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Add an article explaining how to use the Euro symbol in FreeBSD.

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PR:		docs/33713
Submitted by:	aaron <aaron@lo-res.org>
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Nik Clayton 2002-01-10 12:40:31 +00:00
parent f8d40bc3f6
commit 9a7eeeaebb
Notes: svn2git 2020-12-08 03:00:23 +00:00 
svn path=/head/; revision=11658
2 changed files with 360 additions and 0 deletions
en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/euro
Makefilearticle.sgml

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# $FreeBSD$
DOC?= article
FORMATS?= html
INSTALL_COMPRESSED?=gz
INSTALL_ONLY_COMPRESSED?=
SRCS= article.sgml
DOC_PREFIX?= ${.CURDIR}/../../..
.include "${DOC_PREFIX}/share/mk/doc.project.mk"

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<!DOCTYPE ARTICLE PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//DTD DocBook V4.1-Based Extension//EN" [
<!ENTITY % man PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//ENTITIES DocBook Manual Page Entities//EN">
%man;
]>
<article>
<articleinfo>
<title>The Euro symbol on
<systemitem class="osname">FreeBSD</systemitem></title>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<firstname>Aaron</firstname>
<surname>Kaplan</surname>
<affiliation>
<address>
<email>aaron@lo-res.org</email>
</address>
</affiliation>
</author>
</authorgroup>
<copyright>
<year>2002</year>
<holder>The FreeBSD Documentation Project</holder>
</copyright>
<pubdate role="rcs">$FreeBSD$</pubdate>
<abstract>
<para>This document will try to help you in getting started with the new
<keycap>Euro</keycap> Symbol on your new keyboard that you had to buy
in early 2002 because of the switch to the new common currency. We
will first focus on the more important parts like being able to
correctly display the symbol on the console. Later sections will deal
with configuring particular programs like
<application>X11</application>.
</para>
<para>Lots of helpful input came from Oliver Fromme, Tom Rhodes and
countless others. Thanks! Without you this article would not have been
possible!
</para>
</abstract>
</articleinfo>
<sect1>
<title>The Euro in a nutshell</title>
<para>If you already feel comfortable with
<ulink url="../../books/handbook/l10n.html">localization</ulink> as
described in the <systemitem class="osname">FreeBSD</systemitem>
Handbook you might be only interested in the following facts which
will get you started quickly:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>ISO8859-15</term>
<listitem>
<para>This is a slight modification of the commonly used ISO8859-1
character map. It includes the Euro symbol. Used for the
<envar>LANG</envar>, <envar>LC_CTYPE</envar> environment
variables.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><filename>iso15-8x16.fnt</filename></term>
<listitem>
<para>The &man.vidcontrol.1; font for the console</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><filename>/usr/share/syscons/keymaps/*.iso.kbd</filename></term>
<listitem>
<para>Appropriate keyboard maps depending on your language. Set your
<literal>keymap</literal> entry in <filename>rc.conf</filename> to
one of these.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><envar>LC_CTYPE</envar></term>
<listitem>
<para>Used to specify the correct character type in your
locale.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><literal>XkbLayout "<replaceable>lang</replaceable>(euro)"</literal></term>
<listitem>
<para>XFree86 config option.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><filename>/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/*/fonts.alias</filename></term>
<listitem>
<para>Be sure to adapt your X11 fonts to
<literal>-*-..-*-iso8859-15</literal></para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</sect1>
<sect1>
<title>A general remark</title>
<para>In the following sections we will often refer to
<emphasis>ISO8859-15</emphasis>. This is the standard notation starting
with <systemitem class="osname">FreeBSD</systemitem> 4.5. In older
versions, the standard notation was either
<emphasis>ISO_8859-15</emphasis> or <emphasis>DIS_8859-15</emphasis>.
</para>
<para>If you are using an older version of
<systemitem class="osname">FreeBSD</systemitem>, be sure to take a
look at <filename>/usr/share/locale/</filename> in order to find out
which naming convention is in place.</para>
</sect1>
<sect1>
<title>The console</title>
<sect2>
<title>Setting up your console font</title>
<para>Depending on your console resolution and size you will need one of
the following lines in <filename>rc.conf</filename>:</para>
<programlisting>font8x16="iso15-8x16.fnt" # from /usr/share/syscons/fonts/*
font8x14="iso15-8x14.fnt"
font8x8="iso15-8x8.fnt"</programlisting>
<para>This will effectively select the ISO8859-15 also known as Latin-9
font. ISO8859-15 is a variation of ISO8859-1. You can tell the
difference between the two by looking at the Euro symbol: its decimal
value is 164. In ISO8859-1 you will notice a circle with four little
strokes at the corners. This is often termed the "universal currency
symbol". In ISO8859-15, instead of the little circle, you have the
Euro Symbol. Otherwise the fonts are more or less identical.</para>
<warning>
<para>As of the time of this writing the only usable font seems to be
<literal>iso15-8x16.fnt</literal>. The others seem to only show
ISO8859-1 even though the name suggest otherwise.</para>
</warning>
<note>
<para>By specifying this font some console applications will look
garbled. This is due to the fact that they assume you are using a
different font/character set such as ANSI 850. One notable example
is <application>/stand/sysinstall</application>. However most of the
time this should not be of much concern.</para>
</note>
<para>As the next step you should either reboot your system to let the
changes take effect or (manually) take the steps that would have been
taken at the system startup:</para>
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>vidcontrol -f <replaceable>iso15-8x16.fnt</replaceable></userinput></screen>
<para>To check if the font has been selected execute the following short
<command><anchor id="awk-test">awk</command> script:</para>
<programlisting>#!/usr/bin/awk -f
BEGIN {
for(i=160;i<180;i++)
printf"%3d %c\n",i,i
}</programlisting>
<para>The result should reveal the Euro sign at position 164.</para>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Setting up your keyboard for the Euro</title>
<para>Most keyboard maps should already be set up correctly. I.e: If you
have a german keyboard and your Umlaut keys are working, you can
safely skip this section since the keyboard already maps whatever key
combination is necessary (e.g.: <keycombo action=simul><keycap>Alt
Gr</keycap><keycap>e</keycap></keycombo>) to decimal value 164.
If running into problems, the best way to check is to take a look at
<filename>/usr/share/syscons/keymaps/*.kbd</filename>. The format of
the key mapping files is described in &man.keyboard.4;.
&man.kbdcontrol.1; can be used to load a custom keymap.</para>
<para>Once the correct keyboard map is selected, it should be added to
<filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename> with the line:</para>
<programlisting>keymap="<replaceable>german.iso</replaceable>" # or another map</programlisting>
<para>As stated above, this step has most probably already been taken
by you at installation time (with
<application>sysinstall</application>). If not, either reboot or
load the the new keymap via &man.kbdcontrol.1;.</para>
<para>To verify the keyboard mapping, switch to a new console and at
the login prompt, <emphasis>instead of logging</emphasis> in, try to
type the <keycap>Euro</keycap> key. If it is not working, either
file a bug report via &man.send-pr.1; or make sure you in fact chose
the right keyboard map.</para>
<note>
<para>At this stage the Euro key will not yet work in
<application>bash </application> or
<application>tcsh</application>.</para>
</note>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Fixing the environment variables</title>
<para>The shells (bash, tcsh) revert to the &man.readline.3; library
which in turn respects the <envar>LC_CTYPE</envar> environment
variable. <envar>LC_CTYPE</envar> must be set before the shell is
completely running. Luckily it suffices to add the line:</para>
<programlisting>export LC_CTYPE=<replaceable>de_DE</replaceable>.ISO8859-15</programlisting>
<para>to your <filename>.bash_profile</filename> (bash), or:</para>
<programlisting>setenv LC_CTYPE <replaceable>de_DE</replaceable>.ISO8859-15</programlisting>
<para>to your <filename>.login</filename> (tcsh) file. Of course,
<replaceable>de_DE</replaceable> should be replaced by your language.
Next, log out, log back in again, and verify your Euro key is working.
By now most console applications should respond to the Euro key. Extra
configuration steps for special programs like
<application>pine</application> might still be necessary
however.</para>
<note>
<para>An alternative to modifying <filename>.login</filename> and
<filename>.bash_profile</filename> is to set the environment
variables through the &man.login.conf.5; mechanism. This approach
has the advantage of assigning login classes to certain users (e.g.
French users, Italian users, etc) <emphasis>in one
place</emphasis>.</para>
</note>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1>
<title>Modifying X11</title>
<para>Modify <filename>/etc/XF86Config</filename> in the following
manner:</para>
<programlisting>Option "XkbLayout" "<replaceable>de</replaceable>(euro)"</programlisting>
<para>Again, replace <replaceable>de</replaceable> with your language. By
now, the keyboard should be set up correctly. As in the console section,
the correct font must be chosen. For <application>KDE</application>, go
to the <application>KDE control center</application> -&gt;
Personalization -&gt; Country &amp; Language -&gt; Charset and change it
to <literal>ISO8859-15</literal>. Similar steps apply to
<application>kmail</application> and other applications.</para>
<para>Another good idea is to modify your <filename>fonts.alias</filename>
files. Notably the <literal>fixed</literal> font should be changed to
the right characterset: The author's
<filename>/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/misc/fonts.alias</filename> looks
like this:</para>
<programlisting>! $Xorg: fonts.alias,v 1.3 2000/08/21 16:42:31 coskrey Exp $
fixed -misc-fixed-medium-r-semicondensed--13-120-75-75-c-60-iso8859-15
variable -*-helvetica-bold-r-normal-*-*-120-*-*-*-*-iso8859-15
(...)</programlisting>
<para>As in the console sections, special applications still have
ISO8859-1 fonts configured in their respective xrdb databases. One
notable example is <application>xterm</application>. As a general rule
of thumb it suffices to change the corresponding configuration file in
<filename>/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/app-defaults</filename> and add the correct
font. Let us demonstrate this with
<application>xterm</application>.</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; cd /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/app-defaults/
&prompt.root; vi XTerm</screen>
<para>Add the following line to the beginning of the file:</para>
<programlisting>*font: -misc-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-*-120-*-*-c-*-iso8859-15</programlisting>
<para>Finally, restart X and make sure, fonts can be displayed by
executing the above <link linkend="awk-test">awk script</link>. All
major applications should respect the keyboard mapping and the font
settings.</para>
</sect1>
<sect1>
<title>Open problems</title>
<para>Of course, the author would like to receive feedback. In addition,
at least let me know if you have fixes for one of these open
problems:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Describe alternative way of setting up XFree86:
<port>x11/xkeycaps</port></para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Settings in <application>GNOME</application></para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Settings in <application>XFCE</application></para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Settings for <application>(X)Emacs</application></para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Describe UTF-8</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Describe <application>libiconv</application> as a effective way
to convert between ISO8859-15 and UTF-{8,16} from within
applications</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect1>
</article>
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