White space fix only. Translators can ignore.
Sponsored by: iXsystems
This commit is contained in:
Dru Lavigne
parent
bf62664294
commit
bb698042d3
Notes:
svn2git
2020-12-08 03:00:23 +00:00
svn path=/head/; revision=44404
1 changed files with 307 additions and 312 deletions
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@ -2515,11 +2515,11 @@ racoon_enable="yes"</programlisting>
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protocols.</para>
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<para>When data is sent over the network in an unencrypted form,
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network sniffers anywhere in between the client and server
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can steal user/password information or data transferred
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during the session. <application>OpenSSH</application> offers
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a variety of authentication and encryption methods to prevent
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this from happening.</para>
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network sniffers anywhere in between the client and server can
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steal user/password information or data transferred during the
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session. <application>OpenSSH</application> offers a variety of
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authentication and encryption methods to prevent this from
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happening.</para>
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<sect2>
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<title>Using the SSH Client Utilities</title>
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@ -2590,9 +2590,9 @@ COPYRIGHT 100% |*****************************| 4735
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<sect3 xml:id="security-ssh-keygen">
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<title>Key-based Authentication</title>
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<para>Instead of using passwords, &man.ssh-keygen.1; can be used
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to generate <acronym>DSA</acronym> or <acronym>RSA</acronym>
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keys to authenticate a user:</para>
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<para>Instead of using passwords, &man.ssh-keygen.1; can be
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used to generate <acronym>DSA</acronym> or
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<acronym>RSA</acronym> keys to authenticate a user:</para>
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<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>ssh-keygen -t <replaceable>dsa</replaceable></userinput>
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Generating public/private dsa key pair.
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@ -2613,20 +2613,21 @@ bb:48:db:f2:93:57:80:b6:aa:bc:f5:d5:ba:8f:79:17 user@host.example.com</screen>
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<filename>~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub</filename>, respectively for the
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<acronym>DSA</acronym> and <acronym>RSA</acronym> key types.
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The public key must be placed in
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<filename>~/.ssh/authorized_keys</filename> on the
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remote machine for both <acronym>RSA</acronym> or
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<filename>~/.ssh/authorized_keys</filename> on the remote
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machine for both <acronym>RSA</acronym> or
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<acronym>DSA</acronym> keys in order for the setup to
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work.</para>
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<para>This setup allows connections to the remote machine based
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upon <acronym>SSH</acronym> keys instead of passwords.</para>
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<para>This setup allows connections to the remote machine
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based upon <acronym>SSH</acronym> keys instead of
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passwords.</para>
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<warning>
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<para>Many users believe that keys are secure by design and
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will use a key without a passphrase. This is
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<emphasis>dangerous</emphasis> behavior and the method
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an administrator may use to verify keys have a passphrase
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is to view the key manually. If the private key file
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<emphasis>dangerous</emphasis> behavior and the method an
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administrator may use to verify keys have a passphrase is
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to view the key manually. If the private key file
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contains the word <literal>ENCRYPTED</literal> the key
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owner is using a passphrase. While it may still be a weak
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passphrase, at least if the system is compromised, access
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@ -2641,25 +2642,26 @@ bb:48:db:f2:93:57:80:b6:aa:bc:f5:d5:ba:8f:79:17 user@host.example.com</screen>
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</warning>
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<warning>
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<para>The various options and files can be different according
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to the <application>OpenSSH</application> version. To avoid
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problems, consult &man.ssh-keygen.1;.</para>
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<para>The various options and files can be different
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according to the <application>OpenSSH</application>
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version. To avoid problems, consult
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&man.ssh-keygen.1;.</para>
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</warning>
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<para>If a passphrase is used in &man.ssh-keygen.1;, the user
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will be prompted for the passphrase each time in order to use
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the private key. To load <acronym>SSH</acronym> keys into memory for use,
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without needing to type the passphrase each time, use
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&man.ssh-agent.1; and &man.ssh-add.1;.</para>
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will be prompted for the passphrase each time in order to
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use the private key. To load <acronym>SSH</acronym> keys
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into memory for use, without needing to type the passphrase
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each time, use &man.ssh-agent.1; and &man.ssh-add.1;.</para>
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<para>Authentication is handled by &man.ssh-agent.1;, using the
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private key(s) that are loaded into it. Then,
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<para>Authentication is handled by &man.ssh-agent.1;, using
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the private key(s) that are loaded into it. Then,
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&man.ssh-agent.1; should be used to launch another
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application. At the most basic level, it could spawn a shell
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or a window manager.</para>
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application. At the most basic level, it could spawn a
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shell or a window manager.</para>
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<para>To use &man.ssh-agent.1; in a shell, start it with a shell
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as an argument. Next, add the identity by running
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<para>To use &man.ssh-agent.1; in a shell, start it with a
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shell as an argument. Next, add the identity by running
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&man.ssh-add.1; and providing it the passphrase for the
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private key. Once these steps have been completed, the user
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will be able to &man.ssh.1; to any host that has the
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@ -2672,12 +2674,12 @@ Identity added: /home/user/.ssh/id_dsa (/home/user/.ssh/id_dsa)
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&prompt.user;</screen>
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<para>To use &man.ssh-agent.1; in
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<application>&xorg;</application>, a call to &man.ssh-agent.1;
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needs to be placed in <filename>~/.xinitrc</filename>. This
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provides the &man.ssh-agent.1; services to all programs
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launched in <application>&xorg;</application>. An example
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<filename>~/.xinitrc</filename> might look like
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this:</para>
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<application>&xorg;</application>, a call to
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&man.ssh-agent.1; needs to be placed in
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<filename>~/.xinitrc</filename>. This provides the
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&man.ssh-agent.1; services to all programs launched in
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<application>&xorg;</application>. An example
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<filename>~/.xinitrc</filename> might look like this:</para>
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<programlisting>exec ssh-agent <replaceable>startxfce4</replaceable></programlisting>
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@ -2732,7 +2734,8 @@ Identity added: /home/user/.ssh/id_dsa (/home/user/.ssh/id_dsa)
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<term><option>-f</option></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>Forces &man.ssh.1; to run in the background.</para>
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<para>Forces &man.ssh.1; to run in the
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background.</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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@ -2758,17 +2761,17 @@ Identity added: /home/user/.ssh/id_dsa (/home/user/.ssh/id_dsa)
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<para>An <acronym>SSH</acronym> tunnel works by creating a
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listen socket on <systemitem>localhost</systemitem> on the
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specified port. It then forwards any connections received on
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the local host/port via the <acronym>SSH</acronym> connection
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to the specified remote host and port.</para>
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specified port. It then forwards any connections received
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on the local host/port via the <acronym>SSH</acronym>
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connection to the specified remote host and port.</para>
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<para>In the example, port <replaceable>5023</replaceable> on
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<systemitem>localhost</systemitem> is forwarded to port
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<replaceable>23</replaceable> on
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<systemitem>localhost</systemitem> of the remote machine.
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Since <replaceable>23</replaceable> is used by &man.telnet.1;,
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this creates an encrypted &man.telnet.1; session through an
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<acronym>SSH</acronym> tunnel.</para>
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Since <replaceable>23</replaceable> is used by
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&man.telnet.1;, this creates an encrypted &man.telnet.1;
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session through an <acronym>SSH</acronym> tunnel.</para>
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<para>This can be used to wrap any number of insecure TCP
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protocols such as SMTP, POP3, and FTP.</para>
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@ -2785,11 +2788,12 @@ Connected to localhost.
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Escape character is '^]'.
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220 mailserver.example.com ESMTP</screen>
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<para>This can be used in conjunction with &man.ssh-keygen.1;
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and additional user accounts to create a more seamless
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<acronym>SSH</acronym> tunneling environment. Keys can be
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used in place of typing a password, and the tunnels can be
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run as a separate user.</para>
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<para>This can be used in conjunction with
|
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&man.ssh-keygen.1; and additional user accounts to create
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a more seamless <acronym>SSH</acronym> tunneling
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environment. Keys can be used in place of typing a
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password, and the tunnels can be run as a separate
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user.</para>
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</example>
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<example>
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@ -2939,11 +2943,10 @@ user@unfirewalled-system.example.org's password: <userinput>*******</userinput><
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<primary>ACL</primary>
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</indexterm>
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<para>Access Control Lists (<acronym>ACL</acronym>s)
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extend the standard &unix; permission model in a &posix;.1e
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compatible way. This permits an administrator to
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take advantage of a more fine-grained permissions
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model.</para>
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<para>Access Control Lists (<acronym>ACL</acronym>s) extend the
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standard &unix; permission model in a &posix;.1e compatible way.
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This permits an administrator to take advantage of a more
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fine-grained permissions model.</para>
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<para>The &os; <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel provides
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<acronym>ACL</acronym> support for <acronym>UFS</acronym> file
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@ -2956,8 +2959,7 @@ user@unfirewalled-system.example.org's password: <userinput>*******</userinput><
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<para>If this option is not compiled in, a warning message will be
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displayed when attempting to mount a file system with
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<acronym>ACL</acronym> support. <acronym>ACL</acronym>s rely on
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extended attributes which
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are natively supported in
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extended attributes which are natively supported in
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<acronym>UFS2</acronym>.</para>
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<para>This chapter describes how to enable
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@ -2977,19 +2979,19 @@ user@unfirewalled-system.example.org's password: <userinput>*******</userinput><
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>The superblock flag cannot be
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changed by a remount using <option>mount -u</option> as it
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requires a complete <command>umount</command> and fresh <command>mount</command>.
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This means that <acronym>ACL</acronym>s cannot be enabled on
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the root file system after boot. It also means that
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<acronym>ACL</acronym> support on
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a file system cannot be changed while the system is in
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use.</para>
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<para>The superblock flag cannot be changed by a remount
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using <option>mount -u</option> as it requires a complete
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<command>umount</command> and fresh
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<command>mount</command>. This means that
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<acronym>ACL</acronym>s cannot be enabled on the root file
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system after boot. It also means that
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<acronym>ACL</acronym> support on a file system cannot be
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changed while the system is in use.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>Setting the superblock flag causes the file system
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to always be mounted with <acronym>ACL</acronym>s enabled,
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<para>Setting the superblock flag causes the file system to
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always be mounted with <acronym>ACL</acronym>s enabled,
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even if there is not an <filename>fstab</filename> entry
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or if the devices re-order. This prevents accidental
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mounting of the file system without <acronym>ACL</acronym>
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@ -2998,17 +3000,18 @@ user@unfirewalled-system.example.org's password: <userinput>*******</userinput><
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</itemizedlist>
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<note>
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<para>It is desirable to discourage accidental mounting without
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<acronym>ACL</acronym>s enabled because nasty things can
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happen if <acronym>ACL</acronym>s are enabled, then disabled,
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then re-enabled without flushing the extended attributes. In
|
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general, once <acronym>ACL</acronym>s are enabled on a
|
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file system, they should not be disabled, as the resulting file
|
||||
protections may not be compatible with those intended by the
|
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users of the system, and re-enabling <acronym>ACL</acronym>s
|
||||
may re-attach the previous <acronym>ACL</acronym>s to files
|
||||
that have since had their permissions changed, resulting in
|
||||
unpredictable behavior.</para>
|
||||
<para>It is desirable to discourage accidental mounting
|
||||
without <acronym>ACL</acronym>s enabled because nasty things
|
||||
can happen if <acronym>ACL</acronym>s are enabled, then
|
||||
disabled, then re-enabled without flushing the extended
|
||||
attributes. In general, once <acronym>ACL</acronym>s are
|
||||
enabled on a file system, they should not be disabled, as
|
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the resulting file protections may not be compatible with
|
||||
those intended by the users of the system, and re-enabling
|
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<acronym>ACL</acronym>s may re-attach the previous
|
||||
<acronym>ACL</acronym>s to files that have since had their
|
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permissions changed, resulting in unpredictable
|
||||
behavior.</para>
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||||
</note>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>File systems with <acronym>ACL</acronym>s enabled will
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@ -3021,13 +3024,11 @@ drwxrwx---+ 2 robert robert 512 Dec 22 10:20 directory2
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drwxrwx---+ 2 robert robert 512 Dec 27 11:57 directory3
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drwxr-xr-x 2 robert robert 512 Nov 10 11:54 public_html</programlisting>
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<para>In this example,
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<filename>directory1</filename>,
|
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<para>In this example, <filename>directory1</filename>,
|
||||
<filename>directory2</filename>, and
|
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<filename>directory3</filename>
|
||||
are all taking advantage of <acronym>ACL</acronym>s, whereas
|
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<filename>public_html</filename>
|
||||
is not.</para>
|
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<filename>directory3</filename> are all taking advantage of
|
||||
<acronym>ACL</acronym>s, whereas
|
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<filename>public_html</filename> is not.</para>
|
||||
</sect2>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect2>
|
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@ -3047,11 +3048,11 @@ drwxr-xr-x 2 robert robert 512 Nov 10 11:54 public_html</programlisting>
|
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other::r--</screen>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>To change the <acronym>ACL</acronym> settings on this
|
||||
file, use <command>setfacl</command>. To remove all of the currently defined
|
||||
<acronym>ACL</acronym>s from a file or file system, include
|
||||
<option>-k</option>. However, the preferred method is to use
|
||||
<option>-b</option> as it leaves the basic fields required
|
||||
for <acronym>ACL</acronym>s to work.</para>
|
||||
file, use <command>setfacl</command>. To remove all of the
|
||||
currently defined <acronym>ACL</acronym>s from a file or file
|
||||
system, include <option>-k</option>. However, the preferred
|
||||
method is to use <option>-b</option> as it leaves the basic
|
||||
fields required for <acronym>ACL</acronym>s to work.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>setfacl -k test</userinput></screen>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -3060,12 +3061,12 @@ drwxr-xr-x 2 robert robert 512 Nov 10 11:54 public_html</programlisting>
|
|||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>setfacl -m u:trhodes:rwx,group:web:r--,o::--- test</userinput></screen>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>In this example, there were no
|
||||
pre-defined entries, as they were removed by the previous
|
||||
command. This command restores the default options and assigns the
|
||||
options listed. If a user or group is added which does not
|
||||
exist on the system, an <errorname>Invalid
|
||||
argument</errorname> error will be displayed.</para>
|
||||
<para>In this example, there were no pre-defined entries, as
|
||||
they were removed by the previous command. This command
|
||||
restores the default options and assigns the options listed.
|
||||
If a user or group is added which does not exist on the
|
||||
system, an <errorname>Invalid argument</errorname> error will
|
||||
be displayed.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Refer to &man.getfacl.1; and &man.setfacl.1; for more
|
||||
information about the options available for these
|
||||
|
|
@ -3494,12 +3495,12 @@ UWWemqWuz3lAZuORQ9KX
|
|||
their allocation among users, provide for system monitoring,
|
||||
and minimally track a user's commands.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Process accounting has both positive and negative points. One
|
||||
of the positives is that an intrusion may be narrowed down to
|
||||
the point of entry. A negative is the amount of logs
|
||||
<para>Process accounting has both positive and negative points.
|
||||
One of the positives is that an intrusion may be narrowed down
|
||||
to the point of entry. A negative is the amount of logs
|
||||
generated by process accounting, and the disk space they may
|
||||
require. This section walks an administrator through the
|
||||
basics of process accounting.</para>
|
||||
require. This section walks an administrator through the basics
|
||||
of process accounting.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<note>
|
||||
<para>If more fine-grained accounting is needed, refer to
|
||||
|
|
@ -3520,16 +3521,16 @@ UWWemqWuz3lAZuORQ9KX
|
|||
<para>Once enabled, accounting will begin to track information
|
||||
such as <acronym>CPU</acronym> statistics and executed
|
||||
commands. All accounting logs are in a non-human readable
|
||||
format which can be viewed using <command>sa</command>. If issued
|
||||
without any options, <command>sa</command> prints information relating to
|
||||
the number of per-user calls, the total elapsed time in
|
||||
minutes, total <acronym>CPU</acronym> and user time in
|
||||
minutes, and the average number of <acronym>I/O</acronym> operations. Refer to
|
||||
&man.sa.8; for the list of available options which control the
|
||||
output.</para>
|
||||
format which can be viewed using <command>sa</command>. If
|
||||
issued without any options, <command>sa</command> prints
|
||||
information relating to the number of per-user calls, the
|
||||
total elapsed time in minutes, total <acronym>CPU</acronym>
|
||||
and user time in minutes, and the average number of
|
||||
<acronym>I/O</acronym> operations. Refer to &man.sa.8; for
|
||||
the list of available options which control the output.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>To display the commands issued
|
||||
by users, use <command>lastcomm</command>. For example, this command
|
||||
<para>To display the commands issued by users, use
|
||||
<command>lastcomm</command>. For example, this command
|
||||
prints out all usage of <command>ls</command> by <systemitem
|
||||
class="username">trhodes</systemitem> on the
|
||||
<literal>ttyp1</literal> terminal:</para>
|
||||
|
|
@ -3559,23 +3560,22 @@ UWWemqWuz3lAZuORQ9KX
|
|||
controlled through a flat file,
|
||||
<filename>/etc/login.conf</filename>. While this method
|
||||
is still supported, any changes require a multi-step process of
|
||||
editing this file in order to divide users into various group labels known as classes,
|
||||
rebuilding the resource database using
|
||||
<command>cap_mkdb</command>, making necessary changes
|
||||
to <filename>/etc/master.passwd</filename>, and rebuilding
|
||||
the password database using
|
||||
<command>pwd_mkdb</command>. This could be
|
||||
time consuming, depending upon the number of users to
|
||||
editing this file in order to divide users into various group
|
||||
labels known as classes, rebuilding the resource database using
|
||||
<command>cap_mkdb</command>, making necessary changes to
|
||||
<filename>/etc/master.passwd</filename>, and rebuilding the
|
||||
password database using <command>pwd_mkdb</command>. This
|
||||
could be time consuming, depending upon the number of users to
|
||||
configure.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Beginning with &os; 9.0-RELEASE,
|
||||
<command>rctl</command> can be used to provide a more fine-grained
|
||||
method of controlling resources limits for users. This
|
||||
command supports much more than users as it can be used to set
|
||||
resource constraints on processes, jails, and the original login
|
||||
class. These advanced features provide administrators and users
|
||||
with methods to control resources through the command line and
|
||||
to set rules on system initialization using a configuration
|
||||
<command>rctl</command> can be used to provide a more
|
||||
fine-grained method of controlling resources limits for users.
|
||||
This command supports much more than users as it can be used to
|
||||
set resource constraints on processes, jails, and the original
|
||||
login class. These advanced features provide administrators and
|
||||
users with methods to control resources through the command line
|
||||
and to set rules on system initialization using a configuration
|
||||
file.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect2>
|
||||
|
|
@ -3585,8 +3585,8 @@ UWWemqWuz3lAZuORQ9KX
|
|||
not built-in, meaning that the kernel will first need to be
|
||||
recompiled using the instructions in <xref
|
||||
linkend="kernelconfig"/>. Add these lines to either
|
||||
<filename>GENERIC</filename> or a custom kernel
|
||||
configuration file, then rebuild the kernel:</para>
|
||||
<filename>GENERIC</filename> or a custom kernel configuration
|
||||
file, then rebuild the kernel:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<programlisting>options RACCT
|
||||
options RCTL</programlisting>
|
||||
|
|
@ -3595,31 +3595,27 @@ options RCTL</programlisting>
|
|||
<command>rctl</command> may be used to set rules for the
|
||||
system.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Rule syntax is controlled through the use of
|
||||
a subject,
|
||||
subject-id, resource,
|
||||
and action, as seen in this example
|
||||
<para>Rule syntax is controlled through the use of a subject,
|
||||
subject-id, resource, and action, as seen in this example
|
||||
rule:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<programlisting>user:trhodes:maxproc:deny=10/user</programlisting>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>In this rule, the subject
|
||||
is <literal>user</literal>, the subject-id is
|
||||
<literal>trhodes</literal>, the resource,
|
||||
<literal>maxproc</literal>, is the maximum
|
||||
number of processes, and the
|
||||
action is <literal>deny</literal>, which blocks any
|
||||
new processes from being created. This means that the
|
||||
user, <literal>trhodes</literal>, will be constrained to no greater than
|
||||
<literal>10</literal> processes. Other possible
|
||||
actions include logging to the console, passing a
|
||||
<para>In this rule, the subject is <literal>user</literal>, the
|
||||
subject-id is <literal>trhodes</literal>, the resource,
|
||||
<literal>maxproc</literal>, is the maximum number of
|
||||
processes, and the action is <literal>deny</literal>, which
|
||||
blocks any new processes from being created. This means that
|
||||
the user, <literal>trhodes</literal>, will be constrained to
|
||||
no greater than <literal>10</literal> processes. Other
|
||||
possible actions include logging to the console, passing a
|
||||
notification to &man.devd.8;, or sending a sigterm to the
|
||||
process.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Some care must be taken when adding rules. Since this user
|
||||
is constrained to <literal>10</literal> processes, this example
|
||||
will prevent the user from performing other
|
||||
tasks after logging in and executing a
|
||||
<para>Some care must be taken when adding rules. Since this
|
||||
user is constrained to <literal>10</literal> processes, this
|
||||
example will prevent the user from performing other tasks
|
||||
after logging in and executing a
|
||||
<command>screen</command> session. Once a resource limit has
|
||||
been hit, an error will be printed, as in this example:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -3627,28 +3623,27 @@ options RCTL</programlisting>
|
|||
/usr/bin/man: Cannot fork: Resource temporarily unavailable
|
||||
eval: Cannot fork: Resource temporarily unavailable</screen>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>As another example,
|
||||
a jail can be prevented from exceeding a memory limit. This rule could be
|
||||
written as:</para>
|
||||
<para>As another example, a jail can be prevented from exceeding
|
||||
a memory limit. This rule could be written as:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>rctl -a jail:httpd:memoryuse:deny=2G/jail</userinput></screen>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Rules will persist across reboots if they have been
|
||||
added to <filename>/etc/rctl.conf</filename>. The format is a
|
||||
rule, without the preceding command. For example, the previous
|
||||
rule could be added as:</para>
|
||||
<para>Rules will persist across reboots if they have been added
|
||||
to <filename>/etc/rctl.conf</filename>. The format is a rule,
|
||||
without the preceding command. For example, the previous rule
|
||||
could be added as:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<programlisting># Block jail from using more than 2G memory:
|
||||
jail:httpd:memoryuse:deny=2G/jail</programlisting>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>To remove a rule, use <command>rctl</command> to
|
||||
remove it from the list:</para>
|
||||
<para>To remove a rule, use <command>rctl</command> to remove it
|
||||
from the list:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>rctl -r user:trhodes:maxproc:deny=10/user</userinput></screen>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>A method for removing all rules is documented in &man.rctl.8;.
|
||||
However, if removing all rules for a single user is required,
|
||||
this command may be issued:</para>
|
||||
<para>A method for removing all rules is documented in
|
||||
&man.rctl.8;. However, if removing all rules for a single
|
||||
user is required, this command may be issued:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>rctl -r user:trhodes</userinput></screen>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Add table
Add a link
Reference in a new issue