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Pointed Q 8.3 at diskformat tutorial.

Browse source 
Added question regarding how to reset lost root password.
Added question regarding how to disable Ctrl-Alt-Del.

Submitted by: Spike Gronim <spork@cncn.com>
Submitted by: Ruslan Ermilov <ru@ucb.crimea.ua>
Submitted by: Doug White <dwhite@gdi.uoregon.edu>
This commit is contained in:
Jordan K. Hubbard 1998-05-19 01:42:13 +00:00
parent 03ebeaf8ac
commit ad2cd47969
Notes: svn2git 2020-12-08 03:00:23 +00:00 
svn path=/head/; revision=2817
1 changed files with 29 additions and 194 deletions
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FAQ/admin.sgml
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@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
<!-- $Id: admin.sgml,v 1.3 1998-03-27 06:10:19 hanai Exp $ -->
<!-- $Id: admin.sgml,v 1.4 1998-05-19 01:42:13 jkh Exp $ -->
<!-- The FreeBSD Documentation Project -->
<sect>
@ -79,192 +79,9 @@
<sect1>
<heading>How can I add my new hard disk to my FreeBSD system?</heading>
<p>The easiest way to do this is from the installation program. You
can start the installation program by running
<tt>/stand/sysinstall</tt> as root.
<p>Alternatively, if you still have the install floppy, you can just
reboot from that and use the partition & label editors while
the system is totally quiescent.
<p><label id="2_1-disklabel-fix">If the above does not work for you,
or if you're a total masochist who likes arcane interfaces, this is how
to use <htmlurl url="http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?disklabel"
name="disklabel"> manually:
<p><em>WARNING: There is no substitute for reading carefully
&amp; understanding what you are doing! Things described here may
DESTROY your system. Proceed with caution! Remember, a BACKUP is your
friend!</em>
<p><tt /sysinstall/ used to be broken up to 2.1.5-RELEASE and will
insist on mounting something at / in the disklabel editor. You will
have to manually run
<htmlurl url="http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?disklabel"
name="disklabel"> before you can run
<htmlurl url="http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?newfs" name="newfs">/.
This means doing the math for partitions yourself. This is rumored to
be easy :-) See if you can obtain a skeletal label with
''<tt>disklabel -r &lt;diskname&gt;</tt>'' <em>(e.g.
</em>''<tt>disklabel -r /dev/rwd0s2</tt>''<em>, assuming that your new
disk is wd0, the first IDE drive, and the FreeBSD slice is the second
one, s2)</em>. You should see something like:-
<verb>
# /dev/rwd0s2:
type: ESDI
disk: wd0s2
label:
flags:
bytes/sector: 512
sectors/track: 63
tracks/cylinder: 64
sectors/cylinder: 4032
cylinders: 610
sectors/unit: 2459520
rpm: 3600
interleave: 1
trackskew: 0
cylinderskew: 0
headswitch: 0 # milliseconds
track-to-track seek: 0 # milliseconds
drivedata: 0
8 partitions:
# size offset fstype [fsize bsize bps/cpg]
c: 2459520 0 unused 0 0 # (Cyl. 0 - 609)
e: 2459520 0 4.2BSD 0 0 0 # (Cyl. 0 - 609)
</verb>
<p>Make sure that the size is correct, in this case, 2459520
sectors/unit x 512 bytes/sector / 2**20 (1 Megabyte) = 1200
Megabytes. The rest of the stuff (b/s, t/c, s/c, interleave, etc.)
should get suitable defaults from <htmlurl
url="http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?disklabel"
name="disklabel">, but see <ref id="ESDI" name="this note"> for older
disks. 'fsize' is the <ref id="fsize" name="Fragment size"> for the
filesystem, and 'bsize' is the <ref id="bsize" name="Block size">. 'c'
is the partition covering the entire slice (or entire disk for a
non-sliced disk), and must remain as it is. <em>It should not be
used for a filesystem</em>. The 'c' partition is magic in that it
is faked by the kernel even if no disklabel exists.
<p>In the trivial case, where you want a single filesystem spanning
the whole slice, the entry for 'e' has to be corrected. Setting fsize
to 1024 and bsize to 8192 (8 fragments/block), which are reasonable
values for a filesystem, the correct entry for 'e' would be:-
<verb>
e: 2459520 0 4.2BSD 1024 8192
</verb>
<p>Now, the (slightly) harder case, where we want 2 partitions for 2
filesystems. Following the <ref id="fsname" name="BSD naming
conventions">, the partitions will be <tt /wd0s2e/ &amp;
<tt /wd0s2f/. Suppose we split up the 1200 MB into 300 MB for
'e' and the remaining 900 MB for 'f'. The partition entries would
be:-
<verb>
8 partitions:
# size offset fstype [fsize bsize bps/cpg]
c: 2459520 0 unused 0 0 # (Cyl. 0 - 609)
e: 614400 0 4.2BSD 1024 8192
f: 1843200 614400 4.2BSD 1024 8192
</verb>
<p><bf /Note:/ You can directly edit the disklabel with
''<tt>disklabel -e wd0s2</tt>''. See
<htmlurl url="http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?disklabel"
name="disklabel">.
<p>If you have at least FreeBSD 2.1.5, and you want to dedicate
an entire disk to FreeBSD without any care for other
systems, you might shorten the steps above to something like:
<verb>
# dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/rwd0 count=100
# disklabel -Brw wd0 auto
# disklabel -e wd0
</verb>
<p>The first <htmlurl url="http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?dd"
name="dd"> command ensures there is no old junk at
the beginning of the disk that might confuse the disk code
in the kernel. Following is an automatic skeleton label
generation using the defaults that have been probed from the
disk at boot time. Editing this label continues as described
above.
<p>You're done! Time to initialize the filesystems with something
like:-
<verb>
newfs -d0 /dev/rwd0s2e
newfs -d0 /dev/rwd0s2f
</verb>
<p>Depending on the disk name and slice number, it might be
required that you run the script <htmlurl
url="http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?MAKEDEV" name="/dev/MAKEDEV">
before in order to create the desired device nodes.
<p>And mount your new filesystems (See
<htmlurl url="http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?mount" name="mount">):-
<verb>
mount /dev/wd0s2e /mnt/foo
mount /dev/wd0s2f /mnt/bar
</verb>
<p>You may wish to edit <htmlurl
url="http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?fstab(5)" name="/etc/fstab"> to
automatically mount the filesystems at boot time.
<p><bf /Glossary:/
<descrip>
<tag><label id="fsize"><bf>Fragment Size (fsize)</bf></tag>
The basic unit of storage for <tt /ffs/. See
M. McKusick, W. Joy, S. Leffler, and R. Fabry,
"A Fast File System for UNIX",
ACM Transactions on Computer Systems 2, 3, pp 181-197, August
1984, (reprinted in the BSD System Manager's Manual, SMM:5) or
<url url="file:/usr/share/doc/smm/05.fastfs/paper.ascii.gz"
name="/usr/share/doc/smm/05.fastfs/paper.ascii.gz"> on your system.
<tag><label id="bsize"><bf>Block Size (bsize)</bf></tag>
A block comprises one or more fragments. See the
reference above and
<url url="file:/usr/include/sys/disklabel.h"
name="&lt;sys/disklabel.h&gt;">
<tag><label id="ESDI">
<bf>Disklabel Characteristics for Older Disks (ESDI)</bf></tag>
You may need to provide more information to <htmlurl
url="http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?disklabel"
name="disklabel"> if you happen to own a ``true disk'', i.e. one with a
uniform geometry, real heads, sectors, and cylinders,
such as an old ESDI drive. All of this should be easily
obtainable from the drive case, owner's manual, fellow
sufferers, etc. :-)
<tag><label id="fsname">
<bf>BSD Filesystem Naming Conventions</bf></tag>
Partition 'a' is by convention reserved for a bootable
partition, and partition 'b' for swap space. Regular
partition names should start with 'd'. ('d' used to be
magic in 386BSD 0.1 through FreeBSD 2.0, thus partition
'e' is often used for the first non-bootable partition
containing a filesystem.)
<tag><label id="swap">
<bf>Warning about swap space</bf></tag>
The space required by the BSD partition table is allowed
for in the file system. It's not allowed for by the swap
partition. So don't start swap at cylinder 0, either offset
it or put a file system in partition 'a'.
</descrip>
<p>See the Disk Formatting Tutorial at
<url url="http://www.freebsd.org/tutorials/diskformat"
name="www.freebsd.org">.
<sect1>
<heading>I have a new removable drive, how do I use it?</heading>
@ -316,8 +133,7 @@
disklabel -Brw sd2 auto
</verb>
<p>You can use disklabel (more info in <ref id="2_1-disklabel-fix"
name="this note">) or <tt>/stand/sysinstall</tt> to create multiple
<p>You can use disklabel or <tt>/stand/sysinstall</tt> to create multiple
BSD partitions. You'll certainly want to do this if you're adding
swap space on a fixed disk, but it's probably irrelevant on a
removable drive like a ZIP.
@ -528,8 +344,7 @@
<heading>How can I add more swap space?</heading>
<p>The best way is to increase the size of your swap partition, or
take advantage of this convenient excuse to add another disk (and
see <ref id="swap" name="this note"> if you do).
take advantage of this convenient excuse to add another disk.
<p>Adding swap onto a separate disk makes things faster than
simply adding swap onto the same disk. As an example, if you
@ -927,15 +742,14 @@
MAILER(smtp)dnl
Cwlocalhost
Cwbsd.home
CwmyISP.com
MASQUERADE_AS(`myISP.com')dnl
FEATURE(allmasquerade)dnl
FEATURE(masquerade_envelope)dnl
FEATURE(nocanonify)dnl
FEATURE(nodns)dnl
define(SMART_HOST, `relay.myISP.com')
DmmyISP.com
define(`confDOMAIN_NAME',`myISP.com')dnl
Dmbsd.home
define(`confDOMAIN_NAME',`bsd.home')dnl
define(`confDELIVERY_MODE',`deferred')dnl
</verb>
@ -943,5 +757,26 @@
<tt/.mc/ file into a <tt/sendmail.cf/ file. Also, don't forget to
restart sendmail after updating sendmail.cf.
<sect1>
<heading>Eek! I forgot the root password!</heading>
<p>Don't Panic! Simply restart the system, type -s at the Boot: prompt
to enter Single User mode. At the question about the shell to use,
hit ENTER. You'll be dropped to a # prompt. Enter <tt>mount -u /</tt> to
remount your root filesystem read/write, then run <tt/passwd root/ to
change the root password. Run <tt/mount -a/ then <tt/exit/
to continue booting.
<sect1>
<heading>How do I keep Control-Alt-Delete from rebooting the system?
</heading>
<p>Edit the keymap you are using for the console and replace the
<tt/rbt/ keywords with <tt/nop/. The default keymap is
<tt>/usr/share/syscons/keymaps/us.iso.kbd</tt>. You may have to instruct
<tt>/etc/rc.conf</tt> to load this keymap explicitly for the change to
take effect. Of course if you are using an alternate keymap for your
country, you should edit that one instead.
</sect>