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<!--
The FreeBSD Documentation Project
- $FreeBSD: doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/basics/chapter.sgml,v 1.44 2001/08/30 22:44:35 logo Exp $
+ $FreeBSD: doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/basics/chapter.sgml,v 1.45 2001/09/08 00:12:38 murray Exp $
-->
<chapter id="basics">
@@ -449,6 +449,260 @@
</sect1>
+ <sect1 id="mount-unmount">
+ <title>Mounting and Unmounting Filesystems</title>
+
+ <para>The filesystem is best visualized as a tree,
+ rooted, as it were, at <filename>/</filename>.
+ <filename>/dev</filename>, <filename>/usr</filename>, and the
+ other directories in the root directory are branches, which may
+ have their own branches, such as
+ <filename>/usr/local</filename>, and so on.</para>
+
+ <indexterm><primary>root filesystem</primary></indexterm>
+ <para>There are various reasons to house some of these
+ directories on separate filesystems. <filename>/var</filename>
+ contains the directories <filename>log/</filename>,
+ <filename>spool/</filename>,
+ and various types of temporary files, and
+ as such, may get filled up. Filling up the root filesystem
+ is not a good idea, so splitting <filename>/var</filename> from
+ <filename>/</filename> is often favorable.</para>
+
+ <para>Another common reason to contain certain directory trees on
+ other filesystems is if they are to be housed on separate
+ physical disks, or are separate virtual disks, such as <link
+ linkend="nfs">Network File System</link> mounts, or CDROM
+ drives.</para>
+
+ <sect2 id="disks-fstab">
+ <title>The <filename>fstab</filename> File</title>
+ <indexterm>
+ <primary>filesystems</primary>
+ <secondary>mounted with fstab</secondary>
+ </indexterm>
+
+ <para>During the <link linkend="boot">boot process</link>,
+ filesystems listed in <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> are
+ automatically mounted (unless they are listed with the
+ <option>noauto</option> option).</para>
+
+ <para>The <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> file contains a list
+ of lines of the following format:</para>
+
+ <programlisting><replaceable>device</replaceable> <replaceable>/mount-point</replaceable> <replaceable>fstype</replaceable> <replaceable>options</replaceable> <replaceable>dumpfreq</replaceable> <replaceable>passno</replaceable></programlisting>
+
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>device</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>A device name (which should exist), as explained in
+ <link linkend="disks-naming">Disk naming
+ conventions</link> above.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>mount-point</literal></term>
+
+ <listitem><para>A directory (which should exist), on which
+ to mount the filesystem.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>fstype</literal></term>
+
+ <listitem><para>The filesystem type to pass to
+ &man.mount.8;. The default FreeBSD filesystem is
+ <literal>ufs</literal>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>options</literal></term>
+
+ <listitem><para>Either <option>rw</option> for read-write
+ filesystems, or <option>ro</option> for read-only
+ filesystems, followed by any other options that may be
+ needed. A common option is <option>noauto</option> for
+ filesystems not normally mounted during the boot sequence.
+ Other options are listed in the &man.mount.8; manual page.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>dumpfreq</literal></term>
+
+ <listitem><para>The number of days the filesystem should be
+ dumped, and <literal>passno</literal> is the pass number
+ during which the filesystem is checked during the boot
+ sequence.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+ </sect2>
+
+ <sect2 id="disks-mount">
+ <title>The mount Command</title>
+ <indexterm>
+ <primary>filesystems</primary>
+ <secondary>mounting</secondary>
+ </indexterm>
+
+ <para>The &man.mount.8; command is what is ultimately used to
+ mount filesystems.</para>
+
+ <para>In its most basic form, you use:</para>
+
+ <informalexample>
+ <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mount <replaceable>device</replaceable> <replaceable>mountpoint</replaceable></userinput></screen>
+ </informalexample>
+
+ <para>There are plenty of options, as mentioned in the
+ &man.mount.8; manual page, but the most common are:</para>
+
+ <variablelist>
+ <title>Mount Options</title>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><option>-a</option></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Mount all the filesystems listed in
+ <filename>/etc/fstab</filename>. Exceptions are those
+ marked as <quote>noauto</quote>, excluded by the
+ <option>-t</option> flag, or those that are already
+ mounted.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><option>-d</option></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Do everything except for the actual system call.
+ This option is useful in conjunction with the
+ <option>-v</option> flag to determine what the
+ <command>mount</command> is actually trying to do.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><option>-f</option></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Force the mount of an unclean filesystem
+ (dangerous), or forces the revocation of write access
+ when downgrading a filesystem's mount status from
+ read-write to read-only.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><option>-r</option></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Mount the filesystem read-only. This is identical
+ to using the <option>rdonly</option> argument to the
+ <option>-o</option> option.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><option>-t</option>
+ <replaceable>fstype</replaceable></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Mount the given filesystem as the given filesystem
+ type, or mount only filesystems of the given type, if
+ given the <option>-a</option> option.</para>
+
+ <para><quote>ufs</quote> is the default filesystem
+ type.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><option>-u</option></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Update mount options on the filesystem.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><option>-v</option></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Be verbose.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><option>-w</option></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Mount the filesystem read-write.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+
+ <para>The <option>-o</option> option takes a comma-separated list of
+ the options, including the following:</para>
+
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>nodev</term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Do not interpret special devices on the
+ filesystem. This is a useful security option.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>noexec</term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Do not allow execution of binaries on this
+ filesystem. This is also a useful security option.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>nosuid</term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Do not interpret setuid or setgid flags on the
+ filesystem. This is also a useful security option.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+ </sect2>
+
+ <sect2 id="disks-umount">
+ <title>The <command>umount</command> Command</title>
+ <indexterm>
+ <primary>filesystems</primary>
+ <secondary>unmounting</secondary>
+ </indexterm>
+
+ <para>The &man.umount.8; command takes, as a parameter, one of a
+ mountpoint, a device name, or the <option>-a</option> or
+ <option>-A</option> option.</para>
+
+ <para>All forms take <option>-f</option> to force unmounting,
+ and <option>-v</option> for verbosity.</para>
+
+ <para><option>-a</option> and <option>-A</option> are used to
+ unmount all mounted filesystems, possibly modified by the
+ filesystem types listed after <option>-t</option>.
+ <option>-A</option>, however, does not attempt to unmount the
+ root filesystem.</para>
+ </sect2>
+ </sect1>
+
<sect1 id="basics-processes">
<title>Processes</title>