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Submitted by:	Jordan Hubbard <jkh@freebsd.org>
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5
handbook/handbook.sgml
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<!-- $Id: handbook.sgml,v 1.13 1995-06-30 18:41:09 jfieber Exp $ -->
<!-- $Id: handbook.sgml,v 1.14 1995-07-07 22:25:50 jfieber Exp $ -->
<!-- The FreeBSD Documentation Project -->
<!DOCTYPE linuxdoc PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//DTD linuxdoc//EN" [
@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ OUTLINE:
<author>
<name>The FreeBSD Documentation Project</name>
</author>
<date>June 30, 1995</date>
<date>July 7, 1995</date>
<abstract>Welcome to FreeBSD! This handbook covers the
installation and day to day use of <bf>FreeBSD Release
@ -84,7 +84,6 @@ OUTLINE:
&nutshell;
&history;
&relnotes;
<sect><heading>* FreeBSD now and in the future</heading>
&install;
&basics;

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handbook/history.sgml
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<!-- $Id: history.sgml,v 1.2 1995-06-30 17:37:38 jfieber Exp $ -->
<!-- $Id: history.sgml,v 1.3 1995-07-07 22:25:51 jfieber Exp $ -->
<!-- The FreeBSD Documentation Project -->
<sect><heading>A brief history of FreeBSD<label id="history"></heading>
<sect><heading>A brief history of FreeBSD, according to Jordan Hubbard<label id="history"></heading>
<p><em>Contributed by &a.jkh;</em>.
The FreeBSD project was started somewhere in the early part of 1992 as
an outgrowth of the "Unofficial 386BSD Patchkit" by the patchkit's
last 3 coordinators: Nate Williams, Jordan Hubbard and Rod Grimes.
The FreeBSD project had its genesis in the early part of 1992,
partially as an outgrowth of the "Unofficial 386BSD Patchkit" by the
patchkit's last 3 coordinators: Nate Williams, Rod Grimes and myself.
David Greenman and Julian Elischer were also lurking in the background
around this time, though they didn't come fully into the project until
a month or two after it was more or less officially launched. The
original working title of the project was also "386BSD 0.5" or "386BSD
Interim", a reference to the fact that the original goal was to
produce an intermediate snapshot of 386BSD.
a month or two after it was more or less officially launched. Our
original goal was to produce an intermediate snapshot of 386BSD in
order to fix a number of problems with it that the patchkit mechanism
just wasn't capable of solving. Some of you may remember the early
working title for the project being "386BSD 0.5" or "386BSD Interim"
in reference to that fact.
386BSD was Bill Jolitz's operating system, which had been up to
that point suffering rather severely from neglect, a consequence
of which was to cause the patchkit to swell ever more
uncomfortably with each passing day. The 3 ex-patchkit
coordinators were all in agreement that the patchkit had to die.
It was rapidly outliving its usefulness, and it would be a far
easier thing to simply do another 386BSD release with all patches
applied and a number of its aging utilities updated.
386BSD was Bill Jolitz's operating system, which had been up to that
point suffering rather severely from almost a year's worth of neglect.
As the patchkit swelled ever more uncomfortably with each passing day,
we were in unanimous agreement that something had to be done and
decided to try and assist Bill by providing this interim "cleanup"
snapshot. Those plans came to a rude halt when Bill Jolitz suddenly
decided to withdraw his sanction from the project and without any
clear indication of what would be done instead (and it was, in fact,
to be another full year before he was even heard from in public
again!).
These plans came to a rude halt when Bill Jolitz suddenly decided
to withdraw his sanction from the project. It didn't take the
team members long to decide that the goal remained worthwhile
even without Bill's support, and so they adopted the name
"FreeBSD", which was coined by David Greenman.
It didn't take us long to decide that the goal remained worthwhile
even without Bill's support, and so we adopted the name "FreeBSD",
which was coined by David Greenman. Our initial objectives were set
after consulting with the system's current users and once it became
clear that the project was on the road to perhaps even becoming a
reality, I contacted Walnut Creek CDROM with an eye towards improving
FreeBSD's distribution channels to those many unfortunates without
easy access to the Internet. Walnut Creek CDROM not only supported
the idea of distributing FreeBSD on CD but went so far as to provide
the project with a machine to work on and a fast Internet connection.
Without Walnut Creek CDROM's almost unprecidented degree of faith in
what was, at the time, a completely unknown project, it is in fact
very unlikely that FreeBSD would have gotten as far, as fast, as it
has today.
The first CDROM (and general net-wide) distribution was FreeBSD 1.0,
released in December of '93. This was based on the 4.3 BSD Lite
("Net/2") tape from U.C. Berkeley with many components provided by
386BSD and the Free Software Foundation. It was a fairly reasonable
success for a first offering, and we followed this release with the
highly successful FreeBSD 1.1 version in May of 1994.
Around this time, some rather unexpected storm clouds formed on our
horizon as Novell and U.C. Berkeley settled their long-running lawsuit
over the legal status of the Berkeley Net/2 tape. A condition of that
settlement was U.C. Berkeley's concession that large parts of Net/2
was "encumbered" code and property of Novell, who had in turn aquired
it from AT&amp;T some time previously. What Berkeley got in return was
Novell's "blessing" that the 4.4 Lite release, when it was finally
released, would be declared unencumbered and all existing Net/2 users
would be strongly encouraged to switch. This included us, and we were
given until the end of July 1994 to stop shipping our own Net/2 based
product. Under the terms of that agreement, were were allowed one
last release before the deadline and that became FreeBSD 1.1.5.1, the
culmination of our year's work with Net/2 and generally considered by
many to be a significant project milestone for stability and general
performance..
We then set about the arduous task of literally re-inventing ourselves
with a completely new and rather incomplete set of 4.4 Lite bits. The
"Lite" releases were light in part because Berkeley's CSRG removed
large chunks of code required for actually making a bootable running
system out of it due to various legal requirements and the fact that
the Intel port of 4.4 was highly incomplete. It took us until
December of 1994 to make this transition, and in January of 1995 we
released FreeBSD 2.0 to the net and on CDROM. Despite being still
more than a little rough around the edges, the release was a
significant success and has since been followed by the more robust and
easier to install FreeBSD 2.0.5 release in June of 1995.
Where to from here? Well, we intend to release FreeBSD 2.1 sometime
in September of 1995 and have reasonable expectations that it will
meet or exceed all of the standards for quality we set with FreeBSD
1.1.5.1 back in July of 1994. From there, we'll probably go to a
two-track scheme with a "stable" branch of FreeBSD and an
"experimental" branch, where development can continue at its usually
rapid pace without penalizing those who just want a stable, working
system without too much excitement. We also intend to focus on any
remaining areas of weakness, like documentation or missing drivers,
and steadily increase the overall quality and feature set of the
system well into 1996 and beyond.
Jordan
Once it also became clear that the project was on the road to
perhaps even becoming a reality, Jordan Hubbard contacted Walnut
Creek CDROM with an eye towards improving FreeBSD's distribution
channels to those many unfortunates without easy access to the
Internet. Walnut Creek CDROM not only supported the idea of
distributing FreeBSD on CD, but went so far as to provide the
project with a machine to work on and a fast Internet connection.
Without Walnut Creek CDROM's almost unprecidented degree of faith
in what was, at the time, a completely unknown project, it is
very unlikely that FreeBSD would have gotten as far, as fast, as
it has today.

33
handbook/nutshell.sgml
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<!-- $Id: nutshell.sgml,v 1.3 1995-06-30 17:37:44 jfieber Exp $ -->
<!-- $Id: nutshell.sgml,v 1.4 1995-07-07 22:25:52 jfieber Exp $ -->
<!-- The FreeBSD Documentation Project -->
<sect><heading>FreeBSD in a nutshell<label id="nutshell"></heading>
@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
as such from the ground up.</item>
<item>The industry standard <bf>X Window System</bf> (X11R6)
provides a graphical user interface (GUI) for the cost of a
common VGA card and monitor.</item>
common VGA card and monitor and comes with full sources.</item>
<item><bf>Binary compatibility</bf> with many programs built for SCO,
BSDI, NetBSD, and 386BSD.</item>
<item>Hundreds of <bf>ready-to-run</bf> applications are
@ -52,9 +52,8 @@
and memory.</item>
<item>A full compliment of <bf>C</bf>, <bf>C++</bf> and
<bf>Fortran</bf> development tools. Many additional
languages for research and advanced development are
available as well in the ports and packages
collection.</item>
languages for advanced research and development are
also available in the ports and packages collection.</item>
<item><bf>Source code</bf> for the entire system means you have
the greatest degree of control over your environment. Why be
locked into a proprietary solution and at the mercy of your vendor
@ -71,19 +70,19 @@
many thousands of hours in fine tuning the system for
maximum performance and reliability in real-life load
situations. As many of the commercial giants struggle to
field PC operating systems with such features, performance,
field PC operating systems with such features, performance
and reliability, FreeBSD can offer them <bf>now</bf>!
The applications to which FreeBSD can be put are truly
limited only by your own imagination. From software
development to factory automation. Inventory control to
azimuth correction of remote satellite antennae, if it can
be done with a commercial UNIX product, then it's more than
development to factory automation, inventory control to
azimuth correction of remote satellite antennae; if it can
be done with a commercial UNIX product then it's more than
likely that you can do it with FreeBSD, too! FreeBSD also
benefits significantly from the literally thousands of high
quality applications developed by research centers and
universities around the world, and often available at low
(to no) cost. Commercial applications are also available
universities around the world, often available at little
to no cost. Commercial applications are also available
and appearing in greater numbers every day.
Because the source code for FreeBSD itself is generally
@ -112,7 +111,7 @@
<item><bf>Education:</bf> Are you a student of computer science
or a related engineering field? There is no better way
of learning about operating systems, computer
architecture and networks than the hands on, under the
architecture and networking than the hands on, under the
hood experience that FreeBSD can provide. A number of
freely available CAD, mathematical and graphic design
packages also make it highly useful to those who's
@ -124,22 +123,22 @@
computer science. FreeBSD's freely available nature also
makes it possible for remote groups to collaborate on
ideas or shared development without having to worry about
special licensing agreements, or with limitations on what
may be discussed in certain forums.</item>
special licensing agreements or limitations on what
may be discussed in open forums.</item>
<item><bf>Networking:</bf> Need a new router? A name server
(DNS)? A firewall to keep people out of your internal
network? FreeBSD can easily turn that unused 386 or 486 PC
sitting in the corner into an advanced router with
sophisticated packet filtering capabilities. </item>
<item><bf>X Window workstation:</bf> FreeBSD is an excellent
<item><bf>X Window workstation:</bf> FreeBSD is a fine
choice for an inexpensive X terminal solution, either
using the freely available XFree86 server or one
of the excellent commercial servers provided by X Inside.
Unlike an X
terminal, FreeBSD allows many applications to be run
locally, if desired, thus relieving the burden on a
central server. Additionally, FreeBSD can boot
"diskless" making individual workstations even cheaper
central server. FreeBSD can even boot
"diskless", making individual workstations even cheaper
and easier to administer.</item>
<item><bf>Software Development:</bf> The basic FreeBSD system
comes with a full compliment of development tools

89
handbook/ports.sgml
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<!-- $Id: ports.sgml,v 1.4 1995-06-30 17:37:45 jfieber Exp $ -->
<!-- $Id: ports.sgml,v 1.5 1995-07-07 22:25:52 jfieber Exp $ -->
<!-- The FreeBSD Documentation Project -->
<sect><heading>The Ports collection<label id="ports"></heading>
@ -16,49 +16,58 @@ back of your computer!).
<sect1><heading>What is the FreeBSD Ports Collection?</heading>
<p> People who (allegedly) know what they are doing have automated the
process of ``porting'' software to FreeBSD, and the result is the
Ports Collection. The general idea is that a combination of various
programming tools available in the base FreeBSD installation will
allow you to fetch the port from a FreeBSD mirror site, type ``make''
and get the fully working program.
<p> When 2.0 was released, the FreeBSD Project decided to attempt to
automate the process of ``porting'' such software to FreeBSD, and the
result is the Ports Collection. The general idea was that a
combination of various programming tools already available in the base
FreeBSD installation would allow you to simply type `make' for a given
port and have the underlying ports mechanism automatically fetch the
port from a FreeBSD mirror site, apply any special configuration
knowledge to it and then build it to result in a fully working version
of the program.
The ports collection itself normally doesn't have any of the
original source code necessary for the compilation in the tree, just
those shell scripts, Makefiles and source code ``diffs'' that are
necessary to compile the program under FreeBSD. This is meant to keep
the entire system down to a manageable size, and the current system
has over 100 ports in the master source tree, and yet a compressed tar
file of that tree is about 2 megabytes (all the source code needed is
over 100Mb's!).
necessary to configure and compile the program under FreeBSD. This
keeps the entire system down to a manageable size, with the current
system having over 300 ports in the master source tree and yet taking
up no more than a few tens of megabytes.
<sect1><heading>How does the system compile with no source code?</heading>
<p> A ports' Makefile automatically looks in a central location on
your system (usually /usr/ports/distfiles, though this value can be
<p> The Makefile for a port automatically looks in a central location
on your system (usually /usr/ports/distfiles, though this value can be
customized) for the associated set of original distribution files that
have been ``ported''. These are generally provided at various places
on the Internet, though if you have a CDROM distribution of FreeBSD
then you've already got them available on your CD for ease of use.
See section 3.1 if you have such a CD distribution, otherwise skip to
section 3.2.
have been ``ported''. Those not found locally are searched for
wherever they're generally provided on the Internet. If you have a
CDROM distribution of FreeBSD then you've already got them available
on your CD for ease of use. See <ref id="ports:cd"
name="Compiling ports from CD"> if you have such a CDROM
distribution, otherwise skip to <ref id="ports:inet"
name="Compiling ports using an Internet connection">.
<!--
3.1 Compiling ports from CD
<sect1><heading>Compiling ports from CDROM<label id="ports:cd"></heading>
Type something profound here.
-->
<p>The ports collection is easy to use from CDROM, and all you need do
is create a "link tree" to it using the ``lndir'' command that comes
with the <em>XFree86</em> distribution. Find a location with some
free space and create a directory there, then invoking the lndir
command with the full pathname of the ``ports'' directory on the CDROM
as an argument (this might be, for example, something like: ``lndir
/cdrom/ports''). Then you can build ports directly off the CDROM by
building them in the link tree you've created.
<sect2><heading>Compiling ports using an Internet connection</heading>
<sect1><heading>Compiling ports using an Internet connection<label id="ports:inet"></heading>
<p> The ports collection can also use an auto-fetch system to keep
your ports collection source tree up to date, updating the central
``distfiles'' version for you the next time you compile the port.
Of course, this always assumes you have a permanent network link,
or don't mind heavy usage of your telephone. If you don't want heavy
network usage when you compile your ports tree, you can pre-fetch the
Of course, this assumes you have a permanent network link or don't
mind heavy usage of your telephone. If you don't want heavy network
usage when you compile your ports tree, you can pre-fetch the
necessary tarballs beforehand and put them into /usr/ports/distfiles
(or wherever DISTDIR points) by hand. A good way to see what files a
port is going to need is to cd to that port's directory and do a
@ -131,18 +140,6 @@ all-volunteer `ports committee' will (hopefully) look it over and
commit it to the ports collection if they like the looks of it.
<sect1><heading>Things go funny during the fetch stage of compilation!</heading>
<p> We know. Please don't blame us. There is a program called `ncftp'
which is used instead of the normal ftp as it can do so-called
``background'' or ``batch'' transfers, ideal for this situation.
Unfortunately it can do strange things, and has crashed at least one
machine (during circumstances stranger than most, I'll admit, but it
was still responsible). Hopefully a future release of ncftp will fix
these problems (it is not maintained by the main FreeBSD team, but a
third party, who is I believe aware of its shortcomings)
<sect1><heading>I want to leave the compile going overnight, but some ports don't like this.</heading>
<p> There is a way around this. Before starting the compilation, type:
@ -150,9 +147,7 @@ third party, who is I believe aware of its shortcomings)
setenv BATCH yes # (if you use csh/tcsh) or
BATCH=yes; export BATCH # (for sh/bash)
</verb>
This should miss out ports which need user interaction. Unfortunately,
ncftp doesn't know about this trick, and can often screw up and ask
stupid questions in unattended batch mode. See (7).
This should skip ports which need user interaction to build.
To compile those ports left out by doing the above, using a
different login shell (or unsetting the above BATCH variable), set the
@ -195,15 +190,11 @@ time now! :-)
<sect1><heading>How do I get more information on all the ports?</heading>
<p> One good method is to cd to the top of the ports tree (say /usr/ports)
and type something like:
and type:
<verb>
make describe | sed -e '/===/D' -e 's;/usr/ports/;;' | expand -40
make print-index
</verb>
The ``make describe'' will try to extract the one-line description from
each port, and the ``sed'' will delete the extraneous output. ``expand''
just makes it a little more readable (sort of - you may want to season
the output of this more to taste).
This will print a summary of all ports in the tree.
<sect1><heading>I've heard of a new checksum system. What is this for?</heading>

10
handbook/submitters.sgml
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@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
<!-- $Id: submitters.sgml,v 1.4 1995-06-30 17:37:51 jfieber Exp $ -->
<!-- $Id: submitters.sgml,v 1.5 1995-07-07 22:25:54 jfieber Exp $ -->
<!-- The FreeBSD Documentation Project -->
<chapt><heading>Contributing to FreeBSD<label id="submitters"></heading>
@ -11,13 +11,13 @@ customizations or fixes to the system which they'd like to incorporate
back into the mainstream sources, thus saving the work of having to
re-integrate the changes for each subsequent FreeBSD release. Submitting
something to the FreeBSD project is also an excellent way of getting your
code seriously <em>tested</em>! Many people have developed an original concept
far beyond what they might have envisioned at the start just due to the
code seriously <em>tested</em>! Many people have seen an original concept
develop far beyond what they might have envisioned at the start just due to the
flood of feedback and ideas generated by the many thousands of users of
FreeBSD. Contributions are also what FreeBSD lives and grows from,
and so your contributions are very important to the continued survival
of this communal effort of ours---we're very glad to see you reading this
documentation!
document!
Submissions to FreeBSD can generally be classified into four catagories:
<enum>
@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
(INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF
THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
$Id: submitters.sgml,v 1.4 1995-06-30 17:37:51 jfieber Exp $
$Id: submitters.sgml,v 1.5 1995-07-07 22:25:54 jfieber Exp $
</verb></tscreen>
For your convenience, a copy of this text can be found in
<tt>/usr/share/examples/etc/bsd-style-copyright</tt>.

4
handbook/sup.sgml
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<!-- $Id: sup.sgml,v 1.4 1995-07-06 14:25:01 jfieber Exp $ -->
<!-- $Id: sup.sgml,v 1.5 1995-07-07 22:25:54 jfieber Exp $ -->
<!-- The FreeBSD Documentation Project -->
@ -88,4 +88,4 @@ ports-russian: /usr/ports/russian russian software
ports-shells: /usr/ports/shells various UN*X shells
ports-utils: /usr/ports/utils miscellaneous utilities
ports-x11: /usr/ports/x11 X11 software
</verb>
</verb>

120
handbook/troubleshooting.sgml
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@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
<!-- $Id: troubleshooting.sgml,v 1.2 1995-06-30 17:37:53 jfieber Exp $ -->
<!-- $Id: troubleshooting.sgml,v 1.3 1995-07-07 22:25:55 jfieber Exp $ -->
<!-- The FreeBSD Documentation Project -->
<chapt><heading>Troubleshooting<label id="troubleshooting"></heading>
@ -41,15 +41,7 @@
address, IO address or a number of other device
configuration parameters. You can also disable a device
entirely if it's causing problems for other devices you'd
much rather have work. Note that this only affects the
kernel being booted temporarily, it does not write out
the information to the kernel so that these settings are
permanantly altered (this would be actually rather hard).
If you reboot, you'll have to make the same changes
again. The goal of the <tt>-c</tt> utility is to get you
up far enough to be able to download the appropriate
sources and configure and rebuild a kernel more specific
to your needs.
much rather have work.
Another solution is, obviously, to remove the offending
hardware or simply strip the system down to the bare
@ -61,17 +53,6 @@
</descrip>
<sect>
<heading>My floppy-tape drive isn't probed</heading>
<p>Cause: Last-minute problems with this driver caused it
to be disabled by default.
Solution: Boot with -c (described above) and set the
flags value of fdc0 to 1. This will re-enable the floppy
tape driver. Sorry, but it was causing problems for
other people!
<sect>
<heading>When I boot for the first time, it still looks for
/386bsd!</heading>
@ -86,100 +67,3 @@
If you're installing for the first time, don't forget to
(W)rite out your new boot blocks! :-)
<sect>
<heading>I want to boot FreeBSD off the second drive. It
doesn't!</heading>
<p>Cause: FreeBSD will actually install just fine on a
drive other than 0 (the first drive), and the boot
manager will even allow you to select it, but the boot
blocks rather pathologically assume 0. This should be
fixed in 2.1.
Solution: Easy - follow these steps:
1. Select the first (0) drive from the (F)disk editor
and write out the boot manager with the (B) option.
This will enable the boot manager that allows you to
actually boot off the other drive.
2. Exit the fdisk editor for the first drive and and
re-enter it again for the drive you wish to install
on. Set up a partition on this drive, or select
(A)ll for the entire drive.
3. Enter the disklabel editor and allocate space on
your second drive as normal. Proceed with the
installation.
4. Once you've installed on the disk and are going to
reboot from the hard disk, enter the following at
the boot prompt:
hd(1,a)/kernel
This will ensure that you really boot from the second
drive. If you've actually installed on a drive other
than 1 (the 3rd or 4th drive?), substitute that number
in for the above. You will need to enter this EVERY
time you reboot from the hard disk. If you're feeling
brave and have a srcdist + the requisite experience,
you can hack the boot blocks in:
/usr/src/sys/i386/boot/biosboot
So that this drive you're booting from is hard-coded.
Recompile the boot blocks and reinstall them on your
drive with `disklabel -B ...' You can then have the
default Do The Right Thing.
<sect>
<heading>Newfs crashes, requesting that blocksize be 32K</heading>
<p>Cause: You have your SCSI controller configured to
translate geometries for disks >1GB in size.
Solution: Turn such translation OFF in your controller's
BIOS setup! FreeBSD has no problems with disks >1GB just
so long as the root partition starts and ends BELOW
cylinder 1024. This is a PC hardware limitation.
<sect>
<heading>FreeBSD won't boot off the hard disk</heading>
<p>Cause: Root partition does not start and end below
cylinder 1024.
Solution: See solution for newfs crashes, or move your
root partition. This limitation holds true for ANY
operating system you wish to boot from your hard drive.
<sect>
<heading>FreeBSD still won't boot off the hard disk</heading>
<p>Cause: No boot code is installed in sector 1.
Solution: Chose the Write MBR (B)oot code in the FDISK
editor.
<sect>
<heading>Nope, FreeBSD's still not booting from the hard
disk</heading>
<p>Cause: BIOS disk geometry different from that used when
installing FreeBSD.
Solution: With IDE drives, pay careful attention to the
geometry information that FreeBSD prints out when it's
first booting off the floppy. Use this geometry in your
BIOS setup or use the BIOS geometry when you install
FreeBSD. Either way, they have to match.
With SCSI drives, the values they report is most often
bogus and cannot be used. In this situation, the SCSI
controller is performing geometry translation and it's
probably wise to assume a default of 64 heads, 32 sectors
and 1MB/cylinder. Use these values when you install
FreeBSD. See above comments concerning newfs failures
for more info.