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Obtained from:		The FreeBSD Traditional Chinese Project
			https://opensvn.csie.org/traccgi/freebsddoc/wiki
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Chin-San Huang 2008-01-13 15:45:38 +00:00
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zh_TW.Big5/books/handbook
basics
chapter.sgml
install
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<literal>$</literal> 字元放在變數之前，以取得環境變數的值。 <literal>$</literal> 字元放在變數之前，以取得環境變數的值。
舉例來說，<command>echo $TERM</command> 會 舉例來說，<command>echo $TERM</command> 會
顯示出 <envar>$TERM</envar> 的設定值，這是因為 shell 取得了 顯示出 <envar>$TERM</envar> 的設定值，這是因為 shell 取得了
<envar>$TERM</envar> 的設定值，並將他傳給 <command>echo</command> 顯示出來。</para> <envar>$TERM</envar> 的設定值，
並將其傳給 <command>echo</command> 顯示出來。</para>
<para>Shells treat a lot of special characters, called meta-characters <para>Shell 中有某些特別的字元是來表示特殊的資料，我們將其稱作
as special representations of data. The most common one is the meta-characters。 其中最常見的是
<literal>*</literal> character, which represents any number of <literal>*</literal> 字元，他代表了檔名中的任意字元。
characters in a filename. These special meta-characters can be used 這些特殊字元可以用在檔名展開（filename globbing）上，舉例來說，輸入
to do filename globbing. For example, typing in <command>echo *</command> 會和輸入
<command>echo *</command> is almost the same as typing in <command>ls</command> 得到幾乎相同的結果，這是因為 shell 會將所有符合
<command>ls</command> because the shell takes all the files that <literal>*</literal> 字元的檔案傳到命令列上，再由
match <literal>*</literal> and puts them on the command line for <command>echo</command> 顯示出來。</para>
<command>echo</command> to see.</para>
<para>To prevent the shell from interpreting these special characters, <para>為了避免 shell 轉譯這些特殊字元，我們可以在這些特殊字元前放一個反斜線
they can be escaped from the shell by putting a backslash (<literal>\</literal>) 字元使他們跳脫(escape) shell 的轉譯。舉例來說，
(<literal>\</literal>) character in front of them. <command>echo <command>echo $TERM</command> 會印出你目前設定的終端機格式，
$TERM</command> prints whatever your terminal is set to. <command>echo \$TERM</command> 則會直接印出 <envar>$TERM</envar>
<command>echo \$TERM</command> prints <envar>$TERM</envar> as 這幾個字。</para>
is.</para>
<sect2 id="changing-shells"> <sect2 id="changing-shells">
<title>變更你的 Shell</title> <title>變更你的 Shell</title>
<para>變更 shell 最簡單的方法就是透過 <command>chsh</command> 命令。 <para>變更 shell 最簡單的方法就是透過 <command>chsh</command> 命令。
執行 <command>chsh</command> 將會呼叫環境變數中 <envar>EDITOR</envar> 指定的 執行 <command>chsh</command> 將會呼叫環境變數中 <envar>EDITOR</envar>
文字編輯器。如果沒有設定，則預設是 <command>vi</command>。依照需求去修改 指定的文字編輯器。 如果沒有設定，則預設是 <command>vi</command>。
<quote>Shell:</quote> 的值。 請依照需求去修改 <quote>Shell:</quote> 的值。
<para>你也可以透過 <command>chsh</command> 的參數 <option>-s</option>，這可以 <para>你也可以透過 <command>chsh</command> 的參數 <option>-s</option>，
直接設定你的 shell 而不需要透過任何文字編輯器。例如，假設你想將 shell 變更為 這可以直接設定你的 shell 而不需要透過任何文字編輯器。 例如，
<command>bash</command>，可以透過下列的方式：</para> 假設想把所用的 shell 改為 <command>bash</command>，
可以透過下列的方式：</para>
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>chsh -s /usr/local/bin/bash</userinput></screen> <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>chsh -s /usr/local/bin/bash</userinput></screen>
<note> <note>
<para>The shell that you wish to use <emphasis>must</emphasis> be <para>你所使用的 shell <emphasis>必須</emphasis> 列於
present in the <filename>/etc/shells</filename> file. If you <filename>/etc/shells</filename> 裡頭。 如果是由
have installed a shell from the <link linkend="ports">ports <link linkend="ports">Ports Collection</link> 來裝 shell，
collection</link>, then this should have been done for you 那這個步驟已經完成了。 但若是手動安裝了一個 shell，
already. If you installed the shell by hand, you must do 那麼就必須為新安裝的 shell 進行設定。</para>
this.</para>
<para>For example, if you installed <command>bash</command> by hand <para>舉例來說，若手動安裝了 <command>bash</command> 並將它置於
and placed it into <filename>/usr/local/bin</filename>, you would <filename>/usr/local/bin</filename> 底下，你還得：</para>
want to:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>echo &quot;/usr/local/bin/bash&quot; &gt;&gt; /etc/shells</userinput></screen> <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>echo &quot;/usr/local/bin/bash&quot; &gt;&gt; /etc/shells</userinput></screen>
<para>Then rerun <command>chsh</command>.</para> <para>然後再重新執行 <command>chsh</command>。</para>
</note> </note>
</sect2> </sect2>
</sect1> </sect1>
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<indexterm><primary>text editors</primary></indexterm> <indexterm><primary>text editors</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>editors</primary></indexterm> <indexterm><primary>editors</primary></indexterm>
<para>A lot of configuration in FreeBSD is done by editing text files. <para>在 FreeBSD 中有許多設定必須透過編輯文字檔完成。
Because of this, it would be a good idea to become familiar 因此，若能熟悉文字編輯器是再好不過的。
with a text editor. FreeBSD comes with a few as part of the base FreeBSD 本身（指 base system）就附有幾種文字編輯器，
system, and many more are available in the Ports Collection.</para> 此外，你也可以透過 Ports Collection 來安裝其他的文字編輯器。</para>
<indexterm> <indexterm>
<primary><command>ee</command></primary> <primary><command>ee</command></primary>
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<primary>editors</primary> <primary>editors</primary>
<secondary><command>ee</command></secondary> <secondary><command>ee</command></secondary>
</indexterm> </indexterm>
<para>The easiest and simplest editor to learn is an editor called <para>最簡單易學的文字編輯器叫做 <application>ee</application>，
<application>ee</application>, which stands for easy editor. To 代表了其全名 easy editor。 要開始使用 <application>ee</application>，
start <application>ee</application>, one would type at the command 必須在命令列上輸入
line <command>ee <replaceable>filename</replaceable></command> where <command>ee <replaceable>filename</replaceable></command>，
<replaceable>filename</replaceable> is the name of the file to be edited. 這邊的 <replaceable>filename</replaceable> 代表你想要編輯的檔案名稱。
For example, to edit <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>, type in 舉例來說，要編輯 <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>，就要輸入
<command>ee /etc/rc.conf</command>. Once inside of <command>ee /etc/rc.conf</command>。
<command>ee</command>, all of the 而在 <command>ee</command> 的操作介面下，
commands for manipulating the editor's functions are listed at the 所有編輯器的功能與操作都會顯示在螢幕的正上方。
top of the display. The caret <literal>^</literal> character represents 其中的插入符號(<literal>^</literal>)代表鍵盤上的 <keycap>Ctrl</keycap>
the <keycap>Ctrl</keycap> key on the keyboard, so <literal>^e</literal> expands to the key combination 鍵，所以 <literal>^e</literal> 就等同於
<keycombo action="simul"><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>e</keycap></keycombo>. To leave <keycombo action="simul"><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>e</keycap></keycombo>
<application>ee</application>, hit the <keycap>Esc</keycap> key, then choose leave 。 若要結束 <application>ee</application>，請按下 <keycap>Esc</keycap>
editor. The editor will prompt you to save any changes if the file 鍵，接著選擇 leave editor 即可。
has been modified.</para> 此時如果該檔案有修改過，編輯器會提醒你是否要存檔。</para>
<indexterm> <indexterm>
<primary><command>vi</command></primary> <primary><command>vi</command></primary>
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<primary>editors</primary> <primary>editors</primary>
<secondary><command>emacs</command></secondary> <secondary><command>emacs</command></secondary>
</indexterm> </indexterm>
<para>FreeBSD also comes with more powerful text editors such as
<application>vi</application> as part of the base system, while other editors, like <para>此外，FreeBSD 也內附了幾個好用的文字編輯器，像是 base system 的
<application>Emacs</application> and <application>vim</application>, <application>vi</application> 及 FreeBSD Ports Collection 內的其他編輯器，
are part of the FreeBSD Ports Collection (<filename role="package">editors/emacs</filename> and <filename role="package">editors/vim</filename>). These editors offer much 比如 <application>Emacs</application> 及 <application>vim</application>
more functionality and power at the expense of being a little more (<filename role="package">editors/emacs</filename> 及
complicated to learn. However if you plan on doing a lot of text <filename role="package">editors/vim</filename>)。
editing, learning a more powerful editor such as 這些文字編輯器提供更強的功能，但是也比較難學習。
<application>vim</application> or <application>Emacs</application> 然而若要從事大量文字編輯工作，
will save you much more time in the long run.</para> 那麼花點時間來學習這些好用的編輯器，
會在日後為您省下更多的時間。</para>
</sect1> </sect1>
<sect1 id="basics-devices"> <sect1 id="basics-devices">
<title>Devices and Device Nodes</title> <title>設備及設備節點</title>
<para>A device is a term used mostly for hardware-related <para>設備(device)主要是指跟硬體比較有關的術語，
activities in a system, including disks, printers, graphics 包括磁碟、印表機、顯示卡和鍵盤。 FreeBSD 開機過程當中，
cards, and keyboards. When FreeBSD boots, the majority 大多數硬體通常都能偵測到並顯示出來，也可以查閱
of what FreeBSD displays are devices being detected. <filename>/var/run/dmesg.boot</filename> 內有開機的相關訊息。</para>
You can look through the boot messages again by viewing
<filename>/var/run/dmesg.boot</filename>.</para>
<para>For example, <devicename>acd0</devicename> is the <para>舉例來說，<devicename>acd0</devicename>即為第一台 IDE 光碟機的代號，
first IDE CDROM drive, while <devicename>kbd0</devicename> 而 <devicename>kbd0</devicename> 則代表鍵盤。</para>
represents the keyboard.</para>
<para>Most of these devices in a &unix; operating system must be <para>在 &unix; 作業系統，
accessed through special files called device nodes, which are 大部分的設備都是透過叫做 device nodes(設備節點)的特殊檔案來作存取，
located in the <filename>/dev</filename> directory.</para> 而這些檔案都位於 <filename>/dev</filename> 目錄。</para>
<sect2> <sect2>
<title>Creating Device Nodes</title> <title>建立設備節點</title>
<para>When adding a new device to your system, or compiling <para>若要在系統上建立新節點，或者是要編譯某些新硬體的支援軟體，
in support for additional devices, new device nodes must 那麼就要先新增設備節點。</para>
be created.</para>
<sect3> <sect3>
<title><literal>DEVFS</literal> (DEVice File System)</title> <title><literal>DEVFS</literal> (DEVice File System)</title>
<para>The device file system, or <literal>DEVFS</literal>, provides access to <para>設備檔案系統(或稱為 <literal>DEVFS</literal>) 是指在整體檔案系統
kernel's device namespace in the global file system namespace. namespace 提供 kernel 的設備 namespace。 <literal>DEVFS</literal>
Instead of having to create and modify device nodes, 乃是維護這些檔案系統，而不能新增或修改這些設備節點。</para>
<literal>DEVFS</literal> maintains this particular file system for you.</para>
<para>See the &man.devfs.5; manual page for more <para>細節請參閱 &man.devfs.5; 說明。</para>
information.</para>
</sect3> </sect3>
</sect2> </sect2>
</sect1> </sect1>
<sect1 id="binary-formats"> <sect1 id="binary-formats">
<title>Binary Formats</title> <title>Binary 的格式</title>
<para>To understand why &os; uses the &man.elf.5; <para>若要知道為何 &os; 是採用 &man.elf.5; 格式，必先瞭解當前 &unix;
format, you must first know a little about the three currently 系統中三種<quote>影響最為重大</quote>的可執行檔相關背景：</para>
<quote>dominant</quote> executable formats for &unix;:</para>
<itemizedlist> <itemizedlist>
<listitem> <listitem>
<para>&man.a.out.5;</para> <para>&man.a.out.5;</para>
<para>The oldest and <quote>classic</quote> &unix; object <para>最古老、<quote>經典</quote> 的 &unix; object 檔格式。
format. It uses a short and compact header with a magic It uses a short and compact header with a magic
number at the beginning that is often used to characterize number at the beginning that is often used to characterize
the format (see &man.a.out.5; for more details). It the format (see &man.a.out.5; for more details). It
contains three loaded segments: .text, .data, and .bss plus contains three loaded segments: .text, .data, and .bss plus
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<title>更多資訊</title> <title>更多資訊</title>
<sect2 id="basics-man"> <sect2 id="basics-man">
<title>Manual Pages</title> <title>Manual 線上說明</title>
<indexterm><primary>manual pages</primary></indexterm> <indexterm><primary>manual pages</primary></indexterm>
<para>The most comprehensive documentation on FreeBSD is in the form <para>在使用 FreeBSD 時，最詳細的使用說明莫過於 man 線上說明。
of manual pages. Nearly every program on the system comes with a 幾乎各程式都會有附上簡短說明，以介紹該程式的基本功能跟相關參數用法。
short reference manual explaining the basic operation and various 可以透過 <command>man</command> 指令來閱讀這些說明，而
arguments. These manuals can be viewed with the <command>man</command> command. Use <command>man</command> 指令的使用相當簡單易懂：</para>
of the <command>man</command> command is simple:</para>
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>man <replaceable>command</replaceable></userinput></screen> <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>man <replaceable>command</replaceable></userinput></screen>
<para><literal>command</literal> is the name of the command you <para><literal>command</literal> 處就是想要知道的指令。 舉個例子，
wish to learn about. For example, to learn more about 若要知道 <command>ls</command> 的詳細用法，就可以打：</para>
<command>ls</command> command type:</para>
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>man ls</userinput></screen> <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>man ls</userinput></screen>
<para>The online manual is divided up into numbered sections:</para> <para>而各線上說明因為性質不同，而區分為下列的數字章節：</para>
<orderedlist> <orderedlist>
<listitem> <listitem>
<para>User commands.</para> <para>使用者指令。</para>
</listitem> </listitem>
<listitem> <listitem>
<para>System calls and error numbers.</para> <para>系統呼叫(System call) 及錯誤代號。</para>
</listitem> </listitem>
<listitem> <listitem>
<para>Functions in the C libraries.</para> <para>C 語言函式庫。</para>
</listitem> </listitem>
<listitem> <listitem>
<para>Device drivers.</para> <para>各設備的驅動程式。</para>
</listitem> </listitem>
<listitem> <listitem>
<para>File formats.</para> <para>檔案格式。</para>
</listitem> </listitem>
<listitem> <listitem>
<para>Games and other diversions.</para> <para>小遊戲程式及其他娛樂程式。</para>
</listitem> </listitem>
<listitem> <listitem>
<para>Miscellaneous information.</para> <para>雜項工具、其他資訊。</para>
</listitem> </listitem>
<listitem> <listitem>
<para>System maintenance and operation commands.</para> <para>系統維護、操作的指令。</para>
</listitem> </listitem>
<listitem> <listitem>
<para>Kernel developers.</para> <para>Kernel 開發用途。</para>
</listitem> </listitem>
</orderedlist> </orderedlist>
<para>In some cases, the same topic may appear in more than one <para>有些情況會有同樣主題但不同章節。 舉個例子，系統內會有
section of the online manual. For example, there is a <command>chmod</command> 指令，但也有 <function>chmod()</function>
<command>chmod</command> user command and a 系統呼叫。 在這種情況，<command>man</command>
<function>chmod()</function> system call. In this case, you can 應該要指定所要查詢的章節：</para>
tell the <command>man</command> command which one you want by specifying the
section:</para>
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>man 1 chmod</userinput></screen> <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>man 1 chmod</userinput></screen>
<para>This will display the manual page for the user command <para>如此一來就會查 <command>chmod</command> 指令部分。
<command>chmod</command>. References to a particular section of 通常在寫文件時會把有參考到某特定章節的 man 號碼也一併寫在括號內。
the online manual are traditionally placed in parenthesis in 所以 &man.chmod.1; 就是指 <command>chmod</command> 指令，而
written documentation, so &man.chmod.1; refers to the &man.chmod.2; 則是指系統呼叫的部分。</para>
<command>chmod</command> user command and &man.chmod.2; refers to
the system call.</para>
<para>This is fine if you know the name of the command and simply <para>如果您已經知道命令的名稱，只是不知道要怎樣使用的話，那就比較好辦。
wish to know how to use it, but what if you cannot recall the 但若不知道要用哪個指令時，該怎麼辦呢？ 這個時候，就可以利用
command name? You can use <command>man</command> to search for keywords in the <command>man</command> 的搜尋關鍵字功能，
command descriptions by using the <option>-k</option> 以在各說明的介紹部分搜尋相關字眼。，它的選項是 <option>-k</option>：
switch:</para> </para>
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>man -k mail</userinput></screen> <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>man -k mail</userinput></screen>
<para>With this command you will be presented with a list of <para>如此一來會看到一堆有 <quote>mail</quote> 關鍵字的說明，
commands that have the keyword <quote>mail</quote> in their 事實上該功能與 <command>apropos</command> 指令是一樣的。</para>
descriptions. This is actually functionally equivalent to using
the <command>apropos</command> command.</para>
<para>So, you are looking at all those fancy commands in <para>而有時你會看到像是 <filename>/usr/bin</filename>
<filename>/usr/bin</filename> but do not have the faintest idea 有許多看起來頗炫的指令，但不知其用途？ 只要簡單輸入：</para>
what most of them actually do? Simply do:</para>
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>cd /usr/bin</userinput> <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>cd /usr/bin</userinput>
&prompt.user; <userinput>man -f *</userinput></screen> &prompt.user; <userinput>man -f *</userinput></screen>
<para>or</para> <para>或者是</para>
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>cd /usr/bin</userinput> <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>cd /usr/bin</userinput>
&prompt.user; <userinput>whatis *</userinput></screen> &prompt.user; <userinput>whatis *</userinput></screen>
<para>which does the same thing.</para> <para>這兩者的指令效果是一樣的。</para>
</sect2> </sect2>
<sect2 id="basics-info"> <sect2 id="basics-info">
<title>GNU Info Files</title> <title>GNU Info 檔案</title>
<indexterm><primary>Free Software Foundation</primary></indexterm> <indexterm><primary>Free Software Foundation</primary></indexterm>
<para>FreeBSD includes many applications and utilities produced by <para>FreeBSD 有許多程式跟工具來自於自由軟體基金會(FSF)。 除了 man
the Free Software Foundation (FSF). In addition to manual pages, 線上說明之外，這些程式提供了另外一種更具有彈性的 hypertext 格式文件，
these programs come with more extensive hypertext documents called 叫做 <literal>info</literal>。 可以用 <command>info</command>
<literal>info</literal> files which can be viewed with the 指令來閱讀，或者若有裝 <application>emacs</application> 亦可透過
<command>info</command> command or, if you installed <application>emacs</application> 的 info 模式閱讀。</para>
<application>emacs</application>, the info mode of
<application>emacs</application>.</para>
<para>To use the &man.info.1; command, simply type:</para> <para>要用 &man.info.1; 指令，只需打：</para>
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>info</userinput></screen> <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>info</userinput></screen>
<para>For a brief introduction, type <literal>h</literal>. For a <para>按 <literal>h</literal> 會有簡單說明，而若要快速查閱相關操作方式，
quick command reference, type <literal>?</literal>.</para> 則請按 <literal>?</literal>。</para>
</sect2> </sect2>
</sect1> </sect1>
</chapter> </chapter>

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@ -1819,33 +1819,31 @@ Mounting root from ufs:/dev/md0c
</mediaobject> </mediaobject>
</figure> </figure>
<para>If you choose to not use the default partitions and wish to <para>如果您不想用自動分配分割區而希望自行設定，
replace them with your 請用方向鍵選擇第一個分割區，並按下 <keycap>D</keycap> 刪除之。
own, use the arrow keys to select the first partition, and press 重複此動作直到刪除所有分割區。</para>
<keycap>D</keycap> to delete it. Repeat this to delete all the
suggested partitions.</para>
<para>To create the first partition (<literal>a</literal>, mounted as <para>建立第一個分割區(<literal>a</literal>，掛載為
<filename>/</filename> &mdash; root), make sure the proper disk slice at the top of <filename>/</filename> &mdash; 根目錄)，
the screen is selected and press <keycap>C</keycap>. A dialog box 請在畫面最上方選擇正確的磁碟分割磁區(slice)並按下
will appear prompting you for the size of the new partition (as shown <keycap>C</keycap>。 接下來將出現對話框，
in <xref linkend="sysinstall-label-add">). You can enter the size as 會要求輸入新的分割區大小(如 <xref linkend="sysinstall-label-add"> 所示)
the number of disk blocks you want to use, or as a 。 這邊可以直接輸入以 block 為單位，
number followed by either <literal>M</literal> for megabytes, 或者是以 <literal>M</literal>(MB)為單位、
<literal>G</literal> for gigabytes, or <literal>C</literal> for 或以 <literal>G</literal>(GB)為單位，
cylinders.</para> 或者以 <literal>C</literal>(磁柱，cylinders) 為單位。</para>
<note><para>Beginning with FreeBSD&nbsp;5.X, users can: select <note><para>自 FreeBSD&nbsp;5.X 起，則可使用
<acronym>UFS2</acronym> (which is default on &os;&nbsp;5.1 and <literal>Custom Newfs</literal> 選項來用 <acronym>UFS2</acronym>
above) using the <literal>Custom Newfs</literal> (從 &os;&nbsp;5.1 起，此即為預設值)。 若是使用
(<keycap>Z</keycap>) option, create labels with <literal>Auto Defaults</literal> 自動預設的情況下，則可以再用
<literal>Auto Defaults</literal> and modify them with the <literal>Custom Newfs</literal> option or <literal>Custom Newfs</literal> 選項，或者在建立檔案系統時指定
add <option>-O 2</option> during the regular creation period. <option>-O 2</option> 參數亦可。 若用 <literal>Custom Newfs</literal>
Do not forget to add <option>-U</option> for SoftUpdates if you use the <literal>Custom Newfs</literal> 選項的話，則別忘了要加上 <option>-U</option> 來啟用 SoftUpdates
option!</para></note> 功能！ </para></note>
<figure id="sysinstall-label-add"> <figure id="sysinstall-label-add">
<title>Free Space for Root Partition</title> <title>根目錄的空間分配</title>
<mediaobject> <mediaobject>
<imageobject> <imageobject>
@ -1854,16 +1852,14 @@ Mounting root from ufs:/dev/md0c
</mediaobject> </mediaobject>
</figure> </figure>
<para>The default size shown will create a partition that takes up the <para>此處預設顯示的大小，會是整個 slice 的所有空間。
rest of the slice. If you are using the partition sizes described 若要採用先前例子所介紹的劃分大小，則按 <keycap>Backspace</keycap>
in the earlier example, then delete the existing figure using 鍵來消除這些數字，並輸入例子中的 <userinput>128M</userinput>，如
<keycap>Backspace</keycap>, and then type in <xref linkend="sysinstall-label-add2"> 所示。
<userinput>128M</userinput>, as shown in 接著按下 &gui.ok;。</para>
<xref linkend="sysinstall-label-add2">. Then press
&gui.ok;.</para>
<figure id="sysinstall-label-add2"> <figure id="sysinstall-label-add2">
<title>Edit Root Partition Size</title> <title>修改根目錄的空間分配</title>
<mediaobject> <mediaobject>
<imageobject> <imageobject>
@ -1872,15 +1868,13 @@ Mounting root from ufs:/dev/md0c
</mediaobject> </mediaobject>
</figure> </figure>
<para>Having chosen the partition's size you will then be asked whether <para>在輸入之後會問所要建立的是檔案系統(file system)或者是 swap 空間，
this partition will contain a filesystem or swap space. The dialog 如 <xref linkend="sysinstall-label-type"> 所示。
box is shown in <xref linkend="sysinstall-label-type">. This first 第一個選項為檔案系統，所以選擇 <guimenuitem>FS</guimenuitem>
partition will contain a filesystem, so check that 後按下<keycap>Enter</keycap>。</para>
<guimenuitem>FS</guimenuitem> is selected and press
<keycap>Enter</keycap>.</para>
<figure id="sysinstall-label-type"> <figure id="sysinstall-label-type">
<title>Choose the Root Partition Type</title> <title>選擇分割區的類型</title>
<mediaobject> <mediaobject>
<imageobject> <imageobject>
@ -1889,15 +1883,14 @@ Mounting root from ufs:/dev/md0c
</mediaobject> </mediaobject>
</figure> </figure>
<para>Finally, because you are creating a filesystem, you must tell <para>最後，因為要新增的是檔案系統，所以必須告訴
<application>Disklabel</application> where the filesystem is to be <application>Disklabel</application> 要將其掛載至何處。 如 <xref
mounted. The dialog box is shown in linkend="sysinstall-label-mount"> 所示。 根目錄檔案系統
<xref linkend="sysinstall-label-mount">. The root filesystem's mount 的掛載點為 <filename>/</filename>，所以請輸入 <userinput>/</userinput>
point is <filename>/</filename>, so type <userinput>/</userinput>, and ，然後按下 <keycap>Enter</keycap>。</para>
then press <keycap>Enter</keycap>.</para>
<figure id="sysinstall-label-mount"> <figure id="sysinstall-label-mount">
<title>Choose the Root Mount Point</title> <title>選擇根目錄的掛載點</title>
<mediaobject> <mediaobject>
<imageobject> <imageobject>
@ -1906,20 +1899,17 @@ Mounting root from ufs:/dev/md0c
</mediaobject> </mediaobject>
</figure> </figure>
<para>The display will then update to show you the newly created <para>剛所建立的分割區會顯示在畫面上，可以用上述類似動作來建立其他分割區。
partition. You should repeat this procedure for the other 然而在建立 swap 分割區時，系統並不會問要掛載於哪邊，因為 swap
partitions. When you create the swap partition, you will not be 空間是不必額外掛載的。 此外在建立最後分割區 <filename>/usr</filename>
prompted for the filesystem mount point, as swap partitions are never 時，可以直接採用預設大小，也就是該 slice 剩餘的所有空間。</para>
mounted. When you create the final partition,
<filename>/usr</filename>, you can leave the suggested size as is, to
use the rest of the slice.</para>
<para>Your final FreeBSD DiskLabel Editor screen will appear similar to <para>最後 FreeBSD 上的 DiskLabel 編輯器畫面會類似 <xref
<xref linkend="sysinstall-label4">, although your values chosen may linkend="sysinstall-label4">，實際數字則依安裝選擇而有所不同。
be different. Press <keycap>Q</keycap> to finish.</para> 請按下 <keycap>Q</keycap> 即可完成分割區規劃。</para>
<figure id="sysinstall-label4"> <figure id="sysinstall-label4">
<title>Sysinstall Disklabel Editor</title> <title>Sysinstall Disklabel 編輯器</title>
<mediaobject> <mediaobject>
<imageobject> <imageobject>
@ -1936,46 +1926,33 @@ Mounting root from ufs:/dev/md0c
<sect2 id="distset"> <sect2 id="distset">
<title>選擇要安裝的套件集(Distribution Set)</title> <title>選擇要安裝的套件集(Distribution Set)</title>
<para>Deciding which distribution set to install will depend largely <para>要裝哪些套件，主要取決於該系統的用途為何及磁碟空間而定。
on the intended use of the system and the amount of disk space 預置的套件，從最小安裝到完整安裝都有。 若是 &unix; 或 FreeBSD
available. The predefined options range from installing the 新手，通常直接選其中之一即可。
smallest possible configuration to everything. Those who are 而自訂套件比較適合有經驗的人來用。</para>
new to &unix; and/or FreeBSD should almost certainly select one
of these canned options. Customizing a distribution set is
typically for the more experienced user.</para>
<para>Press <keycap>F1</keycap> for more information on the <para>若要瞭解各套件的選項細節資訊，請按 <keycap>F1</keycap> 鍵。
distribution set options and what they contain. When finished 看完之後按 <keycap>Enter</keycap> 即會回到剛才的套件選擇畫面。</para>
reviewing the help, pressing <keycap>Enter</keycap> will return
to the Select Distributions Menu.</para>
<para>If a graphical user interface is desired then a distribution <para>若需要 GUI 介面，那必需加選 <literal>X</literal>
set that is preceded by an <literal>X</literal> should be 開頭的相關套件。 至於 X server 的設定及要用哪一類的桌面管理，必須在
chosen. The configuration of the X server and selection of a default &os; 裝好之後才能進行。 X server 設定細節部分請參閱 <xref
desktop must be done after the installation of &os;. More linkend="x11">。</para>
information regarding the configuration of a X server can be
found in <xref linkend="x11">.</para>
<para><application>&xorg;</application> is the default version of X11 <para>預設安裝的 X11 版本為 <application>&xorg;</application>。</para>
that is installed.</para>
<para>If compiling a custom kernel is anticipated, select an option <para>若需要自訂 kernel，那麼需加選有含 source code 的選項。
which includes the source code. For more information on why a 至於為何需自訂 kernel 及相關細節，請參閱
custom kernel should be built or how to build a custom kernel, see <xref linkend="kernelconfig">。</para>
<xref linkend="kernelconfig">.</para>
<para>Obviously, the most versatile system is one that includes <para>很明顯地，全部都裝就不用困擾需要裝什麼了。 若硬碟夠大，請以方向鍵選
everything. If there is adequate disk space, select <xref linkend="distribution-set1"> 圖下的 <guimenuitem>All</guimenuitem>
<guimenuitem>All</guimenuitem> as shown in 選項，並按下 <keycap>Enter</keycap> 即可。
<xref linkend="distribution-set1"> by using the arrow keys and 若硬碟空間不夠，請依自身需求選擇安裝。 當然在安裝完畢後，
press <keycap>Enter</keycap>. If there is a concern about disk 還是可以依需求再加裝其他套件。</para>
space consider using an option that is more suitable for the
situation.
Do not fret over the perfect choice, as other distributions can be
added after installation.</para>
<figure id="distribution-set1"> <figure id="distribution-set1">
<title>選擇套件(Distributions)</title> <title>選擇要裝的套件集(Distributions)</title>
<mediaobject> <mediaobject>
<imageobject> <imageobject>
@ -1988,22 +1965,15 @@ Mounting root from ufs:/dev/md0c
<sect2 id="portscol"> <sect2 id="portscol">
<title>安裝 Ports Collection</title> <title>安裝 Ports Collection</title>
<para>After selecting the desired distribution, an opportunity to <para>在裝完套件集之後，接著會問是否要裝 FreeBSD Ports 套件。 Ports
install the FreeBSD Ports Collection is presented. The ports 套件可以讓您輕鬆安裝各種常見的軟體，它本身並不含那些軟體的原始碼，
collection is an easy and convenient way to install software. 而是一個包含如何自動下載、編譯、安裝 third-party 軟體的檔案集合。
The Ports Collection does not contain the source code necessary <xref linkend="ports"> 會介紹如何使用 ports。</para>
to compile the software. Instead, it is a collection of files which
automates the downloading, compiling and installation
of third-party software packages.
<xref linkend="ports"> discusses how to use the ports
collection.</para>
<para>The installation program does not check to see if you have <para>安裝程式並不會檢查是否有足夠空間來放 ports tree，
adequate space. Select this option only if you have 所以請先確認有足夠空間。 目前 FreeBSD &rel.current; 的 FreeBSD
adequate hard disk space. As of FreeBSD &rel.current;, the FreeBSD Ports Collection 大約需要 &ports.size; 的空間。 因此，
Ports Collection takes up about &ports.size; of disk space. 可以推估更新版的 FreeBSD 會需要更多的空間來裝。</para>
You can safely assume a larger value for more recent versions
of FreeBSD.</para>
<screen> User Confirmation Requested <screen> User Confirmation Requested
Would you like to install the FreeBSD ports collection? Would you like to install the FreeBSD ports collection?
@ -2024,13 +1994,12 @@ Mounting root from ufs:/dev/md0c
[ Yes ] No</screen> [ Yes ] No</screen>
<para>Select &gui.yes; with the arrow keys to <para>用方向鍵選 &gui.yes; 就會裝 Ports Collection，否則就選
install the Ports Collection or &gui.no; to &gui.no; 以略過。 選好後按 <keycap>Enter</keycap> 繼續，
skip this option. Press <keycap>Enter</keycap> to continue. 然後會再次回到選擇套件集的畫面。</para>
The Choose Distributions menu will redisplay.</para>
<figure id="distribution-set2"> <figure id="distribution-set2">
<title>Confirm Distributions</title> <title>確認要安裝的套件集</title>
<mediaobject> <mediaobject>
<imageobject> <imageobject>
@ -2039,10 +2008,9 @@ Mounting root from ufs:/dev/md0c
</mediaobject> </mediaobject>
</figure> </figure>
<para>If satisfied with the options, select <para>若要勾選的項目都確認沒問題的話，就以方向鍵選
<guimenuitem>Exit</guimenuitem> with the arrow keys, ensure that <guimenuitem>Exit</guimenuitem> 退出並確認 &gui.ok; 有選到，然後按I
&gui.ok; is highlighted, and pressing <keycap>Enter</keycap> 繼續。</para>
<keycap>Enter</keycap> to continue.</para>
</sect2> </sect2>
</sect1> </sect1>
@ -2050,13 +2018,15 @@ Mounting root from ufs:/dev/md0c
<sect1 id="install-media"> <sect1 id="install-media">
<title>選擇安裝來源</title> <title>選擇安裝來源</title>
<para>若要從 CDROM 或 DVD 安裝，用方向鍵將游標移到 <guimenuitem>Install from a FreeBSD CD/DVD</guimenuitem>，並確定 <para>若要從 CDROM 或 DVD 安裝，用方向鍵將游標移到
<guimenuitem>Install from a FreeBSD CD/DVD</guimenuitem>，並確定
選 &gui.ok; 後按下 <keycap>Enter</keycap> 就會開始裝了。</para> 選 &gui.ok; 後按下 <keycap>Enter</keycap> 就會開始裝了。</para>
<para>若是要用其他的方式安裝的話，請選擇適當的安裝來源，然後遵照螢幕指示進行安裝即可。</para> <para>若是要用其他的方式安裝的話，請選擇適當的安裝來源，
然後遵照螢幕指示進行安裝即可。</para>
<para>按 <keycap>F1</keycap> 可以顯示針對此部分(安裝來源)的線上說明。按一下 <keycap>Enter</keycap> <para>按 <keycap>F1</keycap> 可以顯示針對此部分(安裝來源)的線上說明。
就會回到『選擇安裝來源』的畫面了。</para> 按一下 <keycap>Enter</keycap> 就會回到『選擇安裝來源』的畫面了。</para>
<figure id="choose-media"> <figure id="choose-media">
<title>選擇安裝來源</title> <title>選擇安裝來源</title>
@ -2077,26 +2047,24 @@ Mounting root from ufs:/dev/md0c
<tertiary>FTP</tertiary> <tertiary>FTP</tertiary>
</indexterm> </indexterm>
<para>使用 FTP 安裝的話，有分三種模式︰主動式(active)FTP、被動式(passive)FTP 或是透過 HTTP proxy server。</para> <para>使用 FTP 安裝的話，有分三種模式︰主動式(active)FTP、
被動式(passive)FTP 或是透過 HTTP proxy server。</para>
<variablelist> <variablelist>
<varlistentry> <varlistentry>
<term>FTP Active: <guimenuitem>Install from an FTP <term>主動式 FTP：<guimenuitem>從 FTP server 安裝</guimenuitem></term>
server</guimenuitem></term>
<listitem> <listitem>
<para>This option will make all FTP transfers <para>該選項會透過 <quote>Active</quote> 模式作 FTP 傳輸動作。
use <quote>Active</quote> 這會無法穿過防火牆，但可用在那些較古早、不支援被動模式的 FTP
mode. This will not work through firewalls, but will 站。 若 FTP 連線會卡住(預設為被動模式)，
often work with older FTP servers that do not support 那請改換主動模式看看！</para>
passive mode. If your connection hangs with passive
mode (the default), try active!</para>
</listitem> </listitem>
</varlistentry> </varlistentry>
<varlistentry> <varlistentry>
<term>FTP Passive: <guimenuitem>Install from an FTP server through a <term>被動式 FTP：<guimenuitem>透過防火牆，從 FTP server
firewall</guimenuitem></term> 安裝</guimenuitem></term>
<listitem> <listitem>
<indexterm> <indexterm>
@ -2104,17 +2072,15 @@ Mounting root from ufs:/dev/md0c
<secondary>passive mode</secondary> <secondary>passive mode</secondary>
</indexterm> </indexterm>
<para>This option instructs <application>sysinstall</application> to use <para>該選項會讓 <application>sysinstall</application> 全程使用
<quote>Passive</quote> mode for all FTP operations. <quote>Passive(被動式)</quote> 來進行 FTP 連線，
This allows the user to pass through firewalls 就可以穿過只允許使用固定 TCP port 連入的防火牆。</para>
that do not allow incoming connections on random TCP ports.
</para>
</listitem> </listitem>
</varlistentry> </varlistentry>
<varlistentry> <varlistentry>
<term>FTP via a HTTP proxy: <guimenuitem>Install from an FTP server <term>透過 HTTP proxy 的 FTP：<guimenuitem>透過 http proxy 來從 FTP
through a http proxy</guimenuitem></term> 站安裝</guimenuitem></term>
<listitem> <listitem>
<indexterm> <indexterm>
@ -2122,39 +2088,34 @@ Mounting root from ufs:/dev/md0c
<secondary>via a HTTP proxy</secondary> <secondary>via a HTTP proxy</secondary>
</indexterm> </indexterm>
<para>This option instructs <application>sysinstall</application> to use the HTTP <para>該選項會讓 <application>sysinstall</application> 的 FTP 連線，
protocol (like a web browser) to connect to a proxy 先透過 HTTP 協定(就像網頁瀏覽器一樣)連到 proxy server，而 proxy
for all FTP operations. The proxy will translate server 會解譯送過來的的請求，然後轉送給 FTP server。
the requests and send them to the FTP server. 這可以穿透只允許 HTTP 連線但不允許 FTP 連線的防火牆。
This allows the user to pass through firewalls 但記得要用之時，必須指定 proxy server 的位址。</para>
that do not allow FTP at all, but offer a HTTP
proxy.
In this case, you have to specify the proxy in
addition to the FTP server.</para>
</listitem> </listitem>
</varlistentry> </varlistentry>
</variablelist> </variablelist>
<para>For a proxy FTP server, you should usually give the name of the <para>對 proxy FTP server 而言，通常要在登入用的帳號名稱後面，
server you really want as a part of the username, after an 加上 <quote>@</quote> 符號再加上要登入的 server 名稱。 然後，
<quote>@</quote> sign. The proxy server then <quote>fakes</quote> proxy server 就會 <quote>fakes(偽裝)</quote> 為真的 server 樣子。
the real server. For example, assuming you want to install from 舉個例子，若要到 <hostid role="fqdn">ftp.FreeBSD.org</hostid> 來裝，
<hostid role="fqdn">ftp.FreeBSD.org</hostid>, using the proxy FTP 但中間透過 proxy FTP server 也就是
server <hostid role="fqdn">foo.example.com</hostid>, listening on port <hostid role="fqdn">foo.example.com</hostid> 並且使用 port 1234。</para>
1234.</para>
<para>In this case, you go to the options menu, set the FTP username <para>在此情況下，可以到 options 選單，將 FTP username 設為
to <literal>ftp@ftp.FreeBSD.org</literal>, and the password to your <literal>ftp@ftp.FreeBSD.org</literal>，密碼則設為自己的 email 信箱。
email address. As your installation media, you specify FTP (or 安裝來源部分，則使用 FTP (或 proxy 有支援的話，就用 passive FTP)，
passive FTP, if the proxy supports it), and the URL 而 URL 則用
<literal>ftp://foo.example.com:1234/pub/FreeBSD</literal>.</para> <literal>ftp://foo.example.com:1234/pub/FreeBSD</literal>。</para>
<para>Since <filename>/pub/FreeBSD</filename> from <para>因為 <hostid role="fqdn">ftp.FreeBSD.org</hostid> 的
<hostid role="fqdn">ftp.FreeBSD.org</hostid> is proxied under <filename>/pub/FreeBSD</filename> 會被 porxy 到
<hostid role="fqdn">foo.example.com</hostid>, you are able to install <hostid role="fqdn">foo.example.com</hostid>，所以就可以從
from <emphasis>that</emphasis> machine (which will fetch the files <hostid role="fqdn">foo.example.com</hostid> <emphasis>這台</emphasis>
from <hostid role="fqdn">ftp.FreeBSD.org</hostid> as your 機器(這台會從 <hostid role="fqdn">ftp.FreeBSD.org</hostid> 抓檔回來給您)
installation requests them).</para> 安裝。</para>
</note> </note>
</sect1> </sect1>
@ -2162,7 +2123,8 @@ Mounting root from ufs:/dev/md0c
<title>開始進行安裝</title> <title>開始進行安裝</title>
<para>到此為止，可以開始進行安裝了，這也是您避免更動到硬碟的最後機會。</para> <para>到此為止，可以開始進行安裝了，
這也是您避免更動到硬碟的最後機會。</para>
<screen> User Confirmation Requested <screen> User Confirmation Requested
Last Chance! Are you SURE you want to continue the installation? Last Chance! Are you SURE you want to continue the installation?
@ -2256,36 +2218,33 @@ installation menus to retry whichever operations have failed.
Yes [ No ]</screen> Yes [ No ]</screen>
<para>In this private local area network, the current Internet <para>在私人區域網路的情況，由於目前的 Internet 協定
type protocol (<acronym>IPv4</acronym>) was sufficient and &gui.no; (<acronym>IPv4</acronym>)還算夠用，
was selected with the arrow keys and <keycap>Enter</keycap> 所以請選 &gui.no; 不設定 <acronym>IPv6</acronym>，然後按
pressed.</para> <keycap>Enter</keycap>。</para>
<para>If you are connected to an existing <acronym>IPv6</acronym> network <para>若是透過 <acronym>RA</acronym> server 連到既有的
with an <acronym>RA</acronym> server, then choose <acronym>IPv6</acronym> 環境，那麼就選 &gui.yes; 並按
&gui.yes; and press <keycap>Enter</keycap>. <keycap>Enter</keycap>，之後系統會花幾秒鐘去搜尋 RA server。</para>
It will take several seconds to scan for RA servers.</para>
<screen> User Confirmation Requested <screen> User Confirmation Requested
Do you want to try DHCP configuration of the interface? Do you want to try DHCP configuration of the interface?
Yes [ No ]</screen> Yes [ No ]</screen>
<para>If DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is not required <para>接下來，若不需要 DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)請選
select &gui.no; with the arrow keys and press &gui.no; 並按<keycap>Enter</keycap>。</para>
<keycap>Enter</keycap>.</para>
<para>Selecting &gui.yes; will execute <para>選擇 &gui.yes; 的話，則會執行
<application>dhclient</application>, and if successful, will fill <application>dhclient</application>，若成功要到 IP，
in the network configuration information automatically. Refer to 則其會自動填上相關的環境設定，細節請參閱 <xref
<xref linkend="network-dhcp"> for more information.</para> linkend="network-dhcp">。</para>
<para>The following Network Configuration screen shows the <para>下面的網路設定圖顯示如何在區域網路(LAN)中，
configuration of the Ethernet device for a system that will act 將該機器設定為 gateway 的方式：</para>
as the gateway for a Local Area Network.</para>
<figure id="ed-config2"> <figure id="ed-config2">
<title>Set Network Configuration for ed0</title> <title>設定 ed0 這張網路卡的網路設定</title>
<mediaobject> <mediaobject>
<imageobject> <imageobject>
@ -2294,25 +2253,25 @@ installation menus to retry whichever operations have failed.
</mediaobject> </mediaobject>
</figure> </figure>
<para>Use <keycap>Tab</keycap> to select the information fields and <para>可用 <keycap>Tab</keycap> 鍵在各欄位間作切換，
fill in appropriate information:</para> 並填上適合的資料：</para>
<variablelist> <variablelist>
<varlistentry> <varlistentry>
<term>Host</term> <term>Host(機器名稱)</term>
<listitem> <listitem>
<para>The fully-qualified hostname, such as <hostid role="fqdn">k6-2.example.com</hostid> in <para>完整的機器名稱，例如本例中的
this case.</para> <hostid role="fqdn">k6-2.example.com</hostid>。</para>
</listitem> </listitem>
</varlistentry> </varlistentry>
<varlistentry> <varlistentry>
<term>Domain</term> <term>Domain(網域)</term>
<listitem> <listitem>
<para>The name of the domain that your machine is <para>機器所屬的網域名稱，例如本例中的
in, such as <hostid role="domainname">example.com</hostid> for this case.</para> <hostid role="domainname">example.com</hostid>。</para>
</listitem> </listitem>
</varlistentry> </varlistentry>
@ -2320,23 +2279,22 @@ installation menus to retry whichever operations have failed.
<term>IPv4 Gateway</term> <term>IPv4 Gateway</term>
<listitem> <listitem>
<para>IP address of host forwarding packets to non-local <para>這裡請輸入 Gateway 的 IP 位址，其可負責將封包轉遞到遠端網路。
destinations. You must fill this in if the machine is a node 只有在該 gateway 屬於該網路其中節點之一時，才要輸入。
on the network. <emphasis>Leave this field blank</emphasis> 若這機器本身要做為該區域網路的 gateway 的話，
if the machine is the gateway to the Internet for the <emphasis>請保持本欄為空白</emphasis>。 此外，
network. The IPv4 Gateway is also known as the default 通常 IPv4 Gateway 也會被認為是 default gateway 或
gateway or default route.</para> default route。</para>
</listitem> </listitem>
</varlistentry> </varlistentry>
<varlistentry> <varlistentry>
<term>Name server</term> <term>Name server(Name server 或 DNS server)</term>
<listitem> <listitem>
<para>IP address of your local DNS server. There is no local <para>該網路所用的 DNS server 之 IP。 本例假設該機器所在的網路沒有
DNS server on this private local area network so the IP DNS，故填上的是該 ISP 所提供的 DNS server
address of the provider's DNS server (<hostid role="ipaddr">208.163.10.2</hostid>)。</para>
(<hostid role="ipaddr">208.163.10.2</hostid>) was used.</para>
</listitem> </listitem>
</varlistentry> </varlistentry>