From 3726dabd0923b6006478a33da7b0f839a3673d10 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: John Fieber <jfieber@FreeBSD.org>
Date: Sat, 18 Jan 1997 02:24:21 +0000
Subject: [PATCH] The first of the tutorials to be docbookified.

---
 data/tutorials/Makefile             |   5 +-
 data/tutorials/index.sgml           |   7 +-
 data/tutorials/newuser/Makefile     |   6 +-
 data/tutorials/newuser/newuser.docb | 844 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 data/tutorials/newuser/newuser.sgml | 538 ------------------
 5 files changed, 853 insertions(+), 547 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 data/tutorials/newuser/newuser.docb
 delete mode 100644 data/tutorials/newuser/newuser.sgml
diff --git a/data/tutorials/Makefile b/data/tutorials/Makefile
index c32c458f52..40a10bc3f1 100644
--- a/data/tutorials/Makefile
+++ b/data/tutorials/Makefile
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 DOCS=		index.sgml
-SUBDIR=		disklessx
-DOCSUBDIR=	ddwg devel fonts mh multios newuser ppp
+SUBDIR=		disklessx newuser
+DOCSUBDIR=	ddwg devel fonts mh multios ppp
+
 .include "../web.mk"
diff --git a/data/tutorials/index.sgml b/data/tutorials/index.sgml
index 897accc191..ebbc838f65 100644
--- a/data/tutorials/index.sgml
+++ b/data/tutorials/index.sgml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2//EN" [
 <!ENTITY base CDATA "..">
-<!ENTITY date "$Date: 1997-01-17 15:00:57 $">
+<!ENTITY date "$Date: 1997-01-18 02:24:07 $">
 <!ENTITY title "FreeBSD Tutorials">
 <!ENTITY % includes SYSTEM "../includes.sgml"> %includes;
 ]>
@@ -13,9 +13,8 @@
       <a href="mailto:freebsd-doc@FreeBSD.ORG">freebsd-doc@FreeBSD.org</a>.</p>
 
     <ul>
-      <li><a href="newuser/newuser.html">For People New to Both FreeBSD <em>and</em> Unix</a>
-      	    (<a href="newuser/newuser.ps">postscript</a>,
-		<a href="newuser/newuser-html.tar.gz">gzipd tar file</a>)</li>
+      <li><a href="newuser/newuser.html">For People New to Both FreeBSD
+          <em>and</em> Unix</a></li>
       <li><a href="mh/mh.html">An introduction to the MH mail software</a>
       	    (<a href="mh/mh.ps">postscript</a>,
 		<a href="mh/mh-html.tar.gz">gzipd tar file</a>)</li>
diff --git a/data/tutorials/newuser/Makefile b/data/tutorials/newuser/Makefile
index d8d8509284..a0f6762443 100644
--- a/data/tutorials/newuser/Makefile
+++ b/data/tutorials/newuser/Makefile
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-DOC=		newuser
-SRCS=	    	newuser.sgml
+DOCS=	newuser.docb
+INDEXLINK=	newuser.html
 
-.include <bsd.sgml.mk>
+.include "../../web.mk"
 
diff --git a/data/tutorials/newuser/newuser.docb b/data/tutorials/newuser/newuser.docb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c98403616b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/tutorials/newuser/newuser.docb
@@ -0,0 +1,844 @@
+<!DOCTYPE BOOK PUBLIC "-//Davenport//DTD DocBook V3.0//EN">
+<book>
+
+<bookinfo>
+<bookbiblio>
+<title>For People New to Both FreeBSD and Unix</title>
+
+<authorgroup>
+<author>
+<firstname>Annelise</firstname>
+<surname>Anderson</surname>
+<affiliation>
+<address><email>andrsn@hoover.stanford.edu</email></address>
+</affiliation>
+</author>
+</authorgroup>
+
+<pubdate>June 30, 1996</pubdate>
+
+<abstract><para>Congratulations on installing FreeBSD! This
+introduction is for people new to both FreeBSD
+<emphasis>and</emphasis> Un*x&mdash;so it starts with basics.  It
+assumes you're using version 2.0.5 or later of FreeBSD as distributed
+by Walnut Creek or FreeBSD.ORG, your system (for now) has a single
+user (you)&mdash;and you're probably pretty good with DOS/Windows or
+OS/2.</para></abstract>
+
+</bookbiblio>
+</bookinfo>
+
+<chapter>
+<title>Logging in and Getting Out</title>
+
+<para>Log in (when you see <systemitem
+class=prompt>login:</systemitem>) as a user you created during
+installation or as <firstterm>root</firstterm>.  (Your FreeBSD
+installation will already have an account for root; root can go
+anywhere and do anything, including deleting essential files, so be
+careful!)</para>
+
+<para>To log out (and get a new <systemitem class=prompt>login:</systemitem> prompt) type
+<informalexample>
+<screen># <userinput>exit</userinput></screen>
+</informalexample>
+as often as necessary.  Yes, press <keysym>enter</keysym> after
+commands, and remember that Unix is
+case-sensitive&mdash;<command>exit</command>, not
+<command>EXIT</command>.</para>
+
+<para>To shut down the machine type:
+<informalexample>
+<screen># <userinput>/sbin/shutdown -h now</userinput></screen>
+</informalexample>
+Or to reboot type
+<informalexample>
+<screen># <userinput>/sbin/shutdown -r now</userinput></screen>
+</informalexample>
+or
+<informalexample>
+<screen># <userinput>/sbin/reboot</userinput></screen>
+</informalexample>
+</para>
+
+<para>You can also reboot with
+<keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>Delete</keycap></keycombo>. 
+Give it a little time to do its work.  This is equivalent to
+<command>/sbin/reboot</command> in recent releases of FreeBSD, and is
+much, much better than hitting the reset button.  You don't want to
+have to reinstall this thing, do you?</para>
+
+</chapter>
+
+<chapter>
+<title>Adding A User with Root Privileges</title>
+
+<para>If you didn't create any users when you installed the system and
+are thus logged in as root, you should probably create a user now with
+<informalexample>
+<screen># <userinput>adduser</userinput></screen>
+</informalexample>
+Don't use the <option>-verbose</option> option; the defaults are what
+you want.  Suppose you create a user <emphasis>jack</emphasis> with
+full name <emphasis>Jack Benimble</emphasis>.  Give jack a password
+if security (even kids around who might pound on the keyboard) is an
+issue.  When it asks you if you want to invite jack into other
+groups, type <userinput>wheel</userinput>
+<informalexample>
+<screen>Login group is ``jack''. Invite jack into other groups: <userinput>wheel</userinput></screen>
+</informalexample>
+This will make it possible to log in as <emphasis>jack</emphasis> and
+use the <command>su</command> command to become root.  Then you won't
+get scolded any more for logging in as root, and as root you'll have
+the same environment as jack (this is good).</para>
+
+<para>You can quit <command>adduser</command> any time by typing
+<keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>C</keycap></keycombo>, and at
+the end you'll have a chance to approve your new user or simply type
+<keycap>n</keycap> for no. You might want to create a
+second new user (jill?) so that when you edit jack's login files,
+you'll have a hot spare in case something goes wrong.</para>
+
+<para>Once you've done this, use <command>exit</command>
+to get back to a login prompt and log in as
+<emphasis>jack</emphasis>.  In general, it's a good idea to do as
+much work as possible as an ordinary user who doesn't have the
+power&mdash;and risk&mdash;of root.</para>
+
+<para>If you already created a user and you want the user to be able
+to <command>su</command> to root, you can log in as root
+and edit the file <filename>/etc/group</filename>, adding jack to the
+first line (the group wheel).  But first you need to practice
+<command>vi</command>, the text editor.</para>
+
+</chapter>
+
+<chapter>
+<title>Looking Around</title>
+
+<para>Logged in as an ordinary user, look around and try out some
+commands that will access the sources of help and information within
+FreeBSD.</para>
+
+<para>Here are some commands and what they do:
+<variablelist>
+<varlistentry><term><command>id</command></term>
+<listitem>
+<para>Tells you who you are!</para>
+  
+</listitem>
+</varlistentry>
+
+<varlistentry><term><command>pwd</command></term>
+
+<listitem>
+<para>Shows you where you are&mdash;the current
+working directory.</para>
+  
+</listitem>
+</varlistentry>
+
+<varlistentry><term><command>ls</command></term>
+
+<listitem>
+<para>Lists the files in the current directory.</para>
+  
+</listitem>
+</varlistentry>
+
+<varlistentry><term><command>ls <option>-F</option></command></term>
+
+<listitem>
+<para>Lists the files in the current directory with a
+<literal>*</literal> after executables, a <literal>/</literal> after
+directories, and an <literal>@</literal> after symbolic links.</para>
+
+</listitem>
+</varlistentry>
+
+<varlistentry><term><command>ls <option>-l</option></command></term>
+
+<listitem>
+<para>Lists the files in long format&mdash;size,
+date, permissions.</para>
+  
+</listitem>
+</varlistentry>
+
+<varlistentry><term><command>ls <option>-a</option></command></term>
+
+<listitem>
+<para>Lists hidden (unless you're root) <quote>dot</quote>
+files with the others.</para>
+  
+</listitem>
+</varlistentry>
+
+<varlistentry><term><command>cd</command></term>
+
+<listitem>
+<para>Changes directories.  <command>cd
+<parameter>..</parameter></command> backs up one level; note the
+space after <command>cd</command>.  <command>cd
+<parameter>/usr/local</parameter></command> goes there.  <command>cd
+<parameter>~</parameter></command>  goes to the home directory of the
+person logged in&mdash;e.g., <filename>/usr/home/jack</filename>. 
+Try <command>cd <parameter>/cdrom</parameter></command>, and then
+<command>ls</command>, to find out if your CDROM is mounted and
+working.</para>
+
+</listitem>
+</varlistentry>
+
+<varlistentry><term><command>view <replaceable>filename</replaceable></command></term>
+
+<listitem>
+<para>Lets you look at a file (named
+<replaceable>filename</replaceable> without changing it.  Try
+<command>view <parameter>/etc/fstab</parameter></command>. 
+<command>:q</command> to quit.</para>
+
+</listitem>
+</varlistentry>
+
+<varlistentry><term><command>cat <replaceable>filename</replaceable></command></term>
+
+<listitem>
+
+<para>Displays <replaceable>filename</replaceable> on screen.  If
+it's too long and you can see only the end of it, press
+<keycap>ScrollLock</keycap> and use the <keycap>up-arrow</keycap> to
+move backward; you can use <keycap>ScrollLock</keycap> with man pages
+too.  Press <keycap>ScrollLock</keycap> again to quit scrolling. You
+might want to try <command>cat</command> on some of the dot files in
+your home directory&mdash;<command>cat
+<parameter>.cshrc</parameter></command>, <command>cat
+<parameter>.login</parameter></command>, <command>cat
+<parameter>.profile</parameter></command>.</para>
+
+</listitem>
+</varlistentry>
+</variablelist>
+
+You'll notice aliases in <filename>.cshrc</filename> for some of the
+<command>ls</command> commands (they're very convenient). 
+You can create other aliases by editing <filename>.cshrc</filename>.
+You can make these aliases available to all users on the system by
+putting them in the system-wide csh configuration file,
+<filename>/etc/csh.cshrc</filename>.</para>
+
+</chapter>
+
+<chapter>
+<title>Getting Help and Information</title>
+
+<para>Here are some useful sources of help. 
+<replaceable>Text</replaceable> stands for something of your choice
+that you type in&mdash;usually a command or filename.</para>
+
+<variablelist>
+<varlistentry><term><command>apropos <replaceable>text</replaceable></command></term>
+
+<listitem>
+<para>Everything containing string <replaceable>text</replaceable>
+in the <database>whatis database</database>.</para>
+</listitem>
+</varlistentry>
+
+<varlistentry><term><command>man <replaceable>text</replaceable></command></term>
+
+<listitem>
+<para>The man page for <replaceable>text</replaceable>. The major
+source of documentation for Un*x systems.  <command>man
+<parameter>ls</parameter></command> will tell you all the ways to use
+the <command>ls</command> command. Press <keycap>Enter</keycap> to
+move through text,
+<keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>b</keycap></keycombo> to go
+back a page, <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>f</keycap></keycombo> to
+go forward, <keycap>q</keycap> or
+<keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>c</keycap></keycombo> to
+quit.</para>
+</listitem>
+</varlistentry>
+
+<varlistentry><term><command>which <replaceable>text</replaceable></command></term>
+
+<listitem>
+<para>Tells you where in the user's path the command
+<replaceable>text</replaceable> is found.</para>
+</listitem>
+</varlistentry>
+
+<varlistentry><term><command>locate <replaceable>text</replaceable></command></term>
+
+<listitem>
+<para>All the paths where the string <replaceable>text</replaceable>
+is found.</para>
+</listitem>
+</varlistentry>
+
+<varlistentry><term><command>whatis <replaceable>text</replaceable></command></term>
+
+<listitem>
+<para>Tells you what the command <replaceable>text</replaceable>
+does and its man page.</para>
+</listitem>
+</varlistentry>
+
+<varlistentry><term><command>whereis <replaceable>text</replaceable></command></term>
+
+<listitem>
+<para>Finds the file <replaceable>text</replaceable>, giving its full
+path.</para>
+</listitem>
+</varlistentry>
+</variablelist>
+  
+<para>You might want to try using <command>whatis</command> on some
+common useful commands like <command>cat</command>,
+<command>more</command>, <command>grep</command>,
+<command>mv</command>, <command>find</command>,
+<command>tar</command>, <command>chmod</command>,
+<command>chown</command>, <command>date</command>, and
+<command>script</command>. <command>more</command> lets you read a
+page at a time as it does in DOS, e.g., <command>ls -l |
+more</command> or <command>more
+<replaceable>filename</replaceable></command>.  The
+<literal>*</literal> works as a wildcard&mdash;e.g., <command>ls
+w*</command> will show you files beginning with
+<literal>w</literal>.</para>
+
+<para>Are some of these not working very well?  Both
+<command>locate</command> and <command>whatis</command>
+depend on a database that's rebuilt weekly. If your machine isn't
+going to be left on over the weekend (and running FreeBSD), you might
+want to run the commands for daily, weekly, and monthly maintenance
+now and then.  Run them as root and give each one time to finish
+before you start the next one, for now.
+<informalexample>
+<screen># <userinput>/etc/daily</userinput>
+<lineannotation>output omitted</lineannotation>
+# <userinput>/etc/weekly</userinput>
+<lineannotation>output omitted</lineannotation>
+# <userinput>/etc/monthly</userinput>
+<lineannotation>output omitted</lineannotation></screen>
+</informalexample></para>
+
+<para>If you get tired waiting, press
+<keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F2</keycap></keycombo> to get
+another <firstterm>virtual console</firstterm>, and log in again. 
+After all, it's a multi-user, multi-tasking system.  Nevertheless
+these commands will probably flash messages on your screen while
+they're running; you can type <command>clear</command> at the prompt
+to clear the screen.  Once they've run, you might want to look at
+<filename>/var/mail/root</filename> and
+<filename>/var/log/messages</filename>.</para>
+
+<para>Basically running such commands is part of system
+administration&mdash;and as a single user of a Unix system, you're
+your own system administrator. Virtually everything you need to be
+root to do is system administration. Such responsibilities aren't
+covered very well even in those big fat books on Unix, which seem to
+devote a lot of space to pulling down menus in windows managers.  You
+might want to get one of the two leading books on systems
+administration, either Evi Nemeth et.al.'s <citetitle>UNIX System
+Administration Handbook</citetitle> (Prentice-Hall, 1995, ISBN
+0-13-15051-7)&mdash;the second edition with the red cover; or
+&AElig;leen Frisch's <citetitle>Essential System
+Administration</citetitle> (O'Reilly &amp; Associates, 1993, ISBN
+0-937175-80-3). I used Nemeth.</para>
+
+</chapter>
+
+<chapter>
+<title>Editing Text</title>
+
+<para>To configure your system, you need to edit text files.  Most of
+them will be in the <filename>/etc</filename> directory; and you'll
+need to <command>su</command> to root to be able to change them.  The
+text editor is <command>vi</command>.  Before you edit a file, you
+should probably back it up.  Suppose you want to edit
+<filename>/etc/sysconfig</filename>.  You could just use <command>cd
+/etc</command> to get to the <filename>/etc</filename> directory and
+do:
+<informalexample>
+<screen># <userinput>cp sysconfig sysconfig.orig</userinput></screen>
+</informalexample>
+
+This would copy <filename>sysconfig</filename> to
+<filename>sysconfig.orig</filename>, and you could later copy
+<filename>sysconfig.orig</filename> to <emphasis
+remap=tt>sysconfig</emphasis> to recover the original.  But even
+better would be moving (renaming) and then copying back:
+<informalexample>
+<screen># <userinput>mv sysconfig sysconfig.orig</userinput>
+# <userinput>cp sysconfig.orig sysconfig</userinput></screen>
+</informalexample>
+
+because the <command>mv</command> command preserves the original date
+and owner of the file.  You can now edit
+<filename>sysconfig</filename>.  If you want the original back, you'd
+then <userinput>mv sysconfig syconfig.myedit</userinput>
+(assuming you want to preserve your edited version) and then
+<informalexample>
+<screen># <userinput>mv sysconfig.orig sysconfig</userinput></screen>
+</informalexample>
+to put things back the way they were.</para>
+  
+<para>To edit a file, type
+<informalexample>
+<screen># <userinput>vi <replaceable>filename</replaceable></userinput></screen>
+</informalexample>
+Move through the text with the arrow keys.  <keycap>Esc</keycap> (the
+escape key) puts <command>vi</command> in command mode.  Here are some
+commands:
+<variablelist>
+<varlistentry><term><command>x</command></term>
+<listitem>
+<para>delete letter the cursor is on</para>
+  
+</listitem>
+</varlistentry>
+
+<varlistentry><term><command>dd</command></term>
+
+<listitem>
+<para>delete the entire line (even if it wraps on the screen)</para>
+
+</listitem>
+</varlistentry>
+
+<varlistentry><term><command>i</command></term>
+
+<listitem>
+<para>insert text at the cursor</para>
+  
+</listitem>
+</varlistentry>
+
+<varlistentry><term><command>a</command></term>
+
+<listitem>
+<para>insert text after the cursor</para>
+  
+</listitem>
+</varlistentry>
+</variablelist>
+Once you type <command>i</command> or <command>a</command>, you can enter text.
+<command>Esc</command> puts you back in command mode where you can type
+<variablelist>
+<varlistentry><term><command>:w</command></term>
+<listitem>
+<para>to write your changes to disk and continue editing</para>
+  
+</listitem>
+</varlistentry>
+
+<varlistentry><term><command>:wq</command></term>
+
+<listitem>
+<para>to write and quit</para>
+  
+</listitem>
+</varlistentry>
+
+<varlistentry><term><command>:q!</command></term>
+
+<listitem>
+<para>to quit without saving changes</para>
+  
+</listitem>
+</varlistentry>
+
+<varlistentry><term><command>/<replaceable>text</replaceable></command></term>
+
+<listitem>
+<para>to move the cursor to <replaceable>text</replaceable>;
+<command>/<keycap>Enter</keycap></command> (the enter key) to find
+the next instance of <replaceable>text</replaceable>.</para>
+
+</listitem>
+</varlistentry>
+
+<varlistentry><term><command>G</command></term>
+
+<listitem>
+<para>to go to the end of the file</para>
+  
+</listitem>
+</varlistentry>
+
+<varlistentry><term><command><replaceable>n</replaceable>G</command></term>
+
+<listitem>
+<para>to go to line <replaceable>n</replaceable> in
+the file, where <replaceable>n</replaceable> is a number</para>
+  
+</listitem>
+</varlistentry>
+
+<varlistentry><term><keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</><keycap>L</></keycombo></term>
+
+<listitem>
+<para>to redraw the screen</para>
+  
+</listitem>
+</varlistentry>
+
+<varlistentry><term><keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</><keycap>b</></> and <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</><keycap>f</></></term>
+
+<listitem>
+<para>go back
+and forward a screen, as they
+do with <command>more</> and <command>view</>.</para>
+  
+</listitem>
+</varlistentry>
+</variablelist>
+</para>
+  
+<para>Practice with <command>vi</> in your home directory by creating
+a new file with <command>vi <replaceable>filename</></> and adding
+and deleting text, saving the file, and calling it up again. 
+<command>vi</> delivers some surprises because it's really quite
+complex, and sometimes you'll inadvertently issue a command that will
+do something you don't expect.  (Some people actually like
+<command>vi</>&mdash;it's more powerful than DOS EDIT&mdash;find out
+about the <command>:r</> command.) Use <keycap>Esc</> one or
+more times to be sure you're in command mode and proceed from there
+when it gives you trouble, save often with <command>:w</>, and
+use <command>:q!</> to get out and start over (from
+your last <command>:w</>) when you need to.</para>
+
+<para>Now you can <command>cd</> to <filename>/etc</filename>,
+<command>su</> to root, use <command>vi</> to edit the file
+<filename>/etc/group</filename>, and add a user to wheel so the user
+has root privileges.  Just add a comma and the user's login name to
+the end of the first line in the file, press <keycap>Esc</>, and use
+<command>:wq</> to write the file to disk and quit.  Instantly
+effective.  (You didn't put a space after the comma, did you?)</para>
+
+</chapter>
+
+<chapter>
+<title>Printing Files from DOS</title>
+
+<para>At this point you probably don't have the printer working, so here's a
+way to create a file from a man page, move it to a floppy, and then
+print it from DOS.  Suppose you want to read carefully about changing
+permissions on files (pretty important).  You can use the command
+man chmod to read about it.  The command
+<informalexample>
+<screen># <userinput>man chmod &gt; chmod.txt</></screen>
+</informalexample>
+will send the man page to the <filename>chmod.txt</filename> file
+instead of showing it on your screen.  Now put a dos-formatted
+diskette in your floppy drive a, <command>su</> to
+root, and type
+<informalexample>
+<screen># <userinput>/sbin/mount -t msdos /dev/fd0 /mnt</></screen>
+</informalexample>
+to mount the floppy drive on <filename>/mnt</filename>.</para>
+  
+<para>Now (you no longer need to be root, and you can type
+<command>exit</> to get back to being user jack) you can go to the
+directory where you created chmod.txt and copy the file to the floppy
+with:
+<informalexample>
+<screen>% <userinput>cp chmod.txt /mnt</></screen>
+</informalexample>
+and use <command>ls /mnt</command> to get a directory listing of
+<filename>/mnt</filename>, which should show the file
+<filename>chmod.txt</filename>.</para>
+
+<para>You might especially want to make a file from
+<filename>/sbin/dmesg</filename> by typing
+<informalexample>
+<screen>% <userinput>/sbin/dmesg &gt; dmesg.txt</></screen>
+</informalexample>
+and copying <filename>dmesg.txt</filename> to the floppy. 
+<command>/sbin/dmesg</command> is the boot log record, and it's
+useful to understand it because it shows what FreeBSD found when it
+booted up.  If you ask questions on
+<email>freebsd-questions@FreeBSD.ORG</> or on a USENET
+group&mdash;like <quote>FreeBSD isn't finding my tape drive, what do
+I do?</quote>&mdash;people will want to know what <command>dmesg</>
+has to say.</para>
+
+<para>You can now dismount the floppy drive (as root) to get the disk
+out with
+<informalexample>
+<screen># <userinput>/sbin/umount /mnt</></screen>
+</informalexample>
+and reboot to go to DOS.  Copy these files to a DOS directory, call
+them up with DOS EDIT, Windows Notepad, or a word processor, make a
+minor change so the file has to be saved, and print as you normally
+would from DOS or Windows. Hope it works!  man pages come out best if
+printed with the dos <command>print</> command.  (Copying files from
+FreeBSD to a mounted dos partition is in some cases still a little
+risky.)</para>
+
+<para>Getting the printer printing from FreeBSD involves creating an
+appropriate entry in <filename>/etc/printcap</filename> and creating
+a matching spool directory in
+<filename>/var/spool/output</filename>.  If your printer is on
+<hardware>lpt0</> (what dos calls <hardware>LPT1</>), you may only
+need to go to <filename>/var/spool/output</filename> and (as root)
+create the directory <filename>lpd</> by typing:
+<informalexample>
+<screen># <userinput>mkdir lpd</></screen>
+</informalexample>
+Then the printer should respond if it's turned on when the system is
+booted, and lp or lpr should send a file to the printer. Whether or
+not the file actually prints depends on configuring it, which is
+covered in the <ulink
+URL="http://www.freebsd.org/handbook/handbook.html">FreeBSD
+handbook.</></para>
+
+</chapter>
+
+<chapter>
+<title>Other Useful Commands</title>
+
+<para>
+<variablelist>
+<varlistentry><term><command>df</></term>
+<listitem>
+<para>shows file space and mounted systems.</para>
+  
+</listitem>
+</varlistentry>
+
+<varlistentry><term><command>ps aux</></term>
+
+<listitem>
+<para>shows processes running. <command>ps ax</> is a narrower form.</para>
+  
+</listitem>
+</varlistentry>
+
+<varlistentry><term><command>rm <replaceable>filename</></></term>
+
+<listitem>
+<para>remove <replaceable>filename</>.</para>
+  
+</listitem>
+</varlistentry>
+
+<varlistentry><term><command>rm -R <replaceable>dir</></></term>
+
+<listitem>
+<para>removes a directory <replaceable>dir</> and all
+subdirectories&mdash;careful!</para>
+  
+</listitem>
+</varlistentry>
+
+<varlistentry><term><command>ls -R</command></term>
+
+<listitem>
+<para>lists files in the current
+directory and all subdirectories;
+I used a variant, <command>ls -AFR &gt; where.txt</command>,
+to get a list of all
+the files in <filename>/</filename> and (separately)
+<filename>/usr</filename> before I found better
+ways to find files.</para>
+  
+</listitem>
+</varlistentry>
+
+<varlistentry><term><command>passwd</></term>
+
+<listitem>
+<para>to change user's password (or root's password)</para>
+  
+</listitem>
+</varlistentry>
+
+<varlistentry><term><command>man hier</></term>
+
+<listitem>
+<para>man page on the Unix file system</para>
+  
+</listitem>
+</varlistentry>
+</variablelist></para>
+
+<para>Use <command>find</> to locate filename in <filename>/usr</filename>
+or any of its subdirectories with
+<informalexample>
+<screen>% <userinput>find /usr -name "<replaceable>filename</>"</></screen>
+</informalexample>
+You can use <literal>*</literal> as a wildcard in
+<parameter>"<replaceable>filename</>"</> (which should be in
+quotes).  If you tell find to search in <filename>/</filename>
+instead of <filename>/usr</filename> it will look for the file(s) on
+all mounted file systems, including the CDROM and the dos
+partition.</para>
+
+<para>An excellent book that explains Unix commands and utilities is
+Abrahams &amp; Larson, <citetitle>Unix for the Impatient</citetitle>
+(2nd ed., Addison-Wesley, 1996).  There's also a lot of Unix
+information on the Internet.  Try the <ulink
+URL="http://www.eecs.nwu.edu/unix.html">Unix Reference
+Desk</ulink>.</para>
+
+</chapter>
+
+<chapter>
+<title>Next Steps</title>
+
+<para>You should now have the tools you need to get around and edit
+files, so you can get everything up and running.  There is a great
+deal of information in the FreeBSD handbook (which is probably on
+your hard drive) and <ulink URL="http://www.freebsd.org/">FreeBSD's
+web site</ulink>.  A wide variety of packages and ports are on the
+<ulink URL="http://www.cdrom.com/">Walnut Creek</ulink> CDROM as well
+as the web site.  The handbook tells you more about how to use them
+(get the package if it exists, with <command>pkg_add
+/cdrom/packages/All/<replaceable>packagename</></>,
+where <replaceable>packagename</replaceable> is the filename of the
+package).  The cdrom has lists of the packages and ports with brief
+descriptions in <filename>cdrom/packages/index</filename>,
+<filename>cdrom/packages/index.txt</filename>, and
+<filename>cdrom/ports/index</filename>, with fuller descriptions in
+<filename>/cdrom/ports/*/*/pkg/DESCR</filename>, where the
+<literal>*</literal>s represent subdirectories of kinds of programs
+and program names respectively.</para>
+
+<para>If you find the handbook too sophisticated (what with
+<command>lndir</> and all) on installing ports from the cdrom,
+here's what usually works:</para>
+  
+<para>Find the port you want, say <command>kermit</>.  There will be
+a directory for it on the cdrom.  Copy the subdirectory to
+<filename>/usr/local</filename> (a good place for software you add
+that should be available to all users) with:
+<informalexample>
+<screen># <userinput>cp -R /cdrom/ports/comm/kermit /usr/local</></screen>
+</informalexample>
+
+This should result in a <filename>/usr/local/kermit</filename>
+subdirectory that has all the files that the
+<command>kermit</command> subdirectory on the CDROM has.</para>
+
+<para>Next, check <filename>/cdrom/ports/distfiles</filename> for a
+file with a name that indicates it's the port you want.  Copy that
+file to <filename>/usr/ports/distfiles</filename>.  (Create
+<filename>/usr/ports/distfiles</filename> if it doesn't exist using
+<command>mkdir</>.)  In the case of <command>kermit</>, there is no
+distfile.</para>
+
+<para>Then <command>cd</> to the subdirectory of
+<filename>/usr/local/kermit</filename> that has the file
+<filename>Makefile</>.  Type
+<informalexample>
+<screen># <userinput>make all install</></screen>
+</informalexample>
+</para>
+  
+<para>During this process the port will ftp to get any compressed
+files it needs that it didn't find in
+<filename>/usr/ports/distfiles</filename>.  If you don't have   your
+network running yet and there was no file for the port in
+<filename>/cdrom/ports/distfiles</filename>,  you will have to get
+the distfile using another machine and copy it to
+<filename>/usr/ports/distfiles</filename> from a floppy or your dos
+partition. Read <filename>Makefile</> (with <command>cat</> or
+<command>more</> or <command>view</>) to find out where to go (the
+master distribution site) to get the file and what its name is.  Its
+name will be truncated when downloaded to DOS, and after you get it
+into <filename>/usr/ports/distfiles</filename> you'll have to rename
+it (with the <command>mv</> command) to its original name so it can
+be found.  (Use binary file transfers!)  Then go back to
+<filename>/usr/local/kermit</filename>, find the directory with
+<filename>Makefile</>, and type <command>make all install</>.</para>
+
+<para>The other thing that happens when installing ports or packages
+is that some other program is needed.  If the installation stops with
+a message <errorname>can't find unzip</errorname> or whatever, you
+might need to install the package or port for unzip before you
+continue.</para>
+
+<para>Once it's installed type <command>rehash</> to make FreeBSD
+reread the files in the path so it knows what's there. (If you get a
+lot of <errorname>path not found</> messages when you use
+<command>whereis</> or which, you might want to make additions to the
+list of directories in the path statement in
+<filename>.cshrc</filename> in your home directory.  The path
+statement in Unix does the same kind of work it does in DOS, except
+the current directory is not (by default) in the path for security
+reasons;  if the command you want is in the directory you're in, you
+need to type <filename>./</filename> before the command to make it
+work; no space after the slash.)</para>
+
+<para>You might want to get the most recent version of Netscape from
+their <ulink URL="ftp://ftp.netscape.com">ftp site</ulink>. (Netscape
+requires the X Window System.) The version you want is the
+<quote>unknown bsd</quote> version.  Just use <command>gunzip
+<replaceable>filename</></> and <command>tar xvf
+<replaceable>filename</></> on it, move the binary to
+<filename>/usr/local/bin</filename> or some other place binaries are
+kept, <command>rehash</>, and then put the following lines in
+<filename>.cshrc</filename> in each user's home directory or (easier)
+in <filename>/etc/csh.cshrc</filename>,  the system-wide csh start-up
+file:
+<informalexample>
+<programlisting>setenv XKEYSYMDB /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/XKeysymDB
+setenv XNLSPATH /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/nls</>
+</informalexample>
+This assumes that the file <filename>XKeysymDB</> and the directory
+<filename>nls</> are in <filename>/usr/X11R6/lib/X11</filename>; if
+they're not, find them and put them there.</para>
+
+<para>If you originally got Netscape as a port using the CDROM (or
+ftp), don't replace <filename>/usr/local/bin/netscape</filename> with
+the new netscape binary; this is just a shell script that sets up the
+environmental variables for you. Instead rename the new binary to
+<filename>netscape.bin</filename> and replace the old binary, which
+is <filename>/usr/local/lib/netscape/netscape.bin</filename>.</para>
+
+</chapter>
+
+<chapter>
+<title>Other</title>
+
+<para>As root, you can dismount the CDROM with <command>/sbin/umount
+/cdrom</>, take it out of the drive, insert another one, and mount it
+with <command>/sbin/mount_cd9660 /dev/cd0a /cdrom</> assuming
+<hardware>cd0a</> is the device name for your CDROM drive.</para>
+
+<para>Using the live file system&mdash;the second of FreeBSD's CDROM
+disks&mdash;is useful if you've got limited space.  You might try
+using <command>emacs</> or playing games from the cdrom.  This
+involves using <command>lndir</>, which gets installed with the X
+Window System, to tell the program(s) where to find the necessary
+files, because they're in the <filename>/cdrom</filename> file system
+instead of in <filename>/usr</filename> and its subdirectories, which
+is where they're expected to be.  Read <command>man lndir</>.</para>
+
+<para>You can delete a user (say, jack) by using the command
+<command>vipw</> to bring up the <filename>master.passwd</filename>
+file (do not use <command>vi</> directly on master.passwd); delete
+the line for jack and save the file.  Then edit
+<filename>/etc/group</filename>, eliminating jack wherever it
+appears. Finally, go to <filename>/usr/home</filename> and use
+<command>rm -R</command> jack (to get rid of user jack's home
+directory files).</para>
+
+</chapter>
+
+<chapter>
+<title>Comments Welcome</title>
+
+<para>If you use this guide I'd be interested in knowing where it was
+unclear and what was left out that you think should be included, and
+if it was helpful.  My thanks to Eugene W. Stark, professor of
+computer science at SUNY-Stony Brook, and John Fieber for helpful
+comments.</para>
+  
+<para>Annelise Anderson, <email>andrsn@hoover.stanford.edu</></para>
+  
+</chapter>
+</book>
diff --git a/data/tutorials/newuser/newuser.sgml b/data/tutorials/newuser/newuser.sgml
deleted file mode 100644
index e63d0acfb5..0000000000
--- a/data/tutorials/newuser/newuser.sgml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,538 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE linuxdoc PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//DTD linuxdoc//EN">
-<!-- $Id: newuser.sgml,v 1.5 1996-12-31 22:31:13 mpp Exp $ -->
-
-<article>
-<title>For People New to Both FreeBSD and Unix</title>
-<author>Annelise Anderson
-    <htmlurl url="mailto:andrsn@hoover.stanford.edu"
-             name="&lt;andrsn@hoover.stanford.edu&gt;">
-<date>June 30, 1996
-
-<abstract>Congratulations on installing FreeBSD!
-This introduction is for people new to both FreeBSD
-<em>and</em> Un*x&mdash;so it starts with basics.  It assumes you're using
-version 2.0.5 or later of FreeBSD as distributed by Walnut Creek
-or FreeBSD.ORG, your system (for now) has a single user
-(you)&mdash;and you're probably pretty good with DOS/Windows or OS/2.
-</abstract>
-
-<toc>
-
-<!-- ************************************************************ -->
-<sect>Logging in and Getting Out
-
-<p>Log in (when you see <tt>login:</tt>) as a user you created during
-installation or as <em>root</em>.  (Your FreeBSD installation will already
-have an account for root; root can go anywhere and do anything,
-including deleting essential files, so be careful!)
-
-To log out (and get a new <tt>login</tt> prompt) type
-<tscreen>
-exit
-</tscreen>
-as often as necessary.  Yes, press <em>enter</em> after commands, and remember
-that Unix is case-sensitive&mdash;<tt>exit</tt>, not <tt>EXIT</tt>.
-
-To shut down the machine type:
-<tscreen>
-/sbin/shutdown -h now
-</tscreen>
-Or to reboot type
-<tscreen>
-/sbin/shutdown -r now
-</tscreen>
-or
-<tscreen>
-/sbin/reboot
-</tscreen>
-You can also reboot with
-<tt>Ctrl-Alt-Delete</tt>.  Give it a little time to do its work.  This is
-equivalent to <tt>/sbin/reboot</tt> in recent releases of FreeBSD, and is
-much, much better than hitting the reset button.  You don't want to
-have to reinstall this thing, do you?
-
-<!-- ************************************************************ -->
-<sect>Adding A User with Root Privileges
-
-<p>If you didn't create any users when you installed the system and
-are thus logged in as root, you should probably create a user now with
-<tscreen>
-adduser
-</tscreen>
-Don't use the <tt>-verbose</tt> option; the defaults are what you
-want.  Suppose you create a user <em>jack</em> with full name
-<em>Jack Benimble</em>.  Give jack a password if security (even
-kids around who might pound on the keyboard) is an issue.  When
-it asks you if you want to invite jack into other groups, type
-<tscreen>
-wheel
-</tscreen>
-This will make it possible to log in as <em>jack</em> and use the <tt>su</tt> command to
-become root.  Then you won't get scolded any more for logging in as
-root, and as root you'll have the same environment as jack
-(this is good).
-
-You can quit <tt>adduser</tt> any time by typing <tt>Ctrl-C</tt>, and at the end
-you'll have a chance to approve your new user or simply type <tt>n</tt> for no.
-You might want to create a second new user (jill?) so that when you edit
-jack's login files, you'll have a hot spare in case something goes wrong.
-
-Once you've done this, use <tt>exit</tt> to get back to a login prompt and log
-in as <em>jack</em>.  In general, it's a good idea to do as
-much work as possible as an ordinary user who doesn't have the
-power&mdash;and risk&mdash;of root.
-
-If you already created a user and you want the user to be able to <tt>su</tt>
-to root, you can log in as root and edit the file <tt>/etc/group</tt>, adding
-jack to the first line (the group wheel).  But first you need to
-practice <tt>vi</tt>, the text editor.
-
-<!-- ************************************************************ -->
-<sect>Looking Around
-
-<p>Logged in as an ordinary user, look around and try out some commands that
-will access the sources of help and information within FreeBSD.
-
-Here are some commands and what they do:
-<descrip>
-<tag/<tt>id</tt>/        Tells you who you are!
-<tag/<tt>pwd</tt>/       Shows you where you are&mdash;the current
-                         working directory.
-<tag/<tt>ls</tt>/        Lists the files in the current directory.
-<tag/<tt>ls -F</tt>/        Lists the files in the current directory
-                with a * after
-                executables, a / after directories, and an @ after symbolic
-                links.
-<tag/<tt>ls -l</tt>/        Lists the files in long format&mdash;size,
-                         date, permissions.
-<tag/<tt>ls -a</tt>/        Lists hidden (unless you're root) ``dot''
-                         files with the others.
-<tag/<tt>cd</tt>/        Changes directories.  <tt>cd ..</tt> backs up
-                         one level; note the
-                space after <tt>cd</tt>.  <tt>cd /usr/local</tt>
-                goes there.  <tt>cd ~</tt>  goes to
-                the home directory of the person logged in&mdash;e.g.,
-                <tt>/usr/home/jack</tt>.  Try <tt>cd /cdrom</tt>,
-                and then <tt>ls</tt>, to find out
-                if your CDROM is mounted and working.
-<tag/<tt>view <em>filename</em></tt>/
-                Lets you look at a file (named <em>filename</em>
-                without changing
-                it.  Try <tt>view /etc/fstab</tt>.  <tt>:q</tt> to quit.
-<tag/<tt>cat <em>filename</em></tt>/
-                Displays <em>filename</em> on screen.  If it's too long and you
-                can see only the end of it, press <tt>ScrollLock</tt> and use
-                the <tt>up-arrow</tt> to move backward; you can
-                use <tt>ScrollLock</tt> with
-                man pages too.  Press <tt>ScrollLock</tt> again
-                to quit scrolling.
-                You might want to try <tt>cat</tt> on some of the
-                dot files in your
-                home directory&mdash;<tt>cat .cshrc</tt>, <tt>cat .login</tt>,
-                <tt>cat .profile</tt>.
-</descrip>
-You'll notice aliases in <tt>.cshrc</tt>
-for some of the <tt>ls</tt> commands (they're very convenient).  You can create
-other aliases by editing <tt>.cshrc</tt>. You can make these aliases
-available to all users on the system by putting them in the system-wide
-csh configuration file, <em>/etc/csh.cshrc</em>.
-
-<!-- ************************************************************ -->
-<sect>Getting Help and Information
-
-<p>Here are some useful sources of help.  ``text'' stands for something of
-your choice that you type in&mdash;usually a command or filename.
-<descrip>
-<tag/<tt>apropos <em>text</em></tt>/
-                Everything containing string <em>text</em>
-                in the whatis database.
-<tag/<tt>man <em>text</em></tt>/
-                The man page for <em>text</em>.
-                The major source of documentation
-                for Un*x systems.  <tt>man ls</tt> will tell you
-                all the ways to
-                use the <tt>ls</tt> command. Press <tt>Enter</tt> to
-                move through text, <tt>Ctrl-b</tt>
-                to go back a page, <tt>Ctrl-f</tt> to go forward,
-                <tt>q</tt> or <tt>Ctrl-c</tt> to quit.
-<tag/<tt>which <em>text</em></tt>/
-                Tells you where in the user's path the command
-                <em>text</em> is found.
-<tag/<tt>locate <em>text</em></tt>/
-                All the paths where the string <tt>text</tt> is found.
-<tag/<tt>whatis <em>text</em></tt>/
-                Tells you what the command <tt>text</tt> does and its man page.
-<tag/<tt>whereis <em>text</em></tt>/
-                Finds the file <em>text</em>, giving its full path.
-</descrip>
-
-You might want to try using <tt>whatis</tt> on some common useful
-commands like <tt>cat</tt>, <tt>more</tt>, <tt>grep</tt>,
-<tt>mv</tt>, <tt>find</tt>, <tt>tar</tt>, <tt>chmod</tt>,
-<tt>chown</tt>, <tt>date</tt>, and <tt>script</tt>.
-<tt>more</tt> lets you read a page at a time as it does in DOS,
-e.g., <tt>ls -l | more</tt> or <tt>more <em>filename</em></tt>.  The
-<tt>*</tt> works as a wildcard&mdash;e.g., <tt>ls w*</tt> will show
-you files beginning with w.
-
-Are some of these not working very well?  Both <tt>locate</tt>
-and <tt>whatis</tt> depend on a database that's rebuilt weekly.
-If your machine isn't going to be left on over the weekend (and
-running FreeBSD), you might want to run the commands for daily,
-weekly, and monthly maintenance now and then.  Run them as root
-and give each one time to finish before you start the next one,
-for now.
-<tscreen>
-/etc/daily<newline>
-/etc/weekly<newline>
-/etc/monthly
-</tscreen>
-If you get tired waiting, press <tt>Alt-F2</tt> to get another
-virtual console, and log in again.  After all, it's a multi-user,
-multi-tasking system.  Nevertheless these commands will probably
-flash messages on your screen while they're running; you can type
-<tt>clear</tt> at the prompt to clear the screen.  Once they've run, you
-might want to look at <tt>/var/mail/root</tt> and
-<tt>/var/log/messages</tt>.
-
-Basically running such commands is part of system administration&mdash;and as
-a single user of a Unix system, you're your own system administrator.
-Virtually everything you need to be root to do is system administration.
-Such responsibilities aren't covered very well even in those big fat books
-on Unix, which seem to devote a lot of space to pulling down menus in
-windows managers.  You might want to get one of the two leading books
-on systems administration, either Evi Nemeth et.al.'s <em>UNIX System
-Administration Handbook</em> (Prentice-Hall, 1995, ISBN 0-13-15051-7)&mdash;the
-second edition with the red cover; or &AElig;leen Frisch's <em>Essential System
-Administration</em> (O'Reilly &amp; Associates, 1993, ISBN 0-937175-80-3).
-I used Nemeth.
-
-<!-- ************************************************************ -->
-<sect>Editing Text
-
-<p>To configure your system, you need to edit text files.  Most
-of them will be in the <tt>/etc</tt> directory; and you'll need
-to <tt>su</tt> to root to be able to change them.  The text
-editor is <tt>vi</tt>.  Before you edit a file, you should
-probably back it up.  Suppose you want to edit
-<tt>/etc/sysconfig</tt>.  You could just use <tt>cd /etc</tt> to
-get to the <tt>/etc</tt> directory and do:
-<tscreen>
-cp sysconfig sysconfig.orig
-</tscreen>
-This would copy <tt>sysconfig</tt> to <tt>sysconfig.orig</tt>,
-and you could later copy <tt>sysconfig.orig</tt> to
-<tt>sysconfig</tt> to recover the original.  But even better
-would be moving (renaming) and then copying back:
-<tscreen>
-mv sysconfig sysconfig.orig<newline>
-cp sysconfig.orig sysconfig
-</tscreen>
-because the <tt>mv</tt> command preserves the original date and
-owner of the file.  You can now edit <tt>sysconfig</tt>.  If you
-want the original back, you'd then <tt>mv sysconfig syconfig.myedit</tt>
-(assuming you want to preserve your edited version) and then
-<tscreen>
-mv sysconfig.orig sysconfig
-</tscreen>
-to put things back the way they were.
-
-To edit a file, type
-<tscreen>
-vi filename
-</tscreen>
-Move through the text with the arrow keys.  <tt>Esc</tt> (the
-escape key) puts <tt>vi</tt> in command mode.  Here are some
-commands:
-<descrip>
-        <tag/<tt>x</tt>/    delete letter the cursor is on
-        <tag/<tt>dd</tt>/   delete the entire line (even if
-                            it wraps on the screen)
-        <tag/<tt>i</tt>/    insert text at the cursor
-        <tag/<tt>a</tt>/    insert text after the cursor
-</descrip>
-Once you type <tt>i</tt> or <tt>a</tt>, you can enter text.
-<tt>Esc</tt> puts you back in command mode where you can type
-<descrip>
-        <tag/<tt>:w</tt>/   to write your changes to disk and continue editing
-        <tag/<tt>:wq</tt>/  to write and quit
-        <tag/<tt>:q!</tt>/  to quit without saving changes
-        <tag><tt>/<em>text</em></tt></tag> to move the cursor
-                        to <em>text</em>; <tt>/Enter</tt> (the enter
-                        key) to find the next instance of <em>text</em>.
-        <tag/<tt>G</tt>/    to go to the end of the file
-        <tag/<tt><em>n</em>G</tt>/   to go to line <em>n</em> in
-                        the file, where <em>n</em> is a number
-        <tag/<tt>Ctrl-L</tt>/ to redraw the screen
-        <tag/<tt>Ctrl-b</tt> and <tt>Ctrl-f</tt>/ go back
-                        and forward a screen, as they
-                        do with <tt>more</tt> and <tt>view</tt>.
-</descrip>
-
-Practice with <tt>vi</tt> in your home directory by creating a
-new file with <tt>vi filename</tt> and adding and deleting text,
-saving the file, and calling it up again.  <tt>vi</tt> delivers
-some surprises because it's really quite complex, and sometimes
-you'll inadvertently issue a command that will do something you
-don't expect.  (Some people actually like <tt>vi</tt>&mdash;it's more
-powerful than DOS EDIT&mdash;find out about the <tt>:r</tt> command.)
-Use <tt>Esc</tt> one or more times to be sure you're in command
-mode and proceed from there when it gives you trouble, save often
-with <tt>:w</tt>, and use <tt>:q!</tt> to get out and start over
-(from your last <tt>:w</tt>) when you need to.
-
-Now you can <tt>cd</tt> to <tt>/etc</tt>, <tt>su</tt> to root,
-use <tt>vi</tt> to edit the file <tt>/etc/group</tt>, and add a
-user to wheel so the user has root privileges.  Just add a comma
-and the user's login name to the end of the first line in the
-file, press <tt>Esc</tt>, and use <tt>:wq</tt> to write the file
-to disk and quit.  Instantly effective.  (You didn't put a space
-after the comma, did you?)
-
-<!-- ************************************************************ -->
-<sect>Printing Files from DOS
-
-<p>At this point you probably don't have the printer working, so here's a
-way to create a file from a man page, move it to a floppy, and then
-print it from DOS.  Suppose you want to read carefully about changing
-permissions on files (pretty important).  You can use the command
-man chmod to read about it.  The command
-<tscreen>
-man chmod &gt; chmod.txt
-</tscreen>
-will send the man page to the <tt>chmod.txt</tt> file instead of showing it on
-your screen.  Now put a dos-formatted diskette in your floppy drive a,
-<tt>su</tt> to root, and type
-<tscreen>
-/sbin/mount -t msdos /dev/fd0 /mnt
-</tscreen>
-to mount the floppy drive on <tt>/mnt</tt>.
-
-Now (you no longer need to be root, and you can type <tt>exit</tt> to get
-back to being user jack) you can go to the directory where you created
-chmod.txt and copy the file to the floppy with:
-<tscreen>
-cp chmod.txt /mnt
-</tscreen>
-and use <tt>ls /mnt</tt> to get a directory listing of
-<tt>/mnt</tt>, which should show the file <tt>chmod.txt</tt>.
-
-You might especially want to make a file from <tt>/sbin/dmesg</tt> by typing
-<tscreen>
-/sbin/dmesg &gt; dmesg.txt
-</tscreen>
-and copying <tt>dmesg.txt</tt> to the floppy.  <tt>/sbin/dmesg</tt> is the boot
- log record,
-and it's useful to understand it because it shows what FreeBSD found
-when it booted up.  If you ask questions on freebsd-questions@FreeBSD.ORG or on
-a USENET group&mdash;like ``FreeBSD isn't finding my tape drive, what do I
-do?''&mdash;people will want to know what <tt>dmesg</tt> has to say.
-
-You can now dismount the floppy drive (as root) to get the disk out with
-<tscreen>
-/sbin/umount /mnt
-</tscreen>
-or reboot to go to DOS.  Copy these files to a DOS directory, call them
-up with DOS EDIT, Windows Notepad, or a word processor, make a minor
-change so the file has to be saved, and print as you normally would
-from DOS or Windows. Hope it works!  man pages come out best if printed
-with the dos <tt>print</tt> command.  (Copying files from FreeBSD to a mounted
-dos partition is in some cases still a little risky.)
-
-Getting the printer printing from FreeBSD involves
-creating an appropriate entry in <tt>/etc/printcap</tt> and creating
-a matching spool directory in <tt>/var/spool/output</tt>.  If your
-printer is on lpt0 (what dos calls LPT1), you may only need to
-go to <tt>/var/spool/output</tt> and (as root) create the directory
-lpd by typing: 
-
-<tscreen>
-mkdir lpd
-</tscreen>
-Then the printer should respond if it's turned on when the
-system is booted, and lp or lpr should send a file to the printer.
-Whether or not the file actually prints depends on configuring it, which is
-covered in the FreeBSD handbook.
-<!-- ************************************************************ -->
-<sect>Other Useful Commands
-
-<p><descrip>
-<tag/<tt>df</tt>/             shows file space and mounted systems.
-<tag/<tt>ps aux</tt>/         shows processes running. <tt>ps ax</tt> is a narrower form.
-<tag/<tt>lsdev</tt>/          lists configured devices
-<tag/<tt>devmenu</tt>/        a menu of devices&mdash;in color!
-<tag/<tt>rm <em>filename</em></tt>/    remove <tt>filename</tt>
-<tag/<tt>rm -R <em>dir</em></tt>/      removes a directory <tt>dir</tt> and all
- subdirectories&mdash;careful!
-<tag/<tt>ls -R</tt>/          lists files in the current
-                directory and all subdirectories;
-                I used a variant, <tt>ls -AFR &gt; where.txt</tt>,
-                to get a list of all
-                the files in <tt>/</tt> and (separately)
-                <tt>/usr</tt> before I found better
-                ways to find files.
-<tag/<tt>passwd</tt>/         to change user's password (or root's password)
-<tag/<tt>man hier</tt>/         man page on the Unix file system
-</descrip>
-Use find to locate filename in <tt>/usr</tt> or any of its subdirectories with
-<tscreen>
-find /usr -name "<em>filename</em>"
-</tscreen>
-You can use <tt>*</tt> as a wildcard in <tt>"<em>filename</em>"</tt>
-(which should be in quotes).  If you tell find to search in
-<tt>/</tt> instead of <tt>/usr</tt> it will look for the file(s)
-on all mounted file systems, including the CDROM and the dos
-partition.
-
-An excellent book that explains Unix commands and utilities is
-Abrahams &amp; Larson, <em>Unix for the Impatient</em> (2nd ed.,
-Addison-Wesley, 1996).  There's also a lot of Unix information on
-the Internet.  Try the <url
-url="http://www.eecs.nwu.edu/unix.html" name="Unix Reference
-Desk">.
-
-<!-- ************************************************************ -->
-<sect>Next Steps
-
-<p>You should now have the tools you need to get around and edit
-files, so you can get everything up and running.  There is a
-great deal of information in the FreeBSD handbook (which is
-probably on your hard drive) and <url
-url="http://www.freebsd.org" name="FreeBSD's web site">.  A wide
-variety of packages and ports are on the <htmlurl
-url="http://www.cdrom.com" name="Walnut Creek"> CDROM as well as
-the web site.  The handbook tells you more about how to use them
-(get the package if it exists, with <tt>pkg_add
-/cdrom/packages/All/<em>packagename</em></tt>, where
-<em>packagename</em> is the filename of the package).  The cdrom
-has lists of the packages and ports with brief descriptions in
-<tt>cdrom/packages/index</tt>, <tt>cdrom/packages/index.txt</tt>,
-and <tt>cdrom/ports/index</tt>, with fuller descriptions in
-<tt>/cdrom/ports/*/*/pkg/DESCR</tt>, where the <tt>*</tt>s
-represent subdirectories of kinds of programs and program names
-respectively.
-
-If you find the handbook too sophisticated (what with
-<tt>lndir</tt> and all) on installing ports from the cdrom,
-here's what usually works:
-
-Find the port you want, say <tt>kermit</tt>.  There will be a directory
-for it on the cdrom.  Copy the subdirectory to
-<tt>/usr/local</tt> (a good place for software you add that
-should be available to all users) with:
-<tscreen>
-cp -R /cdrom/ports/comm/kermit /usr/local
-</tscreen>
-This should result in a <tt>/usr/local/kermit</tt> subdirectory
-that has all the files that the <tt>kermit</tt> subdirectory on
-the CDROM has.
-
-Next, check <tt>/cdrom/ports/distfiles</tt> for a file with a name
-that indicates it's the port you want.  Copy that file to
-<tt>/usr/ports/distfiles</tt>.  (Create <tt>/usr/ports/distfiles</tt>
-if it doesn't exist using <em>mkdir</em>.)  In the case of <tt>kermit</tt>,
-there is no distfile.
-
-Then <tt>cd</tt> to the subdirectory of
-<tt>/usr/local/kermit</tt> that has the file Makefile.  Type
-<tscreen>
-make all install
-</tscreen>
-
-During this process the port will ftp to get any compressed files it
-needs that it didn't find in <tt>/usr/ports/distfiles</tt>.  If you
-don't have   your network running yet and there was no file for the
-port in <tt>/cdrom/ports/distfiles</tt>,  you will have to get the
-distfile using another machine and copy it to
-<tt>/usr/ports/distfiles</tt> from a floppy or your dos partition.
-Read <tt>Makefile</tt> (with <tt>cat</tt> or <tt>more</tt> or
-<tt>view</tt>) to find out where to go (the master distribution site)
-to get the file and what its name is.  Its name will be truncated
-when downloaded to DOS, and after you get it into
-<tt>/usr/ports/distfiles</tt> you'll have to rename it (with the
-<tt>mv</tt> command) to its original name so it can be found.  (Use
-binary file transfers!)  Then go back to <tt>/usr/local/kermit</tt>,
-find the directory with <tt>Makefile</tt>, and type <tt>make all
-install</tt>.
-
-The other thing that happens when installing ports or packages is that
-some other program is needed.  If the installation stops with a message
-"can't find unzip" or whatever, you might need to install the package
-or port for unzip before you continue.
-
-Once it's installed type <tt>rehash</tt> to make FreeBSD
-<tt>reread</tt> the files in the path so it knows what's there.
-(If you get a lot of "path not found" messages when you use
-<tt>whereis</tt> or which, you might want to make additions to
-the list of directories in the path statement in <tt>.cshrc</tt>
-in your home directory.  The path statement in Unix does the same
-kind of work it does in DOS, except the current directory is not
-(by default) in the path for security reasons;  if
-the command you want is in the directory you're in, you need to
-type <tt>./</tt> before the command to make it work; no space after the
-slash.)
-
-You might want to get the most recent version of Netscape from their
-<url url="ftp://ftp.netscape.com" name="ftp site">. (Netscape
-requires the X Window System.) The version you want is the "unknown
-bsd" version.  Just use <tt>gunzip <em>filename</em></tt> and <tt>tar
-xvf <em>filename</em></tt> on it, move the binary to
-<tt>/usr/local/bin</tt> or some other place binaries are kept,
-<tt>rehash</tt>, and then put the following lines in <tt>.cshrc</tt>
-in each user's home directory or (easier) in
-<tt>/etc/csh.cshrc</tt>,  the system-wide csh start-up file:
-<tscreen>
-setenv XKEYSYMDB /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/XKeysymDB<newline>
-setenv XNLSPATH /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/nls
-</tscreen>
-This assumes that the file <tt>XKeysymDB</tt> and the directory
-<tt>nls</tt> are in
-<tt>/usr/X11R6/lib/X11</tt>; if they're not, find them and put them there.
-
-If you originally got Netscape as a port using the CDROM (or ftp),
-don't replace <tt>/usr/local/bin/netscape</tt> with the new netscape binary;
-this is just a shell script that sets up the environmental variables
-for you. Instead rename the new binary to <tt>netscape.bin</tt> and replace the
- old
-binary, which is <tt>/usr/local/lib/netscape/netscape.bin</tt>.
-
-
-<!-- ************************************************************ -->
-<sect>Other
-
-<p>As root, you can dismount the CDROM with <tt>/sbin/umount
-/cdrom</tt>, take it out of the drive, insert another one, and
-mount it with <tt>/sbin/mount_cd9660 /dev/cd0a /cdrom</tt>
-assuming <tt>cd0a</tt> is the device name for your CDROM drive.
-
-Using the live file system&mdash;the second of FreeBSD's CDROM disks&mdash;is
-useful if you've got limited space.  You might try using
-<tt>emacs</tt> or playing games from the cdrom.  This involves using
-<tt>lndir</tt>, which gets installed with the X Window System, to tell the
-program(s) where to find the necessary files, because they're in the
-<tt>/cdrom</tt> file system instead of in <tt>/usr</tt> and its
-subdirectories, which is where they're expected to be.  Read <tt>man
-lndir</tt>.
-
-You can delete a user (say, jack) by using the command <tt>vipw</tt>
-to bring up the <tt>master.passwd</tt> file (do not use vi directly
-on master.passwd); delete the line for jack and save the file.  Then
-edit <tt>/etc/group</tt>, eliminating jack wherever it appears.
-Finally, go to <tt>/usr/home</tt> and use <tt>rm -R</tt> jack (to
-get rid of user jack's home directory files).
-
-<!-- ************************************************************ -->
-<sect>Comments Welcome
-
-<p>If you use this guide I'd be interested in knowing where it was
-unclear and what was left out that you think should be included, and
-if it was helpful.  My thanks to Eugene W. Stark, professor of
-computer science at SUNY-Stony Brook, and John Fieber for helpful
-comments.
-
-Annelise Anderson <htmlurl url="mailto:andrsn@hoover.stanford.edu"
-             name="&lt;andrsn@hoover.stanford.edu&gt;">
-
-</article>
-
-
