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Tom Rhodes 2003-01-06 06:26:30 +00:00
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en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/basics/chapter.sgml
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@ -313,21 +313,21 @@ drwxr-xr-x 2 robert robert 512 Nov 10 11:54 public_html</programlisting>
directory also contains mount points for every other file system directory also contains mount points for every other file system
that you may want to mount.</para> that you may want to mount.</para>
<para>A mount point is a directory where additional filesystems can <para>A mount point is a directory where additional file systems can
be grafted onto the root filesystem. Standard mount points include be grafted onto the root file system. Standard mount points include
<filename>/usr</filename>, <filename>/var</filename>, <filename>/usr</filename>, <filename>/var</filename>,
<filename>/mnt</filename>, and <filename>/cdrom</filename>. These <filename>/mnt</filename>, and <filename>/cdrom</filename>. These
directories are usually referenced to entries in the file directories are usually referenced to entries in the file
<filename>/etc/fstab</filename>. <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> is <filename>/etc/fstab</filename>. <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> is
a table of various filesystems and mount points for reference by the a table of various file systems and mount points for reference by the
system. Most of the filesystems in <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> system. Most of the file systems in <filename>/etc/fstab</filename>
are mounted automatically at boot time from the script &man.rc.8; are mounted automatically at boot time from the script &man.rc.8;
unless they contain the <option>noauto</option> option. Consult the unless they contain the <option>noauto</option> option. Consult the
&man.fstab.5; manual page for more information on the format of the &man.fstab.5; manual page for more information on the format of the
<filename>/etc/fstab</filename> file and the options it <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> file and the options it
contains.</para> contains.</para>
<para>A complete description of the filesystem hierarchy is <para>A complete description of the file system hierarchy is
available in &man.hier.7;. For now, a brief overview of the available in &man.hier.7;. For now, a brief overview of the
most common directories will suffice.</para> most common directories will suffice.</para>
@ -343,7 +343,7 @@ drwxr-xr-x 2 robert robert 512 Nov 10 11:54 public_html</programlisting>
<tbody> <tbody>
<row> <row>
<entry><filename class="directory">/</filename></entry> <entry><filename class="directory">/</filename></entry>
<entry>Root directory of the filesystem.</entry> <entry>Root directory of the file system.</entry>
</row> </row>
<row> <row>
@ -411,7 +411,7 @@ drwxr-xr-x 2 robert robert 512 Nov 10 11:54 public_html</programlisting>
<row> <row>
<entry><filename class="directory">/proc/</filename></entry> <entry><filename class="directory">/proc/</filename></entry>
<entry>Process filesystem; see &man.procfs.5;, <entry>Process file system; see &man.procfs.5;,
&man.mount.procfs.8;.</entry> &man.mount.procfs.8;.</entry>
</row> </row>
@ -436,7 +436,7 @@ drwxr-xr-x 2 robert robert 512 Nov 10 11:54 public_html</programlisting>
<row> <row>
<entry><filename class="directory">/tmp/</filename></entry> <entry><filename class="directory">/tmp/</filename></entry>
<entry>Temporary files, usually a &man.mfs.8; <entry>Temporary files, usually a &man.mfs.8;
memory-based filesystem (the contents of <filename memory-based file system (the contents of <filename
class="directory">/tmp</filename> are usually NOT class="directory">/tmp</filename> are usually NOT
preserved across a system reboot).</entry> preserved across a system reboot).</entry>
</row> </row>
@ -565,27 +565,27 @@ drwxr-xr-x 2 robert robert 512 Nov 10 11:54 public_html</programlisting>
</sect1> </sect1>
<sect1 id="mount-unmount"> <sect1 id="mount-unmount">
<title>Mounting and Unmounting Filesystems</title> <title>Mounting and Unmounting File systems</title>
<para>The filesystem is best visualized as a tree, <para>The file system is best visualized as a tree,
rooted, as it were, at <filename>/</filename>. rooted, as it were, at <filename>/</filename>.
<filename>/dev</filename>, <filename>/usr</filename>, and the <filename>/dev</filename>, <filename>/usr</filename>, and the
other directories in the root directory are branches, which may other directories in the root directory are branches, which may
have their own branches, such as have their own branches, such as
<filename>/usr/local</filename>, and so on.</para> <filename>/usr/local</filename>, and so on.</para>
<indexterm><primary>root filesystem</primary></indexterm> <indexterm><primary>root file system</primary></indexterm>
<para>There are various reasons to house some of these <para>There are various reasons to house some of these
directories on separate filesystems. <filename>/var</filename> directories on separate file systems. <filename>/var</filename>
contains the directories <filename>log/</filename>, contains the directories <filename>log/</filename>,
<filename>spool/</filename>, <filename>spool/</filename>,
and various types of temporary files, and and various types of temporary files, and
as such, may get filled up. Filling up the root filesystem as such, may get filled up. Filling up the root file system
is not a good idea, so splitting <filename>/var</filename> from is not a good idea, so splitting <filename>/var</filename> from
<filename>/</filename> is often favorable.</para> <filename>/</filename> is often favorable.</para>
<para>Another common reason to contain certain directory trees on <para>Another common reason to contain certain directory trees on
other filesystems is if they are to be housed on separate other file systems is if they are to be housed on separate
physical disks, or are separate virtual disks, such as <link physical disks, or are separate virtual disks, such as <link
linkend="nfs">Network File System</link> mounts, or CDROM linkend="nfs">Network File System</link> mounts, or CDROM
drives.</para> drives.</para>
@ -593,12 +593,12 @@ drwxr-xr-x 2 robert robert 512 Nov 10 11:54 public_html</programlisting>
<sect2 id="disks-fstab"> <sect2 id="disks-fstab">
<title>The <filename>fstab</filename> File</title> <title>The <filename>fstab</filename> File</title>
<indexterm> <indexterm>
<primary>filesystems</primary> <primary>file systems</primary>
<secondary>mounted with fstab</secondary> <secondary>mounted with fstab</secondary>
</indexterm> </indexterm>
<para>During the <link linkend="boot">boot process</link>, <para>During the <link linkend="boot">boot process</link>,
filesystems listed in <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> are file systems listed in <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> are
automatically mounted (unless they are listed with the automatically mounted (unless they are listed with the
<option>noauto</option> option).</para> <option>noauto</option> option).</para>
@ -620,15 +620,15 @@ drwxr-xr-x 2 robert robert 512 Nov 10 11:54 public_html</programlisting>
<term><literal>mount-point</literal></term> <term><literal>mount-point</literal></term>
<listitem><para>A directory (which should exist), on which <listitem><para>A directory (which should exist), on which
to mount the filesystem.</para> to mount the file system.</para>
</listitem> </listitem>
</varlistentry> </varlistentry>
<varlistentry> <varlistentry>
<term><literal>fstype</literal></term> <term><literal>fstype</literal></term>
<listitem><para>The filesystem type to pass to <listitem><para>The file system type to pass to
&man.mount.8;. The default FreeBSD filesystem is &man.mount.8;. The default FreeBSD file system is
<literal>ufs</literal>.</para> <literal>ufs</literal>.</para>
</listitem> </listitem>
</varlistentry> </varlistentry>
@ -637,10 +637,10 @@ drwxr-xr-x 2 robert robert 512 Nov 10 11:54 public_html</programlisting>
<term><literal>options</literal></term> <term><literal>options</literal></term>
<listitem><para>Either <option>rw</option> for read-write <listitem><para>Either <option>rw</option> for read-write
filesystems, or <option>ro</option> for read-only file systems, or <option>ro</option> for read-only
filesystems, followed by any other options that may be file systems, followed by any other options that may be
needed. A common option is <option>noauto</option> for needed. A common option is <option>noauto</option> for
filesystems not normally mounted during the boot sequence. file systems not normally mounted during the boot sequence.
Other options are listed in the &man.mount.8; manual page.</para> Other options are listed in the &man.mount.8; manual page.</para>
</listitem> </listitem>
</varlistentry> </varlistentry>
@ -649,7 +649,7 @@ drwxr-xr-x 2 robert robert 512 Nov 10 11:54 public_html</programlisting>
<term><literal>dumpfreq</literal></term> <term><literal>dumpfreq</literal></term>
<listitem><para>This is used by &man.dump.8; to determine which <listitem><para>This is used by &man.dump.8; to determine which
filesystems require dumping. If the field is missing, file systems require dumping. If the field is missing,
a value of zero is assumed.</para> a value of zero is assumed.</para>
</listitem> </listitem>
</varlistentry> </varlistentry>
@ -658,15 +658,15 @@ drwxr-xr-x 2 robert robert 512 Nov 10 11:54 public_html</programlisting>
<term><literal>passno</literal></term> <term><literal>passno</literal></term>
<listitem> <listitem>
<para>This determines the order in which filesystems should <para>This determines the order in which file systems should
be checked. Filesystems that should be skipped should have be checked. File systems that should be skipped should have
their <literal>passno</literal> set to zero. The root their <literal>passno</literal> set to zero. The root
filesystem (which needs to be checked before everything file system (which needs to be checked before everything
else) should have it's <literal>passno</literal> set to else) should have it's <literal>passno</literal> set to
one, and other filesystems' <literal>passno</literal> one, and other file systems' <literal>passno</literal>
should be set to values greater than one. If more than one should be set to values greater than one. If more than one
filesystems have the same <literal>passno</literal> then file systems have the same <literal>passno</literal> then
&man.fsck.8; will attempt to check filesystems in parallel &man.fsck.8; will attempt to check file systems in parallel
if possible.</para> if possible.</para>
</listitem> </listitem>
</varlistentry> </varlistentry>
@ -676,12 +676,12 @@ drwxr-xr-x 2 robert robert 512 Nov 10 11:54 public_html</programlisting>
<sect2 id="disks-mount"> <sect2 id="disks-mount">
<title>The <command>mount</command> Command</title> <title>The <command>mount</command> Command</title>
<indexterm> <indexterm>
<primary>filesystems</primary> <primary>file systems</primary>
<secondary>mounting</secondary> <secondary>mounting</secondary>
</indexterm> </indexterm>
<para>The &man.mount.8; command is what is ultimately used to <para>The &man.mount.8; command is what is ultimately used to
mount filesystems.</para> mount file systems.</para>
<para>In its most basic form, you use:</para> <para>In its most basic form, you use:</para>
@ -699,7 +699,7 @@ drwxr-xr-x 2 robert robert 512 Nov 10 11:54 public_html</programlisting>
<term><option>-a</option></term> <term><option>-a</option></term>
<listitem> <listitem>
<para>Mount all the filesystems listed in <para>Mount all the file systems listed in
<filename>/etc/fstab</filename>. Exceptions are those <filename>/etc/fstab</filename>. Exceptions are those
marked as <quote>noauto</quote>, excluded by the marked as <quote>noauto</quote>, excluded by the
<option>-t</option> flag, or those that are already <option>-t</option> flag, or those that are already
@ -722,9 +722,9 @@ drwxr-xr-x 2 robert robert 512 Nov 10 11:54 public_html</programlisting>
<term><option>-f</option></term> <term><option>-f</option></term>
<listitem> <listitem>
<para>Force the mount of an unclean filesystem <para>Force the mount of an unclean file system
(dangerous), or forces the revocation of write access (dangerous), or forces the revocation of write access
when downgrading a filesystem's mount status from when downgrading a file system's mount status from
read-write to read-only.</para> read-write to read-only.</para>
</listitem> </listitem>
</varlistentry> </varlistentry>
@ -733,7 +733,7 @@ drwxr-xr-x 2 robert robert 512 Nov 10 11:54 public_html</programlisting>
<term><option>-r</option></term> <term><option>-r</option></term>
<listitem> <listitem>
<para>Mount the filesystem read-only. This is identical <para>Mount the file system read-only. This is identical
to using the <option>rdonly</option> argument to the to using the <option>rdonly</option> argument to the
<option>-o</option> option.</para> <option>-o</option> option.</para>
</listitem> </listitem>
@ -744,11 +744,11 @@ drwxr-xr-x 2 robert robert 512 Nov 10 11:54 public_html</programlisting>
<replaceable>fstype</replaceable></term> <replaceable>fstype</replaceable></term>
<listitem> <listitem>
<para>Mount the given filesystem as the given filesystem <para>Mount the given file system as the given file system
type, or mount only filesystems of the given type, if type, or mount only file systems of the given type, if
given the <option>-a</option> option.</para> given the <option>-a</option> option.</para>
<para><quote>ufs</quote> is the default filesystem <para><quote>ufs</quote> is the default file system
type.</para> type.</para>
</listitem> </listitem>
</varlistentry> </varlistentry>
@ -757,7 +757,7 @@ drwxr-xr-x 2 robert robert 512 Nov 10 11:54 public_html</programlisting>
<term><option>-u</option></term> <term><option>-u</option></term>
<listitem> <listitem>
<para>Update mount options on the filesystem.</para> <para>Update mount options on the file system.</para>
</listitem> </listitem>
</varlistentry> </varlistentry>
@ -773,7 +773,7 @@ drwxr-xr-x 2 robert robert 512 Nov 10 11:54 public_html</programlisting>
<term><option>-w</option></term> <term><option>-w</option></term>
<listitem> <listitem>
<para>Mount the filesystem read-write.</para> <para>Mount the file system read-write.</para>
</listitem> </listitem>
</varlistentry> </varlistentry>
</variablelist> </variablelist>
@ -787,7 +787,7 @@ drwxr-xr-x 2 robert robert 512 Nov 10 11:54 public_html</programlisting>
<listitem> <listitem>
<para>Do not interpret special devices on the <para>Do not interpret special devices on the
filesystem. This is a useful security option.</para> file system. This is a useful security option.</para>
</listitem> </listitem>
</varlistentry> </varlistentry>
@ -796,7 +796,7 @@ drwxr-xr-x 2 robert robert 512 Nov 10 11:54 public_html</programlisting>
<listitem> <listitem>
<para>Do not allow execution of binaries on this <para>Do not allow execution of binaries on this
filesystem. This is also a useful security option.</para> file system. This is also a useful security option.</para>
</listitem> </listitem>
</varlistentry> </varlistentry>
@ -805,7 +805,7 @@ drwxr-xr-x 2 robert robert 512 Nov 10 11:54 public_html</programlisting>
<listitem> <listitem>
<para>Do not interpret setuid or setgid flags on the <para>Do not interpret setuid or setgid flags on the
filesystem. This is also a useful security option.</para> file system. This is also a useful security option.</para>
</listitem> </listitem>
</varlistentry> </varlistentry>
</variablelist> </variablelist>
@ -814,7 +814,7 @@ drwxr-xr-x 2 robert robert 512 Nov 10 11:54 public_html</programlisting>
<sect2 id="disks-umount"> <sect2 id="disks-umount">
<title>The <command>umount</command> Command</title> <title>The <command>umount</command> Command</title>
<indexterm> <indexterm>
<primary>filesystems</primary> <primary>file systems</primary>
<secondary>unmounting</secondary> <secondary>unmounting</secondary>
</indexterm> </indexterm>
@ -825,14 +825,14 @@ drwxr-xr-x 2 robert robert 512 Nov 10 11:54 public_html</programlisting>
<para>All forms take <option>-f</option> to force unmounting, <para>All forms take <option>-f</option> to force unmounting,
and <option>-v</option> for verbosity. Be warned that and <option>-v</option> for verbosity. Be warned that
<option>-f</option> is not generally a good idea. Forcibly <option>-f</option> is not generally a good idea. Forcibly
unmounting filesystems might crash the computer or damage data unmounting file systems might crash the computer or damage data
on the filesystem.</para> on the file system.</para>
<para><option>-a</option> and <option>-A</option> are used to <para><option>-a</option> and <option>-A</option> are used to
unmount all mounted filesystems, possibly modified by the unmount all mounted file systems, possibly modified by the
filesystem types listed after <option>-t</option>. file system types listed after <option>-t</option>.
<option>-A</option>, however, does not attempt to unmount the <option>-A</option>, however, does not attempt to unmount the
root filesystem.</para> root file system.</para>
</sect2> </sect2>
</sect1> </sect1>
@ -1431,10 +1431,10 @@ Swap: 256M Total, 38M Used, 217M Free, 15% Inuse
<sect3> <sect3>
<title><literal>DEVFS</literal> (DEVice File System)</title> <title><literal>DEVFS</literal> (DEVice File System)</title>
<para> The device filesystem, or <literal>DEVFS</literal>, provides access to <para> The device file system, or <literal>DEVFS</literal>, provides access to
kernel's device namespace in the global filesystem namespace. kernel's device namespace in the global file system namespace.
Instead of having to create and modify device nodes, Instead of having to create and modify device nodes,
<literal>DEVFS</literal> maintains this particular filesystem for you.</para> <literal>DEVFS</literal> maintains this particular file system for you.</para>
<para>See the &man.devfs.5; manual page for more <para>See the &man.devfs.5; manual page for more
information.</para> information.</para>