</authorgroup>
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<pubdate>June 30, 1996</pubdate>
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<pubdate>August 15, 1997</pubdate>
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<abstract><para>Congratulations on installing FreeBSD! This
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<abstract><para>Congratulations on installing FreeBSD! This
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introduction is for people new to both FreeBSD
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introduction is for people new to both FreeBSD
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@ -39,7 +39,9 @@ class=prompt>login:</systemitem>) as a user you created during
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installation or as <firstterm>root</firstterm>. (Your FreeBSD
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installation or as <firstterm>root</firstterm>. (Your FreeBSD
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installation will already have an account for root; root can go
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installation will already have an account for root; root can go
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anywhere and do anything, including deleting essential files, so be
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anywhere and do anything, including deleting essential files, so be
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careful!)</para>
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careful!) The symbols % and # in the following stand for the prompt
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(yours may be different), with % indicating an ordinary user and
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# indicating root. </para>
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<para>To log out (and get a new <systemitem class=prompt>login:</systemitem> prompt) type
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<para>To log out (and get a new <systemitem class=prompt>login:</systemitem> prompt) type
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<informalexample>
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<informalexample>
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@ -81,8 +83,13 @@ are thus logged in as root, you should probably create a user now with
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<informalexample>
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<informalexample>
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<screen># <userinput>adduser</userinput></screen>
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<screen># <userinput>adduser</userinput></screen>
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</informalexample>
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</informalexample>
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Don't use the <option>-verbose</option> option; the defaults are what
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The first time you use adduser, it might ask for some defaults to save. You
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you want. Suppose you create a user <emphasis>jack</emphasis> with
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might want to make the default shell csh instead of sh, if it suggests
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sh as the default. Otherwise just press enter to accept each default.
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These defaults are saved in <filename>/etc/adduser.conf</filename>,
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an editable file.</para>
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<para>Suppose you create a user <emphasis>jack</emphasis> with
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full name <emphasis>Jack Benimble</emphasis>. Give jack a password
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full name <emphasis>Jack Benimble</emphasis>. Give jack a password
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if security (even kids around who might pound on the keyboard) is an
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if security (even kids around who might pound on the keyboard) is an
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issue. When it asks you if you want to invite jack into other
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issue. When it asks you if you want to invite jack into other
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@ -92,8 +99,7 @@ groups, type <userinput>wheel</userinput>
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</informalexample>
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</informalexample>
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This will make it possible to log in as <emphasis>jack</emphasis> and
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This will make it possible to log in as <emphasis>jack</emphasis> and
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use the <command>su</command> command to become root. Then you won't
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use the <command>su</command> command to become root. Then you won't
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get scolded any more for logging in as root, and as root you'll have
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get scolded any more for logging in as root.</para>
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the same environment as jack (this is good).</para>
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<para>You can quit <command>adduser</command> any time by typing
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<para>You can quit <command>adduser</command> any time by typing
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<keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>C</keycap></keycombo>, and at
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<keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>C</keycap></keycombo>, and at
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@ -112,7 +118,11 @@ power—and risk—of root.</para>
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to <command>su</command> to root, you can log in as root
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to <command>su</command> to root, you can log in as root
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and edit the file <filename>/etc/group</filename>, adding jack to the
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and edit the file <filename>/etc/group</filename>, adding jack to the
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first line (the group wheel). But first you need to practice
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first line (the group wheel). But first you need to practice
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<command>vi</command>, the text editor.</para>
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<command>vi</command>, the text editor--or use the simpler text
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editor, <command>ee</command>, installed on recent version of
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FreeBSD.</para>
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<para>To delete a user, use the <command>rmuser</command> command.</para>
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</chapter>
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</chapter>
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@ -171,8 +181,9 @@ date, permissions.</para>
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<varlistentry><term><command>ls <option>-a</option></command></term>
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<varlistentry><term><command>ls <option>-a</option></command></term>
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<listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>Lists hidden (unless you're root) <quote>dot</quote>
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<para>Lists hidden <quote>dot</quote>
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files with the others.</para>
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files with the others. If you're root, the<quote>dot</quote> files
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show up without the <option>-a</option> switch.</para>
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</listitem>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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</varlistentry>
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@ -284,7 +295,8 @@ is found.</para>
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<listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>Tells you what the command <replaceable>text</replaceable>
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<para>Tells you what the command <replaceable>text</replaceable>
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does and its man page.</para>
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does and its man page. Typing <command>whatis *</command> will tell
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you about all the binaries in the current directory.</para>
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</listitem>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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</varlistentry>
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@ -358,33 +370,41 @@ Administration</citetitle> (O'Reilly & Associates, 1993, ISBN
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<para>To configure your system, you need to edit text files. Most of
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<para>To configure your system, you need to edit text files. Most of
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them will be in the <filename>/etc</filename> directory; and you'll
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them will be in the <filename>/etc</filename> directory; and you'll
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need to <command>su</command> to root to be able to change them. The
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need to <command>su</command> to root to be able to change them. You
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text editor is <command>vi</command>. Before you edit a file, you
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can use the easy <command>ee</command>, but in the long run the
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should probably back it up. Suppose you want to edit
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text editor <command>vi</command> is worth learning. There's an
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<filename>/etc/sysconfig</filename>. You could just use <command>cd
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excellent tutorial on vi in
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<filename>/usr/src/contrib/nvi/docs/tutorial</filename> if you have
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that installed; otherwise you can get it by ftp to
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ftp.cdrom.com in the directory
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FreeBSD/FreeBSD-current/src/contrib/nvi/docs/tutorial.</para>
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<para>Before you edit a
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file, you should probably back it up. Suppose you want to edit
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<filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>. You could just use <command>cd
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/etc</command> to get to the <filename>/etc</filename> directory and
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/etc</command> to get to the <filename>/etc</filename> directory and
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do:
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do:
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<informalexample>
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<informalexample>
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<screen># <userinput>cp sysconfig sysconfig.orig</userinput></screen>
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<screen># <userinput>cp rc.conf rc.conf.orig</userinput></screen>
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</informalexample>
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</informalexample>
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This would copy <filename>sysconfig</filename> to
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This would copy <filename>rc.conf</filename> to
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<filename>sysconfig.orig</filename>, and you could later copy
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<filename>rc.conf.orig</filename>, and you could later copy
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<filename>sysconfig.orig</filename> to <emphasis
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<filename>rc.conf.orig</filename> to <emphasis
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remap=tt>sysconfig</emphasis> to recover the original. But even
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remap=tt>rc.conf</emphasis> to recover the original. But even
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better would be moving (renaming) and then copying back:
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better would be moving (renaming) and then copying back:
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<informalexample>
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<informalexample>
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<screen># <userinput>mv sysconfig sysconfig.orig</userinput>
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<screen># <userinput>mv rc.conf rc.conf.orig</userinput>
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# <userinput>cp sysconfig.orig sysconfig</userinput></screen>
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# <userinput>cp rc.conf.orig rc.conf</userinput></screen>
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</informalexample>
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</informalexample>
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because the <command>mv</command> command preserves the original date
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because the <command>mv</command> command preserves the original date
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and owner of the file. You can now edit
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and owner of the file. You can now edit
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<filename>sysconfig</filename>. If you want the original back, you'd
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<filename>rc.conf</filename>. If you want the original back, you'd
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then <userinput>mv sysconfig syconfig.myedit</userinput>
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then <userinput>mv rc.conf rc.conf.myedit</userinput>
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(assuming you want to preserve your edited version) and then
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(assuming you want to preserve your edited version) and then
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<informalexample>
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<informalexample>
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<screen># <userinput>mv sysconfig.orig sysconfig</userinput></screen>
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<screen># <userinput>mv rc.conf.orig rc.conf</userinput></screen>
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</informalexample>
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</informalexample>
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to put things back the way they were.</para>
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to put things back the way they were.</para>
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@ -532,9 +552,10 @@ print it from DOS. Suppose you want to read carefully about changing
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permissions on files (pretty important). You can use the command
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permissions on files (pretty important). You can use the command
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man chmod to read about it. The command
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man chmod to read about it. The command
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<informalexample>
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<informalexample>
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<screen># <userinput>man chmod > chmod.txt</></screen>
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<screen># <userinput>man chmod | col -b > chmod.txt</></screen>
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</informalexample>
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</informalexample>
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will send the man page to the <filename>chmod.txt</filename> file
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will remove formatting codes and send the man page to
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the <filename>chmod.txt</filename> file
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instead of showing it on your screen. Now put a dos-formatted
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instead of showing it on your screen. Now put a dos-formatted
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diskette in your floppy drive a, <command>su</> to
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diskette in your floppy drive a, <command>su</> to
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root, and type
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root, and type
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@ -574,7 +595,7 @@ out with
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<screen># <userinput>/sbin/umount /mnt</></screen>
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<screen># <userinput>/sbin/umount /mnt</></screen>
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</informalexample>
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</informalexample>
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and reboot to go to DOS. Copy these files to a DOS directory, call
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and reboot to go to DOS. Copy these files to a DOS directory, call
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them up with DOS EDIT, Windows Notepad, or a word processor, make a
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them up with DOS EDIT, Windows Notepad or Wordpad, or a word processor, make a
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minor change so the file has to be saved, and print as you normally
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minor change so the file has to be saved, and print as you normally
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would from DOS or Windows. Hope it works! man pages come out best if
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would from DOS or Windows. Hope it works! man pages come out best if
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printed with the dos <command>print</> command. (Copying files from
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printed with the dos <command>print</> command. (Copying files from
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@ -588,9 +609,9 @@ a matching spool directory in
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<hardware>lpt0</> (what dos calls <hardware>LPT1</>), you may only
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<hardware>lpt0</> (what dos calls <hardware>LPT1</>), you may only
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need to go to <filename>/var/spool/output</filename> and (as root)
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need to go to <filename>/var/spool/output</filename> and (as root)
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create the directory <filename>lpd</> by typing:
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create the directory <filename>lpd</> by typing:
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<informalexample>
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<command>
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<screen># <userinput>mkdir lpd</></screen>
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mkdir lpd</command>, if it doesn't already
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</informalexample>
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exist.
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Then the printer should respond if it's turned on when the system is
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Then the printer should respond if it's turned on when the system is
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booted, and lp or lpr should send a file to the printer. Whether or
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booted, and lp or lpr should send a file to the printer. Whether or
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not the file actually prints depends on configuring it, which is
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not the file actually prints depends on configuring it, which is
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@ -726,11 +747,13 @@ This should result in a <filename>/usr/local/kermit</filename>
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subdirectory that has all the files that the
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subdirectory that has all the files that the
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<command>kermit</command> subdirectory on the CDROM has.</para>
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<command>kermit</command> subdirectory on the CDROM has.</para>
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<para>Next, check <filename>/cdrom/ports/distfiles</filename> for a
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<para>Next, create the directory <filename>/usr/ports/distfiles</filename>
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if it doesn't already exist using <command>mkdir</>. Now check
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check <filename>/cdrom/ports/distfiles</filename> for a
|
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file with a name that indicates it's the port you want. Copy that
|
file with a name that indicates it's the port you want. Copy that
|
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file to <filename>/usr/ports/distfiles</filename>. (Create
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file to <filename>/usr/ports/distfiles</filename>; in recent versions
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<filename>/usr/ports/distfiles</filename> if it doesn't exist using
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you can skip this step, as FreeBSD will do it for you.
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<command>mkdir</>.) In the case of <command>kermit</>, there is no
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In the case of <command>kermit</>, there is no
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distfile.</para>
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distfile.</para>
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|
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<para>Then <command>cd</> to the subdirectory of
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<para>Then <command>cd</> to the subdirectory of
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@ -742,8 +765,8 @@ distfile.</para>
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</para>
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</para>
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|
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<para>During this process the port will ftp to get any compressed
|
<para>During this process the port will ftp to get any compressed
|
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files it needs that it didn't find in
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files it needs that it didn't find on the cdrom or in
|
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<filename>/usr/ports/distfiles</filename>. If you don't have your
|
<filename>/usr/ports/distfiles</filename>. If you don't have your
|
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network running yet and there was no file for the port in
|
network running yet and there was no file for the port in
|
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<filename>/cdrom/ports/distfiles</filename>, you will have to get
|
<filename>/cdrom/ports/distfiles</filename>, you will have to get
|
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the distfile using another machine and copy it to
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the distfile using another machine and copy it to
|
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@ -778,8 +801,8 @@ work; no space after the slash.)</para>
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|
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<para>You might want to get the most recent version of Netscape from
|
<para>You might want to get the most recent version of Netscape from
|
||||||
their <ulink URL="ftp://ftp.netscape.com">ftp site</ulink>. (Netscape
|
their <ulink URL="ftp://ftp.netscape.com">ftp site</ulink>. (Netscape
|
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requires the X Window System.) The version you want is the
|
requires the X Window System.) There's now a FreeBSD version, so look
|
||||||
<quote>unknown bsd</quote> version. Just use <command>gunzip
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around carefully. Just use <command>gunzip
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<replaceable>filename</></> and <command>tar xvf
|
<replaceable>filename</></> and <command>tar xvf
|
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<replaceable>filename</></> on it, move the binary to
|
<replaceable>filename</></> on it, move the binary to
|
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<filename>/usr/local/bin</filename> or some other place binaries are
|
<filename>/usr/local/bin</filename> or some other place binaries are
|
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|
@ -804,32 +827,105 @@ is <filename>/usr/local/lib/netscape/netscape.bin</filename>.</para>
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|
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</chapter>
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</chapter>
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<chapter>
|
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|
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<title>Your Working Environment</title>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
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<para>Your shell is the most important part of your working environment.
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|
In DOS, the usual shell is command.com. The shell is what interprets
|
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|
the commands you type on the command line, and thus communicates with
|
||||||
|
the rest of the operating system. You can also write shell
|
||||||
|
scripts, which are like DOS batch files: a series of commands to be
|
||||||
|
run without your intervention.</para>
|
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|
|
||||||
|
<para>Two shells come installed with FreeBSD: csh and sh. csh is good for
|
||||||
|
command-line work, but scripts should be written with sh (or bash). You can
|
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|
find out what shell you have by typing <command>echo $SHELL</command>.</para>
|
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|
|
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|
<para>The csh shell is okay, but tcsh does everything csh does and more. It
|
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|
It allows you to recall commands with the arrow keys and edit them.
|
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|
It has tab-key completion
|
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|
of filenames (csh uses the escape key), and it lets you switch to the
|
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|
directory you were last in with <command>cd -</command>. It's also much
|
||||||
|
easier to alter your prompt with tcsh. It makes life a lot easier.</para>
|
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|
|
||||||
|
<para>Here are the three steps for installing a new shell:</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<para> 1. Install the shell as a port or a package, just as you
|
||||||
|
would any other port or package. Use <command>rehash</command> and
|
||||||
|
<command>which tcsh</command> (assuming you're installing tcsh) to
|
||||||
|
make sure it got installed.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<para> 2. As root, edit <filename>/etc/shells</filename>, adding
|
||||||
|
a line in the file for the new shell, in this case /usr/local/bin/tcsh,
|
||||||
|
and save the file. (Some ports may do this for you.)</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<para> 3. Use the <command>chsh</command> command to change your shell to
|
||||||
|
tcsh permanently, or type <command>tcsh</command> at the prompt to
|
||||||
|
change your shell without logging in again.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<para><emphasis>Note: It can be dangerous to change root's shell</emphasis>
|
||||||
|
to something other than sh or csh on early versions of FreeBSD and many
|
||||||
|
other versions of Unix; you may not have a working shell when the system
|
||||||
|
puts you into single user mode. The solution is to use <command>su -m</command>
|
||||||
|
to become root, which will give you the tcsh as root, because the shell is part
|
||||||
|
of the environment. You can make this permanent by adding it to your
|
||||||
|
<filename>.tcshrc</filename> file as an alias with <programlisting>alias su su -m.</></para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<para>When tcsh starts up, it will read the
|
||||||
|
<filename>/etc/csh.cshrc</filename> and <filename>/etc/csh.login</filename>
|
||||||
|
files, as does csh. It will also read the
|
||||||
|
<filename>.login</filename> file in your home directory and the
|
||||||
|
<filename>.cshrc</filename>
|
||||||
|
file as well, unless you provide a <filename>.tcshrc</filename>
|
||||||
|
file. This you can do by simply copying <filename>.cshrc</filename>
|
||||||
|
to <filename>.tcshrc</filename>.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<para>Now that you've installed tcsh, you can adjust your prompt. You can
|
||||||
|
find the details in the manual page for tcsh, but here is a line to
|
||||||
|
put in your <filename>.tcshrc</filename> that will tell you how many
|
||||||
|
commands you have typed, what time it is, and what directory you are in.
|
||||||
|
It also produces a <literal>></literal> if you're an ordinary user and
|
||||||
|
a <literal>#</literal> if you're root, but tsch will do that in any
|
||||||
|
case:</para>
|
||||||
|
<para>
|
||||||
|
set prompt = "%h %t %~ %# "</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<para>This should go in the same place as the existing set prompt line
|
||||||
|
if there is one, or under "if($?prompt) then" if not.
|
||||||
|
Comment out the old line; you can always switch back to it if you prefer
|
||||||
|
it. Don't forget the spaces and quotes. You can get the <filename>.tcshrc</filename> reread by typing <command>source .tcshrc</command>.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<para>You can get a listing of other environmental variables that
|
||||||
|
have been set by typing <command>env</command> at the prompt. The
|
||||||
|
result will show you your default editor, pager, and terminal type,
|
||||||
|
among possibly many others. A useful command if you log in from a
|
||||||
|
remote location and can't run a program because the terminal isn't
|
||||||
|
capable is
|
||||||
|
<command>setenv TERM vt100</command>.</para>
|
||||||
|
</chapter>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<chapter>
|
<chapter>
|
||||||
<title>Other</title>
|
<title>Other</title>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>As root, you can dismount the CDROM with <command>/sbin/umount
|
<para>As root, you can dismount the CDROM with <command>/sbin/umount
|
||||||
/cdrom</>, take it out of the drive, insert another one, and mount it
|
/cdrom</>, take it out of the drive, insert another one, and mount it
|
||||||
with <command>/sbin/mount_cd9660 /dev/cd0a /cdrom</> assuming
|
with <command>/sbin/mount_cd9660 /dev/cd0a /cdrom</> assuming
|
||||||
<hardware>cd0a</> is the device name for your CDROM drive.</para>
|
<hardware>cd0a</> is the device name for your CDROM drive. The
|
||||||
|
most recent versions of FreeBSD let you mount the cdrom with just
|
||||||
|
<command>/sbin/mount /cdrom</command>.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>Using the live file system—the second of FreeBSD's CDROM
|
<para>Using the live file system—the second of FreeBSD's CDROM
|
||||||
disks—is useful if you've got limited space. You might try
|
disks—is useful if you've got limited space. What is on the
|
||||||
using <command>emacs</> or playing games from the cdrom. This
|
live file system varies from release to release. You might try
|
||||||
|
playing games from the cdrom. This
|
||||||
involves using <command>lndir</>, which gets installed with the X
|
involves using <command>lndir</>, which gets installed with the X
|
||||||
Window System, to tell the program(s) where to find the necessary
|
Window System, to tell the program(s) where to find the necessary
|
||||||
files, because they're in the <filename>/cdrom</filename> file system
|
files, because they're in the <filename>/cdrom</filename> file system
|
||||||
instead of in <filename>/usr</filename> and its subdirectories, which
|
instead of in <filename>/usr</filename> and its subdirectories, which
|
||||||
is where they're expected to be. Read <command>man lndir</>.</para>
|
is where they're expected to be. Read <command>man lndir</>.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>You can delete a user (say, jack) by using the command
|
|
||||||
<command>vipw</> to bring up the <filename>master.passwd</filename>
|
|
||||||
file (do not use <command>vi</> directly on master.passwd); delete
|
|
||||||
the line for jack and save the file. Then edit
|
|
||||||
<filename>/etc/group</filename>, eliminating jack wherever it
|
|
||||||
appears. Finally, go to <filename>/usr/home</filename> and use
|
|
||||||
<command>rm -R</command> jack (to get rid of user jack's home
|
|
||||||
directory files).</para>
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
</chapter>
|
</chapter>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<chapter>
|
<chapter>
|
||||||
|
@ -841,7 +937,7 @@ if it was helpful. My thanks to Eugene W. Stark, professor of
|
||||||
computer science at SUNY-Stony Brook, and John Fieber for helpful
|
computer science at SUNY-Stony Brook, and John Fieber for helpful
|
||||||
comments.</para>
|
comments.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>Annelise Anderson, <email>andrsn@hoover.stanford.edu</></para>
|
<para>Annelise Anderson, <email>andrsn@andrsn.stanford.edu</></para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
</chapter>
|
</chapter>
|
||||||
</book>
|
</book>
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
||||||
<!-- $Id: article.sgml,v 1.3 1997-07-01 21:38:45 max Exp $ -->
|
<!-- $Id: article.sgml,v 1.4 1997-08-15 17:11:49 jfieber Exp $ -->
|
||||||
<!-- The FreeBSD Documentation Project -->
|
<!-- The FreeBSD Documentation Project -->
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<!DOCTYPE BOOK PUBLIC "-//Davenport//DTD DocBook V3.0//EN">
|
<!DOCTYPE BOOK PUBLIC "-//Davenport//DTD DocBook V3.0//EN">
|
||||||
|
@ -13,12 +13,12 @@
|
||||||
<firstname>Annelise</firstname>
|
<firstname>Annelise</firstname>
|
||||||
<surname>Anderson</surname>
|
<surname>Anderson</surname>
|
||||||
<affiliation>
|
<affiliation>
|
||||||
<address><email>andrsn@hoover.stanford.edu</email></address>
|
<address><email>andrsn@andrsn.stanford.edu</email></address>
|
||||||
</affiliation>
|
</affiliation>
|
||||||
</author>
|
</author>
|
||||||
</authorgroup>
|
</authorgroup>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<pubdate>June 30, 1996</pubdate>
|
<pubdate>August 15, 1997</pubdate>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<abstract><para>Congratulations on installing FreeBSD! This
|
<abstract><para>Congratulations on installing FreeBSD! This
|
||||||
introduction is for people new to both FreeBSD
|
introduction is for people new to both FreeBSD
|
||||||
|
@ -39,7 +39,9 @@ class=prompt>login:</systemitem>) as a user you created during
|
||||||
installation or as <firstterm>root</firstterm>. (Your FreeBSD
|
installation or as <firstterm>root</firstterm>. (Your FreeBSD
|
||||||
installation will already have an account for root; root can go
|
installation will already have an account for root; root can go
|
||||||
anywhere and do anything, including deleting essential files, so be
|
anywhere and do anything, including deleting essential files, so be
|
||||||
careful!)</para>
|
careful!) The symbols % and # in the following stand for the prompt
|
||||||
|
(yours may be different), with % indicating an ordinary user and
|
||||||
|
# indicating root. </para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>To log out (and get a new <systemitem class=prompt>login:</systemitem> prompt) type
|
<para>To log out (and get a new <systemitem class=prompt>login:</systemitem> prompt) type
|
||||||
<informalexample>
|
<informalexample>
|
||||||
|
@ -81,8 +83,13 @@ are thus logged in as root, you should probably create a user now with
|
||||||
<informalexample>
|
<informalexample>
|
||||||
<screen># <userinput>adduser</userinput></screen>
|
<screen># <userinput>adduser</userinput></screen>
|
||||||
</informalexample>
|
</informalexample>
|
||||||
Don't use the <option>-verbose</option> option; the defaults are what
|
The first time you use adduser, it might ask for some defaults to save. You
|
||||||
you want. Suppose you create a user <emphasis>jack</emphasis> with
|
might want to make the default shell csh instead of sh, if it suggests
|
||||||
|
sh as the default. Otherwise just press enter to accept each default.
|
||||||
|
These defaults are saved in <filename>/etc/adduser.conf</filename>,
|
||||||
|
an editable file.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<para>Suppose you create a user <emphasis>jack</emphasis> with
|
||||||
full name <emphasis>Jack Benimble</emphasis>. Give jack a password
|
full name <emphasis>Jack Benimble</emphasis>. Give jack a password
|
||||||
if security (even kids around who might pound on the keyboard) is an
|
if security (even kids around who might pound on the keyboard) is an
|
||||||
issue. When it asks you if you want to invite jack into other
|
issue. When it asks you if you want to invite jack into other
|
||||||
|
@ -92,8 +99,7 @@ groups, type <userinput>wheel</userinput>
|
||||||
</informalexample>
|
</informalexample>
|
||||||
This will make it possible to log in as <emphasis>jack</emphasis> and
|
This will make it possible to log in as <emphasis>jack</emphasis> and
|
||||||
use the <command>su</command> command to become root. Then you won't
|
use the <command>su</command> command to become root. Then you won't
|
||||||
get scolded any more for logging in as root, and as root you'll have
|
get scolded any more for logging in as root.</para>
|
||||||
the same environment as jack (this is good).</para>
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>You can quit <command>adduser</command> any time by typing
|
<para>You can quit <command>adduser</command> any time by typing
|
||||||
<keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>C</keycap></keycombo>, and at
|
<keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>C</keycap></keycombo>, and at
|
||||||
|
@ -112,7 +118,11 @@ power—and risk—of root.</para>
|
||||||
to <command>su</command> to root, you can log in as root
|
to <command>su</command> to root, you can log in as root
|
||||||
and edit the file <filename>/etc/group</filename>, adding jack to the
|
and edit the file <filename>/etc/group</filename>, adding jack to the
|
||||||
first line (the group wheel). But first you need to practice
|
first line (the group wheel). But first you need to practice
|
||||||
<command>vi</command>, the text editor.</para>
|
<command>vi</command>, the text editor--or use the simpler text
|
||||||
|
editor, <command>ee</command>, installed on recent version of
|
||||||
|
FreeBSD.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<para>To delete a user, use the <command>rmuser</command> command.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
</chapter>
|
</chapter>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@ -171,8 +181,9 @@ date, permissions.</para>
|
||||||
<varlistentry><term><command>ls <option>-a</option></command></term>
|
<varlistentry><term><command>ls <option>-a</option></command></term>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<listitem>
|
<listitem>
|
||||||
<para>Lists hidden (unless you're root) <quote>dot</quote>
|
<para>Lists hidden <quote>dot</quote>
|
||||||
files with the others.</para>
|
files with the others. If you're root, the<quote>dot</quote> files
|
||||||
|
show up without the <option>-a</option> switch.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
</listitem>
|
</listitem>
|
||||||
</varlistentry>
|
</varlistentry>
|
||||||
|
@ -284,7 +295,8 @@ is found.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<listitem>
|
<listitem>
|
||||||
<para>Tells you what the command <replaceable>text</replaceable>
|
<para>Tells you what the command <replaceable>text</replaceable>
|
||||||
does and its man page.</para>
|
does and its man page. Typing <command>whatis *</command> will tell
|
||||||
|
you about all the binaries in the current directory.</para>
|
||||||
</listitem>
|
</listitem>
|
||||||
</varlistentry>
|
</varlistentry>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@ -358,33 +370,41 @@ Administration</citetitle> (O'Reilly & Associates, 1993, ISBN
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>To configure your system, you need to edit text files. Most of
|
<para>To configure your system, you need to edit text files. Most of
|
||||||
them will be in the <filename>/etc</filename> directory; and you'll
|
them will be in the <filename>/etc</filename> directory; and you'll
|
||||||
need to <command>su</command> to root to be able to change them. The
|
need to <command>su</command> to root to be able to change them. You
|
||||||
text editor is <command>vi</command>. Before you edit a file, you
|
can use the easy <command>ee</command>, but in the long run the
|
||||||
should probably back it up. Suppose you want to edit
|
text editor <command>vi</command> is worth learning. There's an
|
||||||
<filename>/etc/sysconfig</filename>. You could just use <command>cd
|
excellent tutorial on vi in
|
||||||
|
<filename>/usr/src/contrib/nvi/docs/tutorial</filename> if you have
|
||||||
|
that installed; otherwise you can get it by ftp to
|
||||||
|
ftp.cdrom.com in the directory
|
||||||
|
FreeBSD/FreeBSD-current/src/contrib/nvi/docs/tutorial.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<para>Before you edit a
|
||||||
|
file, you should probably back it up. Suppose you want to edit
|
||||||
|
<filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>. You could just use <command>cd
|
||||||
/etc</command> to get to the <filename>/etc</filename> directory and
|
/etc</command> to get to the <filename>/etc</filename> directory and
|
||||||
do:
|
do:
|
||||||
<informalexample>
|
<informalexample>
|
||||||
<screen># <userinput>cp sysconfig sysconfig.orig</userinput></screen>
|
<screen># <userinput>cp rc.conf rc.conf.orig</userinput></screen>
|
||||||
</informalexample>
|
</informalexample>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
This would copy <filename>sysconfig</filename> to
|
This would copy <filename>rc.conf</filename> to
|
||||||
<filename>sysconfig.orig</filename>, and you could later copy
|
<filename>rc.conf.orig</filename>, and you could later copy
|
||||||
<filename>sysconfig.orig</filename> to <emphasis
|
<filename>rc.conf.orig</filename> to <emphasis
|
||||||
remap=tt>sysconfig</emphasis> to recover the original. But even
|
remap=tt>rc.conf</emphasis> to recover the original. But even
|
||||||
better would be moving (renaming) and then copying back:
|
better would be moving (renaming) and then copying back:
|
||||||
<informalexample>
|
<informalexample>
|
||||||
<screen># <userinput>mv sysconfig sysconfig.orig</userinput>
|
<screen># <userinput>mv rc.conf rc.conf.orig</userinput>
|
||||||
# <userinput>cp sysconfig.orig sysconfig</userinput></screen>
|
# <userinput>cp rc.conf.orig rc.conf</userinput></screen>
|
||||||
</informalexample>
|
</informalexample>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
because the <command>mv</command> command preserves the original date
|
because the <command>mv</command> command preserves the original date
|
||||||
and owner of the file. You can now edit
|
and owner of the file. You can now edit
|
||||||
<filename>sysconfig</filename>. If you want the original back, you'd
|
<filename>rc.conf</filename>. If you want the original back, you'd
|
||||||
then <userinput>mv sysconfig syconfig.myedit</userinput>
|
then <userinput>mv rc.conf rc.conf.myedit</userinput>
|
||||||
(assuming you want to preserve your edited version) and then
|
(assuming you want to preserve your edited version) and then
|
||||||
<informalexample>
|
<informalexample>
|
||||||
<screen># <userinput>mv sysconfig.orig sysconfig</userinput></screen>
|
<screen># <userinput>mv rc.conf.orig rc.conf</userinput></screen>
|
||||||
</informalexample>
|
</informalexample>
|
||||||
to put things back the way they were.</para>
|
to put things back the way they were.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@ -532,9 +552,10 @@ print it from DOS. Suppose you want to read carefully about changing
|
||||||
permissions on files (pretty important). You can use the command
|
permissions on files (pretty important). You can use the command
|
||||||
man chmod to read about it. The command
|
man chmod to read about it. The command
|
||||||
<informalexample>
|
<informalexample>
|
||||||
<screen># <userinput>man chmod > chmod.txt</></screen>
|
<screen># <userinput>man chmod | col -b > chmod.txt</></screen>
|
||||||
</informalexample>
|
</informalexample>
|
||||||
will send the man page to the <filename>chmod.txt</filename> file
|
will remove formatting codes and send the man page to
|
||||||
|
the <filename>chmod.txt</filename> file
|
||||||
instead of showing it on your screen. Now put a dos-formatted
|
instead of showing it on your screen. Now put a dos-formatted
|
||||||
diskette in your floppy drive a, <command>su</> to
|
diskette in your floppy drive a, <command>su</> to
|
||||||
root, and type
|
root, and type
|
||||||
|
@ -574,7 +595,7 @@ out with
|
||||||
<screen># <userinput>/sbin/umount /mnt</></screen>
|
<screen># <userinput>/sbin/umount /mnt</></screen>
|
||||||
</informalexample>
|
</informalexample>
|
||||||
and reboot to go to DOS. Copy these files to a DOS directory, call
|
and reboot to go to DOS. Copy these files to a DOS directory, call
|
||||||
them up with DOS EDIT, Windows Notepad, or a word processor, make a
|
them up with DOS EDIT, Windows Notepad or Wordpad, or a word processor, make a
|
||||||
minor change so the file has to be saved, and print as you normally
|
minor change so the file has to be saved, and print as you normally
|
||||||
would from DOS or Windows. Hope it works! man pages come out best if
|
would from DOS or Windows. Hope it works! man pages come out best if
|
||||||
printed with the dos <command>print</> command. (Copying files from
|
printed with the dos <command>print</> command. (Copying files from
|
||||||
|
@ -588,9 +609,9 @@ a matching spool directory in
|
||||||
<hardware>lpt0</> (what dos calls <hardware>LPT1</>), you may only
|
<hardware>lpt0</> (what dos calls <hardware>LPT1</>), you may only
|
||||||
need to go to <filename>/var/spool/output</filename> and (as root)
|
need to go to <filename>/var/spool/output</filename> and (as root)
|
||||||
create the directory <filename>lpd</> by typing:
|
create the directory <filename>lpd</> by typing:
|
||||||
<informalexample>
|
<command>
|
||||||
<screen># <userinput>mkdir lpd</></screen>
|
mkdir lpd</command>, if it doesn't already
|
||||||
</informalexample>
|
exist.
|
||||||
Then the printer should respond if it's turned on when the system is
|
Then the printer should respond if it's turned on when the system is
|
||||||
booted, and lp or lpr should send a file to the printer. Whether or
|
booted, and lp or lpr should send a file to the printer. Whether or
|
||||||
not the file actually prints depends on configuring it, which is
|
not the file actually prints depends on configuring it, which is
|
||||||
|
@ -726,11 +747,13 @@ This should result in a <filename>/usr/local/kermit</filename>
|
||||||
subdirectory that has all the files that the
|
subdirectory that has all the files that the
|
||||||
<command>kermit</command> subdirectory on the CDROM has.</para>
|
<command>kermit</command> subdirectory on the CDROM has.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>Next, check <filename>/cdrom/ports/distfiles</filename> for a
|
<para>Next, create the directory <filename>/usr/ports/distfiles</filename>
|
||||||
|
if it doesn't already exist using <command>mkdir</>. Now check
|
||||||
|
check <filename>/cdrom/ports/distfiles</filename> for a
|
||||||
file with a name that indicates it's the port you want. Copy that
|
file with a name that indicates it's the port you want. Copy that
|
||||||
file to <filename>/usr/ports/distfiles</filename>. (Create
|
file to <filename>/usr/ports/distfiles</filename>; in recent versions
|
||||||
<filename>/usr/ports/distfiles</filename> if it doesn't exist using
|
you can skip this step, as FreeBSD will do it for you.
|
||||||
<command>mkdir</>.) In the case of <command>kermit</>, there is no
|
In the case of <command>kermit</>, there is no
|
||||||
distfile.</para>
|
distfile.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>Then <command>cd</> to the subdirectory of
|
<para>Then <command>cd</> to the subdirectory of
|
||||||
|
@ -742,8 +765,8 @@ distfile.</para>
|
||||||
</para>
|
</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>During this process the port will ftp to get any compressed
|
<para>During this process the port will ftp to get any compressed
|
||||||
files it needs that it didn't find in
|
files it needs that it didn't find on the cdrom or in
|
||||||
<filename>/usr/ports/distfiles</filename>. If you don't have your
|
<filename>/usr/ports/distfiles</filename>. If you don't have your
|
||||||
network running yet and there was no file for the port in
|
network running yet and there was no file for the port in
|
||||||
<filename>/cdrom/ports/distfiles</filename>, you will have to get
|
<filename>/cdrom/ports/distfiles</filename>, you will have to get
|
||||||
the distfile using another machine and copy it to
|
the distfile using another machine and copy it to
|
||||||
|
@ -778,8 +801,8 @@ work; no space after the slash.)</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>You might want to get the most recent version of Netscape from
|
<para>You might want to get the most recent version of Netscape from
|
||||||
their <ulink URL="ftp://ftp.netscape.com">ftp site</ulink>. (Netscape
|
their <ulink URL="ftp://ftp.netscape.com">ftp site</ulink>. (Netscape
|
||||||
requires the X Window System.) The version you want is the
|
requires the X Window System.) There's now a FreeBSD version, so look
|
||||||
<quote>unknown bsd</quote> version. Just use <command>gunzip
|
around carefully. Just use <command>gunzip
|
||||||
<replaceable>filename</></> and <command>tar xvf
|
<replaceable>filename</></> and <command>tar xvf
|
||||||
<replaceable>filename</></> on it, move the binary to
|
<replaceable>filename</></> on it, move the binary to
|
||||||
<filename>/usr/local/bin</filename> or some other place binaries are
|
<filename>/usr/local/bin</filename> or some other place binaries are
|
||||||
|
@ -804,32 +827,105 @@ is <filename>/usr/local/lib/netscape/netscape.bin</filename>.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
</chapter>
|
</chapter>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<chapter>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<title>Your Working Environment</title>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<para>Your shell is the most important part of your working environment.
|
||||||
|
In DOS, the usual shell is command.com. The shell is what interprets
|
||||||
|
the commands you type on the command line, and thus communicates with
|
||||||
|
the rest of the operating system. You can also write shell
|
||||||
|
scripts, which are like DOS batch files: a series of commands to be
|
||||||
|
run without your intervention.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<para>Two shells come installed with FreeBSD: csh and sh. csh is good for
|
||||||
|
command-line work, but scripts should be written with sh (or bash). You can
|
||||||
|
find out what shell you have by typing <command>echo $SHELL</command>.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<para>The csh shell is okay, but tcsh does everything csh does and more. It
|
||||||
|
It allows you to recall commands with the arrow keys and edit them.
|
||||||
|
It has tab-key completion
|
||||||
|
of filenames (csh uses the escape key), and it lets you switch to the
|
||||||
|
directory you were last in with <command>cd -</command>. It's also much
|
||||||
|
easier to alter your prompt with tcsh. It makes life a lot easier.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<para>Here are the three steps for installing a new shell:</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<para> 1. Install the shell as a port or a package, just as you
|
||||||
|
would any other port or package. Use <command>rehash</command> and
|
||||||
|
<command>which tcsh</command> (assuming you're installing tcsh) to
|
||||||
|
make sure it got installed.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<para> 2. As root, edit <filename>/etc/shells</filename>, adding
|
||||||
|
a line in the file for the new shell, in this case /usr/local/bin/tcsh,
|
||||||
|
and save the file. (Some ports may do this for you.)</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<para> 3. Use the <command>chsh</command> command to change your shell to
|
||||||
|
tcsh permanently, or type <command>tcsh</command> at the prompt to
|
||||||
|
change your shell without logging in again.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<para><emphasis>Note: It can be dangerous to change root's shell</emphasis>
|
||||||
|
to something other than sh or csh on early versions of FreeBSD and many
|
||||||
|
other versions of Unix; you may not have a working shell when the system
|
||||||
|
puts you into single user mode. The solution is to use <command>su -m</command>
|
||||||
|
to become root, which will give you the tcsh as root, because the shell is part
|
||||||
|
of the environment. You can make this permanent by adding it to your
|
||||||
|
<filename>.tcshrc</filename> file as an alias with <programlisting>alias su su -m.</></para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<para>When tcsh starts up, it will read the
|
||||||
|
<filename>/etc/csh.cshrc</filename> and <filename>/etc/csh.login</filename>
|
||||||
|
files, as does csh. It will also read the
|
||||||
|
<filename>.login</filename> file in your home directory and the
|
||||||
|
<filename>.cshrc</filename>
|
||||||
|
file as well, unless you provide a <filename>.tcshrc</filename>
|
||||||
|
file. This you can do by simply copying <filename>.cshrc</filename>
|
||||||
|
to <filename>.tcshrc</filename>.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<para>Now that you've installed tcsh, you can adjust your prompt. You can
|
||||||
|
find the details in the manual page for tcsh, but here is a line to
|
||||||
|
put in your <filename>.tcshrc</filename> that will tell you how many
|
||||||
|
commands you have typed, what time it is, and what directory you are in.
|
||||||
|
It also produces a <literal>></literal> if you're an ordinary user and
|
||||||
|
a <literal>#</literal> if you're root, but tsch will do that in any
|
||||||
|
case:</para>
|
||||||
|
<para>
|
||||||
|
set prompt = "%h %t %~ %# "</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<para>This should go in the same place as the existing set prompt line
|
||||||
|
if there is one, or under "if($?prompt) then" if not.
|
||||||
|
Comment out the old line; you can always switch back to it if you prefer
|
||||||
|
it. Don't forget the spaces and quotes. You can get the <filename>.tcshrc</filename> reread by typing <command>source .tcshrc</command>.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<para>You can get a listing of other environmental variables that
|
||||||
|
have been set by typing <command>env</command> at the prompt. The
|
||||||
|
result will show you your default editor, pager, and terminal type,
|
||||||
|
among possibly many others. A useful command if you log in from a
|
||||||
|
remote location and can't run a program because the terminal isn't
|
||||||
|
capable is
|
||||||
|
<command>setenv TERM vt100</command>.</para>
|
||||||
|
</chapter>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<chapter>
|
<chapter>
|
||||||
<title>Other</title>
|
<title>Other</title>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>As root, you can dismount the CDROM with <command>/sbin/umount
|
<para>As root, you can dismount the CDROM with <command>/sbin/umount
|
||||||
/cdrom</>, take it out of the drive, insert another one, and mount it
|
/cdrom</>, take it out of the drive, insert another one, and mount it
|
||||||
with <command>/sbin/mount_cd9660 /dev/cd0a /cdrom</> assuming
|
with <command>/sbin/mount_cd9660 /dev/cd0a /cdrom</> assuming
|
||||||
<hardware>cd0a</> is the device name for your CDROM drive.</para>
|
<hardware>cd0a</> is the device name for your CDROM drive. The
|
||||||
|
most recent versions of FreeBSD let you mount the cdrom with just
|
||||||
|
<command>/sbin/mount /cdrom</command>.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>Using the live file system—the second of FreeBSD's CDROM
|
<para>Using the live file system—the second of FreeBSD's CDROM
|
||||||
disks—is useful if you've got limited space. You might try
|
disks—is useful if you've got limited space. What is on the
|
||||||
using <command>emacs</> or playing games from the cdrom. This
|
live file system varies from release to release. You might try
|
||||||
|
playing games from the cdrom. This
|
||||||
involves using <command>lndir</>, which gets installed with the X
|
involves using <command>lndir</>, which gets installed with the X
|
||||||
Window System, to tell the program(s) where to find the necessary
|
Window System, to tell the program(s) where to find the necessary
|
||||||
files, because they're in the <filename>/cdrom</filename> file system
|
files, because they're in the <filename>/cdrom</filename> file system
|
||||||
instead of in <filename>/usr</filename> and its subdirectories, which
|
instead of in <filename>/usr</filename> and its subdirectories, which
|
||||||
is where they're expected to be. Read <command>man lndir</>.</para>
|
is where they're expected to be. Read <command>man lndir</>.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>You can delete a user (say, jack) by using the command
|
|
||||||
<command>vipw</> to bring up the <filename>master.passwd</filename>
|
|
||||||
file (do not use <command>vi</> directly on master.passwd); delete
|
|
||||||
the line for jack and save the file. Then edit
|
|
||||||
<filename>/etc/group</filename>, eliminating jack wherever it
|
|
||||||
appears. Finally, go to <filename>/usr/home</filename> and use
|
|
||||||
<command>rm -R</command> jack (to get rid of user jack's home
|
|
||||||
directory files).</para>
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
</chapter>
|
</chapter>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<chapter>
|
<chapter>
|
||||||
|
@ -841,7 +937,7 @@ if it was helpful. My thanks to Eugene W. Stark, professor of
|
||||||
computer science at SUNY-Stony Brook, and John Fieber for helpful
|
computer science at SUNY-Stony Brook, and John Fieber for helpful
|
||||||
comments.</para>
|
comments.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>Annelise Anderson, <email>andrsn@hoover.stanford.edu</></para>
|
<para>Annelise Anderson, <email>andrsn@andrsn.stanford.edu</></para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
</chapter>
|
</chapter>
|
||||||
</book>
|
</book>
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
||||||
<!-- $Id: article.sgml,v 1.3 1997-07-01 21:38:45 max Exp $ -->
|
<!-- $Id: article.sgml,v 1.4 1997-08-15 17:11:49 jfieber Exp $ -->
|
||||||
<!-- The FreeBSD Documentation Project -->
|
<!-- The FreeBSD Documentation Project -->
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<!DOCTYPE BOOK PUBLIC "-//Davenport//DTD DocBook V3.0//EN">
|
<!DOCTYPE BOOK PUBLIC "-//Davenport//DTD DocBook V3.0//EN">
|
||||||
|
@ -13,12 +13,12 @@
|
||||||
<firstname>Annelise</firstname>
|
<firstname>Annelise</firstname>
|
||||||
<surname>Anderson</surname>
|
<surname>Anderson</surname>
|
||||||
<affiliation>
|
<affiliation>
|
||||||
<address><email>andrsn@hoover.stanford.edu</email></address>
|
<address><email>andrsn@andrsn.stanford.edu</email></address>
|
||||||
</affiliation>
|
</affiliation>
|
||||||
</author>
|
</author>
|
||||||
</authorgroup>
|
</authorgroup>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<pubdate>June 30, 1996</pubdate>
|
<pubdate>August 15, 1997</pubdate>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<abstract><para>Congratulations on installing FreeBSD! This
|
<abstract><para>Congratulations on installing FreeBSD! This
|
||||||
introduction is for people new to both FreeBSD
|
introduction is for people new to both FreeBSD
|
||||||
|
@ -39,7 +39,9 @@ class=prompt>login:</systemitem>) as a user you created during
|
||||||
installation or as <firstterm>root</firstterm>. (Your FreeBSD
|
installation or as <firstterm>root</firstterm>. (Your FreeBSD
|
||||||
installation will already have an account for root; root can go
|
installation will already have an account for root; root can go
|
||||||
anywhere and do anything, including deleting essential files, so be
|
anywhere and do anything, including deleting essential files, so be
|
||||||
careful!)</para>
|
careful!) The symbols % and # in the following stand for the prompt
|
||||||
|
(yours may be different), with % indicating an ordinary user and
|
||||||
|
# indicating root. </para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>To log out (and get a new <systemitem class=prompt>login:</systemitem> prompt) type
|
<para>To log out (and get a new <systemitem class=prompt>login:</systemitem> prompt) type
|
||||||
<informalexample>
|
<informalexample>
|
||||||
|
@ -81,8 +83,13 @@ are thus logged in as root, you should probably create a user now with
|
||||||
<informalexample>
|
<informalexample>
|
||||||
<screen># <userinput>adduser</userinput></screen>
|
<screen># <userinput>adduser</userinput></screen>
|
||||||
</informalexample>
|
</informalexample>
|
||||||
Don't use the <option>-verbose</option> option; the defaults are what
|
The first time you use adduser, it might ask for some defaults to save. You
|
||||||
you want. Suppose you create a user <emphasis>jack</emphasis> with
|
might want to make the default shell csh instead of sh, if it suggests
|
||||||
|
sh as the default. Otherwise just press enter to accept each default.
|
||||||
|
These defaults are saved in <filename>/etc/adduser.conf</filename>,
|
||||||
|
an editable file.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<para>Suppose you create a user <emphasis>jack</emphasis> with
|
||||||
full name <emphasis>Jack Benimble</emphasis>. Give jack a password
|
full name <emphasis>Jack Benimble</emphasis>. Give jack a password
|
||||||
if security (even kids around who might pound on the keyboard) is an
|
if security (even kids around who might pound on the keyboard) is an
|
||||||
issue. When it asks you if you want to invite jack into other
|
issue. When it asks you if you want to invite jack into other
|
||||||
|
@ -92,8 +99,7 @@ groups, type <userinput>wheel</userinput>
|
||||||
</informalexample>
|
</informalexample>
|
||||||
This will make it possible to log in as <emphasis>jack</emphasis> and
|
This will make it possible to log in as <emphasis>jack</emphasis> and
|
||||||
use the <command>su</command> command to become root. Then you won't
|
use the <command>su</command> command to become root. Then you won't
|
||||||
get scolded any more for logging in as root, and as root you'll have
|
get scolded any more for logging in as root.</para>
|
||||||
the same environment as jack (this is good).</para>
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>You can quit <command>adduser</command> any time by typing
|
<para>You can quit <command>adduser</command> any time by typing
|
||||||
<keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>C</keycap></keycombo>, and at
|
<keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>C</keycap></keycombo>, and at
|
||||||
|
@ -112,7 +118,11 @@ power—and risk—of root.</para>
|
||||||
to <command>su</command> to root, you can log in as root
|
to <command>su</command> to root, you can log in as root
|
||||||
and edit the file <filename>/etc/group</filename>, adding jack to the
|
and edit the file <filename>/etc/group</filename>, adding jack to the
|
||||||
first line (the group wheel). But first you need to practice
|
first line (the group wheel). But first you need to practice
|
||||||
<command>vi</command>, the text editor.</para>
|
<command>vi</command>, the text editor--or use the simpler text
|
||||||
|
editor, <command>ee</command>, installed on recent version of
|
||||||
|
FreeBSD.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<para>To delete a user, use the <command>rmuser</command> command.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
</chapter>
|
</chapter>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@ -171,8 +181,9 @@ date, permissions.</para>
|
||||||
<varlistentry><term><command>ls <option>-a</option></command></term>
|
<varlistentry><term><command>ls <option>-a</option></command></term>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<listitem>
|
<listitem>
|
||||||
<para>Lists hidden (unless you're root) <quote>dot</quote>
|
<para>Lists hidden <quote>dot</quote>
|
||||||
files with the others.</para>
|
files with the others. If you're root, the<quote>dot</quote> files
|
||||||
|
show up without the <option>-a</option> switch.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
</listitem>
|
</listitem>
|
||||||
</varlistentry>
|
</varlistentry>
|
||||||
|
@ -284,7 +295,8 @@ is found.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<listitem>
|
<listitem>
|
||||||
<para>Tells you what the command <replaceable>text</replaceable>
|
<para>Tells you what the command <replaceable>text</replaceable>
|
||||||
does and its man page.</para>
|
does and its man page. Typing <command>whatis *</command> will tell
|
||||||
|
you about all the binaries in the current directory.</para>
|
||||||
</listitem>
|
</listitem>
|
||||||
</varlistentry>
|
</varlistentry>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@ -358,33 +370,41 @@ Administration</citetitle> (O'Reilly & Associates, 1993, ISBN
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>To configure your system, you need to edit text files. Most of
|
<para>To configure your system, you need to edit text files. Most of
|
||||||
them will be in the <filename>/etc</filename> directory; and you'll
|
them will be in the <filename>/etc</filename> directory; and you'll
|
||||||
need to <command>su</command> to root to be able to change them. The
|
need to <command>su</command> to root to be able to change them. You
|
||||||
text editor is <command>vi</command>. Before you edit a file, you
|
can use the easy <command>ee</command>, but in the long run the
|
||||||
should probably back it up. Suppose you want to edit
|
text editor <command>vi</command> is worth learning. There's an
|
||||||
<filename>/etc/sysconfig</filename>. You could just use <command>cd
|
excellent tutorial on vi in
|
||||||
|
<filename>/usr/src/contrib/nvi/docs/tutorial</filename> if you have
|
||||||
|
that installed; otherwise you can get it by ftp to
|
||||||
|
ftp.cdrom.com in the directory
|
||||||
|
FreeBSD/FreeBSD-current/src/contrib/nvi/docs/tutorial.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<para>Before you edit a
|
||||||
|
file, you should probably back it up. Suppose you want to edit
|
||||||
|
<filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>. You could just use <command>cd
|
||||||
/etc</command> to get to the <filename>/etc</filename> directory and
|
/etc</command> to get to the <filename>/etc</filename> directory and
|
||||||
do:
|
do:
|
||||||
<informalexample>
|
<informalexample>
|
||||||
<screen># <userinput>cp sysconfig sysconfig.orig</userinput></screen>
|
<screen># <userinput>cp rc.conf rc.conf.orig</userinput></screen>
|
||||||
</informalexample>
|
</informalexample>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
This would copy <filename>sysconfig</filename> to
|
This would copy <filename>rc.conf</filename> to
|
||||||
<filename>sysconfig.orig</filename>, and you could later copy
|
<filename>rc.conf.orig</filename>, and you could later copy
|
||||||
<filename>sysconfig.orig</filename> to <emphasis
|
<filename>rc.conf.orig</filename> to <emphasis
|
||||||
remap=tt>sysconfig</emphasis> to recover the original. But even
|
remap=tt>rc.conf</emphasis> to recover the original. But even
|
||||||
better would be moving (renaming) and then copying back:
|
better would be moving (renaming) and then copying back:
|
||||||
<informalexample>
|
<informalexample>
|
||||||
<screen># <userinput>mv sysconfig sysconfig.orig</userinput>
|
<screen># <userinput>mv rc.conf rc.conf.orig</userinput>
|
||||||
# <userinput>cp sysconfig.orig sysconfig</userinput></screen>
|
# <userinput>cp rc.conf.orig rc.conf</userinput></screen>
|
||||||
</informalexample>
|
</informalexample>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
because the <command>mv</command> command preserves the original date
|
because the <command>mv</command> command preserves the original date
|
||||||
and owner of the file. You can now edit
|
and owner of the file. You can now edit
|
||||||
<filename>sysconfig</filename>. If you want the original back, you'd
|
<filename>rc.conf</filename>. If you want the original back, you'd
|
||||||
then <userinput>mv sysconfig syconfig.myedit</userinput>
|
then <userinput>mv rc.conf rc.conf.myedit</userinput>
|
||||||
(assuming you want to preserve your edited version) and then
|
(assuming you want to preserve your edited version) and then
|
||||||
<informalexample>
|
<informalexample>
|
||||||
<screen># <userinput>mv sysconfig.orig sysconfig</userinput></screen>
|
<screen># <userinput>mv rc.conf.orig rc.conf</userinput></screen>
|
||||||
</informalexample>
|
</informalexample>
|
||||||
to put things back the way they were.</para>
|
to put things back the way they were.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@ -532,9 +552,10 @@ print it from DOS. Suppose you want to read carefully about changing
|
||||||
permissions on files (pretty important). You can use the command
|
permissions on files (pretty important). You can use the command
|
||||||
man chmod to read about it. The command
|
man chmod to read about it. The command
|
||||||
<informalexample>
|
<informalexample>
|
||||||
<screen># <userinput>man chmod > chmod.txt</></screen>
|
<screen># <userinput>man chmod | col -b > chmod.txt</></screen>
|
||||||
</informalexample>
|
</informalexample>
|
||||||
will send the man page to the <filename>chmod.txt</filename> file
|
will remove formatting codes and send the man page to
|
||||||
|
the <filename>chmod.txt</filename> file
|
||||||
instead of showing it on your screen. Now put a dos-formatted
|
instead of showing it on your screen. Now put a dos-formatted
|
||||||
diskette in your floppy drive a, <command>su</> to
|
diskette in your floppy drive a, <command>su</> to
|
||||||
root, and type
|
root, and type
|
||||||
|
@ -574,7 +595,7 @@ out with
|
||||||
<screen># <userinput>/sbin/umount /mnt</></screen>
|
<screen># <userinput>/sbin/umount /mnt</></screen>
|
||||||
</informalexample>
|
</informalexample>
|
||||||
and reboot to go to DOS. Copy these files to a DOS directory, call
|
and reboot to go to DOS. Copy these files to a DOS directory, call
|
||||||
them up with DOS EDIT, Windows Notepad, or a word processor, make a
|
them up with DOS EDIT, Windows Notepad or Wordpad, or a word processor, make a
|
||||||
minor change so the file has to be saved, and print as you normally
|
minor change so the file has to be saved, and print as you normally
|
||||||
would from DOS or Windows. Hope it works! man pages come out best if
|
would from DOS or Windows. Hope it works! man pages come out best if
|
||||||
printed with the dos <command>print</> command. (Copying files from
|
printed with the dos <command>print</> command. (Copying files from
|
||||||
|
@ -588,9 +609,9 @@ a matching spool directory in
|
||||||
<hardware>lpt0</> (what dos calls <hardware>LPT1</>), you may only
|
<hardware>lpt0</> (what dos calls <hardware>LPT1</>), you may only
|
||||||
need to go to <filename>/var/spool/output</filename> and (as root)
|
need to go to <filename>/var/spool/output</filename> and (as root)
|
||||||
create the directory <filename>lpd</> by typing:
|
create the directory <filename>lpd</> by typing:
|
||||||
<informalexample>
|
<command>
|
||||||
<screen># <userinput>mkdir lpd</></screen>
|
mkdir lpd</command>, if it doesn't already
|
||||||
</informalexample>
|
exist.
|
||||||
Then the printer should respond if it's turned on when the system is
|
Then the printer should respond if it's turned on when the system is
|
||||||
booted, and lp or lpr should send a file to the printer. Whether or
|
booted, and lp or lpr should send a file to the printer. Whether or
|
||||||
not the file actually prints depends on configuring it, which is
|
not the file actually prints depends on configuring it, which is
|
||||||
|
@ -726,11 +747,13 @@ This should result in a <filename>/usr/local/kermit</filename>
|
||||||
subdirectory that has all the files that the
|
subdirectory that has all the files that the
|
||||||
<command>kermit</command> subdirectory on the CDROM has.</para>
|
<command>kermit</command> subdirectory on the CDROM has.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>Next, check <filename>/cdrom/ports/distfiles</filename> for a
|
<para>Next, create the directory <filename>/usr/ports/distfiles</filename>
|
||||||
|
if it doesn't already exist using <command>mkdir</>. Now check
|
||||||
|
check <filename>/cdrom/ports/distfiles</filename> for a
|
||||||
file with a name that indicates it's the port you want. Copy that
|
file with a name that indicates it's the port you want. Copy that
|
||||||
file to <filename>/usr/ports/distfiles</filename>. (Create
|
file to <filename>/usr/ports/distfiles</filename>; in recent versions
|
||||||
<filename>/usr/ports/distfiles</filename> if it doesn't exist using
|
you can skip this step, as FreeBSD will do it for you.
|
||||||
<command>mkdir</>.) In the case of <command>kermit</>, there is no
|
In the case of <command>kermit</>, there is no
|
||||||
distfile.</para>
|
distfile.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>Then <command>cd</> to the subdirectory of
|
<para>Then <command>cd</> to the subdirectory of
|
||||||
|
@ -742,8 +765,8 @@ distfile.</para>
|
||||||
</para>
|
</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>During this process the port will ftp to get any compressed
|
<para>During this process the port will ftp to get any compressed
|
||||||
files it needs that it didn't find in
|
files it needs that it didn't find on the cdrom or in
|
||||||
<filename>/usr/ports/distfiles</filename>. If you don't have your
|
<filename>/usr/ports/distfiles</filename>. If you don't have your
|
||||||
network running yet and there was no file for the port in
|
network running yet and there was no file for the port in
|
||||||
<filename>/cdrom/ports/distfiles</filename>, you will have to get
|
<filename>/cdrom/ports/distfiles</filename>, you will have to get
|
||||||
the distfile using another machine and copy it to
|
the distfile using another machine and copy it to
|
||||||
|
@ -778,8 +801,8 @@ work; no space after the slash.)</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>You might want to get the most recent version of Netscape from
|
<para>You might want to get the most recent version of Netscape from
|
||||||
their <ulink URL="ftp://ftp.netscape.com">ftp site</ulink>. (Netscape
|
their <ulink URL="ftp://ftp.netscape.com">ftp site</ulink>. (Netscape
|
||||||
requires the X Window System.) The version you want is the
|
requires the X Window System.) There's now a FreeBSD version, so look
|
||||||
<quote>unknown bsd</quote> version. Just use <command>gunzip
|
around carefully. Just use <command>gunzip
|
||||||
<replaceable>filename</></> and <command>tar xvf
|
<replaceable>filename</></> and <command>tar xvf
|
||||||
<replaceable>filename</></> on it, move the binary to
|
<replaceable>filename</></> on it, move the binary to
|
||||||
<filename>/usr/local/bin</filename> or some other place binaries are
|
<filename>/usr/local/bin</filename> or some other place binaries are
|
||||||
|
@ -804,32 +827,105 @@ is <filename>/usr/local/lib/netscape/netscape.bin</filename>.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
</chapter>
|
</chapter>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<chapter>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<title>Your Working Environment</title>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<para>Your shell is the most important part of your working environment.
|
||||||
|
In DOS, the usual shell is command.com. The shell is what interprets
|
||||||
|
the commands you type on the command line, and thus communicates with
|
||||||
|
the rest of the operating system. You can also write shell
|
||||||
|
scripts, which are like DOS batch files: a series of commands to be
|
||||||
|
run without your intervention.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<para>Two shells come installed with FreeBSD: csh and sh. csh is good for
|
||||||
|
command-line work, but scripts should be written with sh (or bash). You can
|
||||||
|
find out what shell you have by typing <command>echo $SHELL</command>.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<para>The csh shell is okay, but tcsh does everything csh does and more. It
|
||||||
|
It allows you to recall commands with the arrow keys and edit them.
|
||||||
|
It has tab-key completion
|
||||||
|
of filenames (csh uses the escape key), and it lets you switch to the
|
||||||
|
directory you were last in with <command>cd -</command>. It's also much
|
||||||
|
easier to alter your prompt with tcsh. It makes life a lot easier.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<para>Here are the three steps for installing a new shell:</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<para> 1. Install the shell as a port or a package, just as you
|
||||||
|
would any other port or package. Use <command>rehash</command> and
|
||||||
|
<command>which tcsh</command> (assuming you're installing tcsh) to
|
||||||
|
make sure it got installed.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<para> 2. As root, edit <filename>/etc/shells</filename>, adding
|
||||||
|
a line in the file for the new shell, in this case /usr/local/bin/tcsh,
|
||||||
|
and save the file. (Some ports may do this for you.)</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<para> 3. Use the <command>chsh</command> command to change your shell to
|
||||||
|
tcsh permanently, or type <command>tcsh</command> at the prompt to
|
||||||
|
change your shell without logging in again.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<para><emphasis>Note: It can be dangerous to change root's shell</emphasis>
|
||||||
|
to something other than sh or csh on early versions of FreeBSD and many
|
||||||
|
other versions of Unix; you may not have a working shell when the system
|
||||||
|
puts you into single user mode. The solution is to use <command>su -m</command>
|
||||||
|
to become root, which will give you the tcsh as root, because the shell is part
|
||||||
|
of the environment. You can make this permanent by adding it to your
|
||||||
|
<filename>.tcshrc</filename> file as an alias with <programlisting>alias su su -m.</></para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<para>When tcsh starts up, it will read the
|
||||||
|
<filename>/etc/csh.cshrc</filename> and <filename>/etc/csh.login</filename>
|
||||||
|
files, as does csh. It will also read the
|
||||||
|
<filename>.login</filename> file in your home directory and the
|
||||||
|
<filename>.cshrc</filename>
|
||||||
|
file as well, unless you provide a <filename>.tcshrc</filename>
|
||||||
|
file. This you can do by simply copying <filename>.cshrc</filename>
|
||||||
|
to <filename>.tcshrc</filename>.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<para>Now that you've installed tcsh, you can adjust your prompt. You can
|
||||||
|
find the details in the manual page for tcsh, but here is a line to
|
||||||
|
put in your <filename>.tcshrc</filename> that will tell you how many
|
||||||
|
commands you have typed, what time it is, and what directory you are in.
|
||||||
|
It also produces a <literal>></literal> if you're an ordinary user and
|
||||||
|
a <literal>#</literal> if you're root, but tsch will do that in any
|
||||||
|
case:</para>
|
||||||
|
<para>
|
||||||
|
set prompt = "%h %t %~ %# "</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<para>This should go in the same place as the existing set prompt line
|
||||||
|
if there is one, or under "if($?prompt) then" if not.
|
||||||
|
Comment out the old line; you can always switch back to it if you prefer
|
||||||
|
it. Don't forget the spaces and quotes. You can get the <filename>.tcshrc</filename> reread by typing <command>source .tcshrc</command>.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<para>You can get a listing of other environmental variables that
|
||||||
|
have been set by typing <command>env</command> at the prompt. The
|
||||||
|
result will show you your default editor, pager, and terminal type,
|
||||||
|
among possibly many others. A useful command if you log in from a
|
||||||
|
remote location and can't run a program because the terminal isn't
|
||||||
|
capable is
|
||||||
|
<command>setenv TERM vt100</command>.</para>
|
||||||
|
</chapter>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<chapter>
|
<chapter>
|
||||||
<title>Other</title>
|
<title>Other</title>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>As root, you can dismount the CDROM with <command>/sbin/umount
|
<para>As root, you can dismount the CDROM with <command>/sbin/umount
|
||||||
/cdrom</>, take it out of the drive, insert another one, and mount it
|
/cdrom</>, take it out of the drive, insert another one, and mount it
|
||||||
with <command>/sbin/mount_cd9660 /dev/cd0a /cdrom</> assuming
|
with <command>/sbin/mount_cd9660 /dev/cd0a /cdrom</> assuming
|
||||||
<hardware>cd0a</> is the device name for your CDROM drive.</para>
|
<hardware>cd0a</> is the device name for your CDROM drive. The
|
||||||
|
most recent versions of FreeBSD let you mount the cdrom with just
|
||||||
|
<command>/sbin/mount /cdrom</command>.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>Using the live file system—the second of FreeBSD's CDROM
|
<para>Using the live file system—the second of FreeBSD's CDROM
|
||||||
disks—is useful if you've got limited space. You might try
|
disks—is useful if you've got limited space. What is on the
|
||||||
using <command>emacs</> or playing games from the cdrom. This
|
live file system varies from release to release. You might try
|
||||||
|
playing games from the cdrom. This
|
||||||
involves using <command>lndir</>, which gets installed with the X
|
involves using <command>lndir</>, which gets installed with the X
|
||||||
Window System, to tell the program(s) where to find the necessary
|
Window System, to tell the program(s) where to find the necessary
|
||||||
files, because they're in the <filename>/cdrom</filename> file system
|
files, because they're in the <filename>/cdrom</filename> file system
|
||||||
instead of in <filename>/usr</filename> and its subdirectories, which
|
instead of in <filename>/usr</filename> and its subdirectories, which
|
||||||
is where they're expected to be. Read <command>man lndir</>.</para>
|
is where they're expected to be. Read <command>man lndir</>.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>You can delete a user (say, jack) by using the command
|
|
||||||
<command>vipw</> to bring up the <filename>master.passwd</filename>
|
|
||||||
file (do not use <command>vi</> directly on master.passwd); delete
|
|
||||||
the line for jack and save the file. Then edit
|
|
||||||
<filename>/etc/group</filename>, eliminating jack wherever it
|
|
||||||
appears. Finally, go to <filename>/usr/home</filename> and use
|
|
||||||
<command>rm -R</command> jack (to get rid of user jack's home
|
|
||||||
directory files).</para>
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
</chapter>
|
</chapter>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<chapter>
|
<chapter>
|
||||||
|
@ -841,7 +937,7 @@ if it was helpful. My thanks to Eugene W. Stark, professor of
|
||||||
computer science at SUNY-Stony Brook, and John Fieber for helpful
|
computer science at SUNY-Stony Brook, and John Fieber for helpful
|
||||||
comments.</para>
|
comments.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>Annelise Anderson, <email>andrsn@hoover.stanford.edu</></para>
|
<para>Annelise Anderson, <email>andrsn@andrsn.stanford.edu</></para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
</chapter>
|
</chapter>
|
||||||
</book>
|
</book>
|
||||||
|
|
Loading…
Reference in a new issue