Initial pass at improving the flow and readability of this section.
Several more commits to follow. Sponsored by: iXsystems
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Dru Lavigne
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1 changed files with 102 additions and 110 deletions
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@ -101,29 +101,27 @@
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<indexterm><primary>locale</primary></indexterm>
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<para>Localization settings are based on three main terms:
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Language Code, Country Code, and Encoding. Locale names are
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<para>Localization settings are based on three components:
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the language code, country code, and encoding. Locale names are
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constructed from these parts as follows:</para>
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<programlisting><replaceable>LanguageCode</replaceable>_<replaceable>CountryCode</replaceable>.<replaceable>Encoding</replaceable></programlisting>
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<sect2>
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<title>Language and Country Codes</title>
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<indexterm><primary>language codes</primary></indexterm>
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<indexterm><primary>country codes</primary></indexterm>
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<para>In order to localize a &os; system to a specific language,
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the user needs to determine the codes for the specific country
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and language as the country code tells applications which
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variation of the given language to use. The following are
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examples of language/country codes:</para>
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<para>The <replaceable>LanguageCode</replaceable> and <replaceable>CountryCode</replaceable> are used
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to determine the country
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and the specific language
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variation. <xref linkend="locale-lang-country"/> provides some
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examples of <replaceable>LanguageCode</replaceable>_<replaceable>CountryCode</replaceable>:</para>
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<informaltable frame="none" pgwide="1">
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<table xml:id="locale-lang-country" frame="none" pgwide="1">
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<title>Common Language and Country Codes</title>
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<tgroup cols="2">
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<thead>
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<row>
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<entry>Language/Country Code</entry>
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<entry>LanguageCode_Country Code</entry>
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<entry>Description</entry>
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</row>
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</thead>
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@ -131,86 +129,49 @@
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<tbody>
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<row>
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<entry>en_US</entry>
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<entry>English - United States</entry>
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<entry>English, United States</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry>ru_RU</entry>
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<entry>Russian for Russia</entry>
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<entry>Russian, Russia</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry>zh_TW</entry>
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<entry>Traditional Chinese for Taiwan</entry>
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<entry>Traditional Chinese, Taiwan</entry>
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</row>
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</tbody>
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</tgroup>
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</informaltable>
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<para>A complete listing of available locales can be found by
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typing:</para>
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<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>locale -a</userinput></screen>
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</sect2>
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<sect2>
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<title>Encodings</title>
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</table>
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<indexterm><primary>encodings</primary></indexterm>
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<indexterm><primary>ASCII</primary></indexterm>
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<para>Some languages use non-ASCII encodings that are 8-bit,
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wide, or multibyte characters. For more information on these
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encodings, refer to &man.multibyte.3;. Older applications do
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not recognize these encodings and mistake them for control
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characters. Newer applications usually recognize 8-bit
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<para>Some languages, such as Chinese or Japanese, cannot be represented using ASCII characters
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and require an extended language encoding using either
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wide or multibyte characters. Older applications
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may mistake these encodings for control
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characters while newer applications usually recognize 8-bit
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characters. Depending on the implementation, users may be
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required to compile an application with wide or multibyte
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character support, or configure it correctly. To provide
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application support for wide or multibyte characters, the
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<link xlink:href="&url.base;/ports/index.html">&os; Ports
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Collection</link> contains programs for several languages.
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Refer to the <acronym>i18n</acronym> documentation in the
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respective &os; port.</para>
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character support, or configure it correctly. The rest of
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this section describes the various methods for configuring the
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locale on a &os; system. The next section will discuss the
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considerations for finding or compiling applications with i18n
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support.</para>
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<para>Specifically, the user needs to look at the application
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documentation to decide how to configure it correctly or to
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determine which compile options to use when building the
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port.</para>
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<para>A complete listing of available locales can be found by
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typing:</para>
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<para>Some things to keep in mind are:</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>Language specific single C chars character sets
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such as ISO8859-1, ISO8859-15, KOI8-R, and CP437. These
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are described in &man.multibyte.3;.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>Wide or multibyte encodings such as EUC and
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Big5.</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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<para>The active list of character sets can be found at the
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<link
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xlink:href="http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets">IANA
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Registry</link>.</para>
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<note>
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<para>&os; uses Xorg-compatible locale encodings
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instead.</para>
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</note>
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<para>In the &os; Ports Collection, <acronym>i18n</acronym>
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applications include <literal>i18n</literal> in their names
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for easy identification. However, they do not always support
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the language needed.</para>
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</sect2>
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<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>locale -a | more</userinput></screen>
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<para>To determine the current locale setting:</para>
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<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>locale</userinput></screen>
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<sect2 xml:id="setting-locale">
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<title>Setting Locale</title>
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<title>Setting Locale for Login Shell</title>
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<para>Usually it is sufficient to export the value of the
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locale name as <envar>LANG</envar> in the login shell. This
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@ -246,9 +207,6 @@
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specific application configuration, and the
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<application>Xorg</application> configuration.</para>
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<sect3>
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<title>Setting Locale Methods</title>
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<indexterm><primary>locale</primary></indexterm>
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<indexterm><primary>login class</primary></indexterm>
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@ -260,25 +218,20 @@
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system's shell
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<link linkend="startup-file">startup file</link>.</para>
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<sect4 xml:id="login-class">
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<sect3 xml:id="login-class">
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<title>Login Classes Method</title>
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<para>This method allows environment variables needed for
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locale name and MIME character sets to be assigned once
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for every possible shell instead of adding specific shell
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assignments to each shell's startup file.
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<link linkend="usr-setup">User Level Setup</link> can be
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performed by each user while
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<link linkend="adm-setup">Administrator Level Setup</link>
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requires superuser privileges.</para>
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<para>This method assigns the required environment variables for
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locale name and MIME character sets
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for every possible shell.
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This setup can be either be
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performed by each user or it can be performed for all users by the
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superuser.</para>
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<sect5 xml:id="usr-setup">
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<title>User Level Setup</title>
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<para>This provides a minimal example of a
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<filename>.login_conf</filename> located in a user's
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home directory which has both variables set for the
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Latin-1 encoding:</para>
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<para>This minimal example sets both variables for the
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Latin-1 encoding. These lines were added to the
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<filename>.login_conf</filename> in an individual user's
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home directory:</para>
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<programlisting>me:\
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:charset=ISO-8859-1:\
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@ -291,7 +244,7 @@
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for Traditional Chinese in BIG-5 encoding. More
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variables are set because some applications do not
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correctly respect locale variables for Chinese,
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Japanese, and Korean.</para>
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Japanese, and Korean:</para>
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<programlisting>#Users who do not wish to use monetary units or time formats
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#of Taiwan can manually change each variable
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@ -307,16 +260,11 @@ me:\
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:charset=big5:\
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:xmodifiers="@im=gcin": #Set gcin as the XIM Input Server</programlisting>
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<para>See <link linkend="adm-setup">Administrator Level
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Setup</link> and &man.login.conf.5; for more
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<para>See &man.login.conf.5; for more
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details.</para>
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</sect5>
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<sect5 xml:id="adm-setup">
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<title>Administrator Level Setup</title>
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<para>Verify that the user's login class in
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<filename>/etc/login.conf</filename> sets the correct
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<para>Alternately, the superuser can configure all users of the system for localization. The following variables in the user's login class in
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<filename>/etc/login.conf</filename> set the correct
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language:</para>
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<programlisting><replaceable>language_name</replaceable>|<replaceable>Account Type Description</replaceable>:\
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@ -332,13 +280,14 @@ me:\
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:lang=de_DE.ISO8859-1:\
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:tc=default:</programlisting>
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<para>Whenever this file is edited, execute the following
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<para>Whenever <filename>/etc/login.conf</filename> is edited, remember to execute the following
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command to update the capability database:</para>
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<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cap_mkdb /etc/login.conf</userinput></screen>
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<bridgehead renderas="sect4">Changing Login Classes with
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&man.vipw.8;</bridgehead>
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<sect4>
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<title>Changing Login Classes with
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&man.vipw.8;</title>
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<indexterm>
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<primary><command>vipw</command></primary>
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@ -348,9 +297,11 @@ me:\
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language:</para>
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<programlisting>user:password:1111:11:<replaceable>language</replaceable>:0:0:User Name:/home/user:/bin/sh</programlisting>
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</sect4>
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<bridgehead renderas="sect4">Changing Login Classes with
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&man.adduser.8;</bridgehead>
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<sect4>
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<title>Changing Login Classes with
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&man.adduser.8;</title>
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<indexterm>
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<primary><command>adduser</command></primary>
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@ -386,9 +337,11 @@ me:\
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<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>adduser -class language</userinput></screen>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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</sect4>
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<bridgehead renderas="sect4">Changing Login Classes with
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&man.pw.8;</bridgehead>
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<sect4>
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<title>Changing Login Classes with
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&man.pw.8;</title>
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<indexterm>
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<primary><command>pw</command></primary>
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</indexterm>
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@ -396,10 +349,10 @@ me:\
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it in this form:</para>
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<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>pw useradd user_name -L language</userinput></screen>
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</sect5>
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</sect4>
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</sect4>
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</sect3>
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<sect4 xml:id="startup-file">
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<sect3 xml:id="startup-file">
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<title>Shell Startup File Method</title>
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<note>
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@ -439,7 +392,6 @@ me:\
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<programlisting><envar>LANG=de_DE.ISO8859-1; export LANG</envar></programlisting>
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<programlisting><envar>setenv LANG de_DE.ISO8859-1</envar></programlisting>
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</sect4>
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</sect3>
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</sect2>
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@ -677,6 +629,46 @@ keychange="<replaceable>fkey_number sequence</replaceable>"</programlisting>
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<sect1 xml:id="l10n-compiling">
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<title>Compiling <acronym>i18n</acronym> Programs</title>
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<para>The &os;
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<link xlink:href="&url.base;/ports/index.html">&os; Ports
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Collection</link> contains programs which provide
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application support for wide or multibyte characters for several languages.
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Refer to the <acronym>i18n</acronym> documentation in the
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respective &os; port
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for more information on how to configure the application correctly or to
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determine which compile options to use when building the
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port.</para>
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<para>Some things to keep in mind are:</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>Language specific single C chars character sets
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such as ISO8859-1, ISO8859-15, KOI8-R, and CP437. These
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are described in &man.multibyte.3;.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>Wide or multibyte encodings such as EUC and
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Big5.</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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<para>The active list of character sets can be found at the
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<link
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xlink:href="http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets">IANA
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Registry</link>.</para>
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<note>
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<para>&os; uses Xorg-compatible locale encodings
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instead.</para>
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</note>
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<para>In the &os; Ports Collection, <acronym>i18n</acronym>
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applications include <literal>i18n</literal> in their names
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for easy identification. However, they do not always support
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the language needed.</para>
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<para>Many applications in the &os; Ports Collection have been
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ported with <acronym>i18n</acronym> support. Some of these
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include <literal>-i18n</literal> in the port name. These
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