Massive update to the NFS chapter.
This update has been bounced around, revised, rewritten, and audited by darn near every member of the -doc team. Submitted by: Tom Rhodes PR: docs/35098
This commit is contained in:
Michael Lucas
parent
4215ca5392
commit
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Notes:
svn2git
2020-12-08 03:00:23 +00:00
svn path=/head/; revision=12384
1 changed files with 143 additions and 147 deletions
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between the two subnets, is often used when we need to implement
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between the two subnets, is often used when we need to implement
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packet filtering or firewall security in either or both
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packet filtering or firewall security in either or both
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directions.</para>
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directions.</para>
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<para>If you want this machine to actually forward packets
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between the two interfaces, you need to tell FreeBSD to enable
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this ability.
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</sect2>
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</sect2>
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<sect2 id="dedicated-router">
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<sect2 id="dedicated-router">
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@ -646,6 +650,13 @@ host2.example.com link#1 UC 0 0
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<sect1 id="nfs">
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<sect1 id="nfs">
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<sect1info>
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<sect1info>
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<authorgroup>
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<author>
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<firstname>Tom</firstname>
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<surname>Rhodes</surname>
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<contrib>Reorganized and enhanced by </contrib>
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</author>
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</authorgroup>
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<authorgroup>
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<authorgroup>
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<author>
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<author>
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<firstname>Bill</firstname>
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<firstname>Bill</firstname>
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<indexterm><primary>NFS</primary></indexterm>
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<indexterm><primary>NFS</primary></indexterm>
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<para>Among the many different file systems that FreeBSD supports is
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<para>Among the many different file systems that FreeBSD supports is
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the Network File System or NFS. NFS allows you
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the Network File System, also known as <acronym>NFS</acronym>.
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to share directories and files on one machine with others
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<acronym>NFS</acronym> allows a system to share directories and files
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via the network they are attached to. Using NFS, users and
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with others over a network. By using <acronym>NFS</acronym>, users and
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programs can access files on remote systems as if they were local
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programs can access files on remote systems almost as if they were local
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files.</para>
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files.</para>
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<para>NFS has several benefits:</para>
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<para>Some of the most notable benefits that <acronym>NFS</acronym> can provide are:</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>Local workstations do not need as much disk space because
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<para>Local workstations use less disk space because
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commonly used data can be stored on a single machine and still
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commonly used data can be stored on a single machine and still
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remain accessible to everyone on the network.</para>
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remain accessible to others over the network.</para>
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</listitem>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>There is no need for users to have unique home directories
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<para>There is no need for users to have separate home directories
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on every machine on your network. Once they have an established
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on every network machine. Home directories could be setup on the
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directory that is available via NFS it can be accessed from
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<acronym>NFS</acronym> server and made available throughout the network.</para>
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anywhere.</para>
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</listitem>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>Storage devices such as floppies and CDROM drives can be
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<para>Storage devices such as floppy disks, CDROM drives, and ZIP drives
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used by other machines on the network eliminating the need for
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can be used by other machines on the network. This may reduce the number
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extra hardware.</para>
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of removable media drives throughout the network.</para>
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</listitem>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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</itemizedlist>
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<sect2>
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<sect2>
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<title>How It Works</title>
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<title>How <acronym>NFS</acronym> Works</title>
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<para>NFS is composed of two sides – a client side and a
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<para><acronym>NFS</acronym> consists of at least two main parts: a server
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server side. Think of it as a want/have relationship. The client
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and one or more clients. The client remotely accesses the data that is stored
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<emphasis>wants</emphasis> the data that the server side
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on the server machine. In order for this to function properly a few
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<emphasis>has</emphasis>. The server shares its data with the
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processes have to be configured and running:</para>
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client. In order for this system to function properly a few
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processes have to be configured and running.</para>
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<para>The server has to be running the following daemons:</para>
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<para>The server has to be running the following daemons:</para>
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<indexterm>
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<indexterm>
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<tbody>
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<tbody>
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<row>
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<row>
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<entry>nfsd</entry>
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<entry>nfsd</entry>
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<entry>The NFS Daemon which services requests from NFS
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<entry>The <acronym>NFS</acronym> daemon which services requests from
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clients.</entry>
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the <acronym>NFS</acronym> clients.</entry>
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</row>
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</row>
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<row>
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<row>
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<entry>mountd</entry>
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<entry>mountd</entry>
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<entry>The NFS Mount Daemon which actually carries out
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<entry>The <acronym>NFS</acronym> mount daemon which carries out
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requests that &man.nfsd.8; passes on to it.</entry>
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the requests that &man.nfsd.8; passes on to it.</entry>
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</row>
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</row>
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<row>
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<row>
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<entry>portmap</entry>
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<entry>portmap</entry>
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<entry> The <command>portmapper</command> daemon which
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<entry> The portmapper daemon
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allows NFS clients to find out which port the NFS server
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allows <acronym>NFS</acronym> clients to discover which port the <acronym>NFS</acronym> server
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is using.</entry>
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is using.</entry>
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</row>
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</row>
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</tbody>
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</tbody>
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</tgroup>
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</tgroup>
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</informaltable>
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</informaltable>
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<para>The client side only needs to run a single daemon:</para>
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<para>The client can also run a daemon, known as
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<indexterm>
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<application>nfsiod</application>. The <application>nfsiod</application>
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<primary>NFS</primary>
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daemon services the requests from the <acronym>NFS</acronym> server. This
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<secondary>client</secondary>
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is optional, and improves performance, but is not required for normal
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</indexterm>
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and correct operation. See the &man.nfsiod.8; manual page for more information.
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<indexterm>
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</para>
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<primary><application>nfsiod</application></primary>
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</indexterm>
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<informaltable frame="none">
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<tgroup cols="2">
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<tbody>
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<row>
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<entry>nfsiod</entry>
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<entry>The NFS async I/O Daemon which services requests
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from its NFS server.</entry>
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</row>
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</tbody>
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</tgroup>
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</informaltable>
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</sect2>
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</sect2>
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<sect2 id="configuring-nfs">
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<sect2 id="configuring-nfs">
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<title>Configuring NFS</title>
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<title>Configuring <acronym>NFS</acronym></title>
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<indexterm>
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<indexterm>
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<primary>NFS</primary>
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<primary>NFS</primary>
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<secondary>configuration</secondary>
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<secondary>configuration</secondary>
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</indexterm>
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</indexterm>
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<para>Luckily for us, on a FreeBSD system this setup is a snap. The
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<para><acronym>NFS</acronym> configuration is a relatively straightforward
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processes that need to be running can all be run at boot time with
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process. The processes that need to be running can all start at boot time with
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a few modifications to your <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>
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a few modifications to your <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>
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file.</para>
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file.</para>
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<para>On the NFS server make sure you have:</para>
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<para>On the <acronym>NFS</acronym> server, make sure that the following options
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are configured in the <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename> file:</para>
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<programlisting>portmap_enable="YES"
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<programlisting>portmap_enable="YES"
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nfs_server_enable="YES"
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nfs_server_enable="YES"
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nfs_server_flags="-u -t -n 4"
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mountd_flags="-r"</programlisting>
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mountd_flags="-r"</programlisting>
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<para><command>mountd</command> is automatically run whenever the
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<para><command>mountd</command> runs automatically whenever the
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NFS server is enabled. The <option>-u</option> and
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<acronym>NFS</acronym> server is enabled.</para>
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<option>-t</option> flags to <command>nfsd</command> tell it to
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serve UDP and TCP clients. The <option>-n 4</option> flag tells
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<command>nfsd</command> to start 4 copies of itself.</para>
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<para>On the client, make sure you have:</para>
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<para>On the client, make sure this option is present in
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<filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>:</para>
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<programlisting>nfs_client_enable="YES"
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<programlisting>nfs_client_enable="YES"</programlisting>
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nfs_client_flags="-n 4"</programlisting>
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<para>Like <command>nfsd</command>, the <option>-n 4</option> tells
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<para>
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<command>nfsiod</command> to start 4 copies of itself.</para>
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The <filename>/etc/exports</filename>
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file specifies which filesystems <acronym>NFS</acronym> should export (sometimes
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<para>The last configuration step requires that you create a file
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referred to as <quote>share</quote>).
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called <filename>/etc/exports</filename>. The exports file
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Each line in <filename>/etc/exports</filename> specifies a filesystem to be exported and
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specifies which file systems on your server will be shared
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which machines have access to that filesystem. Along with what machines have access
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(a.k.a., <quote>exported</quote>) and with what clients they will
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to that filesystem, access options may also be specified. There are many such options
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be shared. Each line in the file specifies a file system to be
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that can be used in this file but only a few will be mentioned here. You can easily discover
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shared. There are a handful of options that can be used in this
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other options by reading over the &man.exports.5; manual page.</para>
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file but only a few will be mentioned here. You can find out
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about the rest in the &man.exports.5; manual page.</para>
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<para>Here are a few example <filename>/etc/exports</filename>
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<para>Here are a few example <filename>/etc/exports</filename>
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entries:</para>
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entries:</para>
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<indexterm>
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<indexterm>
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<primary>NFS</primary>
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<primary>NFS</primary>
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<secondary>exporting filesystems</secondary>
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<secondary>Examples of exporting filesystems</secondary>
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</indexterm>
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</indexterm>
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<para>The following line exports <filename>/cdrom</filename> to
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three silly machines that have the same domain name as the server
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<para>The following examples give an idea of how to export filesystems,
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although the settings may be different depending on
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your environment and network configuration.
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For instance, to export the <filename>/cdrom</filename> directory to
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three example machines that have the same domain name as the server
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(hence the lack of a domain name for each) or have entries in your
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(hence the lack of a domain name for each) or have entries in your
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<filename>/etc/hosts</filename> file. The <option>-ro</option>
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<filename>/etc/hosts</filename> file. The <option>-ro</option>
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flag makes the shared file system read-only. With this flag, the
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flag makes the exported file system read-only. With this flag, the
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remote system will not be able to make any changes to the
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remote system will not be able to write any changes to the
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shared file system.</para>
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exported file system.</para>
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<programlisting>/cdrom -ro moe larry curly</programlisting>
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<programlisting>/cdrom -ro host1 host2 host3</programlisting>
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<para>The following line exports <filename>/home</filename> to three
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<para>The following line exports <filename>/home</filename> to three
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hosts by IP address. This is a useful setup if you have a
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hosts by IP address. This is a useful setup if you have a
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private network but do not have DNS running. The
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private network without a <acronym>DNS</acronym> server configured.
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<option>-alldirs</option> flag allows all the directories below
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Optionally the <filename>/etc/hosts</filename> file could be configured
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the specified file system to be exported as well.</para>
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for internal hostnames; please review &man.hosts.5; for more
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information. The <option>-alldirs</option> flag allows the subdirectories
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to be mount points. In other words, it will not mount the subdirectories
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but permit the client to mount only the directories that are required or
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needed.</para>
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<programlisting>/home -alldirs 10.0.0.2 10.0.0.3 10.0.0.4</programlisting>
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<programlisting>/home -alldirs 10.0.0.2 10.0.0.3 10.0.0.4</programlisting>
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<para>The following line exports <filename>/a</filename> to two
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<para>The following line exports <filename>/a</filename> so that two
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machines that have different domain names than the server. The
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clients from different domains may access the filesystem. The
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<option>-maproot=0</option> flag allows
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<option>-maproot=root</option> flag allows the <username>root</username>
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the root user on the remote system to write to the shared
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user on the remote system to write data on the exported filesystem as
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file system as root. Without the -maproot=0 flag even if
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<username>root</username>. If the -maproot=root flag is not specified, then even if
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someone has root access on the remote system they will not
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a user has <username>root</username> access on the remote system, they will not
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be able to modify files on the shared file system.</para>
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be able to modify files on the exported filesystem.</para>
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<programlisting>/a -maproot=0 host.domain.com box.example.com</programlisting>
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<programlisting>/a -maproot=root host.example.com box.example.org</programlisting>
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<para>In order for a client to access- an exported file system it must
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<para>In order for a client to access an exported filesystem, the client must
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have permission to do so. Make sure your client is listed in your
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have permission to do so. Make sure the client is listed in your
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<filename>/etc/exports</filename> file.</para>
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<filename>/etc/exports</filename> file.</para>
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<para>In <filename>/etc/exports</filename>, each line represents
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<para>In <filename>/etc/exports</filename>, each line represents
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the export information for one filesystem to one host. A
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the export information for one filesystem to one host. A
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remote host can only be specified once for each local
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remote host can only be specified once per filesystem, and may only
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filesystem, and you can only have one default entry per local
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have one default entry. For example, assume that <filename>/usr</filename>
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filesystem. For example, let's assume that
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is a single filesystem. The following <filename>/etc/exports</filename>
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<filename>/usr</filename> is a single filesystem. The
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would be valid:</para>
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following <filename>/etc/exports</filename> is invalid:</para>
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<programlisting>/usr/src client
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<programlisting>/usr/src client
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/usr/ports client</programlisting>
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/usr/ports client</programlisting>
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<para>One filesystem, <filename>/usr</filename>, has two lines
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<para>One filesystem, <filename>/usr</filename>, has two lines
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specifying its exports to the same host,
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specifying exports to the same host, <hostid>client</hostid>.
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<hostid>client</hostid>. The correct format is:</para>
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The correct format for this situation is:</para>
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<programlisting>/usr/src /usr/ports client</programlisting>
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<programlisting>/usr/src /usr/ports client</programlisting>
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@ -872,42 +868,43 @@ nfs_client_flags="-n 4"</programlisting>
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<programlisting># Export src and ports to client01 and client02, but only
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<programlisting># Export src and ports to client01 and client02, but only
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# client01 has root privileges on it
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# client01 has root privileges on it
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/usr/src /usr/ports -maproot=0 client01
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/usr/src /usr/ports -maproot=root client01
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/usr/src /usr/ports client02
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/usr/src /usr/ports client02
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# The "client" machines have root and can mount anywhere
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# The client machines have root and can mount anywhere
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# up /exports. Anyone inhe world can mount /exports/obj read-only
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# on /exports. Anyone in the world can mount /exports/obj read-only
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/exports -alldirs -maproot=0 client01 client02
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/exports -alldirs -maproot=root client01 client02
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/exports/obj -ro</programlisting>
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/exports/obj -ro</programlisting>
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<para>You must restart
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<para>You must restart
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<command>mountd</command> whenever you modify
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<command>mountd</command> whenever you modify
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<filename>/etc/exports</filename> to make changes take
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<filename>/etc/exports</filename> so the changes can take effect.
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effect. This can be accomplished by sending the hangup signal
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This can be accomplished by sending the hangup signal
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to the <command>mountd</command> process:</para>
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to the <command>mountd</command> process:</para>
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<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>kill -HUP `cat /var/run/mountd.pid`</userinput></screen>
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<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>kill -HUP `cat /var/run/mountd.pid`</userinput></screen>
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<para>Now that you have made all these changes you can just reboot
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<para>Alternatively, a reboot will make FreeBSD set everything
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and let FreeBSD start everything for you at boot time, or you can
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up properly. A reboot is not necessary though.
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run the following commands as root:</para>
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Executing the following commands as <username>root</username>
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should start everything up.</para>
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<para>On the NFS server:</para>
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<para>On the <acronym>NFS</acronym> server:</para>
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<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>portmap</userinput>
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<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>portmap</userinput>
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&prompt.root; <userinput>nfsd -u -t -n 4</userinput>
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&prompt.root; <userinput>nfsd -u -t -n 4</userinput>
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&prompt.root; <userinput>mountd -r</userinput></screen>
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&prompt.root; <userinput>mountd -r</userinput></screen>
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<para>On the NFS client:</para>
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<para>On the <acronym>NFS</acronym> client:</para>
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||||||
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<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>nfsiod -n 4</userinput></screen>
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<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>nfsiod -n 4</userinput></screen>
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||||||
|
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||||||
<para>Now you should be ready to actually mount a remote file
|
<para>Now everything should be ready to actually mount a remote file
|
||||||
system. This can be done one of two ways. In these examples the
|
system. In these examples the
|
||||||
server's name will be <literal>server</literal> and the client's
|
server's name will be <literal>server</literal> and the client's
|
||||||
name will be <literal>client</literal>. If you just want to
|
name will be <literal>client</literal>. If you only want to
|
||||||
temporarily mount a remote file system or just want to test out
|
temporarily mount a remote file system or would rather test the
|
||||||
your configuration you can run a command like this as root on the
|
configuration, just execute a command like this as <username>root</username> on the
|
||||||
client:</para>
|
client:</para>
|
||||||
<indexterm>
|
<indexterm>
|
||||||
<primary>NFS</primary>
|
<primary>NFS</primary>
|
||||||
<secondary>mounting filesystems</secondary>
|
<secondary>mounting filesystems</secondary>
|
||||||
|
|
@ -916,56 +913,54 @@ nfs_client_flags="-n 4"</programlisting>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>This will mount the <filename>/home</filename> directory
|
<para>This will mount the <filename>/home</filename> directory
|
||||||
on the server at <filename>/mnt</filename> on the client. If
|
on the server at <filename>/mnt</filename> on the client. If
|
||||||
everything is setup correctly you should be able to go into
|
everything is set up correctly you should be able to enter
|
||||||
/mnt on the client and see all the files that are on the
|
<filename>/mnt</filename> on the client and see all the files
|
||||||
server.</para>
|
that are on the server.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>If you want to automatically mount a remote file system
|
<para>If you want to automatically mount a remote filesystem
|
||||||
each time the computer boots, add the filesystem to
|
each time the computer boots, add the filesystem to the
|
||||||
<filename>/etc/fstab</filename>. Here is an example:</para>
|
<filename>/etc/fstab</filename> file. Here is an example:</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<programlisting>server:/home /mnt nfs rw 0 0</programlisting>
|
<programlisting>server:/home /mnt nfs rw 0 0</programlisting>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>Read the &man.fstab.5; manual page for more options.</para>
|
<para>The &man.fstab.5; manual page lists all the available options.</para>
|
||||||
</sect2>
|
</sect2>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<sect2>
|
<sect2>
|
||||||
<title>Practical Uses</title>
|
<title>Practical Uses</title>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>There are many very cool uses for NFS. Some of the more common
|
<para><acronym>NFS</acronym> has many practical uses. Some of the more common
|
||||||
ones are listed below.</para>
|
ones are listed below:</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<indexterm>
|
<indexterm>
|
||||||
<primary>NFS</primary>
|
<primary>NFS</primary>
|
||||||
<secondary>uses</secondary>
|
<secondary>uses</secondary>
|
||||||
</indexterm>
|
</indexterm>
|
||||||
<itemizedlist>
|
<itemizedlist>
|
||||||
<listitem>
|
<listitem>
|
||||||
<para>Have several machines on a network and share a CDROM or
|
<para>Set several machines to share a CDROM or
|
||||||
floppy drive among them. This is cheaper and often more
|
other media among them. This is cheaper and often
|
||||||
convenient.</para>
|
a more convenient method to install software on multiple machines.</para>
|
||||||
</listitem>
|
</listitem>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<listitem>
|
<listitem>
|
||||||
<para>With so many machines on a network, it gets old having your
|
<para>On large networks, it might be more convenient to configure a
|
||||||
personal files strewn all over the place. You can have a
|
central <acronym>NFS</acronym> server in which to store all the user
|
||||||
central NFS server that houses all user home directories and
|
home directories. These home directories can then be exported to
|
||||||
shares them with the rest of the machines on the LAN, so no
|
the network so that users would always have the same home directory,
|
||||||
matter where you log in you will have the same home
|
regardless of which workstation they log in to.</para>
|
||||||
directory.</para>
|
|
||||||
</listitem>
|
</listitem>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<listitem>
|
<listitem>
|
||||||
<para>When you get to reinstalling FreeBSD on one of your
|
<para>You can use an exported CDROM to install
|
||||||
machines, NFS is the way to go! Just pop your distribution
|
software on multiple machines.</para>
|
||||||
CDROM into your file server and away you go!</para>
|
|
||||||
</listitem>
|
</listitem>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<listitem>
|
<listitem>
|
||||||
<para>Have a common <filename>/usr/ports/distfiles</filename>
|
<para>Several machines could have a common
|
||||||
directory that all your machines share. That way, when you go
|
<filename>/usr/ports/distfiles</filename> directory.
|
||||||
to install a port that you have already installed on a different
|
That way, when you need to install a port on several machines, you can
|
||||||
machine, you do not have to download the source all over
|
quickly access the source without downloading it on each machine.</para>
|
||||||
again!</para>
|
|
||||||
</listitem>
|
</listitem>
|
||||||
</itemizedlist>
|
</itemizedlist>
|
||||||
</sect2>
|
</sect2>
|
||||||
|
|
@ -992,14 +987,15 @@ nfs_client_flags="-n 4"</programlisting>
|
||||||
<indexterm><primary>amd</primary></indexterm>
|
<indexterm><primary>amd</primary></indexterm>
|
||||||
<indexterm><primary>automatic mounter daemon</primary></indexterm>
|
<indexterm><primary>automatic mounter daemon</primary></indexterm>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para>&man.amd.8;, which is also known as the automatic mounter
|
<para>&man.amd.8; (the automatic mounter daemon)
|
||||||
daemon, is a useful utility used for automatically mounting a
|
is a useful daemon that automatically mounts a
|
||||||
remote filesystem whenever a file or directory within that
|
remote filesystem whenever a file or directory within that
|
||||||
filesystem is accessed. Filesystems that are inactive for a
|
filesystem is accessed. Filesystems that are inactive for a
|
||||||
period of time will also be automatically unmounted by
|
period of time will also be automatically unmounted by
|
||||||
<application>amd</application>. Using
|
<application>amd</application>. Using
|
||||||
<application>amd</application> provides a simplistic alternative
|
<application>amd</application> provides a simple alternative
|
||||||
to static mounts.</para>
|
to permanent mounts, as permanent mounts should be listed in the
|
||||||
|
<filename>/etc/fstab</filename>.</para>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<para><application>amd</application> operates by attaching
|
<para><application>amd</application> operates by attaching
|
||||||
itself as an NFS server to the <filename>/host</filename> and
|
itself as an NFS server to the <filename>/host</filename> and
|
||||||
|
|
|
||||||
Loading…
Reference in a new issue