Whitespace fixes covering the whole document.
Translators can ignore them.
This commit is contained in:
Benedict Reuschling
parent
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commit
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Notes:
svn2git
2020-12-08 03:00:23 +00:00
svn path=/head/; revision=44962
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@ -1,14 +1,24 @@
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
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<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//DTD DocBook XML V5.0-Based Extension//EN"
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<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//DTD DocBook XML V5.0-Based Extension//EN"
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||||||
"http://www.FreeBSD.org/XML/share/xml/freebsd50.dtd">
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"http://www.FreeBSD.org/XML/share/xml/freebsd50.dtd">
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||||||
<article xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="5.0" xml:lang="en">
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<article xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
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<info><title>LDAP Authentication</title>
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xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="5.0"
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xml:lang="en">
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<info>
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<title>LDAP Authentication</title>
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<authorgroup>
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<authorgroup>
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<author><personname><firstname>Toby</firstname><surname>Burress</surname></personname><affiliation>
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<author>
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<address><email>kurin@causa-sui.net</email></address>
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<personname>
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</affiliation></author>
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<firstname>Toby</firstname>
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||||||
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<surname>Burress</surname>
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</personname>
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<affiliation>
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<address>
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<email>kurin@causa-sui.net</email>
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</address>
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</affiliation>
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</author>
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</authorgroup>
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</authorgroup>
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||||||
|
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||||||
<copyright>
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<copyright>
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||||||
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@ -28,10 +38,11 @@
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||||||
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||||||
<abstract>
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<abstract>
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<para>This document is intended as a guide for the configuration
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<para>This document is intended as a guide for the configuration
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of an LDAP server (principally an <application>OpenLDAP</application>
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of an LDAP server (principally an
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server) for authentication on &os;. This is useful for situations
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<application>OpenLDAP</application> server) for authentication
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where many servers need the same user accounts, for example as a
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on &os;. This is useful for situations where many servers
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replacement for <application>NIS</application>.</para>
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need the same user accounts, for example as a replacement for
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<application>NIS</application>.</para>
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</abstract>
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</abstract>
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</info>
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</info>
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||||||
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@ -39,65 +50,73 @@
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<title>Preface</title>
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<title>Preface</title>
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<para>This document is intended to give the reader enough of an
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<para>This document is intended to give the reader enough of an
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understanding of LDAP to configure an LDAP server. This document will
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understanding of LDAP to configure an LDAP server. This
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attempt to provide an
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document will attempt to provide an explanation of
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explanation of <package>net/nss_ldap</package>
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<package>net/nss_ldap</package> and
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and <package>security/pam_ldap</package> for use with
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<package>security/pam_ldap</package> for use with client
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client machines services for use with the LDAP server.</para>
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machines services for use with the LDAP server.</para>
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|
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<para>When finished, the reader should be able to configure and
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<para>When finished, the reader should be able to configure and
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deploy a &os; server that can host an LDAP directory, and to
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deploy a &os; server that can host an LDAP directory, and to
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configure and deploy a &os; server which can authenticate against
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configure and deploy a &os; server which can authenticate
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an LDAP directory.</para>
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against an LDAP directory.</para>
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<para>This article is not intended to be an exhaustive account of
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<para>This article is not intended to be an exhaustive account of
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the security, robustness, or best practice considerations for
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the security, robustness, or best practice considerations for
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configuring LDAP or the other services discussed herein. While the author
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configuring LDAP or the other services discussed herein. While
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takes care to do everything correctly, he does not
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the author takes care to do everything correctly, he does not
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address security issues beyond a general scope. This article should be
|
address security issues beyond a general scope. This article
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considered to lay the theoretical groundwork only, and any actual
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should be considered to lay the theoretical groundwork only, and
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implementation should be accompanied by careful requirement
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any actual implementation should be accompanied by careful
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analysis.</para>
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requirement analysis.</para>
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</sect1>
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</sect1>
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<sect1 xml:id="ldap">
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<sect1 xml:id="ldap">
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<title>Configuring LDAP</title>
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<title>Configuring LDAP</title>
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<para>LDAP stands for <quote>Lightweight Directory Access
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<para>LDAP stands for <quote>Lightweight Directory Access
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Protocol</quote> and is a subset of the X.500 Directory Access
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Protocol</quote> and is a subset of the X.500 Directory Access
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Protocol. Its most recent specifications are in <link xlink:href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4510.txt">RFC4510</link> and
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Protocol. Its most recent specifications are in <link
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friends. Essentially it is a database that expects to be read from
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xlink:href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4510.txt">RFC4510</link>
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more often than it is written to.</para>
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and friends. Essentially it is a database that expects to be
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read from more often than it is written to.</para>
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|
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<para>The LDAP server <link xlink:href="http://www.openldap.org/">OpenLDAP</link> will be used in the
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<para>The LDAP server <link
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examples in this document; while the principles here should be
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xlink:href="http://www.openldap.org/">OpenLDAP</link> will be
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generally applicable to many different servers, most of the
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used in the examples in this document; while the principles here
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concrete administration is
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should be generally applicable to many different servers, most
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|
of the concrete administration is
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<application>OpenLDAP</application>-specific. There are several
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<application>OpenLDAP</application>-specific. There are several
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server versions in ports, for example <package>net/openldap24-server</package>. Client servers
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server versions in ports, for example
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will need the corresponding <package>net/openldap24-client</package> libraries.</para>
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<package>net/openldap24-server</package>. Client servers will
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need the corresponding <package>net/openldap24-client</package>
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libraries.</para>
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<para>There are (basically) two areas of the LDAP service which need
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<para>There are (basically) two areas of the LDAP service which
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configuration. The first is setting up a server to receive
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need configuration. The first is setting up a server to receive
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connections properly, and the second is adding entries to the
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connections properly, and the second is adding entries to the
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server's directory so that &os; tools know how to interact with it.</para>
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server's directory so that &os; tools know how to interact with
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it.</para>
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<sect2 xml:id="ldap-connect">
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<sect2 xml:id="ldap-connect">
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<title>Setting Up the Server for Connections</title>
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<title>Setting Up the Server for Connections</title>
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|
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<note>
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<note>
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<para>This section is specific to
|
<para>This section is specific to
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<application>OpenLDAP</application>. If you are using another
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<application>OpenLDAP</application>. If you are using
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server, you will need to consult that server's
|
another server, you will need to consult that server's
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documentation.</para>
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documentation.</para>
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</note>
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</note>
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<sect3 xml:id="ldap-connect-install">
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<sect3 xml:id="ldap-connect-install">
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<title>Installing <application>OpenLDAP</application></title>
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<title>Installing <application>OpenLDAP</application></title>
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<para>First, install <application>OpenLDAP</application>:</para>
|
<para>First, install
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|
<application>OpenLDAP</application>:</para>
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|
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<example xml:id="oldap-install">
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<example xml:id="oldap-install">
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<title>Installing <application>OpenLDAP</application></title>
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<title>Installing
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<application>OpenLDAP</application></title>
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|
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<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /usr/ports/net/openldap24-server</userinput>
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<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /usr/ports/net/openldap24-server</userinput>
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&prompt.root; make install clean</screen>
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&prompt.root; make install clean</screen>
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|
|
@ -114,38 +133,39 @@
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<para>Next we must configure
|
<para>Next we must configure
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<application>OpenLDAP</application>.</para>
|
<application>OpenLDAP</application>.</para>
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|
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<para>You will want to require encryption in your
|
<para>You will want to require encryption in your connections
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connections to the LDAP server; otherwise your users' passwords
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to the LDAP server; otherwise your users' passwords will be
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will be transferred in plain text, which is considered
|
transferred in plain text, which is considered insecure.
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insecure. The tools we will be using support two very similar kinds
|
The tools we will be using support two very similar kinds of
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of encryption, SSL and TLS.</para>
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encryption, SSL and TLS.</para>
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|
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<para>TLS stands for <quote>Transportation Layer Security</quote>.
|
<para>TLS stands for <quote>Transportation Layer
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Services that employ TLS tend to connect on the
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Security</quote>. Services that employ TLS tend to
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<emphasis>same</emphasis> ports as the same services without
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connect on the <emphasis>same</emphasis> ports as the same
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TLS; thus an SMTP server which supports TLS will listen for
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services without TLS; thus an SMTP server which supports TLS
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connections on port 25, and an LDAP server will listen on 389.</para>
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will listen for connections on port 25, and an LDAP server
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|
will listen on 389.</para>
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|
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<para>SSL stands for <quote>Secure Sockets Layer</quote>, and
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<para>SSL stands for <quote>Secure Sockets Layer</quote>, and
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services that implement SSL do <emphasis>not</emphasis> listen on
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services that implement SSL do <emphasis>not</emphasis>
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the same ports as their non-SSL counterparts. Thus SMTPS listens
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listen on the same ports as their non-SSL counterparts.
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on port 465 (not 25), HTTPS listens on 443, and LDAPS on
|
Thus SMTPS listens on port 465 (not 25), HTTPS listens on
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636.</para>
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443, and LDAPS on 636.</para>
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|
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<para>The reason SSL uses a different port than TLS is because a
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<para>The reason SSL uses a different port than TLS is because
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TLS connection begins as plain text, and switches to encrypted
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a TLS connection begins as plain text, and switches to
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traffic after the <literal>STARTTLS</literal> directive. SSL
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encrypted traffic after the <literal>STARTTLS</literal>
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connections are encrypted from the beginning. Other than that
|
directive. SSL connections are encrypted from the
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there are no substantial differences between the two.</para>
|
beginning. Other than that there are no substantial
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|
differences between the two.</para>
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|
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<note>
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<note>
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<para>We will adjust
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<para>We will adjust <application>OpenLDAP</application> to
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<application>OpenLDAP</application> to use TLS, as SSL is
|
use TLS, as SSL is considered deprecated.</para>
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considered deprecated.</para>
|
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</note>
|
</note>
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|
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<para>Once <application>OpenLDAP</application> is installed via
|
<para>Once <application>OpenLDAP</application> is installed
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ports, the following configuration parameters in
|
via ports, the following configuration parameters in
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<filename>/usr/local/etc/openldap/slapd.conf</filename> will
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<filename>/usr/local/etc/openldap/slapd.conf</filename> will
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enable TLS:</para>
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enable TLS:</para>
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|
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@ -158,17 +178,18 @@ TLSCACertificateFile /path/to/your/cacert.crt</programlisting>
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|
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<para>Here, <literal>ssf=128</literal> tells
|
<para>Here, <literal>ssf=128</literal> tells
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<application>OpenLDAP</application> to require 128-bit
|
<application>OpenLDAP</application> to require 128-bit
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encryption for all connections, both search and update. This
|
encryption for all connections, both search and update.
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parameter may be configured based on the security needs of your
|
This parameter may be configured based on the security needs
|
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site, but rarely you need to weaken it, as most LDAP client
|
of your site, but rarely you need to weaken it, as most LDAP
|
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libraries support strong encryption.</para>
|
client libraries support strong encryption.</para>
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|
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<para>The <filename>cert.crt</filename>,
|
<para>The <filename>cert.crt</filename>,
|
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<filename>cert.key</filename>, and
|
<filename>cert.key</filename>, and
|
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<filename>cacert.crt</filename> files are necessary for clients
|
<filename>cacert.crt</filename> files are necessary for
|
||||||
to authenticate <emphasis>you</emphasis> as the valid LDAP
|
clients to authenticate <emphasis>you</emphasis> as the
|
||||||
server. If you simply want a server that runs, you can create a
|
valid LDAP server. If you simply want a server that runs,
|
||||||
self-signed certificate with OpenSSL:</para>
|
you can create a self-signed certificate with
|
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|
OpenSSL:</para>
|
||||||
|
|
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<example xml:id="genrsa">
|
<example xml:id="genrsa">
|
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<title>Generating an RSA Key</title>
|
<title>Generating an RSA Key</title>
|
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|
|
@ -181,16 +202,16 @@ e is 65537 (0x10001)
|
||||||
&prompt.user; <userinput>openssl req -new -key cert.key -out cert.csr</userinput></screen>
|
&prompt.user; <userinput>openssl req -new -key cert.key -out cert.csr</userinput></screen>
|
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</example>
|
</example>
|
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|
|
||||||
<para>At this point you should be prompted for some values. You
|
<para>At this point you should be prompted for some values.
|
||||||
may enter whatever values you like; however, it is important the
|
You may enter whatever values you like; however, it is
|
||||||
<quote>Common Name</quote> value be the fully qualified domain
|
important the <quote>Common Name</quote> value be the fully
|
||||||
name of the <application>OpenLDAP</application> server.
|
qualified domain name of the
|
||||||
In our case, and the examples here, the server is
|
<application>OpenLDAP</application> server. In our case,
|
||||||
<replaceable>server.example.org</replaceable>.
|
and the examples here, the server is
|
||||||
Incorrectly setting this value will cause clients to fail when
|
<replaceable>server.example.org</replaceable>. Incorrectly
|
||||||
making connections. This can the
|
setting this value will cause clients to fail when making
|
||||||
cause of great frustration, so ensure that you follow these
|
connections. This can the cause of great frustration, so
|
||||||
steps closely.</para>
|
ensure that you follow these steps closely.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>Finally, the certificate signing request needs to be
|
<para>Finally, the certificate signing request needs to be
|
||||||
signed:</para>
|
signed:</para>
|
||||||
|
|
@ -207,11 +228,12 @@ Getting Private key</screen>
|
||||||
<para>This will create a self-signed certificate that can be
|
<para>This will create a self-signed certificate that can be
|
||||||
used for the directives in <filename>slapd.conf</filename>,
|
used for the directives in <filename>slapd.conf</filename>,
|
||||||
where <filename>cert.crt</filename> and
|
where <filename>cert.crt</filename> and
|
||||||
<filename>cacert.crt</filename> are the same file. If you are
|
<filename>cacert.crt</filename> are the same file. If you
|
||||||
going to use many <application>OpenLDAP</application> servers
|
are going to use many <application>OpenLDAP</application>
|
||||||
(for replication via <literal>slurpd</literal>) you will want to
|
servers (for replication via <literal>slurpd</literal>) you
|
||||||
see <xref linkend="ssl-ca"/> to generate a CA key and use it to
|
will want to see <xref linkend="ssl-ca"/> to generate a CA
|
||||||
sign individual server certificates.</para>
|
key and use it to sign individual server
|
||||||
|
certificates.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>Once this is done, put the following in
|
<para>Once this is done, put the following in
|
||||||
<filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>:</para>
|
<filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>:</para>
|
||||||
|
|
@ -230,16 +252,18 @@ ldap slapd 3261 7 tcp4 *:389 *:*</screen>
|
||||||
<sect3 xml:id="ldap-connect-client">
|
<sect3 xml:id="ldap-connect-client">
|
||||||
<title>Configuring the Client</title>
|
<title>Configuring the Client</title>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>Install the <package>net/openldap24-client</package> port for the
|
<para>Install the <package>net/openldap24-client</package>
|
||||||
<application>OpenLDAP</application> libraries. The client
|
port for the <application>OpenLDAP</application> libraries.
|
||||||
machines will always have <application>OpenLDAP</application>
|
The client machines will always have
|
||||||
libraries since that is all <package>security/pam_ldap</package> and <package>net/nss_ldap</package> support, at least for the
|
<application>OpenLDAP</application> libraries since that is
|
||||||
|
all <package>security/pam_ldap</package> and
|
||||||
|
<package>net/nss_ldap</package> support, at least for the
|
||||||
moment.</para>
|
moment.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>The configuration file for the
|
<para>The configuration file for the
|
||||||
<application>OpenLDAP</application> libraries is
|
<application>OpenLDAP</application> libraries is
|
||||||
<filename>/usr/local/etc/openldap/ldap.conf</filename>. Edit
|
<filename>/usr/local/etc/openldap/ldap.conf</filename>.
|
||||||
this file to contain the following values:</para>
|
Edit this file to contain the following values:</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<programlisting>base dc=example,dc=org
|
<programlisting>base dc=example,dc=org
|
||||||
uri ldap://server.example.org/
|
uri ldap://server.example.org/
|
||||||
|
|
@ -248,17 +272,17 @@ tls_cacert /path/to/your/cacert.crt</programlisting>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<note>
|
<note>
|
||||||
<para>It is important that your clients have access to
|
<para>It is important that your clients have access to
|
||||||
<filename>cacert.crt</filename>, otherwise they will not be
|
<filename>cacert.crt</filename>, otherwise they will not
|
||||||
able to connect.</para>
|
be able to connect.</para>
|
||||||
</note>
|
</note>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<note>
|
<note>
|
||||||
<para>There are two files called
|
<para>There are two files called
|
||||||
<filename>ldap.conf</filename>. The first is this file, which
|
<filename>ldap.conf</filename>. The first is this file,
|
||||||
is for the <application>OpenLDAP</application> libraries and
|
which is for the <application>OpenLDAP</application>
|
||||||
defines how to talk to the server. The second is
|
libraries and defines how to talk to the server. The
|
||||||
<filename>/usr/local/etc/ldap.conf</filename>, and is for
|
second is <filename>/usr/local/etc/ldap.conf</filename>,
|
||||||
<application>pam_ldap</application>.</para>
|
and is for <application>pam_ldap</application>.</para>
|
||||||
</note>
|
</note>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>At this point you should be able to run
|
<para>At this point you should be able to run
|
||||||
|
|
@ -266,8 +290,9 @@ tls_cacert /path/to/your/cacert.crt</programlisting>
|
||||||
<option>-Z</option> means <quote>use TLS</quote>. If you
|
<option>-Z</option> means <quote>use TLS</quote>. If you
|
||||||
encounter an error, then something is configured wrong; most
|
encounter an error, then something is configured wrong; most
|
||||||
likely it is your certificates. Use &man.openssl.1;'s
|
likely it is your certificates. Use &man.openssl.1;'s
|
||||||
<command>s_client</command> and <command>s_server</command> to
|
<command>s_client</command> and <command>s_server</command>
|
||||||
ensure you have them configured and signed properly.</para>
|
to ensure you have them configured and signed
|
||||||
|
properly.</para>
|
||||||
</sect3>
|
</sect3>
|
||||||
</sect2>
|
</sect2>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -275,22 +300,23 @@ tls_cacert /path/to/your/cacert.crt</programlisting>
|
||||||
<title>Entries in the Database</title>
|
<title>Entries in the Database</title>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>Authentication against an LDAP directory is generally
|
<para>Authentication against an LDAP directory is generally
|
||||||
accomplished by attempting to bind to the directory as the connecting user.
|
accomplished by attempting to bind to the directory as the
|
||||||
This is done by establishing a <quote>simple</quote>
|
connecting user. This is done by establishing a
|
||||||
bind on the directory with the user name supplied. If there is an
|
<quote>simple</quote> bind on the directory with the user name
|
||||||
entry with the <literal>uid</literal> equal to the user name and
|
supplied. If there is an entry with the
|
||||||
that entry's <literal>userPassword</literal> attribute matches the
|
<literal>uid</literal> equal to the user name and that entry's
|
||||||
password supplied, then the bind is successful.</para>
|
<literal>userPassword</literal> attribute matches the password
|
||||||
|
supplied, then the bind is successful.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>The first thing we have to do is figure out is where in the
|
<para>The first thing we have to do is figure out is where in
|
||||||
directory our users will live.</para>
|
the directory our users will live.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>The base entry for our database is
|
<para>The base entry for our database is
|
||||||
<literal>dc=example,dc=org</literal>. The default location for
|
<literal>dc=example,dc=org</literal>. The default location
|
||||||
users that most clients seem to expect is something like
|
for users that most clients seem to expect is something like
|
||||||
<literal>ou=people,<replaceable>base</replaceable></literal>, so
|
<literal>ou=people,<replaceable>base</replaceable></literal>,
|
||||||
that is what will be used here. However keep in mind that this is
|
so that is what will be used here. However keep in mind that
|
||||||
configurable.</para>
|
this is configurable.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>So the ldif entry for the <literal>people</literal>
|
<para>So the ldif entry for the <literal>people</literal>
|
||||||
organizational unit will look like:</para>
|
organizational unit will look like:</para>
|
||||||
|
|
@ -306,17 +332,18 @@ ou: people</programlisting>
|
||||||
<para>Some thought might be given to the object class your users
|
<para>Some thought might be given to the object class your users
|
||||||
will belong to. Most tools by default will use
|
will belong to. Most tools by default will use
|
||||||
<literal>people</literal>, which is fine if you simply want to
|
<literal>people</literal>, which is fine if you simply want to
|
||||||
provide entries against which to authenticate. However, if you
|
provide entries against which to authenticate. However, if
|
||||||
are going to store user information in the LDAP database as well,
|
you are going to store user information in the LDAP database
|
||||||
you will probably want to use <literal>inetOrgPerson</literal>,
|
as well, you will probably want to use
|
||||||
which has many useful attributes. In either case, the relevant
|
<literal>inetOrgPerson</literal>, which has many useful
|
||||||
schemas need to be loaded in
|
attributes. In either case, the relevant schemas need to be
|
||||||
<filename>slapd.conf</filename>.</para>
|
loaded in <filename>slapd.conf</filename>.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>For this example we will use the <literal>person</literal>
|
<para>For this example we will use the <literal>person</literal>
|
||||||
object class. If you are using <literal>inetOrgPerson</literal>,
|
object class. If you are using
|
||||||
the steps are basically identical, except that the
|
<literal>inetOrgPerson</literal>, the steps are basically
|
||||||
<literal>sn</literal> attribute is required.</para>
|
identical, except that the <literal>sn</literal> attribute is
|
||||||
|
required.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>To add a user <literal>testuser</literal>, the ldif would
|
<para>To add a user <literal>testuser</literal>, the ldif would
|
||||||
be:</para>
|
be:</para>
|
||||||
|
|
@ -333,9 +360,9 @@ loginShell: /bin/csh
|
||||||
uid: tuser
|
uid: tuser
|
||||||
cn: tuser</programlisting>
|
cn: tuser</programlisting>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>I start my LDAP users' UIDs at 10000 to avoid collisions with
|
<para>I start my LDAP users' UIDs at 10000 to avoid collisions
|
||||||
system accounts; you can configure whatever number you wish here,
|
with system accounts; you can configure whatever number you
|
||||||
as long as it is less than 65536.</para>
|
wish here, as long as it is less than 65536.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>We also need group entries. They are as configurable as
|
<para>We also need group entries. They are as configurable as
|
||||||
user entries, but we will use the defaults below:</para>
|
user entries, but we will use the defaults below:</para>
|
||||||
|
|
@ -352,13 +379,14 @@ gidNumber: 10000
|
||||||
cn: tuser</programlisting>
|
cn: tuser</programlisting>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>To enter these into your database, you can use
|
<para>To enter these into your database, you can use
|
||||||
<command>slapadd</command> or <command>ldapadd</command>
|
<command>slapadd</command> or <command>ldapadd</command> on a
|
||||||
on a file containing these entries. Alternatively, you can use
|
file containing these entries. Alternatively, you can use
|
||||||
<package>sysutils/ldapvi</package>.</para>
|
<package>sysutils/ldapvi</package>.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>The <command>ldapsearch</command> utility on the client machine
|
<para>The <command>ldapsearch</command> utility on the client
|
||||||
should now return these entries. If it does, your database is
|
machine should now return these entries. If it does, your
|
||||||
properly configured to be used as an LDAP authentication server.</para>
|
database is properly configured to be used as an LDAP
|
||||||
|
authentication server.</para>
|
||||||
</sect2>
|
</sect2>
|
||||||
</sect1>
|
</sect1>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -366,27 +394,29 @@ cn: tuser</programlisting>
|
||||||
<title>Client Configuration</title>
|
<title>Client Configuration</title>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>The client should already have
|
<para>The client should already have
|
||||||
<application>OpenLDAP</application> libraries from <xref linkend="ldap-connect-client"/>, but if you are installing several
|
<application>OpenLDAP</application> libraries from <xref
|
||||||
client machines you will need to install <package>net/openldap24-client</package> on each of
|
linkend="ldap-connect-client"/>, but if you are installing
|
||||||
them.</para>
|
several client machines you will need to install
|
||||||
|
<package>net/openldap24-client</package> on each of them.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>&os; requires two ports to be installed to authenticate
|
<para>&os; requires two ports to be installed to authenticate
|
||||||
against an LDAP server, <package>security/pam_ldap</package> and <package>net/nss_ldap</package>.</para>
|
against an LDAP server, <package>security/pam_ldap</package> and
|
||||||
|
<package>net/nss_ldap</package>.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<sect2 xml:id="client-auth">
|
<sect2 xml:id="client-auth">
|
||||||
<title>Authentication</title>
|
<title>Authentication</title>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para><package>security/pam_ldap</package> is
|
<para><package>security/pam_ldap</package> is configured via
|
||||||
configured via <filename>/usr/local/etc/ldap.conf</filename>.</para>
|
<filename>/usr/local/etc/ldap.conf</filename>.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<note>
|
<note>
|
||||||
<para>This is a <emphasis>different file</emphasis> than the
|
<para>This is a <emphasis>different file</emphasis> than the
|
||||||
<application>OpenLDAP</application> library functions'
|
<application>OpenLDAP</application> library functions'
|
||||||
configuration file,
|
configuration file,
|
||||||
<filename>/usr/local/etc/openldap/ldap.conf</filename>; however,
|
<filename>/usr/local/etc/openldap/ldap.conf</filename>;
|
||||||
it takes many of the same options; in fact it is a superset of
|
however, it takes many of the same options; in fact it is a
|
||||||
that file. For the rest of this section, references to
|
superset of that file. For the rest of this section,
|
||||||
<filename>ldap.conf</filename> will mean
|
references to <filename>ldap.conf</filename> will mean
|
||||||
<filename>/usr/local/etc/ldap.conf</filename>.</para>
|
<filename>/usr/local/etc/ldap.conf</filename>.</para>
|
||||||
</note>
|
</note>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -394,11 +424,12 @@ cn: tuser</programlisting>
|
||||||
configuration parameters from
|
configuration parameters from
|
||||||
<filename>openldap/ldap.conf</filename> to the new
|
<filename>openldap/ldap.conf</filename> to the new
|
||||||
<filename>ldap.conf</filename>. Once this is done, we want to
|
<filename>ldap.conf</filename>. Once this is done, we want to
|
||||||
tell <package>security/pam_ldap</package> what to
|
tell <package>security/pam_ldap</package> what to look for on
|
||||||
look for on the directory server.</para>
|
the directory server.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>We are identifying our users with the <literal>uid</literal>
|
<para>We are identifying our users with the
|
||||||
attribute. To configure this (though it is the default), set the
|
<literal>uid</literal> attribute. To configure this (though
|
||||||
|
it is the default), set the
|
||||||
<literal>pam_login_attribute</literal> directive in
|
<literal>pam_login_attribute</literal> directive in
|
||||||
<filename>ldap.conf</filename>:</para>
|
<filename>ldap.conf</filename>:</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -408,46 +439,51 @@ cn: tuser</programlisting>
|
||||||
<programlisting>pam_login_attribute uid</programlisting>
|
<programlisting>pam_login_attribute uid</programlisting>
|
||||||
</example>
|
</example>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>With this set, <package>security/pam_ldap</package> will search the entire
|
<para>With this set, <package>security/pam_ldap</package> will
|
||||||
LDAP directory under <literal>base</literal> for the value
|
search the entire LDAP directory under <literal>base</literal>
|
||||||
<literal>uid=<replaceable>username</replaceable></literal>. If it
|
for the value
|
||||||
finds one and only one entry, it will attempt to bind as that user
|
<literal>uid=<replaceable>username</replaceable></literal>.
|
||||||
with the password it was given. If it binds correctly, then it
|
If it finds one and only one entry, it will attempt to bind as
|
||||||
will allow access. Otherwise it will fail.</para>
|
that user with the password it was given. If it binds
|
||||||
|
correctly, then it will allow access. Otherwise it will
|
||||||
|
fail.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<sect3 xml:id="client-auth-pam">
|
<sect3 xml:id="client-auth-pam">
|
||||||
<title>PAM</title>
|
<title>PAM</title>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>PAM, which stands for <quote>Pluggable Authentication
|
<para>PAM, which stands for <quote>Pluggable Authentication
|
||||||
Modules</quote>, is the method by which &os; authenticates most
|
Modules</quote>, is the method by which &os; authenticates
|
||||||
of its sessions. To tell &os; we wish to use an LDAP server, we
|
most of its sessions. To tell &os; we wish to use an LDAP
|
||||||
will have to add a line to the appropriate PAM file.</para>
|
server, we will have to add a line to the appropriate PAM
|
||||||
|
file.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>Most of the time the appropriate PAM file is
|
<para>Most of the time the appropriate PAM file is
|
||||||
<filename>/etc/pam.d/sshd</filename>, if you want to use
|
<filename>/etc/pam.d/sshd</filename>, if you want to use
|
||||||
<application>SSH</application> (remember to set the relevant
|
<application>SSH</application> (remember to set the relevant
|
||||||
options in <filename>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</filename>, otherwise
|
options in <filename>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</filename>,
|
||||||
<application>SSH</application> will not use PAM).</para>
|
otherwise <application>SSH</application> will not use
|
||||||
|
PAM).</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>To use PAM for authentication, add the line</para>
|
<para>To use PAM for authentication, add the line</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<programlisting>auth sufficient /usr/local/lib/pam_ldap.so no_warn</programlisting>
|
<programlisting>auth sufficient /usr/local/lib/pam_ldap.so no_warn</programlisting>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>Exactly where this line shows up in the file and which
|
<para>Exactly where this line shows up in the file and which
|
||||||
options appear in the fourth column determine the exact behavior
|
options appear in the fourth column determine the exact
|
||||||
of the authentication mechanism; see &man.pam.d.5;</para>
|
behavior of the authentication mechanism; see
|
||||||
|
&man.pam.d.5;</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>With this configuration you should be able to authenticate
|
<para>With this configuration you should be able to
|
||||||
a user against an LDAP directory.
|
authenticate a user against an LDAP directory.
|
||||||
<application>PAM</application> will perform a bind with your
|
<application>PAM</application> will perform a bind with your
|
||||||
credentials, and if successful will tell
|
credentials, and if successful will tell
|
||||||
<application>SSH</application> to allow access.</para>
|
<application>SSH</application> to allow access.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>However it is not a good idea to allow
|
<para>However it is not a good idea to allow
|
||||||
<emphasis>every</emphasis> user in the directory into
|
<emphasis>every</emphasis> user in the directory into
|
||||||
<emphasis>every</emphasis> client machine. With the
|
<emphasis>every</emphasis> client machine. With the current
|
||||||
current configuration, all that a user needs to log into a
|
configuration, all that a user needs to log into a machine
|
||||||
machine is an LDAP entry. Fortunately there are a few ways to
|
is an LDAP entry. Fortunately there are a few ways to
|
||||||
restrict user access.</para>
|
restrict user access.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para><filename>ldap.conf</filename> supports a
|
<para><filename>ldap.conf</filename> supports a
|
||||||
|
|
@ -458,27 +494,28 @@ cn: tuser</programlisting>
|
||||||
<programlisting>pam_groupdn cn=servername,ou=accessgroups,dc=example,dc=org</programlisting>
|
<programlisting>pam_groupdn cn=servername,ou=accessgroups,dc=example,dc=org</programlisting>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>in <filename>ldap.conf</filename>, then only members of
|
<para>in <filename>ldap.conf</filename>, then only members of
|
||||||
that group will be able to log in. There are a few things to
|
that group will be able to log in. There are a few things
|
||||||
bear in mind, however.</para>
|
to bear in mind, however.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>Members of this group are specified in one or more
|
<para>Members of this group are specified in one or more
|
||||||
<literal>memberUid</literal> attributes, and each attribute must
|
<literal>memberUid</literal> attributes, and each attribute
|
||||||
have the full distinguished name of the member. So
|
must have the full distinguished name of the member. So
|
||||||
<literal>memberUid: someuser</literal> will not work; it must
|
<literal>memberUid: someuser</literal> will not work; it
|
||||||
be:</para>
|
must be:</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<programlisting>memberUid: uid=someuser,ou=people,dc=example,dc=org</programlisting>
|
<programlisting>memberUid: uid=someuser,ou=people,dc=example,dc=org</programlisting>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>Additionally, this directive is not checked in PAM during
|
<para>Additionally, this directive is not checked in PAM
|
||||||
authentication, it is checked during account management, so you
|
during authentication, it is checked during account
|
||||||
will need a second line in your PAM files under
|
management, so you will need a second line in your PAM files
|
||||||
<literal>account</literal>. This will require, in turn,
|
under <literal>account</literal>. This will require, in
|
||||||
<emphasis>every</emphasis> user to be listed in the group, which
|
turn, <emphasis>every</emphasis> user to be listed in the
|
||||||
is not necessarily what we want. To avoid blocking users that
|
group, which is not necessarily what we want. To avoid
|
||||||
are not in LDAP, you should enable the
|
blocking users that are not in LDAP, you should enable the
|
||||||
<literal>ignore_unknown_user</literal> attribute. Finally, you
|
<literal>ignore_unknown_user</literal> attribute. Finally,
|
||||||
should set the <literal>ignore_authinfo_unavail</literal> option
|
you should set the
|
||||||
so that you are not locked out of every computer when the LDAP
|
<literal>ignore_authinfo_unavail</literal> option so that
|
||||||
|
you are not locked out of every computer when the LDAP
|
||||||
server is unavailable.</para>
|
server is unavailable.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>Your <filename>pam.d/sshd</filename> might then end up
|
<para>Your <filename>pam.d/sshd</filename> might then end up
|
||||||
|
|
@ -499,11 +536,12 @@ account required /usr/local/lib/pam_ldap.so no_warn ignore_a
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<note>
|
<note>
|
||||||
<para>Since we are adding these lines specifically to
|
<para>Since we are adding these lines specifically to
|
||||||
<filename>pam.d/sshd</filename>, this will only have an effect
|
<filename>pam.d/sshd</filename>, this will only have an
|
||||||
on <application>SSH</application> sessions. LDAP users will
|
effect on <application>SSH</application> sessions. LDAP
|
||||||
be unable to log in at the console. To change this behavior,
|
users will be unable to log in at the console. To change
|
||||||
examine the other files in <filename>/etc/pam.d</filename> and
|
this behavior, examine the other files in
|
||||||
modify them accordingly.</para>
|
<filename>/etc/pam.d</filename> and modify them
|
||||||
|
accordingly.</para>
|
||||||
</note>
|
</note>
|
||||||
</sect3>
|
</sect3>
|
||||||
</sect2>
|
</sect2>
|
||||||
|
|
@ -512,21 +550,23 @@ account required /usr/local/lib/pam_ldap.so no_warn ignore_a
|
||||||
<title>Name Service Switch</title>
|
<title>Name Service Switch</title>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para><application>NSS</application> is the service that maps
|
<para><application>NSS</application> is the service that maps
|
||||||
attributes to names. So, for example, if a file is owned by user
|
attributes to names. So, for example, if a file is owned by
|
||||||
<literal>1001</literal>, an application will query
|
user <literal>1001</literal>, an application will query
|
||||||
<application>NSS</application> for the name of
|
<application>NSS</application> for the name of
|
||||||
<literal>1001</literal>, and it might get <literal>bob</literal>
|
<literal>1001</literal>, and it might get
|
||||||
or <literal>ted</literal> or whatever the user's name is.</para>
|
<literal>bob</literal> or <literal>ted</literal> or whatever
|
||||||
|
the user's name is.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>Now that our user information is kept in LDAP, we need to
|
<para>Now that our user information is kept in LDAP, we need to
|
||||||
tell <application>NSS</application> to look there when
|
tell <application>NSS</application> to look there when
|
||||||
queried.</para>
|
queried.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>The <package>net/nss_ldap</package> port
|
<para>The <package>net/nss_ldap</package> port does this. It
|
||||||
does this. It uses the same configuration file as <package>security/pam_ldap</package>, and should not need
|
uses the same configuration file as
|
||||||
any extra parameters once it is installed. Instead, what is left
|
<package>security/pam_ldap</package>, and should not need any
|
||||||
is simply to edit <filename>/etc/nsswitch.conf</filename> to take
|
extra parameters once it is installed. Instead, what is left
|
||||||
advantage of the directory. Simply replace the following
|
is simply to edit <filename>/etc/nsswitch.conf</filename> to
|
||||||
|
take advantage of the directory. Simply replace the following
|
||||||
lines:</para>
|
lines:</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<programlisting>group: compat
|
<programlisting>group: compat
|
||||||
|
|
@ -547,12 +587,13 @@ passwd: files ldap</programlisting>
|
||||||
<sect2 xml:id="caveats">
|
<sect2 xml:id="caveats">
|
||||||
<title>Caveats</title>
|
<title>Caveats</title>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>Unfortunately, as of the time this was written &os; did not
|
<para>Unfortunately, as of the time this was written &os; did
|
||||||
support changing user passwords with &man.passwd.1;. Because of
|
not support changing user passwords with &man.passwd.1;.
|
||||||
this, most administrators are left to implement a solution
|
Because of this, most administrators are left to implement a
|
||||||
themselves. I provide some examples here. Note that if you write
|
solution themselves. I provide some examples here. Note that
|
||||||
your own password change script, there are some security issues
|
if you write your own password change script, there are some
|
||||||
you should be made aware of; see <xref linkend="security-passwd"/></para>
|
security issues you should be made aware of; see <xref
|
||||||
|
linkend="security-passwd"/></para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<example xml:id="chpw-shell">
|
<example xml:id="chpw-shell">
|
||||||
<title>Shell Script for Changing Passwords</title>
|
<title>Shell Script for Changing Passwords</title>
|
||||||
|
|
@ -580,17 +621,17 @@ ldappasswd -D uid="$USER",ou=people,dc=example,dc=org \
|
||||||
<para>This script does hardly any error checking, but more
|
<para>This script does hardly any error checking, but more
|
||||||
important it is very cavalier about how it stores your
|
important it is very cavalier about how it stores your
|
||||||
passwords. If you do anything like this, at least adjust
|
passwords. If you do anything like this, at least adjust
|
||||||
the <literal>security.bsd.see_other_uids</literal>
|
the <literal>security.bsd.see_other_uids</literal> sysctl
|
||||||
sysctl value:</para>
|
value:</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>sysctl security.bsd.see_other_uids=0</userinput>.</screen>
|
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>sysctl security.bsd.see_other_uids=0</userinput>.</screen>
|
||||||
</caution>
|
</caution>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>A more flexible (and probably more secure) approach can be
|
<para>A more flexible (and probably more secure) approach can be
|
||||||
used by writing a custom program, or even a web interface. The
|
used by writing a custom program, or even a web interface.
|
||||||
following is part of a <application>Ruby</application> library
|
The following is part of a <application>Ruby</application>
|
||||||
that can change LDAP passwords. It sees use both on the command
|
library that can change LDAP passwords. It sees use both on
|
||||||
line, and on the web.</para>
|
the command line, and on the web.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<example xml:id="chpw-ruby">
|
<example xml:id="chpw-ruby">
|
||||||
<title>Ruby Script for Changing Passwords</title>
|
<title>Ruby Script for Changing Passwords</title>
|
||||||
|
|
@ -634,8 +675,9 @@ conn.modify(luser, [replace])]]></programlisting>
|
||||||
</example>
|
</example>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>Although not guaranteed to be free of security holes (the
|
<para>Although not guaranteed to be free of security holes (the
|
||||||
password is kept in memory, for example) this is cleaner and more
|
password is kept in memory, for example) this is cleaner and
|
||||||
flexible than a simple <command>sh</command> script.</para>
|
more flexible than a simple <command>sh</command>
|
||||||
|
script.</para>
|
||||||
</sect2>
|
</sect2>
|
||||||
</sect1>
|
</sect1>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -658,13 +700,15 @@ conn.modify(luser, [replace])]]></programlisting>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>Several attributes in LDAP should be read-only. If left
|
<para>Several attributes in LDAP should be read-only. If left
|
||||||
writable by the user, for example, a user could change his
|
writable by the user, for example, a user could change his
|
||||||
<literal>uidNumber</literal> attribute to <literal>0</literal> and
|
<literal>uidNumber</literal> attribute to <literal>0</literal>
|
||||||
get <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> access!</para>
|
and get <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>
|
||||||
|
access!</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>To begin with, the <literal>userPassword</literal> attribute
|
<para>To begin with, the <literal>userPassword</literal>
|
||||||
should not be world-readable. By default, anyone who can connect
|
attribute should not be world-readable. By default, anyone
|
||||||
to the LDAP server can read this attribute. To disable this, put
|
who can connect to the LDAP server can read this attribute.
|
||||||
the following in <filename>slapd.conf</filename>:</para>
|
To disable this, put the following in
|
||||||
|
<filename>slapd.conf</filename>:</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<example xml:id="hide-userpass">
|
<example xml:id="hide-userpass">
|
||||||
<title>Hide Passwords</title>
|
<title>Hide Passwords</title>
|
||||||
|
|
@ -681,14 +725,14 @@ access to *
|
||||||
</example>
|
</example>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>This will disallow reading of the
|
<para>This will disallow reading of the
|
||||||
<literal>userPassword</literal> attribute, while still allowing
|
<literal>userPassword</literal> attribute, while still
|
||||||
users to change their own passwords.</para>
|
allowing users to change their own passwords.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>Additionally, you'll want to keep users from changing some
|
<para>Additionally, you'll want to keep users from changing some
|
||||||
of their own attributes. By default, users can change any
|
of their own attributes. By default, users can change any
|
||||||
attribute (except for those which the LDAP schemas themselves deny
|
attribute (except for those which the LDAP schemas themselves
|
||||||
changes), such as <literal>uidNumber</literal>. To close this
|
deny changes), such as <literal>uidNumber</literal>. To close
|
||||||
hole, modify the above to</para>
|
this hole, modify the above to</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<example xml:id="attrib-readonly">
|
<example xml:id="attrib-readonly">
|
||||||
<title>Read-only Attributes</title>
|
<title>Read-only Attributes</title>
|
||||||
|
|
@ -707,35 +751,38 @@ access to *
|
||||||
by * read</programlisting>
|
by * read</programlisting>
|
||||||
</example>
|
</example>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>This will stop users from being able to masquerade as other
|
<para>This will stop users from being able to masquerade as
|
||||||
users.</para>
|
other users.</para>
|
||||||
</sect2>
|
</sect2>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<sect2 xml:id="secure-root">
|
<sect2 xml:id="secure-root">
|
||||||
<title><systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> Account Definition</title>
|
<title><systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> Account
|
||||||
|
Definition</title>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>Often the <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> or manager account for
|
<para>Often the <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>
|
||||||
the LDAP service will be defined in the configuration file.
|
or manager account for the LDAP service will be defined in the
|
||||||
<application>OpenLDAP</application> supports this, for example,
|
configuration file. <application>OpenLDAP</application>
|
||||||
and it works, but it can lead to trouble if
|
supports this, for example, and it works, but it can lead to
|
||||||
<filename>slapd.conf</filename> is compromised. It may be better
|
trouble if <filename>slapd.conf</filename> is compromised. It
|
||||||
to use this only to bootstrap yourself into LDAP, and then define
|
may be better to use this only to bootstrap yourself into
|
||||||
a <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> account there.</para>
|
LDAP, and then define a <systemitem
|
||||||
|
class="username">root</systemitem> account there.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>Even better is to define accounts that have limited
|
<para>Even better is to define accounts that have limited
|
||||||
permissions, and omit a <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> account entirely.
|
permissions, and omit a <systemitem
|
||||||
For example, users that can add or remove user accounts are added to
|
class="username">root</systemitem> account entirely. For
|
||||||
one group, but they cannot themselves change the membership of
|
example, users that can add or remove user accounts are added
|
||||||
this group. Such a security policy would help mitigate the effects
|
to one group, but they cannot themselves change the membership
|
||||||
of a leaked password.</para>
|
of this group. Such a security policy would help mitigate the
|
||||||
|
effects of a leaked password.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<sect3 xml:id="manager-acct">
|
<sect3 xml:id="manager-acct">
|
||||||
<title>Creating a Management Group</title>
|
<title>Creating a Management Group</title>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>Say you want your IT department to be able to change home
|
<para>Say you want your IT department to be able to change
|
||||||
directories for users, but you do not want all of them to be able
|
home directories for users, but you do not want all of them
|
||||||
to add or remove users. The way to do this is to add a group
|
to be able to add or remove users. The way to do this is to
|
||||||
for these admins:</para>
|
add a group for these admins:</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<example xml:id="manager-acct-dn">
|
<example xml:id="manager-acct-dn">
|
||||||
<title>Creating a Management Group</title>
|
<title>Creating a Management Group</title>
|
||||||
|
|
@ -755,21 +802,24 @@ memberUid: uid=user2,ou=people,dc=example,dc=org</programlisting>
|
||||||
<example xml:id="management-acct-acl">
|
<example xml:id="management-acct-acl">
|
||||||
<title>ACLs for a Home Directory Management Group</title>
|
<title>ACLs for a Home Directory Management Group</title>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<programlisting>access to dn.subtree="ou=people,dc=example,dc=org"
|
<programlisting>access to dn.subtree="ou=people,dc=example,dc=org"
|
||||||
attr=homeDirectory
|
attr=homeDirectory
|
||||||
by dn="cn=homemanagement,dc=example,dc=org"
|
by dn="cn=homemanagement,dc=example,dc=org"
|
||||||
dnattr=memberUid write</programlisting>
|
dnattr=memberUid write</programlisting>
|
||||||
</example>
|
</example>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>Now <systemitem class="username">tuser</systemitem> and <systemitem class="username">user2</systemitem>
|
<para>Now <systemitem class="username">tuser</systemitem> and
|
||||||
can change other users' home directories.</para>
|
<systemitem class="username">user2</systemitem> can change
|
||||||
|
other users' home directories.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>In this example we have given a subset of administrative
|
<para>In this example we have given a subset of administrative
|
||||||
power to certain users without giving them power in other
|
power to certain users without giving them power in other
|
||||||
domains. The idea is that soon no single user account has the
|
domains. The idea is that soon no single user account has
|
||||||
power of a <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> account, but every power
|
the power of a <systemitem
|
||||||
root had is had by at least one user. The <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>
|
class="username">root</systemitem> account, but every
|
||||||
account then becomes unnecessary and can be removed.</para>
|
power root had is had by at least one user. The <systemitem
|
||||||
|
class="username">root</systemitem> account then becomes
|
||||||
|
unnecessary and can be removed.</para>
|
||||||
</sect3>
|
</sect3>
|
||||||
</sect2>
|
</sect2>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -777,14 +827,15 @@ memberUid: uid=user2,ou=people,dc=example,dc=org</programlisting>
|
||||||
<title>Password Storage</title>
|
<title>Password Storage</title>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>By default <application>OpenLDAP</application> will store
|
<para>By default <application>OpenLDAP</application> will store
|
||||||
the value of the <literal>userPassword</literal> attribute as it
|
the value of the <literal>userPassword</literal> attribute as
|
||||||
stores any other data: in the clear. Most of the time it is base
|
it stores any other data: in the clear. Most of the time it
|
||||||
64 encoded, which provides enough protection to keep an honest
|
is base 64 encoded, which provides enough protection to keep
|
||||||
administrator from knowing your password, but little else.</para>
|
an honest administrator from knowing your password, but little
|
||||||
|
else.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>It is a good idea, then, to store passwords in a more secure
|
<para>It is a good idea, then, to store passwords in a more
|
||||||
format, such as SSHA (salted SHA). This is done by whatever
|
secure format, such as SSHA (salted SHA). This is done by
|
||||||
program you use to change users' passwords.</para>
|
whatever program you use to change users' passwords.</para>
|
||||||
</sect2>
|
</sect2>
|
||||||
</sect1>
|
</sect1>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -795,42 +846,43 @@ memberUid: uid=user2,ou=people,dc=example,dc=org</programlisting>
|
||||||
particularly if you have many users and do not want to configure
|
particularly if you have many users and do not want to configure
|
||||||
everything manually.</para>
|
everything manually.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para><package>security/pam_mkhomedir</package> is
|
<para><package>security/pam_mkhomedir</package> is a PAM module
|
||||||
a PAM module that always succeeds; its purpose is to create home
|
that always succeeds; its purpose is to create home directories
|
||||||
directories for users which do not have them. If you have dozens of
|
for users which do not have them. If you have dozens of client
|
||||||
client servers and hundreds of users, it is much easier to use this
|
servers and hundreds of users, it is much easier to use this and
|
||||||
and set up skeleton directories than to prepare every home
|
set up skeleton directories than to prepare every home
|
||||||
directory.</para>
|
directory.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para><package>sysutils/cpu</package> is a
|
<para><package>sysutils/cpu</package> is a &man.pw.8;-like utility
|
||||||
&man.pw.8;-like utility that can be used to manage users in the LDAP
|
that can be used to manage users in the LDAP directory. You can
|
||||||
directory. You can call it directly, or wrap scripts around it. It
|
call it directly, or wrap scripts around it. It can handle both
|
||||||
can handle both TLS (with the <option>-x</option> flag) and
|
TLS (with the <option>-x</option> flag) and SSL
|
||||||
SSL (directly).</para>
|
(directly).</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para><package>sysutils/ldapvi</package> is a great
|
<para><package>sysutils/ldapvi</package> is a great utility for
|
||||||
utility for editing LDAP values in an LDIF-like syntax. The
|
editing LDAP values in an LDIF-like syntax. The directory (or
|
||||||
directory (or subsection of the directory) is presented in the
|
subsection of the directory) is presented in the editor chosen
|
||||||
editor chosen by the <envar>EDITOR</envar> environment variable.
|
by the <envar>EDITOR</envar> environment variable. This makes
|
||||||
This makes it easy to enable large-scale changes in the directory
|
it easy to enable large-scale changes in the directory without
|
||||||
without having to write a custom tool.</para>
|
having to write a custom tool.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para><package>security/openssh-portable</package>
|
<para><package>security/openssh-portable</package> has the ability
|
||||||
has the ability to contact an LDAP server to verify
|
to contact an LDAP server to verify
|
||||||
<application>SSH</application> keys. This is extremely nice if you
|
<application>SSH</application> keys. This is extremely nice if
|
||||||
have many servers and do not want to copy your public keys across
|
you have many servers and do not want to copy your public keys
|
||||||
all of them.</para>
|
across all of them.</para>
|
||||||
</appendix>
|
</appendix>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<appendix xml:id="ssl-ca">
|
<appendix xml:id="ssl-ca">
|
||||||
<title><application>OpenSSL</application> Certificates for LDAP</title>
|
<title><application>OpenSSL</application> Certificates for
|
||||||
|
LDAP</title>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>If you are hosting two or more LDAP servers, you will probably
|
<para>If you are hosting two or more LDAP servers, you will
|
||||||
not want to use self-signed certificates, since each client will
|
probably not want to use self-signed certificates, since each
|
||||||
have to be configured to work with each certificate. While this is
|
client will have to be configured to work with each certificate.
|
||||||
possible, it is not nearly as simple as creating your own
|
While this is possible, it is not nearly as simple as creating
|
||||||
certificate authority, and signing your servers' certificates with
|
your own certificate authority, and signing your servers'
|
||||||
that.</para>
|
certificates with that.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>The steps here are presented as they are with very little
|
<para>The steps here are presented as they are with very little
|
||||||
attempt at explaining what is going on—further explanation
|
attempt at explaining what is going on—further explanation
|
||||||
|
|
@ -849,22 +901,23 @@ memberUid: uid=user2,ou=people,dc=example,dc=org</programlisting>
|
||||||
</example>
|
</example>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>These will be your root CA key and certificate. You will
|
<para>These will be your root CA key and certificate. You will
|
||||||
probably want to encrypt the key and store it in a cool, dry place;
|
probably want to encrypt the key and store it in a cool, dry
|
||||||
anyone with access to it can masquerade as one of your LDAP
|
place; anyone with access to it can masquerade as one of your
|
||||||
servers.</para>
|
LDAP servers.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>Next, using the first two steps above create a key
|
<para>Next, using the first two steps above create a key
|
||||||
<filename>ldap-server-one.key</filename> and certificate signing
|
<filename>ldap-server-one.key</filename> and certificate signing
|
||||||
request <filename>ldap-server-one.csr</filename>. Once you sign the
|
request <filename>ldap-server-one.csr</filename>. Once you sign
|
||||||
signing request with <filename>root.key</filename>, you will be able
|
the signing request with <filename>root.key</filename>, you will
|
||||||
to use <filename>ldap-server-one.*</filename> on your LDAP
|
be able to use <filename>ldap-server-one.*</filename> on your
|
||||||
servers.</para>
|
LDAP servers.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<note>
|
<note>
|
||||||
<para>Do not forget to use the fully qualified domain name for the
|
<para>Do not forget to use the fully qualified domain name for
|
||||||
<quote>common name</quote> attribute when generating the
|
the <quote>common name</quote> attribute when generating the
|
||||||
certificate signing request; otherwise clients will reject a
|
certificate signing request; otherwise clients will reject a
|
||||||
connection with you, and it can be very tricky to diagnose.</para>
|
connection with you, and it can be very tricky to
|
||||||
|
diagnose.</para>
|
||||||
</note>
|
</note>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>To sign the key, use <option>-CA</option> and
|
<para>To sign the key, use <option>-CA</option> and
|
||||||
|
|
@ -879,13 +932,13 @@ memberUid: uid=user2,ou=people,dc=example,dc=org</programlisting>
|
||||||
-out ldap-server-one.crt</userinput></screen>
|
-out ldap-server-one.crt</userinput></screen>
|
||||||
</example>
|
</example>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>The resulting file will be the certificate that you can use on
|
<para>The resulting file will be the certificate that you can use
|
||||||
your LDAP servers.</para>
|
on your LDAP servers.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>Finally, for clients to trust all your servers, distribute
|
<para>Finally, for clients to trust all your servers, distribute
|
||||||
<filename>root.crt</filename> (the <emphasis>certificate</emphasis>,
|
<filename>root.crt</filename> (the
|
||||||
not the key!) to each client, and specify it in the
|
<emphasis>certificate</emphasis>, not the key!) to each client,
|
||||||
<literal>TLSCACertificateFile</literal> directive in
|
and specify it in the <literal>TLSCACertificateFile</literal>
|
||||||
<filename>ldap.conf</filename>.</para>
|
directive in <filename>ldap.conf</filename>.</para>
|
||||||
</appendix>
|
</appendix>
|
||||||
</article>
|
</article>
|
||||||
|
|
|
||||||
Loading…
Reference in a new issue