Grammar nits. Remove dead words and redundant sentences. Reword a few areas to remove the
'you' which appeared in almost every other line. One quick markup fix.
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@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
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<author>
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<author>
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<firstname>Matt</firstname>
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<firstname>Matt</firstname>
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<surname>Dillon</surname>
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<surname>Dillon</surname>
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<contrib>Also based on tuning(7) written by </contrib>
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<contrib>Also based on &man.tuning.7; written by </contrib>
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</author>
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</author>
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</authorgroup>
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</authorgroup>
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</chapterinfo>
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</chapterinfo>
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@ -109,54 +109,43 @@
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<sect3>
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<sect3>
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<title>Base Partitions</title>
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<title>Base Partitions</title>
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<para>When laying out your filesystem with &man.disklabel.8;
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<para>When laying out file systems with &man.disklabel.8;
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or &man.sysinstall.8;, it is important to remember that hard
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or &man.sysinstall.8;, remember that hard
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drives can transfer data at a faster rate from the outer
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drives transfer data faster from the outer
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tracks than the inner. Knowing this, you should place your
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tracks to the inner.
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smaller, heavily-accessed filesystems, such as root and
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Thus smaller and heavier-accessed file systems
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swap, closer to the outside of the drive, while placing
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should be closer to the outside of the drive While
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larger partitions, such as <filename>/usr</filename>,
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larger partitions like <filename>/usr</filename> should be placed
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towards the inner. To do so, it is a good idea to create
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towards the inner. It is a good idea to create
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partitions in a similar order: root, swap,
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partitions in a similar order to: root, swap,
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<filename>/var</filename>, <filename>/usr</filename>.</para>
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<filename>/var</filename>, <filename>/usr</filename>.</para>
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<para>The size of your <filename>/var</filename> partition
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<para>The size of <filename>/var</filename>
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reflects the intended use of your machine.
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reflects the intended machine usage.
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<filename>/var</filename> is primarily used to hold
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<filename>/var</filename> is used to hold
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mailboxes, log files, and printer spools. Mailboxes and log
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mailboxes, log files, and printer spools. Mailboxes and log
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files, in particular, can grow to unexpected sizes based
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files can grow to unexpected sizes depending
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upon how many users are on your system and how long your log
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on how many users exist and how long log
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files are kept. If you intend to run a mail server, a
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files are kept. Most users would never require a gigabyte,
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<filename>/var</filename> partition of over a gigabyte can
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but remember that <filename>/var/tmp</filename>
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be suitable. Additionally, <filename>/var/tmp</filename>
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must be large enough to contain packages.
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must be large enough to contain any packages you may wish to
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</para>
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add.</para>
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<para>The <filename>/usr</filename> partition holds the bulk
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<para>The <filename>/usr</filename> partition holds much
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of the files required to support the system and a
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of the files required to support the system, the &man.ports.7;
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subdirectory within it called
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collection (recommended) and the source code (optional). Both
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<filename>/usr/local</filename> holds the bulk of the files
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of which are optional at install time.
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installed from the &man.ports.7; hierarchy. If you do not
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At least 2 gigabytes would be recommended for this partition.
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use ports all that much and do not intend to keep system
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source (<filename>/usr/src</filename>) on the machine, you
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can get away with a 1 gigabyte <filename>/usr</filename>
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partition. However, if you install a lot of ports
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(especially window managers and Linux binaries), we
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recommend at least a two gigabyte <filename>/usr</filename>
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and if you also intend to keep system source on the machine,
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we recommend a three gigabyte <filename>/usr</filename>. Do
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not underestimate the amount of space you will need in this
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partition, it can creep up and surprise you!</para>
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<para>When sizing your partitions, keep in mind the space
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<para>When selecting partition sizes, keep the space
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requirements for your system to grow. Running out of space in
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requirements in mind. Running out of space in
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one partition while having plenty in another can lead to much
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one partition while barely using another can be a
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frustration.</para>
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hassle.</para>
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<note><para>Some users who have used &man.sysinstall.8;'s
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<note><para>Some users have found that &man.sysinstall.8;'s
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<literal>Auto-defaults</literal> partition sizer have found
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<literal>Auto-defaults</literal> partition sizer will
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either their root or <filename>/var</filename> partitions too
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sometimes select smaller than adequate <filename>/var</filename>
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small later on. Partition wisely and
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and <filename>/</filename> partitions. Partition wisely and
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generously.</para></note>
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generously.</para></note>
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</sect3>
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</sect3>
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@ -167,64 +156,61 @@
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<indexterm><primary>swap sizing</primary></indexterm>
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<indexterm><primary>swap sizing</primary></indexterm>
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<indexterm><primary>swap partition</primary></indexterm>
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<indexterm><primary>swap partition</primary></indexterm>
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<para>As a rule of thumb, your swap space should typically be
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<para>As a rule of thumb, the swap partition should be
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double the amount of main memory. For example, if the machine
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about double the size of system memory (RAM). For example, if the machine
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has 128 megabytes of memory, the swap file should be
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has 128 megabytes of memory, the swap file should be
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256 megabytes. Systems with lesser memory may perform better with
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256 megabytes. Systems with less memory may perform better with
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a lot more swap. It is not recommended that you configure any
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more swap.
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less than 256 megabytes of swap on a system and you should
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Less than 256 megabytes of swap is not recommended and
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keep in mind future memory expansion when sizing the swap
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memory expansion should be considered.
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partition. The kernel's VM paging algorithms are tuned to
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The kernel's VM paging algorithms are tuned to
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perform best when the swap partition is at least two times the
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perform best when the swap partition is at least two times the
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size of main memory. Configuring too little swap can lead to
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size of main memory. Configuring too little swap can lead to
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inefficiencies in the VM page scanning code as well as create
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inefficiencies in the VM page scanning code and might create
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issues later on if you add more memory to your machine.</para>
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issues later if more memory is added.</para>
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<para>Finally, on larger systems with multiple SCSI disks (or
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<para>On larger systems with multiple SCSI disks (or
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multiple IDE disks operating on different controllers), it is
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multiple IDE disks operating on different controllers), it is
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strongly recommend that you configure swap on each drive (up
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recommend that a swap is configured on each drive (up
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to four drives). The swap partitions on the drives should be
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to four drives). The swap partitions should be
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approximately the same size. The kernel can handle arbitrary
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approximately the same size. The kernel can handle arbitrary
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sizes but internal data structures scale to 4 times the
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sizes but internal data structures scale to 4 times the
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largest swap partition. Keeping the swap partitions near the
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largest swap partition. Keeping the swap partitions near the
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same size will allow the kernel to optimally stripe swap space
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same size will allow the kernel to optimally stripe swap space
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across the disks. Do not worry about overdoing it a little,
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across disks.
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swap space is the saving grace of Unix. Even if you do not
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Large swap sizes are fine, regardless if it's not
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normally use much swap, it can give you more time to recover
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used much. It might be easier to recover
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from a runaway program before being forced to reboot.</para>
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from a runaway program before being forced to reboot.</para>
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</sect3>
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</sect3>
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<sect3>
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<sect3>
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<title>Why Partition?</title>
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<title>Why Partition?</title>
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<para> Why partition at all? Why not create one big root
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<para>Several users think a single large partition will be fine,
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partition and be done with it? Then I do not have to worry
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but there are several reasons why this is a bad idea.
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about undersizing things!</para>
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<para>There are several reasons this is not a good idea.
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First, each partition has different operational
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First, each partition has different operational
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characteristics and separating them allows the filesystem to
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characteristics and separating them allows the file system to
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tune itself to those characteristics. For example, the root
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tune accordingly. For example, the root
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and <filename>/usr</filename> partitions are read-mostly, with
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and <filename>/usr</filename> partitions are read-mostly, without
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very little writing, while a lot of reading and writing could
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much writing. While a lot of reading and writing could
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occur in <filename>/var</filename> and
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occur in <filename>/var</filename> and
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<filename>/var/tmp</filename>.</para>
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<filename>/var/tmp</filename>.</para>
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<para>By properly partitioning your system, fragmentation
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<para>By properly partitioning a system, fragmentation
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introduced in the smaller more heavily write-loaded partitions
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introduced in the smaller write heavy partitions
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will not bleed over into the mostly-read partitions.
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will not bleed over into the mostly-read partitions.
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Additionally, keeping the write-loaded partitions closer to
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Keeping the write-loaded partitions closer to
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the edge of the disk, for example before the really big
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the disk's edge,
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partition instead of after in the partition table, will
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will
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increase I/O performance in the partitions where you need it
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increase I/O performance in the partitions where it occurs
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the most. Now it is true that you might also need I/O
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the most. Now while I/O
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performance in the larger partitions, but they are so large
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performance in the larger partitions may be needed,
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that shifting them more towards the edge of the disk will not
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shifting them more towards the edge of the disk will not
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lead to a significant performance improvement whereas moving
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lead to a significant performance improvement over moving
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<filename>/var</filename> to the edge can have a huge impact.
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<filename>/var</filename> to the edge.
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Finally, there are safety concerns. Having a small, neat root
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Finally, there are safety concerns. A smaller, neater root
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partition that is essentially read-only gives it a greater
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partition which is mostly read-only has a greater
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chance of surviving a bad crash intact.</para>
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chance of surviving a bad crash.</para>
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</sect3>
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</sect3>
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</sect2>
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</sect2>
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