diff --git a/en/tutorials/Makefile b/en/tutorials/Makefile
index 8bbad8a871..0434928bee 100644
--- a/en/tutorials/Makefile
+++ b/en/tutorials/Makefile
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-# $Id: Makefile,v 1.10 1997-07-01 03:52:20 max Exp $
+# $Id: Makefile,v 1.11 1997-09-13 04:24:09 jfieber Exp $
DOCS?= index.sgml
-SUBDIR= devel disklessx fonts mh multios newuser upgrade
+SUBDIR= devel diskformat disklessx fonts mh multios newuser upgrade
DOCSUBDIR= ddwg ppp
.if defined $(NEW_BUILD)
diff --git a/en/tutorials/diskformat/Makefile b/en/tutorials/diskformat/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..158bc4d801
--- /dev/null
+++ b/en/tutorials/diskformat/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# $Id: Makefile,v 1.1 1997-09-13 04:24:23 jfieber Exp $
+
+DOCS= diskformat.docb
+INDEXLINK= diskformat.html
+
+.include "../../web.mk"
+
diff --git a/en/tutorials/diskformat/diskformat.docb b/en/tutorials/diskformat/diskformat.docb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5f1167da82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/en/tutorials/diskformat/diskformat.docb
@@ -0,0 +1,418 @@
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Formatting Media For Use With FreeBSD 2.2-RELEASE
+A Tutorial
+
+
+
+Doug
+White
+
+dwhite@resnet.uoregon.edu
+
+
+
+
+March 1997
+This document describes how to slice, partition, and
+format hard disk drives and similar media for use with FreeBSD. The
+examples given have been tested under FreeBSD 2.2-GAMMA and may work
+for other releases.
+
+
+
+
+
+Introduction & Definitions
+
+
+Overview
+Successfully adding disks to an existing system is the mark of an
+experienced system administrator. Slicing, partitioning, and adding
+disks requires a careful dance of proper command and name syntax. One
+slipped finger and an entire disk could disappear in seconds. This
+document is written in an attempt to simplify this process and avoid
+accidents. Thankfully, enhancements to existing tools (notably
+sysinstall) have greatly improved this process in recent releases of
+FreeBSD.
+
+There are two possible modes of disk formatting:
+
+
+compatibility mode: Arranging a
+disk so that it has a slice table for use with other operating
+systems.
+
+dangerously dedicated mode:
+Formatting a disk with no slice table. This makes the process of
+adding disks easier, however non-FreeBSD operating systems may not
+accept the disk.
+
+
+
+For most cases, dedicated mode is the easiest to set up and use
+in existing systems, as a new disk is usually dedicated entirely to
+FreeBSD. However, compatibility mode insures optimum interoperability
+with future installations at a cost of increased complexity.
+
+In addition to selecting the mode, two methods of slicing the
+disk are available. One is using the system installation tool
+/stand/sysinstall. 2.1.7-RELEASE and later
+versions of sysinstall contain code to ease setup
+of disks during normal system operation, mainly allowing access to the
+Label and Partition editors and a Write feature which will update just
+the selected disk and slice without affecting other disks. The other
+method is running the tools manually from a root command line. For
+dangerously dedicated mode, only three or four commands are involved
+while sysinstall requires some manipulation.
+
+
+Definitions
+
+UNIX disk management over the centuries has invented many new
+definitions for old words. The following glossary covers the
+definitions used in this document and (hopefully) for FreeBSD in
+general.
+
+
+
+
+compatibility mode: Arranging a disk so that it has a slice
+table for use with other operating systems. Oppose dangerously
+dedicated mode.
+
+dangerously dedicated mode: Formatting a disk with no slice
+table. This makes the process of adding disks easier, however
+non-FreeBSD operating systems may not accept the disk. Oppose
+compatibility mode.
+
+disk: A circular disc, covered with magnetic or similarly
+manipulable material, spun by a motor under a head. Data is stored on
+the disk by changing the pattern of magnetism on the disc, which can
+be later read. Hard disks, CD-ROMs, Magneto-optical,and Zip/Jaz
+removables are examples of disks.
+
+slice: A division of a disk. Up to four slices are permitted on one
+disk in the PC standard. Slices are composed of contiguous sectors.
+Slices are recorded in a slice table
used by the system BIOS to
+locate bootable partitions. The slice table is usually called the
+Partition Table in DOS parlance. Maintained by the fdisk utility.
+
+partition: A division of a slice. Usually used in reference
+to divisions of the FreeBSD slice of a disk. Each filesystem and swap
+area on a disk resides in a partition. Maintained using the disklabel
+utility.
+
+sector: Smallest subdivision of a disk. One sector usually
+represents 512 bytes of data.
+
+
+
+
+
+Warnings & Pitfalls
+
+Building disks is not something to take lightly. It is quite possible
+to destroy the contents of other disks in your system if the proper
+precautions are not taken.
+
+In particular, note the following:
+
+Type carefully. One wrong number can wipe out
+the wrong disk. Double check your typing before entering the command. When
+in doubt consult the kernel boot output for the proper device.
+Never set up a boot disk as dangerously dedicated. Some PC BIOSs cannot understand the bootblocks and start your system properly.
+Make the first disk in compatibility mode
just to be safe.
+Subsequent non-booting disks are OK to dangerously dedicate.
+
+
+
+
+
+Zip, Jaz, and Other Removables
+
+Removable disks can be formatted in the same way as normal hard
+disks. It is essential to have the disk drive connected to the system
+and a disk placed in the drive during startup, so the kernel can
+determine the drive's geometry. Check the dmesg
+output and make sure your device and the disk's size is listed. If
+the kernel reports
+
+
+Can't get the size
+
+
+then the disk was not in the drive. In this case, you will need to restart the
+machine before attempting to format disks.
+
+
+
+
+
+Formatting Disks in Dedicated Mode
+
+
+Introduction
+
+This section details how to make disks that are totally dedicated to
+FreeBSD. Remember, dedicated mode disks cannot be booted by the PC
+architecture.
+
+
+
+Making Dedicated Mode Disks using Sysinstall
+
+/stand/sysinstall, the system installation
+utility, has been expanded in recent versions to make the process of
+dividing disks properly a less tiring affair. The fdisk and disklabel
+editors built into sysinstall are GUI tools that remove much of the
+confusion from slicing disks. For FreeBSD versions 2.1.7 and later,
+this is perhaps the simplest way to slice disks.
+
+
+Start sysinstall as root by typing
+
+/stand/sysinstall
+
+from the command prompt.
+
+Select Index.
+Select Partition.
+Select the disk to edit with arrow keys and
+SPACE.
+
+If you are using this entire disk for FreeBSD, select
+A.
+When asked:
+
+
+Do you want to do this with a true partition entry so as to remain
+cooperative with any future possible operating systems on the
+drive(s)?
+
+answer No.
+When asked if you still want to do this, answer
+Yes.
+Select Write.
+When warned about Writing on installed systems, answer
+Yes.
+Quitthe FDISK Editor and
+ESCAPE back to the Index menu.
+Select Label from the Index
+menu.
+Label as desired. For a single partition, enter
+C to Create a partition, accept the
+default size, partition type Filesystem, and a mountpoint (which isn't
+used).
+Enter W when done and confirm to
+continue. The filesystem will be newfs'd for you, unless you select
+otherwise (for news partitions you'll want to do this!). You'll get
+the error:
+
+Error mounting /mnt/dev/wd2s1e on /mnt/blah : No such file or directory
+
+Ignore.
+
+Exit out by repeatedly pressing ESCAPE.
+
+
+
+
+Making Dedicated Mode Disks Using the Command Line
+
+
+Execute the following commands, replacing wd2 with the disk
+name. Lines beginning with # are comments.
+
+
+
+ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/rwd2 count=2
+ disklabel /dev/rwd2 | disklabel -B -R -r wd2 /dev/stdin
+ # We only want one partition, so using slice 'c' should be fine:
+ newfs /dev/rwd2c
+
+
+
+
+ If you need to edit the disklabel to create multiple
+partitions (such as swap), use the following:
+
+
+
+
+ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/rwd2 count=2
+ disklabel /dev/r$d > /tmp/label
+ # Edit disklabel to add partitions:
+ vi /tmp/label
+ disklabel -B -R -r wd2 /tmp/label
+ # newfs partitions appropriately
+
+
+
+
+Your disk is now ready for use.
+
+
+
+
+
+Making Compatibility Mode Disks
+
+
+Introduction
+The command line is the easiest way to make dedicated disks, and
+the worst way to make compatibility disks. The command-line fdisk
+utility requires higher math skills and an in-depth understanding of
+the slice table, which is more than most people want to deal with.
+Use sysinstall for compatibility disks, as described below.
+
+
+
+
+Making Compatibility Mode Disks Using Sysinstall
+
+
+Start sysinstall as root by typing
+
+/stand/sysinstall
+
+from the command prompt.
+
+Select Index.
+Select Partition.
+Select the disk to edit with arrow keys and
+SPACE.
+
+If you are using this entire disk for FreeBSD, select
+A.
+
+When asked:
+
+
+Do you want to do this with a true partition entry so as to remain
+cooperative with any future possible operating systems on the
+drive(s)?
+
+ answer yes.
+Select Write.
+When asked to install the boot manager, select None with
+SPACE then hit ENTER for OK.
+Quit the FDISK Editor.
+You'll be asked about the boot manager, select
+None
+again.
+Select Label from the Index
+menu.
+Label as desired. For a single partition, accept the
+default size, type filesystem, and a mountpoint (which isn't
+used).
+The filesystem will be newfs'd for you, unless you select otherwise (for news partitions you'll want to do this!). You'll get the error:
+
+
+Error mounting /mnt/dev/wd2s1e on /mnt/blah : No such file or directory
+
+Ignore.
+
+Exit out by repeatedly pressing ESCAPE.
+
+
+Your new disk is now ready for use.
+
+
+
+
+
+Other Disk Operations
+
+Adding Swap Space
+
+As a system grows, it's need for swap space can also grow.
+Although adding swap space to existing disks is very difficult, a new
+disk can be partitioned with additional swap space.
+
+To add swap space when adding a disk to a system:
+
+When partitioning the disk, edit the disklabel and
+allocate the amount of swap space to add in partition `b' and the
+remainder in another partition, such as `a' or `e'. The size is given
+in 512 byte blocks.
+When newfsing the drive, do NOT newfs the `c'
+partition. Instead, newfs the partition where the non-swap space
+lies.
+Add an entry to /etc/fstab as follows:
+
+
+/dev/wd0b none swap sw 0 0
+
+
+Change /dev/wd0b to the device of the newly added
+space.
+To make the new space immediately available, use the
+swapon command.
+
+
+
+$ swapon /dev/sd0b
+
+swapon: added /dev/sd0b as swap space
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Copying the Contents of Disks
+
+Submitted By: Renaud Waldura (renaud@softway.com)
+
+To move file from your original base disk to the fresh new one,
+do:
+
+
+
+mount /dev/wd2 /mnt
+pax -r -w -p e /usr/home /mnt
+umount /mnt
+rm -rf /usr/home/*
+mount /dev/wd2 /usr/home
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Credits
+
+
+
+The author would like to thank the following individuals for
+their contributions to this project:
+
+Darryl Okahata
+(darrylo@hpnmhjw.sr.hp.com) for his
+simple dedicated mode setup documentation which I have used repeatedly
+on freebsd-questions.
+Jordan Hubbard
+(jkh@freebsd.org) for making
+sysinstall useful for this type of task.
+John Fieber
+(jfieber@indiana.edu) for making
+information and examples of the DocBook DTD on which this document is
+based.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/en/tutorials/index.sgml b/en/tutorials/index.sgml
index d7a896fd4d..086a2e6baf 100644
--- a/en/tutorials/index.sgml
+++ b/en/tutorials/index.sgml
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-
+
%includes;
]>
-
+
&header;
@@ -37,6 +37,8 @@
IP Aliasing
Upgrading FreeBSD from source
+ Formatting Media For Use With FreeBSD
+2.2-RELEASE
diff --git a/en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/formatting-media/Makefile b/en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/formatting-media/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..158bc4d801
--- /dev/null
+++ b/en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/formatting-media/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# $Id: Makefile,v 1.1 1997-09-13 04:24:23 jfieber Exp $
+
+DOCS= diskformat.docb
+INDEXLINK= diskformat.html
+
+.include "../../web.mk"
+
diff --git a/en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/formatting-media/article.sgml b/en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/formatting-media/article.sgml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..474648ed69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/formatting-media/article.sgml
@@ -0,0 +1,418 @@
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Formatting Media For Use With FreeBSD 2.2-RELEASE
+A Tutorial
+
+
+
+Doug
+White
+
+dwhite@resnet.uoregon.edu
+
+
+
+
+March 1997
+This document describes how to slice, partition, and
+format hard disk drives and similar media for use with FreeBSD. The
+examples given have been tested under FreeBSD 2.2-GAMMA and may work
+for other releases.
+
+
+
+
+
+Introduction & Definitions
+
+
+Overview
+Successfully adding disks to an existing system is the mark of an
+experienced system administrator. Slicing, partitioning, and adding
+disks requires a careful dance of proper command and name syntax. One
+slipped finger and an entire disk could disappear in seconds. This
+document is written in an attempt to simplify this process and avoid
+accidents. Thankfully, enhancements to existing tools (notably
+sysinstall) have greatly improved this process in recent releases of
+FreeBSD.
+
+There are two possible modes of disk formatting:
+
+
+compatibility mode: Arranging a
+disk so that it has a slice table for use with other operating
+systems.
+
+dangerously dedicated mode:
+Formatting a disk with no slice table. This makes the process of
+adding disks easier, however non-FreeBSD operating systems may not
+accept the disk.
+
+
+
+For most cases, dedicated mode is the easiest to set up and use
+in existing systems, as a new disk is usually dedicated entirely to
+FreeBSD. However, compatibility mode insures optimum interoperability
+with future installations at a cost of increased complexity.
+
+In addition to selecting the mode, two methods of slicing the
+disk are available. One is using the system installation tool
+/stand/sysinstall. 2.1.7-RELEASE and later
+versions of sysinstall contain code to ease setup
+of disks during normal system operation, mainly allowing access to the
+Label and Partition editors and a Write feature which will update just
+the selected disk and slice without affecting other disks. The other
+method is running the tools manually from a root command line. For
+dangerously dedicated mode, only three or four commands are involved
+while sysinstall requires some manipulation.
+
+
+Definitions
+
+UNIX disk management over the centuries has invented many new
+definitions for old words. The following glossary covers the
+definitions used in this document and (hopefully) for FreeBSD in
+general.
+
+
+
+
+compatibility mode: Arranging a disk so that it has a slice
+table for use with other operating systems. Oppose dangerously
+dedicated mode.
+
+dangerously dedicated mode: Formatting a disk with no slice
+table. This makes the process of adding disks easier, however
+non-FreeBSD operating systems may not accept the disk. Oppose
+compatibility mode.
+
+disk: A circular disc, covered with magnetic or similarly
+manipulable material, spun by a motor under a head. Data is stored on
+the disk by changing the pattern of magnetism on the disc, which can
+be later read. Hard disks, CD-ROMs, Magneto-optical,and Zip/Jaz
+removables are examples of disks.
+
+slice: A division of a disk. Up to four slices are permitted on one
+disk in the PC standard. Slices are composed of contiguous sectors.
+Slices are recorded in a slice table
used by the system BIOS to
+locate bootable partitions. The slice table is usually called the
+Partition Table in DOS parlance. Maintained by the fdisk utility.
+
+partition: A division of a slice. Usually used in reference
+to divisions of the FreeBSD slice of a disk. Each filesystem and swap
+area on a disk resides in a partition. Maintained using the disklabel
+utility.
+
+sector: Smallest subdivision of a disk. One sector usually
+represents 512 bytes of data.
+
+
+
+
+
+Warnings & Pitfalls
+
+Building disks is not something to take lightly. It is quite possible
+to destroy the contents of other disks in your system if the proper
+precautions are not taken.
+
+In particular, note the following:
+
+Type carefully. One wrong number can wipe out
+the wrong disk. Double check your typing before entering the command. When
+in doubt consult the kernel boot output for the proper device.
+Never set up a boot disk as dangerously dedicated. Some PC BIOSs cannot understand the bootblocks and start your system properly.
+Make the first disk in compatibility mode
just to be safe.
+Subsequent non-booting disks are OK to dangerously dedicate.
+
+
+
+
+
+Zip, Jaz, and Other Removables
+
+Removable disks can be formatted in the same way as normal hard
+disks. It is essential to have the disk drive connected to the system
+and a disk placed in the drive during startup, so the kernel can
+determine the drive's geometry. Check the dmesg
+output and make sure your device and the disk's size is listed. If
+the kernel reports
+
+
+Can't get the size
+
+
+then the disk was not in the drive. In this case, you will need to restart the
+machine before attempting to format disks.
+
+
+
+
+
+Formatting Disks in Dedicated Mode
+
+
+Introduction
+
+This section details how to make disks that are totally dedicated to
+FreeBSD. Remember, dedicated mode disks cannot be booted by the PC
+architecture.
+
+
+
+Making Dedicated Mode Disks using Sysinstall
+
+/stand/sysinstall, the system installation
+utility, has been expanded in recent versions to make the process of
+dividing disks properly a less tiring affair. The fdisk and disklabel
+editors built into sysinstall are GUI tools that remove much of the
+confusion from slicing disks. For FreeBSD versions 2.1.7 and later,
+this is perhaps the simplest way to slice disks.
+
+
+Start sysinstall as root by typing
+
+/stand/sysinstall
+
+from the command prompt.
+
+Select Index.
+Select Partition.
+Select the disk to edit with arrow keys and
+SPACE.
+
+If you are using this entire disk for FreeBSD, select
+A.
+When asked:
+
+
+Do you want to do this with a true partition entry so as to remain
+cooperative with any future possible operating systems on the
+drive(s)?
+
+answer No.
+When asked if you still want to do this, answer
+Yes.
+Select Write.
+When warned about Writing on installed systems, answer
+Yes.
+Quitthe FDISK Editor and
+ESCAPE back to the Index menu.
+Select Label from the Index
+menu.
+Label as desired. For a single partition, enter
+C to Create a partition, accept the
+default size, partition type Filesystem, and a mountpoint (which isn't
+used).
+Enter W when done and confirm to
+continue. The filesystem will be newfs'd for you, unless you select
+otherwise (for news partitions you'll want to do this!). You'll get
+the error:
+
+Error mounting /mnt/dev/wd2s1e on /mnt/blah : No such file or directory
+
+Ignore.
+
+Exit out by repeatedly pressing ESCAPE.
+
+
+
+
+Making Dedicated Mode Disks Using the Command Line
+
+
+Execute the following commands, replacing wd2 with the disk
+name. Lines beginning with # are comments.
+
+
+
+ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/rwd2 count=2
+ disklabel /dev/rwd2 | disklabel -B -R -r wd2 /dev/stdin
+ # We only want one partition, so using slice 'c' should be fine:
+ newfs /dev/rwd2c
+
+
+
+
+ If you need to edit the disklabel to create multiple
+partitions (such as swap), use the following:
+
+
+
+
+ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/rwd2 count=2
+ disklabel /dev/r$d > /tmp/label
+ # Edit disklabel to add partitions:
+ vi /tmp/label
+ disklabel -B -R -r wd2 /tmp/label
+ # newfs partitions appropriately
+
+
+
+
+Your disk is now ready for use.
+
+
+
+
+
+Making Compatibility Mode Disks
+
+
+Introduction
+The command line is the easiest way to make dedicated disks, and
+the worst way to make compatibility disks. The command-line fdisk
+utility requires higher math skills and an in-depth understanding of
+the slice table, which is more than most people want to deal with.
+Use sysinstall for compatibility disks, as described below.
+
+
+
+
+Making Compatibility Mode Disks Using Sysinstall
+
+
+Start sysinstall as root by typing
+
+/stand/sysinstall
+
+from the command prompt.
+
+Select Index.
+Select Partition.
+Select the disk to edit with arrow keys and
+SPACE.
+
+If you are using this entire disk for FreeBSD, select
+A.
+
+When asked:
+
+
+Do you want to do this with a true partition entry so as to remain
+cooperative with any future possible operating systems on the
+drive(s)?
+
+ answer yes.
+Select Write.
+When asked to install the boot manager, select None with
+SPACE then hit ENTER for OK.
+Quit the FDISK Editor.
+You'll be asked about the boot manager, select
+None
+again.
+Select Label from the Index
+menu.
+Label as desired. For a single partition, accept the
+default size, type filesystem, and a mountpoint (which isn't
+used).
+The filesystem will be newfs'd for you, unless you select otherwise (for news partitions you'll want to do this!). You'll get the error:
+
+
+Error mounting /mnt/dev/wd2s1e on /mnt/blah : No such file or directory
+
+Ignore.
+
+Exit out by repeatedly pressing ESCAPE.
+
+
+Your new disk is now ready for use.
+
+
+
+
+
+Other Disk Operations
+
+Adding Swap Space
+
+As a system grows, it's need for swap space can also grow.
+Although adding swap space to existing disks is very difficult, a new
+disk can be partitioned with additional swap space.
+
+To add swap space when adding a disk to a system:
+
+When partitioning the disk, edit the disklabel and
+allocate the amount of swap space to add in partition `b' and the
+remainder in another partition, such as `a' or `e'. The size is given
+in 512 byte blocks.
+When newfsing the drive, do NOT newfs the `c'
+partition. Instead, newfs the partition where the non-swap space
+lies.
+Add an entry to /etc/fstab as follows:
+
+
+/dev/wd0b none swap sw 0 0
+
+
+Change /dev/wd0b to the device of the newly added
+space.
+To make the new space immediately available, use the
+swapon command.
+
+
+
+$ swapon /dev/sd0b
+
+swapon: added /dev/sd0b as swap space
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Copying the Contents of Disks
+
+Submitted By: Renaud Waldura (renaud@softway.com)
+
+To move file from your original base disk to the fresh new one,
+do:
+
+
+
+mount /dev/wd2 /mnt
+pax -r -w -p e /usr/home /mnt
+umount /mnt
+rm -rf /usr/home/*
+mount /dev/wd2 /usr/home
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Credits
+
+
+
+The author would like to thank the following individuals for
+their contributions to this project:
+
+Darryl Okahata
+(darrylo@hpnmhjw.sr.hp.com) for his
+simple dedicated mode setup documentation which I have used repeatedly
+on freebsd-questions.
+Jordan Hubbard
+(jkh@freebsd.org) for making
+sysinstall useful for this type of task.
+John Fieber
+(jfieber@indiana.edu) for making
+information and examples of the DocBook DTD on which this document is
+based.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/en_US.ISO_8859-1/articles/formatting-media/Makefile b/en_US.ISO_8859-1/articles/formatting-media/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..158bc4d801
--- /dev/null
+++ b/en_US.ISO_8859-1/articles/formatting-media/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# $Id: Makefile,v 1.1 1997-09-13 04:24:23 jfieber Exp $
+
+DOCS= diskformat.docb
+INDEXLINK= diskformat.html
+
+.include "../../web.mk"
+
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+
+Formatting Media For Use With FreeBSD 2.2-RELEASE
+A Tutorial
+
+
+
+Doug
+White
+
+dwhite@resnet.uoregon.edu
+
+
+
+
+March 1997
+This document describes how to slice, partition, and
+format hard disk drives and similar media for use with FreeBSD. The
+examples given have been tested under FreeBSD 2.2-GAMMA and may work
+for other releases.
+
+
+
+
+
+Introduction & Definitions
+
+
+Overview
+Successfully adding disks to an existing system is the mark of an
+experienced system administrator. Slicing, partitioning, and adding
+disks requires a careful dance of proper command and name syntax. One
+slipped finger and an entire disk could disappear in seconds. This
+document is written in an attempt to simplify this process and avoid
+accidents. Thankfully, enhancements to existing tools (notably
+sysinstall) have greatly improved this process in recent releases of
+FreeBSD.
+
+There are two possible modes of disk formatting:
+
+
+compatibility mode: Arranging a
+disk so that it has a slice table for use with other operating
+systems.
+
+dangerously dedicated mode:
+Formatting a disk with no slice table. This makes the process of
+adding disks easier, however non-FreeBSD operating systems may not
+accept the disk.
+
+
+
+For most cases, dedicated mode is the easiest to set up and use
+in existing systems, as a new disk is usually dedicated entirely to
+FreeBSD. However, compatibility mode insures optimum interoperability
+with future installations at a cost of increased complexity.
+
+In addition to selecting the mode, two methods of slicing the
+disk are available. One is using the system installation tool
+/stand/sysinstall. 2.1.7-RELEASE and later
+versions of sysinstall contain code to ease setup
+of disks during normal system operation, mainly allowing access to the
+Label and Partition editors and a Write feature which will update just
+the selected disk and slice without affecting other disks. The other
+method is running the tools manually from a root command line. For
+dangerously dedicated mode, only three or four commands are involved
+while sysinstall requires some manipulation.
+
+
+Definitions
+
+UNIX disk management over the centuries has invented many new
+definitions for old words. The following glossary covers the
+definitions used in this document and (hopefully) for FreeBSD in
+general.
+
+
+
+
+compatibility mode: Arranging a disk so that it has a slice
+table for use with other operating systems. Oppose dangerously
+dedicated mode.
+
+dangerously dedicated mode: Formatting a disk with no slice
+table. This makes the process of adding disks easier, however
+non-FreeBSD operating systems may not accept the disk. Oppose
+compatibility mode.
+
+disk: A circular disc, covered with magnetic or similarly
+manipulable material, spun by a motor under a head. Data is stored on
+the disk by changing the pattern of magnetism on the disc, which can
+be later read. Hard disks, CD-ROMs, Magneto-optical,and Zip/Jaz
+removables are examples of disks.
+
+slice: A division of a disk. Up to four slices are permitted on one
+disk in the PC standard. Slices are composed of contiguous sectors.
+Slices are recorded in a slice table
used by the system BIOS to
+locate bootable partitions. The slice table is usually called the
+Partition Table in DOS parlance. Maintained by the fdisk utility.
+
+partition: A division of a slice. Usually used in reference
+to divisions of the FreeBSD slice of a disk. Each filesystem and swap
+area on a disk resides in a partition. Maintained using the disklabel
+utility.
+
+sector: Smallest subdivision of a disk. One sector usually
+represents 512 bytes of data.
+
+
+
+
+
+Warnings & Pitfalls
+
+Building disks is not something to take lightly. It is quite possible
+to destroy the contents of other disks in your system if the proper
+precautions are not taken.
+
+In particular, note the following:
+
+Type carefully. One wrong number can wipe out
+the wrong disk. Double check your typing before entering the command. When
+in doubt consult the kernel boot output for the proper device.
+Never set up a boot disk as dangerously dedicated. Some PC BIOSs cannot understand the bootblocks and start your system properly.
+Make the first disk in compatibility mode
just to be safe.
+Subsequent non-booting disks are OK to dangerously dedicate.
+
+
+
+
+
+Zip, Jaz, and Other Removables
+
+Removable disks can be formatted in the same way as normal hard
+disks. It is essential to have the disk drive connected to the system
+and a disk placed in the drive during startup, so the kernel can
+determine the drive's geometry. Check the dmesg
+output and make sure your device and the disk's size is listed. If
+the kernel reports
+
+
+Can't get the size
+
+
+then the disk was not in the drive. In this case, you will need to restart the
+machine before attempting to format disks.
+
+
+
+
+
+Formatting Disks in Dedicated Mode
+
+
+Introduction
+
+This section details how to make disks that are totally dedicated to
+FreeBSD. Remember, dedicated mode disks cannot be booted by the PC
+architecture.
+
+
+
+Making Dedicated Mode Disks using Sysinstall
+
+/stand/sysinstall, the system installation
+utility, has been expanded in recent versions to make the process of
+dividing disks properly a less tiring affair. The fdisk and disklabel
+editors built into sysinstall are GUI tools that remove much of the
+confusion from slicing disks. For FreeBSD versions 2.1.7 and later,
+this is perhaps the simplest way to slice disks.
+
+
+Start sysinstall as root by typing
+
+/stand/sysinstall
+
+from the command prompt.
+
+Select Index.
+Select Partition.
+Select the disk to edit with arrow keys and
+SPACE.
+
+If you are using this entire disk for FreeBSD, select
+A.
+When asked:
+
+
+Do you want to do this with a true partition entry so as to remain
+cooperative with any future possible operating systems on the
+drive(s)?
+
+answer No.
+When asked if you still want to do this, answer
+Yes.
+Select Write.
+When warned about Writing on installed systems, answer
+Yes.
+Quitthe FDISK Editor and
+ESCAPE back to the Index menu.
+Select Label from the Index
+menu.
+Label as desired. For a single partition, enter
+C to Create a partition, accept the
+default size, partition type Filesystem, and a mountpoint (which isn't
+used).
+Enter W when done and confirm to
+continue. The filesystem will be newfs'd for you, unless you select
+otherwise (for news partitions you'll want to do this!). You'll get
+the error:
+
+Error mounting /mnt/dev/wd2s1e on /mnt/blah : No such file or directory
+
+Ignore.
+
+Exit out by repeatedly pressing ESCAPE.
+
+
+
+
+Making Dedicated Mode Disks Using the Command Line
+
+
+Execute the following commands, replacing wd2 with the disk
+name. Lines beginning with # are comments.
+
+
+
+ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/rwd2 count=2
+ disklabel /dev/rwd2 | disklabel -B -R -r wd2 /dev/stdin
+ # We only want one partition, so using slice 'c' should be fine:
+ newfs /dev/rwd2c
+
+
+
+
+ If you need to edit the disklabel to create multiple
+partitions (such as swap), use the following:
+
+
+
+
+ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/rwd2 count=2
+ disklabel /dev/r$d > /tmp/label
+ # Edit disklabel to add partitions:
+ vi /tmp/label
+ disklabel -B -R -r wd2 /tmp/label
+ # newfs partitions appropriately
+
+
+
+
+Your disk is now ready for use.
+
+
+
+
+
+Making Compatibility Mode Disks
+
+
+Introduction
+The command line is the easiest way to make dedicated disks, and
+the worst way to make compatibility disks. The command-line fdisk
+utility requires higher math skills and an in-depth understanding of
+the slice table, which is more than most people want to deal with.
+Use sysinstall for compatibility disks, as described below.
+
+
+
+
+Making Compatibility Mode Disks Using Sysinstall
+
+
+Start sysinstall as root by typing
+
+/stand/sysinstall
+
+from the command prompt.
+
+Select Index.
+Select Partition.
+Select the disk to edit with arrow keys and
+SPACE.
+
+If you are using this entire disk for FreeBSD, select
+A.
+
+When asked:
+
+
+Do you want to do this with a true partition entry so as to remain
+cooperative with any future possible operating systems on the
+drive(s)?
+
+ answer yes.
+Select Write.
+When asked to install the boot manager, select None with
+SPACE then hit ENTER for OK.
+Quit the FDISK Editor.
+You'll be asked about the boot manager, select
+None
+again.
+Select Label from the Index
+menu.
+Label as desired. For a single partition, accept the
+default size, type filesystem, and a mountpoint (which isn't
+used).
+The filesystem will be newfs'd for you, unless you select otherwise (for news partitions you'll want to do this!). You'll get the error:
+
+
+Error mounting /mnt/dev/wd2s1e on /mnt/blah : No such file or directory
+
+Ignore.
+
+Exit out by repeatedly pressing ESCAPE.
+
+
+Your new disk is now ready for use.
+
+
+
+
+
+Other Disk Operations
+
+Adding Swap Space
+
+As a system grows, it's need for swap space can also grow.
+Although adding swap space to existing disks is very difficult, a new
+disk can be partitioned with additional swap space.
+
+To add swap space when adding a disk to a system:
+
+When partitioning the disk, edit the disklabel and
+allocate the amount of swap space to add in partition `b' and the
+remainder in another partition, such as `a' or `e'. The size is given
+in 512 byte blocks.
+When newfsing the drive, do NOT newfs the `c'
+partition. Instead, newfs the partition where the non-swap space
+lies.
+Add an entry to /etc/fstab as follows:
+
+
+/dev/wd0b none swap sw 0 0
+
+
+Change /dev/wd0b to the device of the newly added
+space.
+To make the new space immediately available, use the
+swapon command.
+
+
+
+$ swapon /dev/sd0b
+
+swapon: added /dev/sd0b as swap space
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Copying the Contents of Disks
+
+Submitted By: Renaud Waldura (renaud@softway.com)
+
+To move file from your original base disk to the fresh new one,
+do:
+
+
+
+mount /dev/wd2 /mnt
+pax -r -w -p e /usr/home /mnt
+umount /mnt
+rm -rf /usr/home/*
+mount /dev/wd2 /usr/home
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Credits
+
+
+
+The author would like to thank the following individuals for
+their contributions to this project:
+
+Darryl Okahata
+(darrylo@hpnmhjw.sr.hp.com) for his
+simple dedicated mode setup documentation which I have used repeatedly
+on freebsd-questions.
+Jordan Hubbard
+(jkh@freebsd.org) for making
+sysinstall useful for this type of task.
+John Fieber
+(jfieber@indiana.edu) for making
+information and examples of the DocBook DTD on which this document is
+based.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/en_US.ISO_8859-1/tutorials/Makefile b/en_US.ISO_8859-1/tutorials/Makefile
index 8bbad8a871..0434928bee 100644
--- a/en_US.ISO_8859-1/tutorials/Makefile
+++ b/en_US.ISO_8859-1/tutorials/Makefile
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-# $Id: Makefile,v 1.10 1997-07-01 03:52:20 max Exp $
+# $Id: Makefile,v 1.11 1997-09-13 04:24:09 jfieber Exp $
DOCS?= index.sgml
-SUBDIR= devel disklessx fonts mh multios newuser upgrade
+SUBDIR= devel diskformat disklessx fonts mh multios newuser upgrade
DOCSUBDIR= ddwg ppp
.if defined $(NEW_BUILD)
diff --git a/en_US.ISO_8859-1/tutorials/index.sgml b/en_US.ISO_8859-1/tutorials/index.sgml
index d7a896fd4d..086a2e6baf 100644
--- a/en_US.ISO_8859-1/tutorials/index.sgml
+++ b/en_US.ISO_8859-1/tutorials/index.sgml
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-
+
%includes;
]>
-
+
&header;
@@ -37,6 +37,8 @@
IP Aliasing
Upgrading FreeBSD from source
+ Formatting Media For Use With FreeBSD
+2.2-RELEASE