diff --git a/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/basics/chapter.sgml b/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/basics/chapter.sgml index fc1efb3c5b..907ce5ffac 100644 --- a/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/basics/chapter.sgml +++ b/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/basics/chapter.sgml @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ Synopsis - Reritten by Chris Shumway + Rewritten by Chris Shumway cshumway@cdrom.com, 10 Mar 2000. The following chapter will cover the basic commands and @@ -27,8 +27,8 @@ most pronounced, is that FreeBSD is a multi-user operating system. The system can handle several users all working simultaneously on completely unrelated tasks. The system is responsible for properly - sharing and managing requests for hardware devices, preferials, - memory, and cpu time evenly to each user. + sharing and managing requests for hardware devices, peripherals, + memory, and CPU time evenly to each user. Because the system is capable of supporting multiple users, everything the system manages has a set of permissions governing who @@ -101,8 +101,8 @@ For the long directory listing by ls -l, a - column will show a files' permissions for the owner, group, and - everyone else. Here's how its broken up: + column will show a file's permissions for the owner, group, and + everyone else. Here's how it is broken up: -rw-r--r-- @@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ 644, where each digit represents the three parts of the file's permission. - This is all well and good files, but how does the system control + This is all well and good, but how does the system control permissions on devices? FreeBSD actually treats most hardware devices as a file that programs can open, read, and write data to just like any other file. These special device files are stored on @@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ Directory Structures Since FreeBSD uses its file systems to determine many - fundamental system operations, the hiarchy of the file system is + fundamental system operations, the hierarchy of the file system is extremely important. Due to the fact that the &man.hier.7; man page provides a complete description of the directory structure, it will not be duplicated here. Please read &man.hier.7; for more @@ -163,11 +163,11 @@ /mnt, and /cdrom. These directories are usually referenced to entries in the file /etc/fstab. /etc/fstab is - a table of various file systems and mount points for refence by the + a table of various file systems and mount points for reference by the system. Most of the file systems in /etc/fstab are mounted automatically at boot time from the script &man.rc.8; - unless they contain the noauto option. Consult the &man.fstab.5; - manual page for more information on the format of the + unless they contain the option. Consult the + &man.fstab.5; manual page for more information on the format of the /etc/fstab file and the options it contains. @@ -185,8 +185,8 @@ from the FreeBSD Ports Collection that have much more power, such as tcsh and bash. - Which shell do you use? Its really a matter of taste. If your - a C programmer you might feel more comfortable with a C-like shell + Which shell do you use? It is really a matter of taste. If you + are a C programmer you might feel more comfortable with a C-like shell such as tcsh. If you've come from Linux or are new to a UNIX command line interface you might try bash. The point is that each shell has unique properties that may or may not work with your @@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ TERM The name of the user's terminal. Used to determine the - capabilites of the terminal. + capabilities of the terminal. diff --git a/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/introduction/chapter.sgml b/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/introduction/chapter.sgml index 7bdf5d48cc..03e088addb 100644 --- a/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/introduction/chapter.sgml +++ b/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/introduction/chapter.sgml @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ architectures are also underway. For a brief overview of FreeBSD, see the next section. You can also read about the history of FreeBSD, - or the the current release. If you + or the current release. If you are interested in contributing something to the Project (code, hardware, unmarked bills), see the contributing to FreeBSD section. @@ -102,8 +102,8 @@ - Multiuser facilities which allow many - people to use a FreeBSD system simulatenously for a variety + Multi-user facilities which allow many + people to use a FreeBSD system simultaneously for a variety of things. This means, for example, that system peripherals such as printers and tape drives are properly shared between all users on the system or the network and that individual @@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ inter-operate easily with other systems as well act as an enterprise server, providing vital functions such as NFS (remote file access) and e-mail services or putting your - organization on the Internet with WWW, ftp, routing and + organization on the Internet with WWW, FTP, routing and firewall (security) services. @@ -156,8 +156,8 @@ Thousands of additional and - easy-to-port applications available on - the Internet. FreeBSD is source code compatible with most + easy-to-port applications are available + on the Internet. FreeBSD is source code compatible with most popular commercial Unix systems and thus most applications require few, if any, changes to compile. @@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ name server (DNS)? A firewall to keep people out of your internal network? FreeBSD can easily turn that unused 386 or 486 PC sitting in the corner into an advanced router with - sophisticated packet filtering capabilities. + sophisticated packet-filtering capabilities. @@ -322,7 +322,7 @@ FreeBSD is available in both source and binary form on CDROM - and via anonymous ftp. See Obtaining + and via anonymous FTP. See Obtaining FreeBSD for more details. @@ -370,7 +370,7 @@ with an eye towards improving FreeBSD's distribution channels for those many unfortunates without easy access to the Internet. Walnut Creek CDROM not only supported the idea of distributing - FreeBSD on CD but went so far as to provide the project with a + FreeBSD on CD but also went so far as to provide the project with a machine to work on and a fast Internet connection. Without Walnut Creek CDROM's almost unprecedented degree of faith in what was, at the time, a completely unknown project, it is quite unlikely that @@ -423,21 +423,25 @@ FreeBSD 2.2 was branched from the development mainline (“-CURRENT”) in November 1996 as the RELENG_2_2 - branch, and the first full release (2.2.1) was released in April, + branch, and the first full release (2.2.1) was released in April 1997. Further releases along the 2.2 branch were done in the - Summer and Fall of '97, the last of which (2.2.8) appeared in - November, 1998. The first official 3.0 release appeared in - October, 1998 and spelled the beginning of the end for the 2.2 + summer and fall of '97, the last of which (2.2.8) appeared in + November 1998. The first official 3.0 release appeared in + October 1998 and spelled the beginning of the end for the 2.2 branch. The tree branched again on Jan 20, 1999, leading to the 4.0-CURRENT and 3.X-STABLE branches. From 3.X-STABLE, 3.1 was released on February 15, 1999, 3.2 on May 15, 1999, and 3.3 on September 16, 1999. The most current release on this branch is - &rel.current;, which was released on December 20, 1999. + 3.4, which was released on December 20, 1999. - Long term development projects continue to take place in the - 4.0-CURRENT branch, and SNAPshot releases of 4.0 on CDROM (and, of + There was another branch on March 13, 2000, which saw the + emergence of the 5.0-CURRENT and 4.X-STABLE branches. The only + release from this branch so far is &rel.current;-RELEASE. + + Long-term development projects continue to take place in the + 5.0-CURRENT branch, and SNAPshot releases of 5.0 on CDROM (and, of course, on the net) are continually made available as work progresses. @@ -497,7 +501,7 @@ The central source tree for FreeBSD is maintained by CVS (Concurrent Version System), a freely available source code - control tool which comes bundled with FreeBSD. The primary + control tool that comes bundled with FreeBSD. The primary CVS repository resides on a machine in Concord CA, USA from where it is replicated to numerous mirror machines @@ -559,7 +563,7 @@ analogy above is not actually very accurate, and it may be more suitable to say that these are the people who gave up their lives in favor of FreeBSD against their better - judgement! ;-) + judgment! ;-) @@ -570,15 +574,15 @@ Last, but definitely not least, the largest group of developers are the users themselves who provide feedback and - bug-fixes to us on an almost constant basis. The primary + bug fixes to us on an almost constant basis. The primary way of keeping in touch with FreeBSD's more non-centralized development is to subscribe to the &a.hackers; (see mailing list info) where such things are discussed. The list of - those who have contributed something which made its way into - our source tree is a long and growing one, so why not join + those who have contributed something, which made its way into + our source tree, is a long and growing one, so why not join it by contributing something back to FreeBSD today? :-) @@ -618,7 +622,7 @@ Since our release of FreeBSD 2.0 in late 94, the performance, feature set, and stability of FreeBSD has improved dramatically. The largest change is a revamped virtual memory system with a merged - VM/file buffer cache that not only increases performance, but + VM/file buffer cache that not only increases performance, but also reduces FreeBSD's memory footprint, making a 5MB configuration a more acceptable minimum. Other enhancements include full NIS client and server support, transaction TCP support, dial-on-demand PPP, @@ -632,7 +636,7 @@ sane and easily understood installation process. Your feedback on this (constantly evolving) process is especially welcome! - In addition to the base distributions, FreeBSD offers a new + In addition to the base distributions, FreeBSD offers a ported software collection with hundreds of commonly sought-after programs. By mid-January 2000, there were nearly 3000 ports! The list of ports ranges from http (WWW) servers, to games, languages, @@ -644,10 +648,10 @@ compile a port, you simply change to the directory of the program you wish to install, type make install, and let the system do the rest. The full original distribution for each - port you build is retrieved dynamically off the CDROM or a local ftp + port you build is retrieved dynamically off the CDROM or a local FTP site, so you need only enough disk space to build the ports you want. Almost every port is also provided as a pre-compiled - “package” which can be installed with a simple command + “package”, which can be installed with a simple command (pkg_add) by those who do not wish to compile their own ports from source. @@ -685,7 +689,7 @@ The core of FreeBSD does not contain DES code which would inhibit its being exported outside the United States. There is an add-on package to the core distribution, for use only in the United - States, that contains the programs that normally use DES. The + States, which contains the programs that normally use DES. The auxiliary packages provided separately can be used by anyone. A freely (from outside the U.S.) exportable European distribution of DES for our non-U.S. users also exists and is described in the diff --git a/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/basics/chapter.sgml b/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/basics/chapter.sgml index fc1efb3c5b..907ce5ffac 100644 --- a/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/basics/chapter.sgml +++ b/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/basics/chapter.sgml @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ Synopsis - Reritten by Chris Shumway + Rewritten by Chris Shumway cshumway@cdrom.com, 10 Mar 2000. The following chapter will cover the basic commands and @@ -27,8 +27,8 @@ most pronounced, is that FreeBSD is a multi-user operating system. The system can handle several users all working simultaneously on completely unrelated tasks. The system is responsible for properly - sharing and managing requests for hardware devices, preferials, - memory, and cpu time evenly to each user. + sharing and managing requests for hardware devices, peripherals, + memory, and CPU time evenly to each user. Because the system is capable of supporting multiple users, everything the system manages has a set of permissions governing who @@ -101,8 +101,8 @@ For the long directory listing by ls -l, a - column will show a files' permissions for the owner, group, and - everyone else. Here's how its broken up: + column will show a file's permissions for the owner, group, and + everyone else. Here's how it is broken up: -rw-r--r-- @@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ 644, where each digit represents the three parts of the file's permission. - This is all well and good files, but how does the system control + This is all well and good, but how does the system control permissions on devices? FreeBSD actually treats most hardware devices as a file that programs can open, read, and write data to just like any other file. These special device files are stored on @@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ Directory Structures Since FreeBSD uses its file systems to determine many - fundamental system operations, the hiarchy of the file system is + fundamental system operations, the hierarchy of the file system is extremely important. Due to the fact that the &man.hier.7; man page provides a complete description of the directory structure, it will not be duplicated here. Please read &man.hier.7; for more @@ -163,11 +163,11 @@ /mnt, and /cdrom. These directories are usually referenced to entries in the file /etc/fstab. /etc/fstab is - a table of various file systems and mount points for refence by the + a table of various file systems and mount points for reference by the system. Most of the file systems in /etc/fstab are mounted automatically at boot time from the script &man.rc.8; - unless they contain the noauto option. Consult the &man.fstab.5; - manual page for more information on the format of the + unless they contain the option. Consult the + &man.fstab.5; manual page for more information on the format of the /etc/fstab file and the options it contains. @@ -185,8 +185,8 @@ from the FreeBSD Ports Collection that have much more power, such as tcsh and bash. - Which shell do you use? Its really a matter of taste. If your - a C programmer you might feel more comfortable with a C-like shell + Which shell do you use? It is really a matter of taste. If you + are a C programmer you might feel more comfortable with a C-like shell such as tcsh. If you've come from Linux or are new to a UNIX command line interface you might try bash. The point is that each shell has unique properties that may or may not work with your @@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ TERM The name of the user's terminal. Used to determine the - capabilites of the terminal. + capabilities of the terminal. diff --git a/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/introduction/chapter.sgml b/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/introduction/chapter.sgml index 7bdf5d48cc..03e088addb 100644 --- a/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/introduction/chapter.sgml +++ b/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/introduction/chapter.sgml @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ architectures are also underway. For a brief overview of FreeBSD, see the next section. You can also read about the history of FreeBSD, - or the the current release. If you + or the current release. If you are interested in contributing something to the Project (code, hardware, unmarked bills), see the contributing to FreeBSD section. @@ -102,8 +102,8 @@ - Multiuser facilities which allow many - people to use a FreeBSD system simulatenously for a variety + Multi-user facilities which allow many + people to use a FreeBSD system simultaneously for a variety of things. This means, for example, that system peripherals such as printers and tape drives are properly shared between all users on the system or the network and that individual @@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ inter-operate easily with other systems as well act as an enterprise server, providing vital functions such as NFS (remote file access) and e-mail services or putting your - organization on the Internet with WWW, ftp, routing and + organization on the Internet with WWW, FTP, routing and firewall (security) services. @@ -156,8 +156,8 @@ Thousands of additional and - easy-to-port applications available on - the Internet. FreeBSD is source code compatible with most + easy-to-port applications are available + on the Internet. FreeBSD is source code compatible with most popular commercial Unix systems and thus most applications require few, if any, changes to compile. @@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ name server (DNS)? A firewall to keep people out of your internal network? FreeBSD can easily turn that unused 386 or 486 PC sitting in the corner into an advanced router with - sophisticated packet filtering capabilities. + sophisticated packet-filtering capabilities. @@ -322,7 +322,7 @@ FreeBSD is available in both source and binary form on CDROM - and via anonymous ftp. See Obtaining + and via anonymous FTP. See Obtaining FreeBSD for more details. @@ -370,7 +370,7 @@ with an eye towards improving FreeBSD's distribution channels for those many unfortunates without easy access to the Internet. Walnut Creek CDROM not only supported the idea of distributing - FreeBSD on CD but went so far as to provide the project with a + FreeBSD on CD but also went so far as to provide the project with a machine to work on and a fast Internet connection. Without Walnut Creek CDROM's almost unprecedented degree of faith in what was, at the time, a completely unknown project, it is quite unlikely that @@ -423,21 +423,25 @@ FreeBSD 2.2 was branched from the development mainline (“-CURRENT”) in November 1996 as the RELENG_2_2 - branch, and the first full release (2.2.1) was released in April, + branch, and the first full release (2.2.1) was released in April 1997. Further releases along the 2.2 branch were done in the - Summer and Fall of '97, the last of which (2.2.8) appeared in - November, 1998. The first official 3.0 release appeared in - October, 1998 and spelled the beginning of the end for the 2.2 + summer and fall of '97, the last of which (2.2.8) appeared in + November 1998. The first official 3.0 release appeared in + October 1998 and spelled the beginning of the end for the 2.2 branch. The tree branched again on Jan 20, 1999, leading to the 4.0-CURRENT and 3.X-STABLE branches. From 3.X-STABLE, 3.1 was released on February 15, 1999, 3.2 on May 15, 1999, and 3.3 on September 16, 1999. The most current release on this branch is - &rel.current;, which was released on December 20, 1999. + 3.4, which was released on December 20, 1999. - Long term development projects continue to take place in the - 4.0-CURRENT branch, and SNAPshot releases of 4.0 on CDROM (and, of + There was another branch on March 13, 2000, which saw the + emergence of the 5.0-CURRENT and 4.X-STABLE branches. The only + release from this branch so far is &rel.current;-RELEASE. + + Long-term development projects continue to take place in the + 5.0-CURRENT branch, and SNAPshot releases of 5.0 on CDROM (and, of course, on the net) are continually made available as work progresses. @@ -497,7 +501,7 @@ The central source tree for FreeBSD is maintained by CVS (Concurrent Version System), a freely available source code - control tool which comes bundled with FreeBSD. The primary + control tool that comes bundled with FreeBSD. The primary CVS repository resides on a machine in Concord CA, USA from where it is replicated to numerous mirror machines @@ -559,7 +563,7 @@ analogy above is not actually very accurate, and it may be more suitable to say that these are the people who gave up their lives in favor of FreeBSD against their better - judgement! ;-) + judgment! ;-) @@ -570,15 +574,15 @@ Last, but definitely not least, the largest group of developers are the users themselves who provide feedback and - bug-fixes to us on an almost constant basis. The primary + bug fixes to us on an almost constant basis. The primary way of keeping in touch with FreeBSD's more non-centralized development is to subscribe to the &a.hackers; (see mailing list info) where such things are discussed. The list of - those who have contributed something which made its way into - our source tree is a long and growing one, so why not join + those who have contributed something, which made its way into + our source tree, is a long and growing one, so why not join it by contributing something back to FreeBSD today? :-) @@ -618,7 +622,7 @@ Since our release of FreeBSD 2.0 in late 94, the performance, feature set, and stability of FreeBSD has improved dramatically. The largest change is a revamped virtual memory system with a merged - VM/file buffer cache that not only increases performance, but + VM/file buffer cache that not only increases performance, but also reduces FreeBSD's memory footprint, making a 5MB configuration a more acceptable minimum. Other enhancements include full NIS client and server support, transaction TCP support, dial-on-demand PPP, @@ -632,7 +636,7 @@ sane and easily understood installation process. Your feedback on this (constantly evolving) process is especially welcome! - In addition to the base distributions, FreeBSD offers a new + In addition to the base distributions, FreeBSD offers a ported software collection with hundreds of commonly sought-after programs. By mid-January 2000, there were nearly 3000 ports! The list of ports ranges from http (WWW) servers, to games, languages, @@ -644,10 +648,10 @@ compile a port, you simply change to the directory of the program you wish to install, type make install, and let the system do the rest. The full original distribution for each - port you build is retrieved dynamically off the CDROM or a local ftp + port you build is retrieved dynamically off the CDROM or a local FTP site, so you need only enough disk space to build the ports you want. Almost every port is also provided as a pre-compiled - “package” which can be installed with a simple command + “package”, which can be installed with a simple command (pkg_add) by those who do not wish to compile their own ports from source. @@ -685,7 +689,7 @@ The core of FreeBSD does not contain DES code which would inhibit its being exported outside the United States. There is an add-on package to the core distribution, for use only in the United - States, that contains the programs that normally use DES. The + States, which contains the programs that normally use DES. The auxiliary packages provided separately can be used by anyone. A freely (from outside the U.S.) exportable European distribution of DES for our non-U.S. users also exists and is described in the