Update of the doc/el_GR.ISO8859-7 documentation, to catch up with
the latest developments in the Greek translation team. This one brings in many resync/MFen changes for articles, and a new book: The Greek Handbook We still have a lot of work to do in the Handbook tree, but the work of the following people has been instrumental in getting us so far already: Giorgos Iordanou Manolis Kiagias Nikos Kokkalis Leonidas Tsampros Baggelis Typaldos
This commit is contained in:
parent
1ab7e7b806
commit
eb2c85db96
Notes:
svn2git
2020-12-08 03:00:23 +00:00
svn path=/head/; revision=30998
68 changed files with 77165 additions and 18 deletions
el_GR.ISO8859-7
Makefile
articles
books
MakefileMakefile.inc
handbook
Makefile
advanced-networking
appendix.declaudit
basics
bibliography
book.sgmlboot
chapter.declchapters.entcolophon.sgmlconfig
cutting-edge
desktop
disks
eresources
firewalls
geom
install
introduction
jails
kernelconfig
l10n
linuxemu
mac
mail
mirrors
multimedia
network-servers
pgpkeys
ports
ppp-and-slip
preface
printing
security
serialcomms
txtfiles.entusers
vinum
virtualization
x11
share/sgml
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@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
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# Original version: 1.7
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SUBDIR = articles
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SUBDIR+= books
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COMPAT_SYMLINK = el
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|
|
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@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ SUBDIR+= dialup-firewall
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SUBDIR+= explaining-bsd
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SUBDIR+= formatting-media
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SUBDIR+= freebsd-questions
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SUBDIR+= greek-language-support
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SUBDIR+= laptop
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SUBDIR+= multi-os
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SUBDIR+= new-users
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|
|
13
el_GR.ISO8859-7/articles/greek-language-support/Makefile
Normal file
13
el_GR.ISO8859-7/articles/greek-language-support/Makefile
Normal file
|
@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
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# $FreeBSD$
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DOC?= article
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FORMATS?= html
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INSTALL_COMPRESSED?=gz
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INSTALL_ONLY_COMPRESSED?=
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SRCS= article.sgml
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DOC_PREFIX?= ${.CURDIR}/../../..
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.include "${DOC_PREFIX}/share/mk/doc.project.mk"
|
346
el_GR.ISO8859-7/articles/greek-language-support/article.sgml
Normal file
346
el_GR.ISO8859-7/articles/greek-language-support/article.sgml
Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,346 @@
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<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//DTD DocBook V4.1-Based Extension//EN" [
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<!ENTITY % articles.ent PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//ENTITIES DocBook FreeBSD Articles Entity Set//EL">
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%articles.ent;
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<!ENTITY iso-greek "ISO/IEC 8859-7">
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]>
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<article lang="el">
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<articleinfo>
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<title>Υποστήριξη της Ελληνικής Γλώσσας στο FreeBSD</title>
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<author>
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<firstname>Νικόλαος</firstname>
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<surname>Κόκκαλης</surname>
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<affiliation>
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<address><email>nickkokkalis@yahoo.co.uk</email></address>
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</affiliation>
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</author>
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<copyright>
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<year>2006</year>
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<year>2007</year>
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<holder role="mailto:nickkokkalis@yahoo.co.uk">Νικόλαος Κόκκαλης</holder>
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</copyright>
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<releaseinfo>$FreeBSD$</releaseinfo>
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<legalnotice id="trademarks" role="trademarks">
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&tm-attrib.freebsd;
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&tm-attrib.general;
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</legalnotice>
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<abstract>
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<para>Αυτό το κείμενο δίνει οδηγίες για τις ρυθμίσεις που χρειάζονται,
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ώστε να μπορούμε να διαβάσουμε και να γράψουμε Ελληνικά στο &os;, τόσο
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σε κατάσταση κονσόλας όσο και χρησιμοποιώντας το γραφικό
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περιβάλλον <application>&xorg;</application>.</para>
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</abstract>
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</articleinfo>
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<sect1 id="introduction">
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<title>Εισαγωγή</title>
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<para>Η ρύθμιση της υποστήριξης του &os; για την Ελληνική γλώσσα είναι
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αρκετά εύκολη, σε κάθε επίπεδο. Με σχετικά λίγες ρυθμίσεις, μπορεί να
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γράψει και να διαβάσει κανείς σωστά Ελληνικά με την επίσημη κωδικοποίηση
|
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&iso-greek;, τόσο σε κατάσταση κονσόλας όσο και μέσα από το γραφικό
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περιβάλλον <application>&xorg;</application>. Αν και οι ρυθμίσεις που
|
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αφορούν αποκλειστικά στο FreeBSD είναι αυτές της κονσόλας, εδώ θα
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αναφερθούν και αυτές που αφορούν και
|
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τα <application>&xorg;</application> αλλά και τις επιμέρους
|
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εφαρμογές.</para>
|
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|
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<para>Αφού διαβάσετε αυτό το άρθρο θα ξέρετε:</para>
|
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|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
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<listitem>
|
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<para>Που θα βρείτε Ελληνικές γραμματοσειρές, τόσο για την κονσόλα του
|
||||
&os; όσο και για <application>&xorg;</application>.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
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<para>Πώς να ορίσετε μια αντιστοιχία πληκτρολογίου
|
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(<quote>keymap</quote>) σε κατάσταση κονσόλας, η οποία να επιτρέπει
|
||||
την εισαγωγή Ελληνικού κειμένου, με την κωδικοποίηση &iso-greek;.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
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<para>Πώς να ορίσετε ότι η προκαθορισμένη γραμματοσειρά σε κατάσταση
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κονσόλας θα είναι κάποια που έχει Ελληνικούς χαρακτήρες.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Πώς να ορίσετε μια αντιστοιχία πληκτρολογίου
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||||
(<quote>keymap</quote>) σε κατάσταση γραφικών, η οποία να επιτρέπει
|
||||
την εισαγωγή Ελληνικού κειμένου, με την κωδικοποίηση &iso-greek;.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Πώς να στήσετε γραμματοσειρές για το γραφικό περιβάλλον του
|
||||
&os;, οι οποίες θα έχουν υποστήριξη τόσο για UTF-8 όσο και για
|
||||
&iso-greek; Ελληνικά.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
</sect1>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect1 id="console-setup">
|
||||
<title>Ρυθμίσεις για Ελληνικά στην κονσόλα του &os;</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Στην κονσόλα οι ρυθμίσεις αφορούν δύο στάδια. Το πρώτο στάδιο
|
||||
γίνεται κατά τον ίδιο τρόπο πάντα, ενώ το δεύτερο διαφοροποιείται
|
||||
ανάλογα με το κέλυφος (<quote>shell</quote>).</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Ρυθμίσεις για την προκαθορισμένη γραμματοσειρά της κονσόλας και
|
||||
μια αντιστοιχία πληκτρολογίου με υποστήριξη για Ελληνικά.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Ρυθμίσεις έτσι ώστε το περιβάλλον του κελύφους να υποστηρίζει
|
||||
την Ελληνική γλώσσα.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect2 id="console-files">
|
||||
<title>Ελληνική γραμματοσειρά και αντιστοιχία πληκτρολογίου για την κονσόλα</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Για να μπορέσουμε να διαβάσουμε και να γράψουμε Ελληνικά με την
|
||||
κωδικοποίηση &iso-greek; στην κονσόλα του &os; χρειαζόμαστε
|
||||
τουλάχιστον δύο αρχεία: μια γραμματοσειρά και μια αντιστοιχία
|
||||
πληκτρολογίου.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Ο &a.keramida; έχει φτιάξει μια τέτοια γραμματοσειρά και μια
|
||||
αντιστοιχία πληκτρολογίου. Αυτά τα δύο αρχεία δεν είναι μέρος του
|
||||
βασικού συστήματος του &os; τη στιγμή που γράφονται αυτές οι γραμμές,
|
||||
οπότε θα χρειαστεί να τα κατεβάσετε από το δίκτυο. Για να κατεβάσετε
|
||||
τα δύο αρχεία που χρειάζονται και να τα τοποθετήσετε στον κατάλληλο
|
||||
κατάλογο για τον τύπο του κάθε αρχείου, μπορείτε να τρέξετε τις
|
||||
παρακάτω εντολές:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /usr/share/syscons/fonts</userinput>
|
||||
&prompt.root; <userinput>fetch 'http://people.freebsd.org/~keramida/files/grfixed-8x16.fnt'</userinput>
|
||||
&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /usr/share/syscons/keymaps</userinput>
|
||||
&prompt.root; <userinput>fetch 'http://people.freebsd.org/~keramida/files/keramida.el-iso.kbd'</userinput></screen>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect2 id="console-rc-conf">
|
||||
<title>Ενεργοποίηση της Ελληνικής υποστήριξης στην κονσόλα</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Για να ορίσουμε ως προκαθορισμένη γραμματοσειρά και αντιστοιχία
|
||||
πληκτρολογίου αυτές που κατεβάσαμε, αρκεί να βάλουμε στο
|
||||
αρχείο <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename> τις παρακάτω
|
||||
ρυθμίσεις:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<programlisting>font8x16="grfixed8x16"
|
||||
keymap="keramida.el-iso"</programlisting>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Με αυτές τις ρυθμίσεις, το σύστημά μας θα χρησιμοποιεί τα αρχεία
|
||||
που μόλις κατεβάσαμε από την επόμενη φορά που θα ξεκινήσει. Στο &os;
|
||||
δε χρειάζεται όμως να κάνουμε επανεκκίνηση για μια τέτοια μικρή
|
||||
αλλαγή. Μπορούμε απλά να τρέξουμε σε μια κονσόλα τις εντολές:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>vidcontrol -f 8x16 grfixed-8x16 < /dev/ttyv0</userinput>
|
||||
&prompt.user; <userinput>kbdcontrol -l keramida.el-iso < /dev/ttyv0</userinput></screen>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Αυτές οι εντολές θα φορτώσουν εκείνη τη στιγμή τη νέα
|
||||
γραμματοσειρά κονσόλας, και τη νέα αντιστοιχία πληκτρολογίου.</para>
|
||||
</sect2>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect2 id="shell-locale">
|
||||
<title>Ρυθμίσεις για το κέλυφος χρήστη</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Με τις ρυθμίσεις που έχουμε κάνει ως τώρα δεν έχει ενεργοποιηθεί
|
||||
πλήρως η Ελληνική υποστήριξη. Κάθε πρόγραμμα που τρέχει στο &os;, ακόμα και το
|
||||
κέλυφος χρήστη που χρησιμοποιούμε, εξαρτάται από τις τρέχουσες
|
||||
ρυθμίσεις <quote>locale</quote>, για να ξέρει σε τι γλώσσα
|
||||
δουλεύουμε.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Οι προκαθορισμένες ρυθμίσεις locale υποστηρίζουν μόνο την εισαγωγή
|
||||
και ανάγνωση κειμένου σε Αγγλικά, οπότε πρέπει να αλλάζουμε τις
|
||||
ρυθμίσεις αυτές για να μπορεί το κέλυφος μας να δουλέψει σωστά με την
|
||||
Ελληνική γλώσσα.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect3 id="shell-sh">
|
||||
<title>Ρυθμίσεις για το κέλυφος &man.sh.1;</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Αν το κέλυφος που χρησιμοποιούμε είναι το &man.sh.1;, πρέπει να
|
||||
βάλουμε στο αρχείο <filename>.profile</filename> του λογαριασμού μας
|
||||
τις εξής ρυθμίσεις:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<programlisting>export LANG="C"
|
||||
export LC_CTYPE="el_GR.ISO8859-7"
|
||||
export LC_COLLATE="el_GR.ISO8859-7"
|
||||
unset LC_ALL LC_MESSAGES LC_MONETARY LC_NUMERIC LC_TIME</programlisting>
|
||||
</sect3>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect3 id="shell-csh">
|
||||
<title>Ρυθμίσεις για το κέλυφος &man.csh.1;</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Αν το κέλυφος που χρησιμοποιούμε είναι το &man.csh.1;, πρέπει να
|
||||
βάλουμε στο αρχείο <filename>.cshrc</filename> του λογαριασμού μας
|
||||
τις εξής ρυθμίσεις:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<programlisting>setenv LANG "C"
|
||||
setenv LC_CTYPE "el_GR.ISO8859-7"
|
||||
setenv LC_COLLATE "el_GR.ISO8859-7"
|
||||
unsetenv LC_ALL LC_MESSAGES LC_MONETARY LC_NUMERIC LC_TIME</programlisting>
|
||||
</sect3>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect3 id="shell-bash">
|
||||
<title>Ρυθμίσεις για το κέλυφος bash</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Αν το κέλυφος που χρησιμοποιούμε είναι
|
||||
το <application>bash</application>, πρέπει να βάλουμε στο
|
||||
αρχείο <filename>.bashrc</filename> του λογαριασμού μας τις εξής
|
||||
ρυθμίσεις:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<programlisting>export LANG="C"
|
||||
export LC_CTYPE="el_GR.ISO8859-7"
|
||||
export LC_COLLATE="el_GR.ISO8859-7"
|
||||
unset LC_ALL LC_MESSAGES LC_MONETARY LC_NUMERIC LC_TIME</programlisting>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Επίσης, ειδικά για το <application>bash</application>, πρέπει να
|
||||
βάλουμε και τις εξής ρυθμίσεις στο
|
||||
αρχείο <filename>.inputrc</filename> του λογαριασμού μας:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<programlisting>set convert-meta Off
|
||||
set input-meta On
|
||||
set output-meta On</programlisting>
|
||||
</sect3>
|
||||
</sect2>
|
||||
</sect1>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect1 id="xorg-setup">
|
||||
<title>Ρυθμίσεις για Ελληνικά στο γραφικό περιβάλλον &xorg;</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Τα πιο συνηθισμένα γραφικό περιβάλλον εργασίας σε &os; βασίζονται
|
||||
στην πλατφόρμα <application>&xorg;</application>. Οι ρυθμίσεις για
|
||||
υποστήριξη Ελληνικών σε &xorg; είναι εντελώς ίδιες με αυτές που
|
||||
χρησιμοποιεί το περιβάλλον &xorg; και σε άλλα UNIX συστήματα (π.χ. σε
|
||||
GNU/Linux).</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Αρχικά, πρέπει να ρυθμίσετε το περιβάλλον &xorg; έτσι ώστε να ξεκινά
|
||||
σωστά—ακόμη και χωρίς Ελληνικά. Για πληροφορίες σχετικά με τις
|
||||
πρώτες αυτές ρυθμίσεις,
|
||||
δείτε <ulink url="&url.books.handbook;/x11.html">το αντίστοιχο κεφάλαιο
|
||||
στο Εγχειρίδιο του &os;</ulink>.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Αφού καταφέρετε να ρυθμίσετε τα πάντα για να ξεκινά το γραφικό
|
||||
περιβάλλον &xorg;, πρέπει να τοποθετήσετε τις παρακάτω γραμμές στο
|
||||
αρχείο <filename>/etc/x11/xorg.conf</filename>:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<programlisting>Section "InputDevice"
|
||||
Identifier "Keyboard1"
|
||||
Driver "kbd"
|
||||
Option "XkbRules" "xorg"
|
||||
Option "XkbModel" "pc105"
|
||||
Option "XkbLayout" "us,el"
|
||||
Option "XkbOptions" "grp:alt_shift_toggle"
|
||||
EndSection</programlisting>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Αν στο αρχείο <filename>/etc/x11/xorg.conf</filename> υπάρχει ήδη
|
||||
ένα τέτοιο τμήμα, μπορείτε να τροποποιήσετε το υπάρχον τμήμα.
|
||||
Χρησιμοποιήστε τον χαρακτήρα <quote><literal>#</literal></quote> για να
|
||||
σχολιάσετε όποιες γραμμές δε θέλετε να κρατήσετε από το αρχικό
|
||||
<quote><literal>InputDevice</literal></quote>.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<note>
|
||||
<para>Γενικά, υπάρχουν τουλάχιστον δύο
|
||||
διαφορετικά <quote><literal>InputDevice</literal></quote> τμήματα σε
|
||||
ένα συνηθισμένο αρχείο <filename>/etc/x11/xorg.conf</filename>:
|
||||
ένα για το προκαθορισμένο πληκτρολόγιο κι ένα για το προκαθορισμένο ποντίκι.
|
||||
Προσοχή να κάνετε όποιες τροποποιήσεις έχετε κατά νου στο τμήμα το
|
||||
οποίο αναφέρει το πληκτρολόγιο (αυτό σημαίνει
|
||||
το <quote><literal>Identifier "Keyboard1"</literal></quote>
|
||||
παραπάνω).</para>
|
||||
</note>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Με τις ρυθμίσεις που έχουμε κάνει ως τώρα δεν έχει ενεργοποιηθεί
|
||||
πλήρως η Ελληνική υποστήριξη. Στο FreeBSD κάθε πρόγραμμα, ακόμα και το
|
||||
περιβάλλον &xorg; που χρησιμοποιούμε, εξαρτάται από τις τρέχουσες
|
||||
ρυθμίσεις <quote>locale</quote>, για να ξέρει σε τι γλώσσα δουλεύουμε.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Οι προκαθορισμένες ρυθμίσεις locale υποστηρίζουν μόνο την εισαγωγή
|
||||
και ανάγνωση κειμένου σε Αγγλικά, οπότε πρέπει να αλλάζουμε τις
|
||||
ρυθμίσεις αυτές για να μπορεί το περιβάλλον &xorg; να δουλέψει σωστά με
|
||||
την Ελληνική γλώσσα.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Για αυτόν τον λόγο παραμετροποιούμε το
|
||||
αρχείο <filename>.xinitrc</filename> στο λογαριασμό μας. Πιο
|
||||
συγκεκριμένα θα πρέπει να προσθέσουμε τις παρακάτω γραμμές σε αυτό:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<programlisting>export LANG="el_GR"
|
||||
export LC_CTYPE="el_GR.ISO8859-7"
|
||||
export LC_COLLATE="el_GR.ISO8859-7"</programlisting>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Με αυτές τις ρυθμίσεις, το περιβάλλον &xorg; θα ξεκινά με το
|
||||
σωστό <quote>process environment</quote> για να υποστηρίζει την Ελληνική
|
||||
γλώσσα.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Πολλές εφαρμογές που τρέχουν σε περιβάλλον &xorg; μπορούν να
|
||||
ρυθμιστούν ορίζοντας μια σειρά από <quote>X11 resources</quote>. Αυτά
|
||||
τα <quote>resources</quote> είναι, γενικά, ζευγάρια από τιμές της
|
||||
μορφής:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<programlisting>ΌνομαResource: Τιμή του resource</programlisting>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Οι τιμές αυτές ορίζονται στο
|
||||
αρχείο <filename>.Xresources</filename> του λογαριασμού μας.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Για το <application>XTerm</application> και αντίστοιχες εφαρμογές
|
||||
τερματικού, μπορεί να ρυθμιστεί η γραμματοσειρά έτσι ώστε να
|
||||
χρησιμοποιείται μια με Ελληνική υποστήριξη, ορίζοντας τις παρακάτω τιμές
|
||||
στο αρχείο <filename>.Xresources</filename>:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<programlisting>XTerm*font: -misc-fixed-medium-r-normal--14-130-75-75-c-70-iso8859-7</programlisting>
|
||||
|
||||
<note>
|
||||
<para>Μετά από αλλαγές στο αρχείο <filename>.Xresources</filename>, δε
|
||||
χρειάζεται επανεκκίνηση του περιβάλλοντος &xorg;. Αρκεί απλά να
|
||||
τρέξουμε την εντολή:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>xrdb -merge ~/.Xresources</userinput></screen>
|
||||
</note>
|
||||
</sect1>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect1 id="various-apps">
|
||||
<title>Ρυθμίσεις για Ελληνικά σε διάφορες εφαρμογές.</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Για να διαβάζουμε και να γράφουμε &iso-greek; Ελληνικά με τον
|
||||
επεξεργαστή κειμένου <filename role="package">editors/emacs</filename> θα πρέπει να
|
||||
προσθέσουμε στο <filename>.emacs</filename> του λογαριασμού μας τις
|
||||
εξής ρυθμίσεις:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<programlisting>(setq unibyte-display-via-language-environment t)
|
||||
(set-language-environment "Greek")
|
||||
(set-terminal-coding-system 'greek-iso-8bit)
|
||||
(set-input-mode (car (current-input-mode))
|
||||
(nth 1 (current-input-mode))
|
||||
0)</programlisting>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Για να διαβάζουμε και να γράφουμε ελληνικά με τον επεξεργαστή κειμένου
|
||||
<filename role="package">editors/vim</filename> σε γραφικό περιβάλλον,
|
||||
θα πρέπει να προσθέσουμε στο αρχείο <filename>.vimrc</filename> του
|
||||
λογαριασμού μας τις εξής ρυθμίσεις:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<programlisting>set gfs=fixedgr</programlisting>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Για να διαβάζουμε και να γράφουμε ελληνικά με το πρόγραμμα
|
||||
ηλεκτρονικής αλληλογραφίας <application>mutt</application> θα πρέπει να
|
||||
προσθέσουμε στο <filename>.muttrc</filename> το παρακάτω κομμάτι:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<programlisting>set charset="greek"
|
||||
set send_charset="US-ASCII:ISO-8859-1:ISO-8859-7:UTF-8"</programlisting>
|
||||
</sect1>
|
||||
</article>
|
||||
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
Local Variables:
|
||||
mode: sgml
|
||||
sgml-indent-data: t
|
||||
sgml-omittag: nil
|
||||
sgml-always-quote-attributes: t
|
||||
fill-column: 78
|
||||
indent-tabs-mode: nil
|
||||
End:
|
||||
-->
|
8
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/Makefile
Normal file
8
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/Makefile
Normal file
|
@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
|
|||
# $FreeBSD$
|
||||
|
||||
SUBDIR = handbook
|
||||
|
||||
ROOT_SYMLINKS= handbook
|
||||
|
||||
DOC_PREFIX?= ${.CURDIR}/../..
|
||||
.include "${DOC_PREFIX}/share/mk/doc.project.mk"
|
5
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/Makefile.inc
Normal file
5
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/Makefile.inc
Normal file
|
@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
|
|||
#
|
||||
# $FreeBSD$
|
||||
#
|
||||
|
||||
DESTDIR?= ${DOCDIR}/el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/${.CURDIR:T}
|
166
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/Makefile
Normal file
166
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/Makefile
Normal file
|
@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
|
|||
#
|
||||
# $FreeBSD$
|
||||
#
|
||||
# Ìïñöïðïßçóç ôïõ Åã÷åéñéäßïõ ôïõ FreeBSD
|
||||
#
|
||||
|
||||
# ------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
#
|
||||
# ÌåôáâëçôÝò ó÷åôéêÝò ìå ôï Åã÷åéñßäéï
|
||||
#
|
||||
# WITH_PGPKEYS Ç åêôõðþóéìç ìïñöÞ ôïõ åã÷åéñéäßïõ ðåñéÝ÷åé êáíïíéêÜ
|
||||
# ìüíï ôá fingerprints áðü ôá PGP êëåéäéÜ. Áí èÝëåôå
|
||||
# íá åêôõðþíïíôáé ïëüêëçñá ôá êëåéäéÜ, ôüôå áõôÞ ç
|
||||
# ìåôáâëçôÞ ðñÝðåé íá åßíáé 'defined'. ÁõôÞ ç åðéëïãÞ
|
||||
# äåí åðçñåÜæåé óå ôßðïôá ôéò ìïñöÝò HTML.
|
||||
#
|
||||
# Make targets ìüíï ãéá ôï Åã÷åéñßäéï
|
||||
#
|
||||
# pgpkeyring This target will read the contents of
|
||||
# pgpkeys/chapter.sgml and will extract all of
|
||||
# the pgpkeys to standard out. This output can then
|
||||
# be redirected into a file and distributed as a
|
||||
# public keyring of FreeBSD developers that can
|
||||
# easily be imported into PGP/GPG.
|
||||
#
|
||||
# ------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
.PATH: ${.CURDIR}/../../share/sgml/glossary
|
||||
|
||||
MAINTAINER= doc@FreeBSD.org
|
||||
|
||||
DOC?= book
|
||||
|
||||
FORMATS?= html-split
|
||||
|
||||
HAS_INDEX= true
|
||||
USE_PS2PDF= yes
|
||||
|
||||
INSTALL_COMPRESSED?= gz
|
||||
INSTALL_ONLY_COMPRESSED?=
|
||||
|
||||
# Images from the cross-document image library
|
||||
IMAGES_LIB= callouts/1.png
|
||||
IMAGES_LIB+= callouts/2.png
|
||||
IMAGES_LIB+= callouts/3.png
|
||||
IMAGES_LIB+= callouts/4.png
|
||||
IMAGES_LIB+= callouts/5.png
|
||||
IMAGES_LIB+= callouts/6.png
|
||||
IMAGES_LIB+= callouts/7.png
|
||||
IMAGES_LIB+= callouts/8.png
|
||||
IMAGES_LIB+= callouts/9.png
|
||||
IMAGES_LIB+= callouts/10.png
|
||||
IMAGES_LIB+= callouts/11.png
|
||||
IMAGES_LIB+= callouts/12.png
|
||||
IMAGES_LIB+= callouts/13.png
|
||||
IMAGES_LIB+= callouts/14.png
|
||||
IMAGES_LIB+= callouts/15.png
|
||||
|
||||
#
|
||||
# Ç ëßóôá SRCS ðåñéÝ÷åé üëá ôá SGML áñ÷åßá ðïõ áðïôåëïýí ìÝñç ôïõ êåéìÝíïõ.
|
||||
# ÁëëáãÝò óå ïðïéïäÞðïôå áðü áõôÜ ôá áñ÷åßá ðñïêáëïýí rebuild.
|
||||
#
|
||||
|
||||
# SGML content
|
||||
SRCS+= audit/chapter.sgml
|
||||
SRCS+= book.sgml
|
||||
SRCS+= colophon.sgml
|
||||
SRCS+= freebsd-glossary.sgml
|
||||
SRCS+= advanced-networking/chapter.sgml
|
||||
SRCS+= basics/chapter.sgml
|
||||
SRCS+= bibliography/chapter.sgml
|
||||
SRCS+= boot/chapter.sgml
|
||||
SRCS+= config/chapter.sgml
|
||||
SRCS+= cutting-edge/chapter.sgml
|
||||
SRCS+= desktop/chapter.sgml
|
||||
SRCS+= disks/chapter.sgml
|
||||
SRCS+= eresources/chapter.sgml
|
||||
SRCS+= firewalls/chapter.sgml
|
||||
SRCS+= geom/chapter.sgml
|
||||
SRCS+= install/chapter.sgml
|
||||
SRCS+= introduction/chapter.sgml
|
||||
SRCS+= jails/chapter.sgml
|
||||
SRCS+= kernelconfig/chapter.sgml
|
||||
SRCS+= l10n/chapter.sgml
|
||||
SRCS+= linuxemu/chapter.sgml
|
||||
SRCS+= mac/chapter.sgml
|
||||
SRCS+= mail/chapter.sgml
|
||||
SRCS+= mirrors/chapter.sgml
|
||||
SRCS+= multimedia/chapter.sgml
|
||||
SRCS+= network-servers/chapter.sgml
|
||||
SRCS+= pgpkeys/chapter.sgml
|
||||
SRCS+= ports/chapter.sgml
|
||||
SRCS+= ppp-and-slip/chapter.sgml
|
||||
SRCS+= preface/preface.sgml
|
||||
SRCS+= printing/chapter.sgml
|
||||
SRCS+= security/chapter.sgml
|
||||
SRCS+= serialcomms/chapter.sgml
|
||||
SRCS+= users/chapter.sgml
|
||||
SRCS+= vinum/chapter.sgml
|
||||
SRCS+= virtualization/chapter.sgml
|
||||
SRCS+= x11/chapter.sgml
|
||||
|
||||
# Entities
|
||||
SRCS+= chapters.ent
|
||||
|
||||
SYMLINKS= ${DESTDIR} index.html handbook.html
|
||||
|
||||
# Turn on all the chapters.
|
||||
CHAPTERS?= ${SRCS:M*chapter.sgml}
|
||||
|
||||
SGMLFLAGS+= ${CHAPTERS:S/\/chapter.sgml//:S/^/-i chap./}
|
||||
SGMLFLAGS+= -i chap.freebsd-glossary
|
||||
|
||||
pgpkeyring: pgpkeys/chapter.sgml
|
||||
@${JADE} -V nochunks ${OTHERFLAGS} ${JADEOPTS} -d ${DSLPGP} -t sgml ${MASTERDOC}
|
||||
|
||||
#
|
||||
# Handbook-specific variables
|
||||
#
|
||||
.if defined(WITH_PGPKEYS)
|
||||
JADEFLAGS+= -V withpgpkeys
|
||||
.endif
|
||||
|
||||
URL_RELPREFIX?= ../../../..
|
||||
DOC_PREFIX?= ${.CURDIR}/../../..
|
||||
|
||||
#
|
||||
# rules generating lists of mirror site from XML database.
|
||||
#
|
||||
XMLDOCS= mirrors-ftp:::mirrors.sgml.ftp.inc.tmp \
|
||||
mirrors-cvsup:::mirrors.sgml.cvsup.inc.tmp \
|
||||
eresources:::eresources.sgml.www.inc.tmp
|
||||
DEPENDSET.DEFAULT= transtable mirror
|
||||
XSLT.DEFAULT= ${XSL_MIRRORS}
|
||||
XML.DEFAULT= ${XML_MIRRORS}
|
||||
NO_TIDY.DEFAULT= yes
|
||||
|
||||
PARAMS.mirrors-ftp+= --param 'type' "'ftp'" \
|
||||
--param 'proto' "'ftp'" \
|
||||
--param 'target' "'handbook/mirrors/chapter.sgml'"
|
||||
PARAMS.mirrors-cvsup+= --param 'type' "'cvsup'" \
|
||||
--param 'proto' "'cvsup'" \
|
||||
--param 'target' "'handbook/mirrors/chapter.sgml'"
|
||||
PARAMS.eresources+= --param 'type' "'www'" \
|
||||
--param 'proto' "'http'" \
|
||||
--param 'target' "'handbook/eresources/chapter.sgml'"
|
||||
|
||||
SRCS+= mirrors.sgml.ftp.inc \
|
||||
mirrors.sgml.cvsup.inc \
|
||||
eresources.sgml.www.inc
|
||||
|
||||
CLEANFILES+= mirrors.sgml.ftp.inc mirrors.sgml.ftp.inc.tmp \
|
||||
mirrors.sgml.cvsup.inc mirrors.sgml.cvsup.inc.tmp \
|
||||
eresources.sgml.www.inc eresources.sgml.www.inc.tmp
|
||||
|
||||
.include "${DOC_PREFIX}/share/mk/doc.project.mk"
|
||||
|
||||
.for p in ftp cvsup
|
||||
mirrors.sgml.${p}.inc: mirrors.sgml.${p}.inc.tmp
|
||||
${SED} -e 's,<\([^ >]*\)\([^>]*\)/>,<\1\2></\1>,;s,</anchor>,,'\
|
||||
< $@.tmp > $@ || (${RM} -f $@ && false)
|
||||
.endfor
|
||||
|
||||
eresources.sgml.www.inc: eresources.sgml.www.inc.tmp
|
||||
${SED} -e 's,<\([^ >]*\)\([^>]*\)/>,<\1\2></\1>,;s,</anchor>,,'\
|
||||
< $@.tmp > $@ || (${RM} -f $@ && false)
|
4804
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/advanced-networking/chapter.sgml
Normal file
4804
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/advanced-networking/chapter.sgml
Normal file
File diff suppressed because it is too large
Load diff
2
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/appendix.decl
Normal file
2
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/appendix.decl
Normal file
|
@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
|
|||
<!DOCTYPE appendix PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//DTD DocBook V3.1-Based Extension//EN">
|
||||
<!-- $FreeBSD$ -->
|
719
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/audit/chapter.sgml
Normal file
719
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/audit/chapter.sgml
Normal file
|
@ -0,0 +1,719 @@
|
|||
<!--
|
||||
The FreeBSD Documentation Project
|
||||
$FreeBSD$
|
||||
-->
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- Need more documentation on praudit, auditreduce, etc. Plus more info
|
||||
on the triggers from the kernel (log rotation, out of space, etc).
|
||||
And the /dev/audit special file if we choose to support that. Could use
|
||||
some coverage of integrating MAC with Event auditing and perhaps discussion
|
||||
on how some companies or organizations handle auditing and auditing
|
||||
requirements. -->
|
||||
|
||||
<chapter id="audit">
|
||||
<chapterinfo>
|
||||
<authorgroup>
|
||||
<author>
|
||||
<firstname>Tom</firstname>
|
||||
<surname>Rhodes</surname>
|
||||
<contrib>ÃñÜöôçêå áðü ôïí </contrib>
|
||||
</author>
|
||||
<author>
|
||||
<firstname>Robert</firstname>
|
||||
<surname>Watson</surname>
|
||||
</author>
|
||||
</authorgroup>
|
||||
</chapterinfo>
|
||||
|
||||
<title>¸ëåã÷ïò ÓõìâÜíôùí Áóöáëåßáò</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect1 id="audit-synopsis">
|
||||
<title>Óýíïøç</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>AUDIT</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<indexterm>
|
||||
<primary>¸ëåã÷ïò ÓõìâÜíôùí Áóöáëåßáò</primary>
|
||||
<see>MAC</see>
|
||||
</indexterm>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Ïé åêäüóåéò ôïõ &os; áðü ôçí 6.2-RELEASE êáé ìåôÜ ðåñéëáìâÜíïõí
|
||||
õðïóôÞñéîç ãéá ëåðôïìåñÞ Ýëåã÷ï óõìâÜíôùí áóöáëåßáò. Ï Ýëåã÷ïò óõìâÜíôùí
|
||||
åðéôñÝðåé áîéüðéóôç, ëåðôïìåñÞ êáé ðáñáìåôñïðïéÞóéìç êáôáãñáöÞ ðëÞèïõò
|
||||
óõìâÜíôùí ó÷åôéêþí ìå ôçí áóöÜëåéá, óõìðåñéëáìâáíïìÝíùí ôùí logins,
|
||||
ôùí áëëáãþí ñõèìßóåùí, êáèþò êáé ôçò ðñüóâáóçò óå áñ÷åßá êáé óôï äßêôõï.
|
||||
Ïé êáôáãñáöÝò áõôÝò åßíáé ðïëýôéìåò ãéá áðåõèåßáò ðáñáêïëïýèçóç ôïõ
|
||||
óõóôÞìáôïò, áíß÷íåõóç åéóâïëÝùí, êáèþò êáé ãéá áíÜëõóç ìåôÜ áðü êÜðïéá
|
||||
åðßèåóç.
|
||||
Ôï &os; õëïðïéåß ôç ìïñöÞ áñ÷åßùí êáé ôï <acronym>BSM</acronym> API üðùò
|
||||
Ý÷ïõí äçìïóéåõôåß áðü ôçí &sun;, êáé åðéôñÝðåé äéáëåéôïõñãéêüôçôá ìå ôéò
|
||||
õëïðïéÞóåéò åëÝã÷ïõ ôüóï ôïõ &solaris; ôçò &sun; üóï ôïõ &macos;
|
||||
ôçò &apple;.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Ôï êåöÜëáéï áõôü åóôéÜæåé óôçí åãêáôÜóôáóç êáé ñýèìéóç ôïõ ÅëÝã÷ïõ
|
||||
ÓõìâÜíôùí. Åîçãåß ôéò ðïëéôéêÝò åëÝã÷ïõ, êáé ðáñÝ÷åé Ýíá ðáñÜäåéãìá
|
||||
ñõèìßóåùí åëÝã÷ïõ. </para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Áöïý äéáâÜóåôå áõôü ôï êåöÜëáéï, èá îÝñåôå:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Ôé åßíáé ï Ýëåã÷ïò óõìâÜíôùí êáé ðùò ëåéôïõñãåß.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Ðùò íá ñõèìßóåôå ôïí Ýëåã÷ï óõìâÜíôùí óôï &os; ãéá ÷ñÞóôåò
|
||||
êáé ðñïãñÜììáôá (processes).</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Ðùò íá áíáëýóåôå ôá ß÷íç ôïõ åëÝã÷ïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôá
|
||||
åñãáëåßá ìåßùóçò üãêïõ äåäïìÝíùí êáé áíÜëõóçò.</para>
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Ðñéí äéáâÜóåôå áõôü ôï êåöÜëáéï, èá ðñÝðåé:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Íá êáôáíïåßôå ôéò âáóéêÝò Ýííïéåò ôïõ &unix; êáé ôïõ &os;
|
||||
(<xref linkend="basics">).</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Íá åßóôå åîïéêåéùìÝíïò ìå ôéò âáóéêÝò Ýííïéåò ôçò ñýèìéóçò êáé
|
||||
ìåôáãëþôôéóçò ôïõ ðõñÞíá. (<xref linkend="kernelconfig">).</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Íá Ý÷åôå êÜðïéá åîïéêåßùóç ìå ôçí áóöÜëåéá êáé ðùò áõôÞ
|
||||
ó÷åôßæåôáé ìå ôï &os; (<xref linkend="security">).</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
|
||||
<warning>
|
||||
<para>Ïé ëåéôïõñãßåò åëÝã÷ïõ óôï &os; 6.2 åßíáé óå ðåéñáìáôéêü óôÜäéï
|
||||
êáé ç åãêáôÜóôáóç ôïõò óå ìç÷áíÞìáôá ðáñáãùãÞò èá ðñÝðåé íá ãßíåôáé
|
||||
ìüíï áöïý ëçöèïýí óïâáñÜ õðüøéí ïé êßíäõíïé áðü ôçí åãêáôÜóôáóç
|
||||
ðåéñáìáôéêïý ëïãéóìéêïý. Ïé ãíùóôïß áõôÞ ôç óôéãìÞ ôñÝ÷ïíôåò
|
||||
ðåñéïñéóìïß ðåñéëáìâÜíïõí ôçí áäõíáìßá åëÝã÷ïõ üëùí ôùí óõìâÜíôùí ðïõ
|
||||
ó÷åôßæïíôáé ìå ôçí áóöÜëåéá. Åðßóçò êÜðïéïé ìç÷áíéóìïß åéóüäïõ
|
||||
(logins), üðùò ïé ãñáöéêïß (X11-âáóéóìÝíïé) display managers, êáèþò
|
||||
êáé ïñéóìÝíåò õðçñåóßåò ôñßôùí êáôáóêåõáóôþí äåí åßíáé óùóôÜ
|
||||
ñõèìéóìÝíåò ãéá ôïí Ýëåã÷ï åéóüäïõ ÷ñçóôþí. </para>
|
||||
</warning>
|
||||
|
||||
<warning>
|
||||
<para>Ï Ýëåã÷ïò óõìâÜíôùí áóöáëåßáò ìðïñåß íá äçìéïõñãÞóåé ðïëý
|
||||
ëåðôïìåñåßò êáôáãñáöÝò ôçò äñáóôçñéüôçôáò ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò: óå Ýíá
|
||||
óýóôçìá ìå õøçëü öüñôï, ôá áñ÷åßá êáôáãñáöÞò ìðïñåß íá ãßíïõí ðïëý
|
||||
ìåãÜëá, áí Ý÷ïõí ñõèìéóôåß ãéá ëåðôïìåñÞ êáôáãñáöÞ, êáé íá îåðåñÜóïõí
|
||||
ôá áñêåôÜ gigabytes ôçí åâäïìÜäá óå êÜðïéåò ðåñéðôþóåéò. Ïé
|
||||
äéá÷åéñéóôÝò èá ðñÝðåé íá ëáìâÜíïõí õðüøéí ôïõò ôéò ðéèáíÝò áðáéôÞóåéò
|
||||
óå ÷þñï äßóêïõ óå ðåñßðôùóç ñõèìßóåùí ëåðôïìåñïýò êáôáãñáöÞò. Ãéá
|
||||
ðáñÜäåéãìá, ßóùò åßíáé èåìéôü íá áöéåñùèåß Ýíá óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí óôï
|
||||
<filename>/var/audit</filename> þóôå ôá õðüëïéðá óõóôÞìáôá áñ÷åßùí íá
|
||||
ìçí åðçñåáóôïýí áí ï ÷þñïò áõôüò åîáíôëçèåß. </para>
|
||||
</warning>
|
||||
|
||||
</sect1>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect1 id="audit-inline-glossary">
|
||||
<title>Key Terms in this Chapter</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Before reading this chapter, a few key audit-related terms must be
|
||||
explained:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><emphasis>event</emphasis>: An auditable event is any event
|
||||
that can be logged using the audit subsystem.
|
||||
Examples of security-relevant events include the creation of
|
||||
a file, the building of a network connection, or a user logging in.
|
||||
Events are either <quote>attributable</quote>,
|
||||
meaning that they can be traced to an authenticated user, or
|
||||
<quote>non-attributable</quote> if they cannot be.
|
||||
Examples of non-attributable events are any events that occur
|
||||
before authentication in the login process, such as bad password
|
||||
attempts.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><emphasis>class</emphasis>: Event classes are named sets of
|
||||
related events, and are used in selection expressions. Commonly
|
||||
used classes of events include <quote>file creation</quote> (fc),
|
||||
<quote>exec</quote> (ex) and <quote>login_logout</quote>
|
||||
(lo).</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><emphasis>record</emphasis>: A record is an audit log entry
|
||||
describing a security event. Records contain a record event type,
|
||||
information on the subject (user) performing the action,
|
||||
date and time information, information on any objects or
|
||||
arguments, and a success or failure condition.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><emphasis>trail</emphasis>: An audit trail, or log file,
|
||||
consists of a series of audit records describing security
|
||||
events. Typically, trails are in roughly chronological
|
||||
order with respect to the time events completed. Only
|
||||
authorized processes are allowed to commit records to the
|
||||
audit trail.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><emphasis>selection expression</emphasis>: A selection
|
||||
expression is a string containing a list of prefixes and audit
|
||||
event class names used to match events.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><emphasis>preselection</emphasis>: The process by which the
|
||||
system identifies which events are of interest to the administrator
|
||||
in order to avoid generating audit records describing events that
|
||||
are not of interest. The preselection configuration
|
||||
uses a series of selection expressions to identify which classes
|
||||
of events to audit for which users, as well as global settings
|
||||
that apply to both authenticated and unauthenticated
|
||||
processes.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><emphasis>reduction</emphasis>: The process by which records
|
||||
from existing audit trails are selected for preservation, printing,
|
||||
or analysis. Likewise, the process by which undesired audit
|
||||
records are removed from the audit trail. Using reduction,
|
||||
administrators can implement policies for the preservation of audit
|
||||
data. For example, detailed audit trails might be kept for one
|
||||
month, but after that, trails might be reduced in order to preserve
|
||||
only login information for archival purposes.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
</sect1>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect1 id="audit-install">
|
||||
<title>Installing Audit Support</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>User space support for Event Auditing is installed as part of the
|
||||
base &os; operating system as of 6.2-RELEASE. However, Event Auditing
|
||||
support must be explicitly compiled into the kernel by adding the
|
||||
following lines to the kernel configuration file:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<programlisting>options AUDIT</programlisting>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Rebuild and reinstall
|
||||
the kernel via the normal process explained in
|
||||
<xref linkend="kernelconfig">.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Once the kernel is built, installed, and the system has been
|
||||
rebooted, enable the audit daemon by adding the following line to
|
||||
&man.rc.conf.5;:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<programlisting>auditd_enable="YES"</programlisting>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Audit support must then be started by a reboot, or by manually
|
||||
starting the audit daemon:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<programlisting>/etc/rc.d/auditd start</programlisting>
|
||||
</sect1>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect1 id="audit-config">
|
||||
<title>Audit Configuration</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>All configuration files for security audit are found in
|
||||
<filename role="directory">/etc/security</filename>. The following
|
||||
files must be present before the audit daemon is started:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><filename>audit_class</filename> - Contains the
|
||||
definitions of the audit classes.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><filename>audit_control</filename> - Controls aspects
|
||||
of the audit subsystem, such as default audit classes,
|
||||
minimum disk space to leave on the audit log volume,
|
||||
maximum audit trail size, etc.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><filename>audit_event</filename> - Textual names and
|
||||
descriptions of system audit events, as well as a list of which
|
||||
classes each event in in.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><filename>audit_user</filename> - User-specific audit
|
||||
requirements, which are combined with the global defaults at
|
||||
login.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><filename>audit_warn</filename> - A customizable shell script
|
||||
used by auditd to generate warning messages in exceptional
|
||||
situations, such as when space for audit records is running low or
|
||||
when the audit trail file has been rotated.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
|
||||
<warning>
|
||||
<para>Audit configuration files should be edited and maintained
|
||||
carefully, as errors in configuration may result in improper
|
||||
logging of events.</para>
|
||||
</warning>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect2>
|
||||
<title>Event Selection Expressions</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Selection expressions are used in a number of places in the
|
||||
audit configuration to determine which events should be audited.
|
||||
Expressions contain a list of event classes to match, each with
|
||||
a prefix indicating whether matching records should be accepted
|
||||
or ignored, and optionally to indicate if the entry is intended
|
||||
to match successful or failed operations. Selection expressions
|
||||
are evaluated from left to right, and two expressions are
|
||||
combined by appending one onto the other.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>The following list contains the default audit event classes
|
||||
present in <filename>audit_class</filename>:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><option>all</option> - <literal>all</literal> - Match all
|
||||
event classes.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><option>ad</option> - <literal>administrative</literal>
|
||||
- Administrative actions performed on the system as a
|
||||
whole.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><option>ap</option> - <literal>application</literal> -
|
||||
Application defined action.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><option>cl</option> - <literal>file_close</literal> -
|
||||
Audit calls to the <function>close</function> system
|
||||
call.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><option>ex</option> - <literal>exec</literal> - Audit
|
||||
program execution. Auditing of command line arguments and
|
||||
environmental variables is controlled via &man.audit.control.5;
|
||||
using the <literal>argv</literal> and <literal>envv</literal>
|
||||
parameters to the <literal>policy</literal> setting.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><option>fa</option> - <literal>file_attr_acc</literal>
|
||||
- Audit the access of object attributes such as
|
||||
&man.stat.1;, &man.pathconf.2; and similar events.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><option>fc</option> - <literal>file_creation</literal>
|
||||
- Audit events where a file is created as a result.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><option>fd</option> - <literal>file_deletion</literal>
|
||||
- Audit events where file deletion occurs.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><option>fm</option> - <literal>file_attr_mod</literal>
|
||||
- Audit events where file attribute modification occurs,
|
||||
such as &man.chown.8;, &man.chflags.1;, &man.flock.2;,
|
||||
etc.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><option>fr</option> - <literal>file_read</literal>
|
||||
- Audit events in which data is read, files are opened for
|
||||
reading, etc.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><option>fw</option> - <literal>file_write</literal> -
|
||||
Audit events in which data is written, files are written
|
||||
or modified, etc.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><option>io</option> - <literal>ioctl</literal> - Audit
|
||||
use of the &man.ioctl.2; system call.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><option>ip</option> - <literal>ipc</literal> - Audit
|
||||
various forms of Inter-Process Communication, including POSIX
|
||||
pipes and System V <acronym>IPC</acronym> operations.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><option>lo</option> - <literal>login_logout</literal> -
|
||||
Audit &man.login.1; and &man.logout.1; events occurring
|
||||
on the system.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><option>na</option> - <literal>non_attrib</literal> -
|
||||
Audit non-attributable events.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><option>no</option> - <literal>no_class</literal> -
|
||||
Match no audit events.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><option>nt</option> - <literal>network</literal> -
|
||||
Audit events related to network actions, such as
|
||||
&man.connect.2; and &man.accept.2;.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><option>ot</option> - <literal>other</literal> -
|
||||
Audit miscellaneous events.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><option>pc</option> - <literal>process</literal> -
|
||||
Audit process operations, such as &man.exec.3; and
|
||||
&man.exit.3;.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>These audit event classes may be customized by modifying the
|
||||
<filename>audit_class</filename> and
|
||||
<filename>audit_event</filename> configuration files.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Each audit class in the list is combined with a prefix
|
||||
indicating whether successful/failed operations are matched, and
|
||||
whether the entry is adding or removing matching for the class
|
||||
and type.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>(none) Audit both successful and failed instances of the
|
||||
event.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><literal>+</literal> Audit successful events in this
|
||||
class.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><literal>-</literal> Audit failed events in this
|
||||
class.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><literal>^</literal> Audit neither successful nor failed
|
||||
events in this class.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><literal>^+</literal> Don't audit successful events in this
|
||||
class.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><literal>^-</literal> Don't audit failed events in this
|
||||
class.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>The following example selection string selects both successful
|
||||
and failed login/logout events, but only successful execution
|
||||
events:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<programlisting>lo,+ex</programlisting>
|
||||
|
||||
</sect2>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect2>
|
||||
<title>Configuration Files</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>In most cases, administrators will need to modify only two files
|
||||
when configuring the audit system: <filename>audit_control</filename>
|
||||
and <filename>audit_user</filename>. The first controls system-wide
|
||||
audit properties and policies; the second may be used to fine-tune
|
||||
auditing by user.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect3 id="audit-auditcontrol">
|
||||
<title>The <filename>audit_control</filename> File</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>The <filename>audit_control</filename> file specifies a number
|
||||
of defaults for the audit subsystem. Viewing the contents of this
|
||||
file, we see the following:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<programlisting>dir:/var/audit
|
||||
flags:lo
|
||||
minfree:20
|
||||
naflags:lo
|
||||
policy:cnt
|
||||
filesz:0</programlisting>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>The <option>dir</option> option is used to set one or more
|
||||
directories where audit logs will be stored. If more than one
|
||||
directory entry appears, they will be used in order as they fill.
|
||||
It is common to configure audit so that audit logs are stored on
|
||||
a dedicated file system, in order to prevent interference between
|
||||
the audit subsystem and other subsystems if the file system fills.
|
||||
</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>The <option>flags</option> field sets the system-wide default
|
||||
preselection mask for attributable events. In the example above,
|
||||
successful and failed login and logout events are audited for all
|
||||
users.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>The <option>minfree</option> option defines the minimum
|
||||
percentage of free space for the file system where the audit trail
|
||||
is stored. When this threshold is exceeded, a warning will be
|
||||
generated. The above example sets the minimum free space to
|
||||
twenty percent.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>The <option>naflags</option> option specifies audit classes to
|
||||
be audited for non-attributed events, such as the login process
|
||||
and system daemons.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>The <option>policy</option> option specifies a comma-separated
|
||||
list of policy flags controlling various aspects of audit
|
||||
behavior. The default <literal>cnt</literal> flag indicates that
|
||||
the system should continue running despite an auditing failure
|
||||
(this flag is highly recommended). Another commonly used flag is
|
||||
<literal>argv</literal>, which causes command line arguments to
|
||||
the &man.execve.2; system call to audited as part of command
|
||||
execution.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>The <option>filesz</option> option specifies the maximum size
|
||||
in bytes to allow an audit trail file to grow to before
|
||||
automatically terminating and rotating the trail file. The
|
||||
default, 0, disables automatic log rotation. If the requested
|
||||
file size is non-zero and below the minimum 512k, it will be
|
||||
ignored and a log message will be generated.</para>
|
||||
</sect3>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect3 id="audit-audituser">
|
||||
<title>The <filename>audit_user</filename> File</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>The <filename>audit_user</filename> file permits the
|
||||
administrator to specify further audit requirements for specific
|
||||
users.
|
||||
Each line configures auditing for a user via two fields: the
|
||||
first is the <literal>alwaysaudit</literal> field, which specifies
|
||||
a set of events that should always be audited for the user, and
|
||||
the second is the <literal>neveraudit</literal> field, which
|
||||
specifies a set of events that should never be audited for the
|
||||
user.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>The following example <filename>audit_user</filename> file
|
||||
audits login/logout events and successful command execution for
|
||||
the root user, and audits file creation and successful command
|
||||
execution for the www user.
|
||||
If used with the example <filename>audit_control</filename> file
|
||||
above, the <literal>lo</literal> entry for <literal>root</literal>
|
||||
is redundant, and login/logout events will also be audited for the
|
||||
<literal>www</literal> user.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<programlisting>root:lo,+ex:no
|
||||
www:fc,+ex:no</programlisting>
|
||||
|
||||
</sect3>
|
||||
</sect2>
|
||||
</sect1>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect1 id="audit-administration">
|
||||
<title>Administering the Audit Subsystem</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect2>
|
||||
<title>Viewing Audit Trails</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Audit trails are stored in the BSM binary format, so tools must
|
||||
be used to modify or convert to text. The <command>praudit</command>
|
||||
command convert trail files to a simple text format; the
|
||||
<command>auditreduce</command> command may be used to reduce the
|
||||
audit trail file for analysis, archiving, or printing purposes.
|
||||
<command>auditreduce</command> supports a variety of selection
|
||||
parameters, including event type, event class, user, date or time of
|
||||
the event, and the file path or object acted on.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>For example, the <command>praudit</command> utility will dump
|
||||
the entire contents of a specified audit log in plain text:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>praudit /var/audit/AUDITFILE</userinput></screen>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Where <replaceable>AUDITFILE</replaceable> is the audit log to
|
||||
dump.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Audit trails consist of a series of audit records made up of
|
||||
tokens, which <command>praudit</command> prints sequentially one per
|
||||
line. Each token is of a specific type, such as
|
||||
<literal>header</literal> holding an audit record header, or
|
||||
<literal>path</literal> holding a file path from a name
|
||||
lookup. The following is an example of an
|
||||
<literal>execve</literal> event:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<programlisting>header,133,10,execve(2),0,Mon Sep 25 15:58:03 2006, + 384 msec
|
||||
exec arg,finger,doug
|
||||
path,/usr/bin/finger
|
||||
attribute,555,root,wheel,90,24918,104944
|
||||
subject,robert,root,wheel,root,wheel,38439,38032,42086,128.232.9.100
|
||||
return,success,0
|
||||
trailer,133</programlisting>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>This audit represents a successful <literal>execve</literal>
|
||||
call, in which the command <literal>finger doug</literal> has been run. The
|
||||
arguments token contains both the processed command line presented
|
||||
by the shell to the kernel. The path token holds the path to the
|
||||
executable as looked up by the kernel. The attribute token
|
||||
describes the binary, and in particular, includes the file mode
|
||||
which can be used to determine if the application was setuid.
|
||||
The subject token describes the subject process, and stores in
|
||||
sequence the audit user ID, effective user ID and group ID, real
|
||||
user ID and group ID, process ID, session ID, port ID, and login
|
||||
address. Notice that the audit user ID and real user ID differ:
|
||||
the user <literal>robert</literal> has switched to the
|
||||
<literal>root</literal> account before running this command, but
|
||||
it is audited using the original authenticated user. Finally, the
|
||||
return token indicates the successful execution, and the trailer
|
||||
concludes the record.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
</sect2>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect2>
|
||||
<title>Reducing Audit Trails</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Since audit logs may be very large, an administrator will
|
||||
likely want to select a subset of records for using, such as records
|
||||
associated with a specific user:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>auditreduce -u trhodes /var/audit/AUDITFILE | praudit</userinput></screen>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>This will select all audit records produced for the user
|
||||
<username>trhodes</username> stored in the
|
||||
<filename><replaceable>AUDITFILE</replaceable></filename> file.</para>
|
||||
</sect2>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect2>
|
||||
<title>Delegating Audit Review Rights</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Members of the <groupname>audit</groupname> group are given
|
||||
permission to read audit trails in <filename>/var/audit</filename>;
|
||||
by default, this group is empty, so only the <username>root</username> user may read
|
||||
audit trails. Users may be added to the <groupname>audit</groupname>
|
||||
group in order to delegate audit review rights to the user. As
|
||||
the ability to track audit log contents provides significant insight
|
||||
into the behavior of users and processes, it is recommended that the
|
||||
delegation of audit review rights be performed with caution.</para>
|
||||
</sect2>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect2>
|
||||
<title>Live Monitoring Using Audit Pipes</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Audit pipes are cloning pseudo-devices in the device file system
|
||||
which allow applications to tap the live audit record stream. This
|
||||
is primarily of interest to authors of intrusion detection and
|
||||
system monitoring applications. However, for the administrator the
|
||||
audit pipe device is a convenient way to allow live monitoring
|
||||
without running into problems with audit trail file ownership or
|
||||
log rotation interrupting the event stream. To track the live audit
|
||||
event stream, use the following command line</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>praudit /dev/auditpipe</userinput></screen>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>By default, audit pipe device nodes are accessible only to the
|
||||
<username>root</username> user. To make them accessible to the members of the
|
||||
<groupname>audit</groupname> group, add a <literal>devfs</literal> rule
|
||||
to <filename>devfs.rules</filename>:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<programlisting>add path 'auditpipe*' mode 0440 group audit</programlisting>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>See &man.devfs.rules.5; for more information on configuring
|
||||
the devfs file system.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<warning>
|
||||
<para>It is easy to produce audit event feedback cycles, in which
|
||||
the viewing of each audit event results in the generation of more
|
||||
audit events. For example, if all network I/O is audited, and
|
||||
praudit is run from an SSH session, then a continuous stream of
|
||||
audit events will be generated at a high rate, as each event
|
||||
being printed will generate another event. It is advisable to run
|
||||
praudit on an audit pipe device from sessions without fine-grained
|
||||
I/O auditing in order to avoid this happening.</para>
|
||||
</warning>
|
||||
</sect2>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect2>
|
||||
<title>Rotating Audit Trail Files</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Audit trails are written to only by the kernel, and managed only
|
||||
by the audit daemon, <application>auditd</application>. Administrators
|
||||
should not attempt to use &man.newsyslog.conf.5; or other tools to
|
||||
directly rotate audit logs. Instead, the <command>audit</command>
|
||||
management tool may be used to shut down auditing, reconfigure the
|
||||
audit system, and perform log rotation. The following command causes
|
||||
the audit daemon to create a new audit log and signal the kernel to
|
||||
switch to using the new log. The old log will be terminated and
|
||||
renamed, at which point it may then be manipulated by the
|
||||
administrator.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>audit -n</userinput></screen>
|
||||
|
||||
<warning>
|
||||
<para>If the <application>auditd</application> daemon is not currently
|
||||
running, this command will fail and an error message will be
|
||||
produced.</para>
|
||||
</warning>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Adding the following line to
|
||||
<filename>/etc/crontab</filename> will force the rotation
|
||||
every twelve hours from &man.cron.8;:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<programlisting>0 */12 * * * root /usr/sbin/audit -n</programlisting>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>The change will take effect once you have saved the
|
||||
new <filename>/etc/crontab</filename>.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Automatic rotation of the audit trail file based on file size is
|
||||
possible via the <option>filesz</option> option in
|
||||
&man.audit.control.5;, and is described in the configuration files
|
||||
section of this chapter.</para>
|
||||
</sect2>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect2>
|
||||
<title>Compressing Audit Trails</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>As audit trail files can become very large, it is often desirable
|
||||
to compress or otherwise archive trails once they have been closed by
|
||||
the audit daemon. The <filename>audit_warn</filename> script can be
|
||||
used to perform customized operations for a variety of audit-related
|
||||
events, including the clean termination of audit trails when they are
|
||||
rotated. For example, the following may be added to the
|
||||
<filename>audit_warn</filename> script to compress audit trails on
|
||||
close:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<programlisting>#
|
||||
# Compress audit trail files on close.
|
||||
#
|
||||
if [ "$1" = closefile ]; then
|
||||
gzip -9 $2
|
||||
fi</programlisting>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Other archiving activities might include copying trail files to
|
||||
a centralized server, deleting old trail files, or reducing the audit
|
||||
trail to remove unneeded records. The script will be run only when
|
||||
audit trail files are cleanly terminated, so will not be run on
|
||||
trails left unterminated following an improper shutdown.</para>
|
||||
</sect2>
|
||||
</sect1>
|
||||
</chapter>
|
2555
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/basics/chapter.sgml
Normal file
2555
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/basics/chapter.sgml
Normal file
File diff suppressed because it is too large
Load diff
7
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/basics/example-dir1.dot
Normal file
7
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/basics/example-dir1.dot
Normal file
|
@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
|
|||
// $FreeBSD$
|
||||
|
||||
digraph directory {
|
||||
root [label="Root\n/"];
|
||||
root -> "A1/";
|
||||
root -> "A2/";
|
||||
}
|
8
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/basics/example-dir2.dot
Normal file
8
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/basics/example-dir2.dot
Normal file
|
@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
|
|||
// $FreeBSD$
|
||||
|
||||
digraph directory {
|
||||
root [label="Root\n/"];
|
||||
root -> "A1/" -> "B1/";
|
||||
"A1/" -> "B2/";
|
||||
root -> "A2/";
|
||||
}
|
8
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/basics/example-dir3.dot
Normal file
8
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/basics/example-dir3.dot
Normal file
|
@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
|
|||
// $FreeBSD$
|
||||
|
||||
digraph directory {
|
||||
root [label="Root\n/"];
|
||||
root -> "A1/";
|
||||
root -> "A2/" -> "B1/";
|
||||
"A2/" -> "B2/";
|
||||
}
|
9
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/basics/example-dir4.dot
Normal file
9
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/basics/example-dir4.dot
Normal file
|
@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
|
|||
// $FreeBSD$
|
||||
|
||||
digraph directory {
|
||||
root [label="Root\n/"];
|
||||
root -> "A1/";
|
||||
root -> "A2/" -> "B1/" -> "C1/";
|
||||
"B1/" -> "C2/";
|
||||
"A2/" -> "B2/";
|
||||
}
|
9
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/basics/example-dir5.dot
Normal file
9
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/basics/example-dir5.dot
Normal file
|
@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
|
|||
// $FreeBSD$
|
||||
|
||||
digraph directory {
|
||||
root [label="Root\n/"];
|
||||
root -> "A1/" -> "C1/";
|
||||
"A1/" -> "C2/";
|
||||
root -> "A2/" -> "B1/";
|
||||
"A2/" -> "B2/";
|
||||
}
|
657
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/bibliography/chapter.sgml
Normal file
657
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/bibliography/chapter.sgml
Normal file
|
@ -0,0 +1,657 @@
|
|||
<!--
|
||||
FreeBSD Greek Documentation Project
|
||||
ÅëëçíéêÞ ÏìÜäá Ôåêìçñßùóçò ôïõ FreeBSD
|
||||
|
||||
Original revision: ??
|
||||
$FreeBSD$
|
||||
-->
|
||||
|
||||
<appendix id="bibliography">
|
||||
<title>Âéâëéïãñáößá</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Áí êáé ôá manual pages ðáñÝ÷ïõí ìßá åðßóçìç áíáöïñÜ ãéá îå÷ùñéóôÜ
|
||||
ôìÞìáôá ôïõ FreeBSD ëåéôïõñãéêïý óõóôÞìáôïò, Ý÷ïõí êáêÞ öÞìç ãéá ôï üôé äåí
|
||||
åðåîçãïýí ðùò íá åíþóåéò ôá ôìÞìáôá ìáæß ãéá íá êÜíåéò üëï ôï ëåéôïõñãéêü
|
||||
óýóôçìá íá ëåéôïõñãåß ïìáëÜ. Ãéá áõôü, äåí õðÜñ÷åé õðïêáôÜóôáôï áðü Ýíá êáëü âéâëßï óôçí
|
||||
äéá÷åßñéóç óõóôçìÜôùí &unix; êáé Ýíá êáëü åã÷åéñßäéï ÷ñÞóôç.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect1 id="bibliography-freebsd">
|
||||
<title>Âéâëßá & ÐåñéïäéêÜ ó÷åôéêÜ ìå ôï FreeBSD</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para><emphasis>ÄéåèíÞ âéâëßá &
|
||||
ðåñéïäéêÜ:</emphasis></para>
|
||||
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><ulink
|
||||
url="http://jdli.tw.FreeBSD.org/publication/book/freebsd2/index.htm">Using FreeBSD</ulink> (óôá ÊéíÝæéêá).</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>FreeBSD Unleashed (ÊéíÝæéêç ìåôÜöñáóç), åêäüèçêå áðü ôçí
|
||||
<ulink url="http://www.hzbook.com/">China Machine
|
||||
Press</ulink>. ISBN 7-111-10201-0.
|
||||
</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>FreeBSD From Scratch First Edition (óôá ÊéíÝæéêá),
|
||||
åêäüèçêå áðü ôçí China Machine Press. ISBN 7-111-07482-3.
|
||||
</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>FreeBSD From Scratch Second Edition (óôá ÊéíÝæéêá),
|
||||
åêäüèçêå áðü ôçí China Machine Press. ISBN 7-111-10286-X.
|
||||
</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>FreeBSD Handbook (ÊéíÝæéêç ìåôÜöñáóç), åêäüèçêå áðü ôçí
|
||||
<ulink url="http://www.ptpress.com.cn/">Posts & Telecom
|
||||
Press</ulink>. ISBN 7-115-10541-3.
|
||||
</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>FreeBSD 3.x Internet (óôá ÊéíÝæéêá), åêäüèçêå áðü ôçí
|
||||
<ulink url="http://www.tup.tsinghua.edu.cn/">Tsinghua
|
||||
University Press</ulink>. ISBN 7-900625-66-6.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>FreeBSD & Windows (óôá ÊéíÝæéêá), ISBN 7-113-03845-X</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>FreeBSD Internet Services HOWTO (óôá êéíÝæéêá), ISBN 7-113-03423-3</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>FreeBSD for PC 98'ers (óôá ÃéáðùíÝæéêá), åêäüèçêå áðü ôçí SHUWA System
|
||||
Co, LTD. ISBN 4-87966-468-5 C3055 P2900E.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>FreeBSD (óôá ÃéáðùíÝæéêá), åêäüèçêå áðü ôçí CUTT. ISBN 4-906391-22-2
|
||||
C3055 P2400E.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><ulink
|
||||
url="http://www.shoeisha.com/book/Detail.asp?bid=650">Complete Introduction to FreeBSD</ulink> (óôá ÃéáðùíÝæéêá), åêäüèçêå áðü ôçí <ulink url="http://www.shoeisha.co.jp/">Shoeisha Co., Ltd</ulink>. ISBN 4-88135-473-6 P3600E.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><ulink
|
||||
url="http://www.ascii.co.jp/pb/book1/shinkan/detail/1322785.html">Personal UNIX Starter Kit FreeBSD</ulink> (óôá ÃéáðùíÝæéêá), åêäüèçêå áðü ôçí <ulink url="http://www.ascii.co.jp/">ASCII</ulink>. ISBN 4-7561-1733-3 P3000E.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>FreeBSD Handbook (ÃéáðùíÝæéêç ìåôÜöñáóç), åêäüèçêå áðü ôçí <ulink
|
||||
url="http://www.ascii.co.jp/">ASCII</ulink>. ISBN 4-7561-1580-2
|
||||
P3800E.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>FreeBSD mit Methode (óôá ÃåñìáíéêÜ), åêäüèçêå áðü ôçí <ulink url="http://www.cul.de">Computer und
|
||||
Literatur Verlag</ulink>/Vertrieb Hanser, 1998. ISBN 3-932311-31-0.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><ulink
|
||||
url="http://www.cul.de/freebsd.html">FreeBSD 4 - Installieren, Konfigurieren, Administrieren</ulink>
|
||||
(óôá ÃåñìáíéêÜ), åêäüèçêå áðü ôçí <ulink url="http://www.cul.de">Computer und Literatur Verlag</ulink>, 2001.
|
||||
ISBN 3-932311-88-4.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><ulink
|
||||
url="http://www.cul.de/freebsd.html">FreeBSD 5 - Installieren, Konfigurieren, Administrieren</ulink>
|
||||
(óôá ÃåñìáíéêÜ), åêäüèçêå áðü ôçí <ulink url="http://www.cul.de">Computer und Literatur Verlag</ulink>, 2003.
|
||||
ISBN 3-936546-06-1.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><ulink url="http://www.mitp.de/vmi/mitp/detail/pWert/1343/">
|
||||
FreeBSD de Luxe</ulink> (óôá ÃåñìáíéêÜ), åêäüèçêå áðü ôçí
|
||||
<ulink url="http://www.mitp.de">Verlag Modere Industrie</ulink>,
|
||||
2003. ISBN 3-8266-1343-0.
|
||||
</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><ulink
|
||||
url="http://www.pc.mycom.co.jp/FreeBSD/install-manual.html">FreeBSD Install and Utilization Manual</ulink> (óôá ÃéáðùíÝæéêá), åêäüèçêå áðü ôçí <ulink url="http://www.pc.mycom.co.jp/">Mainichi Communications Inc.</ulink>.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Onno W Purbo, Dodi Maryanto, Syahrial Hubbany, Widjil Widodo
|
||||
<emphasis><ulink url="http://maxwell.itb.ac.id/">
|
||||
Building Internet Server with
|
||||
FreeBSD</ulink></emphasis> (óôçí ÉíäïíçóéáêÞ ãëþóóá), åêäüèçêå áðü
|
||||
ôçí <ulink url="http://www.elexmedia.co.id/">Elex Media Komputindo</ulink>.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
|
||||
<para><emphasis>Âéâëßá & ðåñéïäéêÜ óôçí ÁããëéêÞ ãëþóóá:</emphasis></para>
|
||||
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><ulink url="http://www.AbsoluteBSD.com/">Absolute
|
||||
BSD: The Ultimate Guide to FreeBSD</ulink>, åêäüèçêå áðü ôçí
|
||||
<ulink url="http://www.nostarch.com/">No Starch Press</ulink>, 2002.
|
||||
ISBN: 1886411743</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><ulink
|
||||
url="http://www.freebsdmall.com/cgi-bin/fm/bsdcomp">
|
||||
The Complete FreeBSD</ulink>, åêäüèçêå áðü ôçí
|
||||
<ulink url="http://www.oreilly.com/">O'Reilly</ulink>, 2003.
|
||||
ISBN: 0596005164</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><ulink url="http://www.freebsd-corp-net-guide.com/">The
|
||||
FreeBSD Corporate Networker's Guide</ulink>, åêäüèçêå áðü ôçí
|
||||
<ulink url="http://www.awl.com/aw/">Addison-Wesley</ulink>, 2000.
|
||||
ISBN: 0201704811</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><ulink url="http://andrsn.stanford.edu/FreeBSD/introbook/">
|
||||
FreeBSD: An Open-Source Operating System for Your Personal
|
||||
Computer</ulink>, åêäüèçêå áðü ôçí The Bit Tree Press, 2001.
|
||||
ISBN: 0971204500</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Teach Yourself FreeBSD in 24 Hours, åêäüèçêå áðü ôçí
|
||||
<ulink url="http://www.samspublishing.com/">Sams</ulink>, 2002.
|
||||
ISBN: 0672324245</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>FreeBSD 6 Unleashed, åêäüèçêå áðü ôçí
|
||||
<ulink url="http://www.samspublishing.com/">Sams</ulink>, 2006.
|
||||
ISBN: 0672328755</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>FreeBSD: The Complete Reference, åêäüèçêå áðü ôçí
|
||||
<ulink url="http://books.mcgraw-hill.com">McGrawHill</ulink>, 2003.
|
||||
ISBN: 0072224096 </para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
</sect1>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect1 id="bibliography-userguides">
|
||||
<title>Ïäçãïß ÷ñÞóôç</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Computer Systems Research Group, UC Berkeley. <emphasis>4.4BSD
|
||||
User's Reference Manual</emphasis>. O'Reilly & Associates,
|
||||
Inc., 1994. ISBN 1-56592-075-9</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Computer Systems Research Group, UC Berkeley. <emphasis>4.4BSD
|
||||
User's Supplementary Documents</emphasis>. O'Reilly &
|
||||
Associates, Inc., 1994. ISBN 1-56592-076-7</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><emphasis>UNIX in a Nutshell</emphasis>. O'Reilly &
|
||||
Associates, Inc., 1990. ISBN 093717520X</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Mui, Linda. <emphasis>What You Need To Know When You Can't Find
|
||||
Your UNIX System Administrator</emphasis>. O'Reilly &
|
||||
Associates, Inc., 1995. ISBN 1-56592-104-6</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Ôï <ulink url="http://www-wks.acs.ohio-state.edu/">Ohio State
|
||||
University</ulink> Ýãñáøå <ulink
|
||||
url="http://www-wks.acs.ohio-state.edu/unix_course/unix.html">ÅéóáãùãéêÜ ìáèÞìáôá UNIX
|
||||
</ulink> ðïõ äéáôßèåíôáé óå HTML êáé óå ìïñöÞ
|
||||
PostScript.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Ìéá ÉôáëéêÞ <ulink
|
||||
url="&url.doc.base;/it_IT.ISO8859-15/books/unix-introduction/index.html">ìåôÜöñáóç</ulink>
|
||||
áõôïý ôïõ êåéìÝíïõ äéáôßèåôáé ùò ìÝñïò ôïõ FreeBSD Italian
|
||||
Documentation Project.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><ulink url="http://www.jp.FreeBSD.org/">Jpman Project, Japan
|
||||
FreeBSD Users Group</ulink>. <ulink
|
||||
url="http://www.pc.mycom.co.jp/FreeBSD/urm.html">FreeBSD User's
|
||||
Reference Manual</ulink> (Japanese translation). <ulink
|
||||
url="http://www.pc.mycom.co.jp/">Mainichi Communications
|
||||
Inc.</ulink>, 1998. ISBN4-8399-0088-4 P3800E.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Ôï <ulink url="http://www.ed.ac.uk/">Edinburgh
|
||||
University</ulink> Ýãñáøå Ýíá <ulink
|
||||
url="http://unixhelp.ed.ac.uk/">Online ïäçãü</ulink> ãéá
|
||||
íÝïõò óôï ðåñéâÜëëïí ôïõ UNIX.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
</sect1>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect1 id="bibliography-adminguides">
|
||||
<title>Ïäçãïß äéá÷åéñéóôÞ</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Albitz, Paul and Liu, Cricket. <emphasis>DNS and
|
||||
BIND</emphasis>, 4th Ed. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 2001.
|
||||
ISBN 1-59600-158-4</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Computer Systems Research Group, UC Berkeley. <emphasis>4.4BSD
|
||||
System Manager's Manual</emphasis>. O'Reilly & Associates,
|
||||
Inc., 1994. ISBN 1-56592-080-5</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Costales, Brian, et al. <emphasis>Sendmail</emphasis>, 2nd Ed.
|
||||
O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 1997. ISBN 1-56592-222-0</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Frisch, Æleen. <emphasis>Essential System
|
||||
Administration</emphasis>, 2nd Ed. O'Reilly & Associates,
|
||||
Inc., 1995. ISBN 1-56592-127-5</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Hunt, Craig. <emphasis>TCP/IP Network
|
||||
Administration</emphasis>, 2nd Ed. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 1997.
|
||||
ISBN 1-56592-322-7</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Nemeth, Evi. <emphasis>UNIX System Administration
|
||||
Handbook</emphasis>. 3rd Ed. Prentice Hall, 2000. ISBN
|
||||
0-13-020601-6</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Stern, Hal <emphasis>Managing NFS and NIS</emphasis> O'Reilly
|
||||
& Associates, Inc., 1991. ISBN 0-937175-75-7</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><ulink url="http://www.jp.FreeBSD.org/">Jpman Project, Japan
|
||||
FreeBSD Users Group</ulink>. <ulink
|
||||
url="http://www.pc.mycom.co.jp/FreeBSD/sam.html">FreeBSD System
|
||||
Administrator's Manual</ulink> (ÃéáðùíÝæéêç ìåôÜöñáóç). <ulink
|
||||
url="http://www.pc.mycom.co.jp/">Mainichi Communications
|
||||
Inc.</ulink>, 1998. ISBN4-8399-0109-0 P3300E.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Dreyfus, Emmanuel. <ulink
|
||||
url="http://www.eyrolles.com/Informatique/Livre/9782212114638/">Cahiers
|
||||
de l'Admin: BSD</ulink> 2nd Ed. (óôá ÃáëëéêÜ), Eyrolles, 2004.
|
||||
ISBN 2-212-11463-X</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
</sect1>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect1 id="bibliography-programmers">
|
||||
<title>Ïäçãïß ðñïãñáììáôéóôþí</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Asente, Paul, Converse, Diana, and Swick, Ralph.
|
||||
<emphasis>X Window System Toolkit</emphasis>. Digital Press,
|
||||
1998. ISBN 1-55558-178-1</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Computer Systems Research Group, UC Berkeley. <emphasis>4.4BSD
|
||||
Programmer's Reference Manual</emphasis>. O'Reilly &
|
||||
Associates, Inc., 1994. ISBN 1-56592-078-3</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Computer Systems Research Group, UC Berkeley. <emphasis>4.4BSD
|
||||
Programmer's Supplementary Documents</emphasis>. O'Reilly &
|
||||
Associates, Inc., 1994. ISBN 1-56592-079-1</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Harbison, Samuel P. and Steele, Guy L. Jr. <emphasis>C: A
|
||||
Reference Manual</emphasis>. 4th ed. Prentice Hall, 1995.
|
||||
ISBN 0-13-326224-3</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Kernighan, Brian and Dennis M. Ritchie. <emphasis>The C
|
||||
Programming Language</emphasis>. 2nd Ed. PTR Prentice Hall, 1988.
|
||||
ISBN 0-13-110362-8</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Lehey, Greg. <emphasis>Porting UNIX Software</emphasis>.
|
||||
O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 1995. ISBN 1-56592-126-7</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Plauger, P. J. <emphasis>The Standard C Library</emphasis>.
|
||||
Prentice Hall, 1992. ISBN 0-13-131509-9</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Spinellis, Diomidis. <ulink
|
||||
url="http://www.spinellis.gr/codereading/"><emphasis>Code
|
||||
Reading: The Open Source Perspective</emphasis></ulink>.
|
||||
Addison-Wesley, 2003. ISBN 0-201-79940-5</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Spinellis, Diomidis. <ulink
|
||||
url="http://www.spinellis.gr/codequality/"><emphasis>Code
|
||||
Quality: The Open Source Perspective</emphasis></ulink>.
|
||||
Addison-Wesley, 2006. ISBN 0-321-16607-8</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Stevens, W. Richard and Stephen A. Rago.
|
||||
<emphasis>Advanced Programming in the UNIX
|
||||
Environment</emphasis>. 2nd Ed.
|
||||
Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley, 2005.
|
||||
ISBN 0-201-43307-9</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Stevens, W. Richard. <emphasis>UNIX Network
|
||||
Programming</emphasis>. 2nd Ed, PTR Prentice Hall, 1998. ISBN
|
||||
0-13-490012-X</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Wells, Bill. <quote>Writing Serial Drivers for UNIX</quote>.
|
||||
<emphasis>Dr. Dobb's Journal</emphasis>. 19(15), December 1994.
|
||||
pp68-71, 97-99.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
</sect1>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect1 id="bibliography-osinternals">
|
||||
<title>Ôï åóùôåñéêü ôïõ ëåéôïõñãéêïý óõóôÞìáôïò</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Andleigh, Prabhat K. <emphasis>UNIX System
|
||||
Architecture</emphasis>. Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1990. ISBN
|
||||
0-13-949843-5</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Jolitz, William. <quote>Porting UNIX to the 386</quote>.
|
||||
<emphasis>Dr. Dobb's Journal</emphasis>. January 1991-July
|
||||
1992.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Leffler, Samuel J., Marshall Kirk McKusick, Michael J Karels and
|
||||
John Quarterman <emphasis>The Design and Implementation of the
|
||||
4.3BSD UNIX Operating System</emphasis>. Reading, Mass. :
|
||||
Addison-Wesley, 1989. ISBN 0-201-06196-1</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Leffler, Samuel J., Marshall Kirk McKusick, <emphasis>The Design
|
||||
and Implementation of the 4.3BSD UNIX Operating System: Answer
|
||||
Book</emphasis>. Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley, 1991. ISBN
|
||||
0-201-54629-9</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>McKusick, Marshall Kirk, Keith Bostic, Michael J Karels, and
|
||||
John Quarterman. <emphasis>The Design and Implementation of the
|
||||
4.4BSD Operating System</emphasis>. Reading, Mass. :
|
||||
Addison-Wesley, 1996. ISBN 0-201-54979-4</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>(Ôï êåöÜëáéï 2 áðü áõôü ôï âéâëßï äéáôßèåôáé <ulink
|
||||
url="&url.books.design-44bsd;/book.html">online</ulink> ùò ìÝñïò ôïõ
|
||||
FreeBSD Documentation Project, êáé ôï êåöÜëáéï 9 <ulink
|
||||
url="http://www.netapp.com/tech_library/nfsbook.html">
|
||||
åêåß</ulink>.)</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Marshall Kirk McKusick, George V. Neville-Neil <emphasis>The Design
|
||||
and Implementation of the FreeBSD Operating System</emphasis>.
|
||||
Boston, Mass. : Addison-Wesley, 2004. ISBN 0-201-70245-2</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Stevens, W. Richard. <emphasis>TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 1:
|
||||
The Protocols</emphasis>. Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley,
|
||||
1996. ISBN 0-201-63346-9</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Schimmel, Curt. <emphasis>Unix Systems for Modern
|
||||
Architectures</emphasis>. Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley, 1994.
|
||||
ISBN 0-201-63338-8</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Stevens, W. Richard. <emphasis>TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 3:
|
||||
TCP for Transactions, HTTP, NNTP and the UNIX Domain
|
||||
Protocols</emphasis>. Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley, 1996.
|
||||
ISBN 0-201-63495-3</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Vahalia, Uresh. <emphasis>UNIX Internals -- The New
|
||||
Frontiers</emphasis>. Prentice Hall, 1996. ISBN
|
||||
0-13-101908-2</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Wright, Gary R. and W. Richard Stevens. <emphasis>TCP/IP
|
||||
Illustrated, Volume 2: The Implementation</emphasis>. Reading,
|
||||
Mass. : Addison-Wesley, 1995. ISBN 0-201-63354-X</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
</sect1>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect1 id="bibliography-security">
|
||||
<title>ÁíáöïñÝò áóöáëåßáò</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Cheswick, William R. and Steven M. Bellovin. <emphasis>Firewalls
|
||||
and Internet Security: Repelling the Wily Hacker</emphasis>.
|
||||
Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley, 1995. ISBN
|
||||
0-201-63357-4</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Garfinkel, Simson and Gene Spafford.
|
||||
<emphasis>Practical UNIX & Internet Security</emphasis>.
|
||||
2nd Ed. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 1996. ISBN
|
||||
1-56592-148-8</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Garfinkel, Simson. <emphasis>PGP Pretty Good
|
||||
Privacy</emphasis> O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 1995. ISBN
|
||||
1-56592-098-8</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
</sect1>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect1 id="bibliography-hardware">
|
||||
<title>ÁíáöïñÝò õëéêïý</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Anderson, Don and Tom Shanley. <emphasis>Pentium Processor
|
||||
System Architecture</emphasis>. 2nd Ed. Reading, Mass. :
|
||||
Addison-Wesley, 1995. ISBN 0-201-40992-5</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Ferraro, Richard F. <emphasis>Programmer's Guide to the EGA,
|
||||
VGA, and Super VGA Cards</emphasis>. 3rd ed. Reading, Mass. :
|
||||
Addison-Wesley, 1995. ISBN 0-201-62490-7</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Ç Intel Corporation äçìïóéåýåé ôåêìçñßùóç ãéá ôéò CPUs,
|
||||
ôá chipsets êáé ðñüôõðá óôï <ulink
|
||||
url="http://developer.intel.com/">developer web site</ulink>,
|
||||
óõíÞèùò ùò áñ÷åßá PDF.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Shanley, Tom. <emphasis>80486 System Architecture</emphasis>.
|
||||
3rd ed. Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley, 1995. ISBN
|
||||
0-201-40994-1</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Shanley, Tom. <emphasis>ISA System Architecture</emphasis>.
|
||||
3rd ed. Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley, 1995. ISBN
|
||||
0-201-40996-8</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Shanley, Tom. <emphasis>PCI System Architecture</emphasis>.
|
||||
4th ed. Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley, 1999. ISBN
|
||||
0-201-30974-2</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Van Gilluwe, Frank. <emphasis>The Undocumented PC</emphasis>, 2nd Ed.
|
||||
Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co., 1996. ISBN
|
||||
0-201-47950-8</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Messmer, Hans-Peter. <emphasis>The Indispensable PC Hardware Book</emphasis>, 4th Ed.
|
||||
Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co., 2002. ISBN
|
||||
0-201-59616-4</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
</sect1>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect1 id="bibliography-history">
|
||||
<title>Éóôïñßá ôïõ &unix;</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Lion, John <emphasis>Lion's Commentary on UNIX, 6th Ed. With
|
||||
Source Code</emphasis>. ITP Media Group, 1996. ISBN
|
||||
1573980137</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Raymond, Eric S. <emphasis>The New Hacker's Dictionary, 3rd
|
||||
edition</emphasis>. MIT Press, 1996. ISBN
|
||||
0-262-68092-0. Ãíùóôü êáé ùò ôï <ulink
|
||||
url="http://www.catb.org/~esr/jargon/html/index.html">Jargon
|
||||
File</ulink></para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Salus, Peter H. <emphasis>A quarter century of UNIX</emphasis>.
|
||||
Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc., 1994. ISBN
|
||||
0-201-54777-5</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Simon Garfinkel, Daniel Weise, Steven Strassmann. <emphasis>The
|
||||
UNIX-HATERS Handbook</emphasis>. IDG Books Worldwide, Inc.,
|
||||
1994. ISBN 1-56884-203-1. Åêôüò êõêëïöïñßáò, áëëÜ äéáôßèåôáé <ulink
|
||||
url="http://research.microsoft.com/~daniel/unix-haters.html">
|
||||
online</ulink>.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Don Libes, Sandy Ressler <emphasis>Life with UNIX</emphasis>
|
||||
— special edition. Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1989. ISBN
|
||||
0-13-536657-7</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><emphasis>The BSD family tree</emphasis>.
|
||||
<ulink url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/cvsweb.cgi/src/share/misc/bsd-family-tree"></ulink>
|
||||
ç ôï <ulink type="html" url="file://localhost/usr/share/misc/bsd-family-tree"><filename>/usr/share/misc/bsd-family-tree</filename></ulink>
|
||||
óå Ýíá FreeBSD ìç÷Üíçìá.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><emphasis>The BSD Release Announcements collection</emphasis>.
|
||||
1997. <ulink url="http://www.de.FreeBSD.org/de/ftp/releases/"></ulink></para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><emphasis>Networked Computer Science Technical Reports
|
||||
Library</emphasis>. <ulink url="http://www.ncstrl.org/"></ulink></para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><emphasis>ÐáëáéÝò BSD åêäüóåéò áðü ôï Computer Systems Research
|
||||
group (CSRG)</emphasis>.
|
||||
<ulink url="http://www.mckusick.com/csrg/"></ulink>:
|
||||
Ôï 4CD set Ý÷åé üëåò ôéò BSD åêäüóåéò áðü ôçí 1BSD ìÝ÷ñé ôçí 4.4BSD êáé ôçí
|
||||
4.4BSD-Lite2 (áëëÜ ü÷é ôçí 2.11BSD, äõóôõ÷þò). Ôï ôåëåõôáßï
|
||||
äéóêÜêé ðåñéÝ÷åé åðßóçò ôïí ôåëéêü ðçãáßï êþäéêá óõí ôá áñ÷åßá SCCS.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
</sect1>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect1 id="bibliography-journals">
|
||||
<title>ÐåñéïäéêÜ êáé åöçìåñßäåò</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><emphasis>The C/C++ Users Journal</emphasis>. R&D
|
||||
Publications Inc. ISSN 1075-2838</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><emphasis>Sys Admin — The Journal for UNIX System
|
||||
Administrators</emphasis> Miller Freeman, Inc., ISSN
|
||||
1061-2688</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><emphasis>freeX — Das Magazin für Linux - BSD - UNIX</emphasis>
|
||||
(óôá ÃåñìáíéêÜ) Computer- und Literaturverlag GmbH, ISSN 1436-7033</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
</sect1>
|
||||
</appendix>
|
||||
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
Local Variables:
|
||||
mode: sgml
|
||||
sgml-declaration: "../appendix.decl"
|
||||
sgml-indent-data: t
|
||||
sgml-omittag: nil
|
||||
sgml-always-quote-attributes: t
|
||||
sgml-parent-document: ("../book.sgml" "part" "appendix")
|
||||
End:
|
||||
-->
|
||||
|
365
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/book.sgml
Normal file
365
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/book.sgml
Normal file
|
@ -0,0 +1,365 @@
|
|||
<!--
|
||||
Ομάδα Τεκμηρίωσης του FreeBSD
|
||||
|
||||
Original version: 1.171
|
||||
$FreeBSD$
|
||||
-->
|
||||
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE BOOK PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//DTD DocBook V4.1-Based Extension//EN" [
|
||||
<!ENTITY % books.ent PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//ENTITIES DocBook FreeBSD Books Entity Set//EL">
|
||||
%books.ent;
|
||||
<!ENTITY % chapters SYSTEM "chapters.ent">
|
||||
%chapters;
|
||||
<!ENTITY % txtfiles SYSTEM "txtfiles.ent">
|
||||
%txtfiles;
|
||||
|
||||
<!ENTITY % not.published "INCLUDE">
|
||||
|
||||
<!ENTITY % chap.introduction "IGNORE">
|
||||
<!ENTITY % chap.install "IGNORE">
|
||||
<!ENTITY % chap.basics "IGNORE">
|
||||
<!ENTITY % chap.ports "IGNORE">
|
||||
<!ENTITY % chap.config "IGNORE">
|
||||
<!ENTITY % chap.boot "IGNORE">
|
||||
<!ENTITY % chap.users "IGNORE">
|
||||
<!ENTITY % chap.kernelconfig "IGNORE">
|
||||
<!ENTITY % chap.security "IGNORE">
|
||||
<!ENTITY % chap.jails "IGNORE">
|
||||
<!ENTITY % chap.printing "IGNORE">
|
||||
<!ENTITY % chap.disks "IGNORE">
|
||||
<!ENTITY % chap.geom "IGNORE">
|
||||
<!ENTITY % chap.vinum "IGNORE">
|
||||
<!ENTITY % chap.x11 "IGNORE">
|
||||
<!ENTITY % chap.l10n "IGNORE">
|
||||
<!ENTITY % chap.multimedia "IGNORE">
|
||||
<!ENTITY % chap.desktop "IGNORE">
|
||||
<!ENTITY % chap.serialcomms "IGNORE">
|
||||
<!ENTITY % chap.ppp-and-slip "IGNORE">
|
||||
<!ENTITY % chap.advanced-networking "IGNORE">
|
||||
<!ENTITY % chap.firewalls "IGNORE">
|
||||
<!ENTITY % chap.network-servers "IGNORE">
|
||||
<!ENTITY % chap.mail "IGNORE">
|
||||
<!ENTITY % chap.cutting-edge "IGNORE">
|
||||
<!ENTITY % chap.linuxemu "IGNORE">
|
||||
<!ENTITY % chap.mirrors "IGNORE">
|
||||
<!ENTITY % chap.bibliography "IGNORE">
|
||||
<!ENTITY % chap.eresources "IGNORE">
|
||||
<!ENTITY % chap.pgpkeys "IGNORE">
|
||||
<!ENTITY % chap.index "IGNORE">
|
||||
<!ENTITY % chap.freebsd-glossary "IGNORE">
|
||||
<!ENTITY % chap.mac "IGNORE">
|
||||
<!ENTITY % chap.audit "IGNORE">
|
||||
|
||||
<!ENTITY % pgpkeys SYSTEM "../../../share/pgpkeys/pgpkeys.ent"> %pgpkeys;
|
||||
]>
|
||||
|
||||
<book>
|
||||
<bookinfo>
|
||||
<title>Εγχειρίδιο του FreeBSD</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<corpauthor>Ομάδα Τεκμηρίωσης του FreeBSD</corpauthor>
|
||||
|
||||
<pubdate>Φεβρουάριος 1999</pubdate>
|
||||
|
||||
<copyright>
|
||||
<year>1995</year>
|
||||
<year>1996</year>
|
||||
<year>1997</year>
|
||||
<year>1998</year>
|
||||
<year>1999</year>
|
||||
<year>2000</year>
|
||||
<year>2001</year>
|
||||
<year>2002</year>
|
||||
<year>2003</year>
|
||||
<year>2004</year>
|
||||
<year>2005</year>
|
||||
<year>2006</year>
|
||||
<year>2007</year>
|
||||
<holder>Ομάδα Τεκμηρίωσης του FreeBSD</holder>
|
||||
</copyright>
|
||||
|
||||
&bookinfo.legalnotice;
|
||||
|
||||
<legalnotice id="trademarks" role="trademarks">
|
||||
&tm-attrib.freebsd;
|
||||
&tm-attrib.3com;
|
||||
&tm-attrib.3ware;
|
||||
&tm-attrib.arm;
|
||||
&tm-attrib.adaptec;
|
||||
&tm-attrib.adobe;
|
||||
&tm-attrib.apple;
|
||||
&tm-attrib.corel;
|
||||
&tm-attrib.creative;
|
||||
&tm-attrib.cvsup;
|
||||
&tm-attrib.heidelberger;
|
||||
&tm-attrib.ibm;
|
||||
&tm-attrib.ieee;
|
||||
&tm-attrib.intel;
|
||||
&tm-attrib.intuit;
|
||||
&tm-attrib.linux;
|
||||
&tm-attrib.lsilogic;
|
||||
&tm-attrib.m-systems;
|
||||
&tm-attrib.macromedia;
|
||||
&tm-attrib.microsoft;
|
||||
&tm-attrib.netscape;
|
||||
&tm-attrib.nexthop;
|
||||
&tm-attrib.opengroup;
|
||||
&tm-attrib.oracle;
|
||||
&tm-attrib.powerquest;
|
||||
&tm-attrib.realnetworks;
|
||||
&tm-attrib.redhat;
|
||||
&tm-attrib.sap;
|
||||
&tm-attrib.sun;
|
||||
&tm-attrib.symantec;
|
||||
&tm-attrib.themathworks;
|
||||
&tm-attrib.thomson;
|
||||
&tm-attrib.usrobotics;
|
||||
&tm-attrib.vmware;
|
||||
&tm-attrib.waterloomaple;
|
||||
&tm-attrib.wolframresearch;
|
||||
&tm-attrib.xfree86;
|
||||
&tm-attrib.xiph;
|
||||
&tm-attrib.general;
|
||||
</legalnotice>
|
||||
|
||||
<abstract>
|
||||
<para>Καλώς ήρθατε στο FreeBSD! Αυτό το εγχειρίδιο καλύπτει την
|
||||
εγκατάσταση και την καθημερινή χρήση του <emphasis>FreeBSD
|
||||
&rel2.current;-RELEASE</emphasis> και του <emphasis>FreeBSD
|
||||
&rel.current;-RELEASE</emphasis>. Το βιβλίο αυτό είναι
|
||||
<emphasis>μόνιμα υπό βελτίωση και ανάπτυξη</emphasis> και
|
||||
αποτελεί το αποτέλεσμα της δουλειάς πολλών ατόμων, οπότε κάποια
|
||||
τμήματα μπορεί να περιέχουν σχετικά ξεπερασμένες πληροφορίες και
|
||||
να χρειάζονται ανανέωση. Αν ενδιαφέρεστε να μας βοηθήσετε σε
|
||||
αυτό το έργο, επικοινωνήστε μαζί μας μέσω της διεύθυνσης
|
||||
&a.doc;. Η τελευταία έκδοση αυτού του κειμένου είναι πάντα
|
||||
διαθέσιμη από την
|
||||
<ulink url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/">ιστοσελίδα του &os;</ulink>
|
||||
(παλιότερες εκδόσεις μπορείτε να βρείτε στη διεύθυνση
|
||||
<ulink url="http://docs.FreeBSD.org/doc/"></ulink>). Μπορείτε
|
||||
επίσης να μεταφορτώσετε στον υπολογιστή σας το ίδιο βιβλίο σε
|
||||
άλλες μορφές αρχείου και με διάφορες μορφές συμπίεσης από
|
||||
τον <ulink url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/doc/">εξυπηρετητή
|
||||
FTP του &os;</ulink> ή ένα από τα
|
||||
πολλά <link linkend="mirrors-ftp">mirror sites</link>. Αν είναι
|
||||
προτιμότερη μια τυπωμένη μορφή, μπορείτε να αγοράσετε ένα
|
||||
αντίγραφο του Εγχειριδίου, από το
|
||||
<ulink url="http://www.freebsdmall.com/">FreeBSD Mall</ulink>.
|
||||
Μπορείτε επίσης
|
||||
να <ulink url="&url.base;/search/index.html">ψάξετε σε όλο το
|
||||
βιβλίο</ulink>.</para>
|
||||
</abstract>
|
||||
</bookinfo>
|
||||
|
||||
&chap.preface;
|
||||
|
||||
<part id="getting-started">
|
||||
<title>Ξεκινώντας με το FreeBSD</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<partintro>
|
||||
<para>Αυτό το μέρος του Εγχειριδίου του &os; είναι για τους χρήστες και
|
||||
τους διαχειριστές συστημάτων που δεν έχουν ήδη μεγάλη εμπειρία με το
|
||||
&os;. Τα κεφάλαια που ακολουθούν:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Είναι εισαγωγικά για το &os;</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Σας καθοδηγούν κατά τη διάρκεια της διαδικασίας εγκατάστασης</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Σας εισάγουν στις βασικές έννοιες του &unix;</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Περιγράφουν τη διαδικασία εγκατάστασης της πληθώρας εφαρμογών
|
||||
που είναι διαθέσιμες στο &os;</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Σας εισάγουν στο γραφικό περιβάλλον του &unix;, το σύστημα Χ,
|
||||
και σας καθοδηγούν σχετικά με τις αρχικές ρυθμίσεις ενός γραφικού
|
||||
περιβάλλοντος εργασίας, με το οποίο μπορείτε να είστε ακόμα πιο
|
||||
παραγωγικοί</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Σε αυτό το τμήμα του βιβλίου, έχουμε προσπαθήσει να μειώσουμε
|
||||
στο ελάχιστο τις αναφορές σε τμήματα ή κεφάλαια του Εγχειριδίου
|
||||
τα οποία δεν έχετε ήδη διαβάσει. Αυτό αποσκοπεί στο να γίνει
|
||||
πιο εύκολη η ανάγνωση του τμήματος αυτού του Εγχειριδίου από την
|
||||
αρχή μέχρι και το τέλος, χωρίς να απαιτείται να ψάχνετε συνεχώς
|
||||
τα επόμενα ή προηγούμενα τμήματα.</para>
|
||||
</partintro>
|
||||
|
||||
<![ %chap.introduction; [ &chap.introduction; ]]>
|
||||
<![ %chap.install; [ &chap.install; ]]>
|
||||
<![ %chap.basics; [ &chap.basics; ]]>
|
||||
<![ %chap.ports; [ &chap.ports; ]]>
|
||||
<![ %chap.x11; [ &chap.x11; ]]>
|
||||
</part>
|
||||
|
||||
<part id="common-tasks">
|
||||
<title>Βασικές Εργασίες</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<partintro>
|
||||
<para>Τώρα που έχουμε καλύψει πλέον τα βασικά θέματα, αυτό το
|
||||
τμήμα του Εγχειριδίου του &os; περιγράφει τις πιο βασικές εργασίες
|
||||
και τα πιο δημοφιλή χαρακτηριστικά του &os;. Τα κεφάλαια αυτού του
|
||||
τμήματος:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Παρουσιάζουν τις πιο δημοφιλείς και χρήσιμες εφαρμογές
|
||||
και περιβάλλοντα εργασίας: φυλλομετρητές (browsers), γραφικά
|
||||
περιβάλλοντα εργασίας, εργαλεία προβολής διαφόρων μορφών
|
||||
αρχείων, κλπ.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Παρουσιάζουν ορισμένα από τα εργαλεία πολυμέσων
|
||||
(multimedia) που είναι διαθέσιμα για το &os;</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Εξηγούν τη διαδικασία μεταγλώττισης και εγκατάστασης
|
||||
ενός προσαρμοσμένου πυρήνα για το &os;, έτσι ώστε να
|
||||
ενεργοποιηθούν έξτρα χαρακτηριστικά για το σύστημά
|
||||
σας.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Περιγράφουν σε βάθος το σύστημα εκτυπώσεων, τόσο για
|
||||
εκτυπωτές που είναι απευθείας συνδεδεμένοι με το σταθμό
|
||||
εργασίας σας, όσο και για δικτυακούς εκτυπωτές.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Περιγράφουν πώς μπορείτε να τρέξετε εφαρμογές Linux στο
|
||||
&os; σύστημά σας.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Μερικά από αυτά τα κεφάλαια απαιτούν να έχετε μελετήσει πιο
|
||||
πριν κάποιο άλλο κεφάλαιο. Όπου είναι απαραίτητο κάτι τέτοιο,
|
||||
αναφέρεται στη σύνοψη του κάθε κεφαλαίου.</para>
|
||||
</partintro>
|
||||
|
||||
<![ %chap.desktop; [ &chap.desktop; ]]>
|
||||
<![ %chap.multimedia; [ &chap.multimedia; ]]>
|
||||
<![ %chap.kernelconfig; [ &chap.kernelconfig; ]]>
|
||||
<![ %chap.printing; [ &chap.printing; ]]>
|
||||
<![ %chap.linuxemu; [ &chap.linuxemu; ]]>
|
||||
</part>
|
||||
|
||||
<part id="system-administration">
|
||||
<title>Διαχείριση Συστήματος</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<partintro>
|
||||
<para>Τα κεφάλαια του &os; Handbook που ακολουθούν αναφέρονται σε θέματα
|
||||
που έχουν σχέση με τη <emphasis>διαχείριση</emphasis> του συστήματος.
|
||||
Κάθε κεφάλαιο ξεκινά περιγράφοντας τι θα μάθετε διαβάζοντας
|
||||
το συγκεκριμένο κεφάλαιο, καθώς και τι προαπαιτούμενα έχει το κεφάλαιο
|
||||
αυτό: τι πρέπει να έχετε ήδη διαβάσει και κατανοήσει πριν ασχοληθείτε
|
||||
με αυτό το κεφάλαιο.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Αυτά τα κεφάλαια έχουν σχεδιαστεί περισσότερο ως οδηγός αναφοράς
|
||||
παρά ως εισαγωγικό κείμενο. Γι αυτό είναι πιο χρήσιμα ως οδηγοί στους
|
||||
οποίους μπορείτε να ανατρέξετε όταν χρειάζεστε κάποια πληροφορία για
|
||||
το &os;. Δε χρειάζεται να τα διαβάσετε με κάποια συγκεκριμένη σειρά,
|
||||
ούτε χρειάζετε να τα έχετε διαβάσει όλα πριν αρχίσετε να ασχολείστε με
|
||||
το &os;.</para>
|
||||
</partintro>
|
||||
|
||||
<![ %chap.config; [ &chap.config; ]]>
|
||||
<![ %chap.boot; [ &chap.boot; ]]>
|
||||
<![ %chap.users; [ &chap.users; ]]>
|
||||
<![ %chap.security; [ &chap.security; ]]>
|
||||
<![ %chap.jails; [ &chap.jails; ]]>
|
||||
<![ %chap.mac; [ &chap.mac; ]]>
|
||||
<![ %chap.audit; [ &chap.audit; ]]>
|
||||
<![ %chap.disks; [ &chap.disks; ]]>
|
||||
<![ %chap.geom; [ &chap.geom; ]]>
|
||||
<![ %chap.vinum; [ &chap.vinum; ]]>
|
||||
<![ %chap.virtualization; [ &chap.virtualization; ]]>
|
||||
<![ %chap.l10n; [ &chap.l10n; ]]>
|
||||
<![ %chap.cutting-edge; [ &chap.cutting-edge; ]]>
|
||||
</part>
|
||||
|
||||
<part id="network-communication">
|
||||
<title>Δικτυακές Επικοινωνίες</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<partintro>
|
||||
<para>Το &os; είναι ένα από τα πιο ευρέως διαδεδομένα λειτουργικά
|
||||
συστήματα για υψηλής απόδοσης δικτυακές εφαρμοφές και εξυπηρετητές.
|
||||
Τα κεφάλαια σε αυτό το τμήμα περιγράφουν:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Τις επικοινωνίες με σειραϊκή σύνδεση (serial)</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Τα πρωτόκολα PPP και PPP πάνω από Ethernet</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Την Ηλεκτρονική Αλληλογραφία</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Την Εγκατάσταση Δικτυακών Υπηρεσιών</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Τη Ρύθμιση και Λειτουργία των Firewalls</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Άλλα Προχωρημένα Θέματα Δικτύων</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Αυτά τα κεφάλαια έχουν σχεδιαστεί περισσότερο ως οδηγός αναφοράς
|
||||
παρά ως εισαγωγικό κείμενο. Γι αυτό είναι πιο χρήσιμα ως οδηγοί στους
|
||||
οποίους μπορείτε να ανατρέξετε όταν χρειάζεστε κάποια πληροφορία για
|
||||
το &os;. Δε χρειάζεται να τα διαβάσετε με κάποια συγκεκριμένη σειρά,
|
||||
ούτε χρειάζετε να τα έχετε διαβάσει όλα πριν αρχίσετε να ασχολείστε με
|
||||
το &os;.</para>
|
||||
</partintro>
|
||||
|
||||
<![ %chap.serialcomms; [ &chap.serialcomms; ]]>
|
||||
<![ %chap.ppp-and-slip; [ &chap.ppp-and-slip; ]]>
|
||||
<![ %chap.mail; [ &chap.mail; ]]>
|
||||
<![ %chap.network-servers; [ &chap.network-servers; ]]>
|
||||
<![ %chap.firewalls; [ &chap.firewalls; ]]>
|
||||
<![ %chap.advanced-networking; [ &chap.advanced-networking; ]]>
|
||||
|
||||
</part>
|
||||
|
||||
<part id="appendices">
|
||||
<title>Παραρτήματα</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<![ %chap.mirrors; [ &chap.mirrors; ]]>
|
||||
<![ %chap.bibliography; [ &chap.bibliography; ]]>
|
||||
<![ %chap.eresources; [ &chap.eresources; ]]>
|
||||
<![ %chap.pgpkeys; [ &chap.pgpkeys; ]]>
|
||||
</part>
|
||||
|
||||
<![ %chap.freebsd-glossary; [ &bookinfo.freebsd-glossary; ]]>
|
||||
<![ %chap.index; [ &chap.index; ]]>
|
||||
&chap.colophon;
|
||||
</book>
|
||||
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
Local Variables:
|
||||
mode: sgml
|
||||
sgml-indent-data: t
|
||||
sgml-omittag: nil
|
||||
sgml-always-quote-attributes: t
|
||||
End:
|
||||
-->
|
825
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/boot/chapter.sgml
Normal file
825
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/boot/chapter.sgml
Normal file
|
@ -0,0 +1,825 @@
|
|||
<!--
|
||||
The FreeBSD Documentation Project
|
||||
|
||||
$FreeBSD$
|
||||
-->
|
||||
|
||||
<chapter id="boot">
|
||||
<title>Ç Äéáäéêáóßá Åêêßíçóçò ôïõ &os;</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect1 id="boot-synopsis">
|
||||
<title>Óýíïøç</title>
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>åêêßíçóç</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>åêêßíçóç óõóôÞìáôïò</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>booting</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>bootstrap</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Ç äéáäéêáóßá ôçò åêêßíçóçò åíüò õðïëïãéóôÞ êáé öüñôùóçò ôïõ
|
||||
ëåéôïõñãéêïý óõóôÞìáôïò áíáöÝñåôáé ùò <quote>äéáäéêáóßá
|
||||
bootstrap</quote>, Þ áðëþò <quote>booting</quote>. Ç äéáäéêáóßá åêêßíçóçò
|
||||
ôïõ FreeBSD ðáñÝ÷åé ìåãÜëç åõåëéîßá ðñïóáñìïãÞò ôçò äéáäéêáóßáò åêêßíçóçò,
|
||||
åðéôñÝðïíôáò óáò íá åðéëÝîåôå åßôå äéáöïñåôéêÜ ëåéôïõñãéêÜ óõóôÞìáôá ðïõ
|
||||
åßíáé åãêáôåóôçìÝíá óôïí ßäéï õðïëïãéóôÞ, Þ áêüìá êáé äéáöïñåôéêÝò
|
||||
åêäüóåéò ôïõ ßäéïõ ëåéôïõñãéêïý óõóôÞìáôüò Þ ôïõ åãêáôåóôçìÝíïõ
|
||||
ðõñÞíá.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Ôï êåöÜëáéï áõôü ðåñéãñÜöåé ëåðôïìåñþò ôéò åðéëïãÝò ñõèìßóåùí ðïõ
|
||||
ìðïñåßôå íá êÜíåôå êáé ðùò íá öÝñåôå óôá ìÝôñá óáò ôç äéáäéêáóßá åêêßíçóçò
|
||||
ôïõ &os;. ÁõôÞ ðåñéëáìâÜíåé ïôéäÞðïôå óõìâáßíåé áðü ôçí åêêßíçóç ôïõ
|
||||
ðõñÞíá ôïõ &os;, ôçí áíß÷íåõóç ôùí óõóêåõþí, ìÝ÷ñé êáé ôçí åêêßíçóç
|
||||
ôçò &man.init.8;. Áí äåí åßóôå áðüëõôá óßãïõñïò ãéá ôï ðüôå óõìâáßíåé
|
||||
áõôü, ãßíåôáé üôáí ôï ÷ñþìá ôïõ êåéìÝíïõ áëëÜîåé áðü öùôåéíü ëåõêü óå
|
||||
ãêñé.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Áöïý äéáâÜóåôå áõôü ôï êåöÜëáéï, èá îÝñåôå:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>ÐïéÜ åßíáé ôá ôìÞìáôá ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò åêêßíçóçò ôïõ &os;, êáé
|
||||
ðùò áëëçëåðéäñïýí ìåôáîý ôïõò.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Ôéò åðéëïãÝò ðïõ ìðïñåßôå íá äþóåôå óôá ôìÞìáôá ôçò åêêßíçóçò
|
||||
ôïõ &os; ãéá íá åëÝãîåôå ôç äéáäéêáóßá åêêßíçóçò.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Ôá âáóéêÜ ôïõ &man.device.hints.5;.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
|
||||
<note>
|
||||
<title>Ìüíï ãéá õðïëïãéóôÝò áñ÷éôåêôïíéêÞò x86</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Ôï êåöÜëáéï áõôü ðåñéãñÜöåé ôç äéáäéêáóßá åêêßíçóçò ôïõ &os; ìüíï óå
|
||||
óõóôÞìáôá áñ÷éôåêôïíéêÞò Intel x86.</para>
|
||||
</note>
|
||||
</sect1>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect1 id="boot-introduction">
|
||||
<title>The Booting Problem</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Turning on a computer and starting the operating system poses an
|
||||
interesting dilemma. By definition, the computer does not know how to
|
||||
do anything until the operating system is started. This includes
|
||||
running programs from the disk. So if the computer can not run a
|
||||
program from the disk without the operating system, and the operating
|
||||
system programs are on the disk, how is the operating system
|
||||
started?</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>This problem parallels one in the book <citetitle>The Adventures of
|
||||
Baron Munchausen</citetitle>. A character had fallen part way down a
|
||||
manhole, and pulled himself out by grabbing his bootstraps, and
|
||||
lifting. In the early days of computing the term
|
||||
<firstterm>bootstrap</firstterm> was applied to the mechanism used to
|
||||
load the operating system, which has become shortened to
|
||||
<quote>booting</quote>.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>BIOS</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>Basic Input/Output System</primary><see>BIOS</see></indexterm>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>On x86 hardware the Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) is responsible
|
||||
for loading the operating system. To do this, the BIOS looks on the
|
||||
hard disk for the Master Boot Record (MBR), which must be located on a
|
||||
specific place on the disk. The BIOS has enough knowledge to load and
|
||||
run the MBR, and assumes that the MBR can then carry out the rest of the
|
||||
tasks involved in loading the operating system,
|
||||
possibly with the help of the BIOS.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>Master Boot Record (MBR)</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>Boot Manager</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>Boot Loader</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>The code within the MBR is usually referred to as a <emphasis>boot
|
||||
manager</emphasis>, especially when it interacts with the user. In this case
|
||||
the boot manager usually has more code in the first
|
||||
<emphasis>track</emphasis> of the disk or within some OS's file system. (A
|
||||
boot manager is sometimes also called a <emphasis>boot loader</emphasis>,
|
||||
but FreeBSD uses that term for a later stage of booting.) Popular boot
|
||||
managers include <application>boot0</application> (a.k.a. <application>Boot
|
||||
Easy</application>, the standard &os; boot manager),
|
||||
<application>Grub</application>, <application>GAG</application>, and
|
||||
<application>LILO</application>.
|
||||
(Only <application>boot0</application> fits within the MBR.)</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>If you have only one operating system installed on your disks then
|
||||
a standard PC MBR will suffice. This MBR searches for the first bootable
|
||||
(a.k.a. active) slice on the disk, and then runs the code on that slice to
|
||||
load the remainder of the operating system. The MBR installed by
|
||||
&man.fdisk.8;, by default, is such an MBR. It is based on
|
||||
<filename>/boot/mbr</filename>.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>If you have installed multiple operating systems on your disks then
|
||||
you can install a different boot manager, one that can display a list of
|
||||
different operating systems, and allows you to choose the one to boot
|
||||
from. Two of these are discussed in the next subsection.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>The remainder of the FreeBSD bootstrap system is divided into three
|
||||
stages. The first stage is run by the MBR, which knows just enough to
|
||||
get the computer into a specific state and run the second stage. The
|
||||
second stage can do a little bit more, before running the third stage.
|
||||
The third stage finishes the task of loading the operating system. The
|
||||
work is split into these three stages because the PC standards put
|
||||
limits on the size of the programs that can be run at stages one and
|
||||
two. Chaining the tasks together allows FreeBSD to provide a more
|
||||
flexible loader.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>kernel</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<indexterm><primary><command>init</command></primary></indexterm>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>The kernel is then started and it begins to probe for devices
|
||||
and initialize them for use. Once the kernel boot
|
||||
process is finished, the kernel passes control to the user process
|
||||
&man.init.8;, which then makes sure the disks are in a usable state.
|
||||
&man.init.8; then starts the user-level resource configuration which
|
||||
mounts file systems, sets up network cards to communicate on the
|
||||
network, and generally starts all the processes that usually
|
||||
are run on a FreeBSD system at startup.</para>
|
||||
</sect1>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect1 id="boot-blocks">
|
||||
<title>The Boot Manager and Boot Stages</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>Boot Manager</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect2 id="boot-boot0">
|
||||
<title>The Boot Manager</title>
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>Master Boot Record (MBR)</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>The code in the MBR or boot manager is sometimes referred to as
|
||||
<emphasis>stage zero</emphasis> of the boot process. This subsection
|
||||
discusses two of the boot managers previously mentioned:
|
||||
<application>boot0</application> and <application>LILO</application>.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<formalpara><title>The <application>boot0</application> Boot Manager:</title>
|
||||
<para>The MBR installed by FreeBSD's installer or &man.boot0cfg.8;, by
|
||||
default, is based on <filename>/boot/boot0</filename>.
|
||||
(The <application>boot0</application> program is very simple, since the
|
||||
program in the <abbrev>MBR</abbrev> can only be 446 bytes long because of the slice
|
||||
table and <literal>0x55AA</literal> identifier at the end of the MBR.)
|
||||
If you have installed <application>boot0</application> and
|
||||
multiple operating systems on your hard disks, then you will see a
|
||||
display similar to this one at boot time:</para></formalpara>
|
||||
|
||||
<example id="boot-boot0-example">
|
||||
<title><filename>boot0</filename> Screenshot</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>F1 DOS
|
||||
F2 FreeBSD
|
||||
F3 Linux
|
||||
F4 ??
|
||||
F5 Drive 1
|
||||
|
||||
Default: F2</screen>
|
||||
</example>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Other operating systems, in particular &windows;, have been known
|
||||
to overwrite an existing MBR with their own. If this happens to you,
|
||||
or you want to replace your existing MBR with the FreeBSD MBR then use
|
||||
the following command:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>fdisk -B -b /boot/boot0 <replaceable>device</replaceable></userinput></screen>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>where <replaceable>device</replaceable> is the device that you
|
||||
boot from, such as <devicename>ad0</devicename> for the first IDE
|
||||
disk, <devicename>ad2</devicename> for the first IDE disk on a second
|
||||
IDE controller, <devicename>da0</devicename> for the first SCSI disk,
|
||||
and so on. Or, if you want a custom configuration of the MBR,
|
||||
use &man.boot0cfg.8;.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<formalpara><title>The LILO Boot Manager:</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>To install this boot manager so it will also boot FreeBSD, first
|
||||
start Linux and add the following to your existing
|
||||
<filename>/etc/lilo.conf</filename> configuration file:</para></formalpara>
|
||||
|
||||
<programlisting>other=/dev/hdXY
|
||||
table=/dev/hdX
|
||||
loader=/boot/chain.b
|
||||
label=FreeBSD</programlisting>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>In the above, specify FreeBSD's primary partition and drive using
|
||||
Linux specifiers, replacing <replaceable>X</replaceable> with the Linux
|
||||
drive letter and <replaceable>Y</replaceable> with the Linux primary
|
||||
partition number. If you are using a <acronym>SCSI</acronym> drive, you
|
||||
will need to change <replaceable>/dev/hd</replaceable> to read something
|
||||
similar to <replaceable>/dev/sd</replaceable>. The
|
||||
<option>loader=/boot/chain.b</option> line can be omitted if you have
|
||||
both operating systems on the same drive. Now run
|
||||
<command>/sbin/lilo -v</command> to commit your new changes to the
|
||||
system; this should be verified by checking its screen messages.</para>
|
||||
</sect2>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect2 id="boot-boot1">
|
||||
<title>Stage One, <filename>/boot/boot1</filename>, and Stage Two,
|
||||
<filename>/boot/boot2</filename></title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Conceptually the first and second stages are part of the same
|
||||
program, on the same area of the disk. Because of space constraints
|
||||
they have been split into two, but you would always install them
|
||||
together. They are copied from the combined file
|
||||
<filename>/boot/boot</filename> by the installer or
|
||||
<application>bsdlabel</application> (see below).</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>They are located outside file systems, in the first track of
|
||||
the boot slice, starting with the first sector. This is where <link
|
||||
linkend="boot-boot0">boot0</link>, or any other boot manager,
|
||||
expects to find a program to run which will
|
||||
continue the boot process. The number of sectors used is easily
|
||||
determined from the size of <filename>/boot/boot</filename>.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para><filename>boot1</filename> is very simple, since it
|
||||
can only be 512 bytes
|
||||
in size, and knows just enough about the FreeBSD
|
||||
<firstterm>bsdlabel</firstterm>, which stores information
|
||||
about the slice, to find and execute <filename>boot2</filename>.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para><filename>boot2</filename> is slightly more sophisticated, and understands
|
||||
the FreeBSD file system enough to find files on it, and can
|
||||
provide a simple interface to choose the kernel or loader to
|
||||
run.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Since the <link linkend="boot-loader">loader</link> is
|
||||
much more sophisticated, and provides a nice easy-to-use
|
||||
boot configuration, <filename>boot2</filename> usually runs
|
||||
it, but previously it
|
||||
was tasked to run the kernel directly.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<example id="boot-boot2-example">
|
||||
<title><filename>boot2</filename> Screenshot</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>>> FreeBSD/i386 BOOT
|
||||
Default: 0:ad(0,a)/boot/loader
|
||||
boot:</screen>
|
||||
</example>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>If you ever need to replace the installed
|
||||
<filename>boot1</filename> and <filename>boot2</filename> use
|
||||
&man.bsdlabel.8;:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>bsdlabel -B <replaceable>diskslice</replaceable></userinput></screen>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>where <replaceable>diskslice</replaceable> is the disk and slice
|
||||
you boot from, such as <devicename>ad0s1</devicename> for the first
|
||||
slice on the first IDE disk.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<warning>
|
||||
<title>Dangerously Dedicated Mode</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>If you use just the disk name, such as
|
||||
<devicename>ad0</devicename>, in the &man.bsdlabel.8; command you
|
||||
will create a dangerously dedicated disk, without slices. This is
|
||||
almost certainly not what you want to do, so make sure you double
|
||||
check the &man.bsdlabel.8; command before you press
|
||||
<keycap>Return</keycap>.</para>
|
||||
</warning>
|
||||
</sect2>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect2 id="boot-loader">
|
||||
<title>Stage Three, <filename>/boot/loader</filename></title>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>boot-loader</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<para>The loader is the final stage of the three-stage
|
||||
bootstrap, and is located on the file system, usually as
|
||||
<filename>/boot/loader</filename>.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>The loader is intended as a user-friendly method for
|
||||
configuration, using an easy-to-use built-in command set,
|
||||
backed up by a more powerful interpreter, with a more complex
|
||||
command set.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect3 id="boot-loader-flow">
|
||||
<title>Loader Program Flow</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>During initialization, the loader will probe for a
|
||||
console and for disks, and figure out what disk it is
|
||||
booting from. It will set variables accordingly, and an
|
||||
interpreter is started where user commands can be passed from
|
||||
a script or interactively.</para>
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>loader</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>loader configuration</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>The loader will then read
|
||||
<filename>/boot/loader.rc</filename>, which by default reads
|
||||
in <filename>/boot/defaults/loader.conf</filename> which
|
||||
sets reasonable defaults for variables and reads
|
||||
<filename>/boot/loader.conf</filename> for local changes to
|
||||
those variables. <filename>loader.rc</filename> then acts
|
||||
on these variables, loading whichever modules and kernel are
|
||||
selected.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Finally, by default, the loader issues a 10 second wait
|
||||
for key presses, and boots the kernel if it is not interrupted.
|
||||
If interrupted, the user is presented with a prompt which
|
||||
understands the easy-to-use command set, where the user may
|
||||
adjust variables, unload all modules, load modules, and then
|
||||
finally boot or reboot.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
</sect3>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect3 id="boot-loader-commands">
|
||||
<title>Loader Built-In Commands</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>These are the most commonly used loader commands. For a
|
||||
complete discussion of all available commands, please see
|
||||
&man.loader.8;.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<variablelist>
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term>autoboot <replaceable>seconds</replaceable></term>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Proceeds to boot the kernel if not interrupted
|
||||
within the time span given, in seconds. It displays a
|
||||
countdown, and the default time span is 10
|
||||
seconds.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term>boot
|
||||
<optional><replaceable>-options</replaceable></optional>
|
||||
<optional><replaceable>kernelname</replaceable></optional></term>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Immediately proceeds to boot the kernel, with the
|
||||
given options, if any, and with the kernel name given,
|
||||
if it is.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term>boot-conf</term>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Goes through the same automatic configuration of
|
||||
modules based on variables as what happens at boot.
|
||||
This only makes sense if you use
|
||||
<command>unload</command> first, and change some
|
||||
variables, most commonly <envar>kernel</envar>.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term>help
|
||||
<optional><replaceable>topic</replaceable></optional></term>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Shows help messages read from
|
||||
<filename>/boot/loader.help</filename>. If the topic
|
||||
given is <literal>index</literal>, then the list of
|
||||
available topics is given.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term>include <replaceable>filename</replaceable>
|
||||
…</term>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Processes the file with the given filename. The
|
||||
file is read in, and interpreted line by line. An
|
||||
error immediately stops the include command.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term>load <optional><option>-t</option>
|
||||
<replaceable>type</replaceable></optional>
|
||||
<replaceable>filename</replaceable></term>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Loads the kernel, kernel module, or file of the
|
||||
type given, with the filename given. Any arguments
|
||||
after filename are passed to the file.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term>ls <optional><option>-l</option></optional>
|
||||
<optional><replaceable>path</replaceable></optional></term>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Displays a listing of files in the given path, or
|
||||
the root directory, if the path is not specified. If
|
||||
<option>-l</option> is specified, file sizes will be
|
||||
shown too.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term>lsdev <optional><option>-v</option></optional></term>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Lists all of the devices from which it may be
|
||||
possible to load modules. If <option>-v</option> is
|
||||
specified, more details are printed.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term>lsmod <optional><option>-v</option></optional></term>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Displays loaded modules. If <option>-v</option> is
|
||||
specified, more details are shown.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term>more <replaceable>filename</replaceable></term>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Displays the files specified, with a pause at each
|
||||
<varname>LINES</varname> displayed.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term>reboot</term>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Immediately reboots the system.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term>set <replaceable>variable</replaceable></term>
|
||||
<term>set
|
||||
<replaceable>variable</replaceable>=<replaceable>value</replaceable></term>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Sets the loader's environment variables.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term>unload</term>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Removes all loaded modules.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
</variablelist>
|
||||
</sect3>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect3 id="boot-loader-examples">
|
||||
<title>Loader Examples</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Here are some practical examples of loader usage:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>single-user mode</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>To simply boot your usual kernel, but in single-user
|
||||
mode:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen><userinput>boot -s</userinput></screen>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>To unload your usual kernel and modules, and then
|
||||
load just your old (or another) kernel:</para>
|
||||
<indexterm>
|
||||
<primary><filename>kernel.old</filename></primary>
|
||||
</indexterm>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen><userinput>unload</userinput>
|
||||
<userinput>load <replaceable>kernel.old</replaceable></userinput></screen>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>You can use <filename>kernel.GENERIC</filename> to
|
||||
refer to the generic kernel that comes on the install
|
||||
disk, or <filename>kernel.old</filename> to refer to
|
||||
your previously installed kernel (when you have upgraded
|
||||
or configured your own kernel, for example).</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<note>
|
||||
<para>Use the following to load your usual modules with
|
||||
another kernel:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen><userinput>unload</userinput>
|
||||
<userinput>set kernel="<replaceable>kernel.old</replaceable>"</userinput>
|
||||
<userinput>boot-conf</userinput></screen></note>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>To load a kernel configuration script (an automated
|
||||
script which does the things you would normally do in the
|
||||
kernel boot-time configurator):</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen><userinput>load -t userconfig_script <replaceable>/boot/kernel.conf</replaceable></userinput></screen>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
</sect3>
|
||||
</sect2>
|
||||
</sect1>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect1 id="boot-kernel">
|
||||
<title>Kernel Interaction During Boot</title>
|
||||
<indexterm>
|
||||
<primary>kernel</primary>
|
||||
<secondary>boot interaction</secondary>
|
||||
</indexterm>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Once the kernel is loaded by either <link
|
||||
linkend="boot-loader">loader</link> (as usual) or <link
|
||||
linkend="boot-boot1">boot2</link> (bypassing the loader), it
|
||||
examines its boot flags, if any, and adjusts its behavior as
|
||||
necessary.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect2 id="boot-kernel-bootflags">
|
||||
<indexterm>
|
||||
<primary>kernel</primary>
|
||||
<secondary>bootflags</secondary>
|
||||
</indexterm>
|
||||
<title>Kernel Boot Flags</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Here are the more common boot flags:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<variablelist id="boot-kernel-bootflags-list">
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term><option>-a</option></term>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>during kernel initialization, ask for the device
|
||||
to mount as the root file system.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term><option>-C</option></term>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>boot from CDROM.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term><option>-c</option></term>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>run UserConfig, the boot-time kernel
|
||||
configurator</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term><option>-s</option></term>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>boot into single-user mode</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term><option>-v</option></term>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>be more verbose during kernel startup</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
</variablelist>
|
||||
|
||||
<note>
|
||||
<para>There are other boot flags, read &man.boot.8; for more
|
||||
information on them.</para></note>
|
||||
</sect2>
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- <sect2 id="boot-kernel-userconfig">
|
||||
<title>UserConfig: the Boot-time Kernel Configurator</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para> </para>
|
||||
</sect2> -->
|
||||
</sect1>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect1 id="device-hints">
|
||||
<sect1info>
|
||||
<authorgroup>
|
||||
<author>
|
||||
<firstname>Tom</firstname>
|
||||
<surname>Rhodes</surname>
|
||||
<contrib>Contributed by </contrib>
|
||||
</author>
|
||||
</authorgroup>
|
||||
<!-- 18 OCT 2002 -->
|
||||
</sect1info>
|
||||
<indexterm>
|
||||
<primary>device.hints</primary>
|
||||
</indexterm>
|
||||
<title>Device Hints</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<note><para>This is a FreeBSD 5.0 and later feature which does not
|
||||
exist in earlier versions.</para></note>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>During initial system startup, the boot &man.loader.8; will read the
|
||||
&man.device.hints.5; file. This file stores kernel boot information
|
||||
known as variables, sometimes referred to as <quote>device hints</quote>.
|
||||
These <quote>device hints</quote> are used by device drivers for device
|
||||
configuration.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Device hints may also be specified at the <link linkend="boot-loader">
|
||||
Stage 3 boot loader</link> prompt. Variables can be added using
|
||||
<command>set</command>, removed with <command>unset</command>, and viewed
|
||||
with the <command>show</command> commands. Variables set in the
|
||||
<filename>/boot/device.hints</filename> file can be overridden here also. Device hints entered at
|
||||
the boot loader are not permanent and will be forgotten on the next
|
||||
reboot.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Once the system is booted, the &man.kenv.1; command can be used to
|
||||
dump all of the variables.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>The syntax for the <filename>/boot/device.hints</filename> file is one variable per line, using
|
||||
the standard hash <quote>#</quote> as comment markers. Lines are
|
||||
constructed as follows:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen><userinput>hint.driver.unit.keyword="<replaceable>value</replaceable>"</userinput></screen>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>The syntax for the Stage 3 boot loader is:</para>
|
||||
<screen><userinput>set hint.driver.unit.keyword=<replaceable>value</replaceable></userinput></screen>
|
||||
|
||||
<para><literal>driver</literal> is the device driver name, <literal>unit</literal>
|
||||
is the device driver unit number, and <literal>keyword</literal> is the hint
|
||||
keyword. The keyword may consist of the following options:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><literal>at</literal>: specifies the bus which the device is attached to.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><literal>port</literal>: specifies the start address of the <acronym>I/O</acronym>
|
||||
to be used.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><literal>irq</literal>: specifies the interrupt request number to be used.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><literal>drq</literal>: specifies the DMA channel number.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><literal>maddr</literal>: specifies the physical memory address occupied by the
|
||||
device.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><literal>flags</literal>: sets various flag bits for the device.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><literal>disabled</literal>: if set to <literal>1</literal> the device is disabled.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Device drivers may accept (or require) more hints not listed here, viewing
|
||||
their manual page is recommended. For more information, consult the
|
||||
&man.device.hints.5;, &man.kenv.1;, &man.loader.conf.5;, and &man.loader.8;
|
||||
manual pages.</para>
|
||||
</sect1>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect1 id="boot-init">
|
||||
<indexterm>
|
||||
<primary><command>init</command></primary>
|
||||
</indexterm>
|
||||
<title>Init: Process Control Initialization</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Once the kernel has finished booting, it passes control to
|
||||
the user process &man.init.8;, which is located at
|
||||
<filename>/sbin/init</filename>, or the program path specified
|
||||
in the <envar>init_path</envar> variable in
|
||||
<command>loader</command>.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect2 id="boot-autoreboot">
|
||||
<title>Automatic Reboot Sequence</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>The automatic reboot sequence makes sure that the
|
||||
file systems available on the system are consistent. If they
|
||||
are not, and &man.fsck.8; cannot fix the
|
||||
inconsistencies, &man.init.8; drops the system
|
||||
into <link linkend="boot-singleuser">single-user mode</link>
|
||||
for the system administrator to take care of the problems
|
||||
directly.</para>
|
||||
</sect2>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect2 id="boot-singleuser">
|
||||
<title>Single-User Mode</title>
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>single-user mode</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>console</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>This mode can be reached through the <link
|
||||
linkend="boot-autoreboot">automatic reboot
|
||||
sequence</link>, or by the user booting with the
|
||||
<option>-s</option> option or setting the
|
||||
<envar>boot_single</envar> variable in
|
||||
<command>loader</command>.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>It can also be reached by calling
|
||||
&man.shutdown.8; without the reboot
|
||||
(<option>-r</option>) or halt (<option>-h</option>) options,
|
||||
from <link linkend="boot-multiuser">multi-user
|
||||
mode</link>.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>If the system <literal>console</literal> is set
|
||||
to <literal>insecure</literal> in <filename>/etc/ttys</filename>,
|
||||
then the system prompts for the <username>root</username> password
|
||||
before initiating single-user mode.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<example id="boot-insecure-console">
|
||||
<title>An Insecure Console in <filename>/etc/ttys</filename></title>
|
||||
|
||||
<programlisting># name getty type status comments
|
||||
#
|
||||
# If console is marked "insecure", then init will ask for the root password
|
||||
# when going to single-user mode.
|
||||
console none unknown off insecure</programlisting>
|
||||
</example>
|
||||
|
||||
<note>
|
||||
<para>An <literal>insecure</literal> console means that you
|
||||
consider your physical security to the console to be
|
||||
insecure, and want to make sure only someone who knows the
|
||||
<username>root</username> password may use single-user mode, and it
|
||||
does not mean that you want to run your console insecurely. Thus,
|
||||
if you want security, choose <literal>insecure</literal>,
|
||||
not <literal>secure</literal>.</para>
|
||||
</note>
|
||||
</sect2>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect2 id="boot-multiuser">
|
||||
<title>Multi-User Mode</title>
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>multi-user mode</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>If &man.init.8; finds your file systems to be
|
||||
in order, or once the user has finished in <link
|
||||
linkend="boot-singleuser">single-user mode</link>, the
|
||||
system enters multi-user mode, in which it starts the
|
||||
resource configuration of the system.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect3 id="boot-rc">
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>rc files</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<title>Resource Configuration (rc)</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>The resource configuration system reads in
|
||||
configuration defaults from
|
||||
<filename>/etc/defaults/rc.conf</filename>, and
|
||||
system-specific details from
|
||||
<filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>, and then proceeds to
|
||||
mount the system file systems mentioned in
|
||||
<filename>/etc/fstab</filename>, start up networking
|
||||
services, start up miscellaneous system daemons, and
|
||||
finally runs the startup scripts of locally installed
|
||||
packages.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>The &man.rc.8; manual page is a good reference to the resource
|
||||
configuration system, as is examining the scripts
|
||||
themselves.</para>
|
||||
</sect3>
|
||||
</sect2>
|
||||
</sect1>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect1 id="boot-shutdown">
|
||||
<title>Shutdown Sequence</title>
|
||||
<indexterm>
|
||||
<primary><command>shutdown</command></primary>
|
||||
</indexterm>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Upon controlled shutdown, via &man.shutdown.8;,
|
||||
&man.init.8; will attempt to run the script
|
||||
<filename>/etc/rc.shutdown</filename>, and then proceed to send
|
||||
all processes the <literal>TERM</literal> signal, and subsequently
|
||||
the <literal>KILL</literal> signal to any that do not terminate
|
||||
timely.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>To power down a FreeBSD machine on architectures and systems
|
||||
that support power management, simply use the command
|
||||
<command>shutdown -p now</command> to turn the power off
|
||||
immediately. To just reboot a FreeBSD system, just use
|
||||
<command>shutdown -r now</command>. You need to be
|
||||
<username>root</username> or a member of
|
||||
<groupname>operator</groupname> group to run &man.shutdown.8;.
|
||||
The &man.halt.8; and &man.reboot.8; commands can also be used,
|
||||
please refer to their manual pages and to &man.shutdown.8;'s one
|
||||
for more information.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<note>
|
||||
<para>Power management requires &man.acpi.4; support in the kernel
|
||||
or loaded as module for.</para>
|
||||
</note>
|
||||
|
||||
</sect1>
|
||||
</chapter>
|
||||
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
Local Variables:
|
||||
mode: sgml
|
||||
sgml-declaration: "../chapter.decl"
|
||||
sgml-indent-data: t
|
||||
sgml-omittag: nil
|
||||
sgml-always-quote-attributes: t
|
||||
sgml-parent-document: ("../book.sgml" "part" "chapter")
|
||||
End:
|
||||
-->
|
||||
|
2
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/chapter.decl
Normal file
2
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/chapter.decl
Normal file
|
@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
|
|||
<!DOCTYPE chapter PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//DTD DocBook V4.1-Based Extension//EN">
|
||||
<!-- $FreeBSD$ -->
|
62
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/chapters.ent
Normal file
62
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/chapters.ent
Normal file
|
@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
|
|||
<!--
|
||||
Ïñéóìüò ôùí entiries ãéá êÜèå êåöÜëáéï ôïõ Åã÷åéñéäßïõ ôïõ FreeBSD.
|
||||
ÊÜèå entity ïíïìÜæåôáé chap.foo, üðïõ foo åßíáé ç ôéìÞ ôïõ id attribute
|
||||
ðïõ Ý÷åé ôï áíôßóôïé÷ï êåöÜëáéï (óõíÞèùò áõôü åßíáé ßäéï êáé ìå ôï üíïìá
|
||||
ôïõ êáôáëüãïõ óôïí ïðïßï åßíáé áðïèçêåõìÝíï ôï êåöÜëáéï óå SGML ìïñöÞ).
|
||||
|
||||
Ôá êåöÜëáéá åäþ åßíáé êáëü íá Ý÷ïõí ôçí ßäéá óåéñÜ ìå ôçí ïðïßá
|
||||
åìöáíßæïíôáé óôï ôåëéêü âéâëßï.
|
||||
|
||||
$FreeBSD$
|
||||
-->
|
||||
|
||||
<!ENTITY chap.preface SYSTEM "preface/preface.sgml">
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- Part one -->
|
||||
<!ENTITY chap.introduction SYSTEM "introduction/chapter.sgml">
|
||||
<!ENTITY chap.install SYSTEM "install/chapter.sgml">
|
||||
<!ENTITY chap.basics SYSTEM "basics/chapter.sgml">
|
||||
<!ENTITY chap.ports SYSTEM "ports/chapter.sgml">
|
||||
<!ENTITY chap.x11 SYSTEM "x11/chapter.sgml">
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- Part two -->
|
||||
<!ENTITY chap.desktop SYSTEM "desktop/chapter.sgml">
|
||||
<!ENTITY chap.multimedia SYSTEM "multimedia/chapter.sgml">
|
||||
<!ENTITY chap.kernelconfig SYSTEM "kernelconfig/chapter.sgml">
|
||||
<!ENTITY chap.printing SYSTEM "printing/chapter.sgml">
|
||||
<!ENTITY chap.linuxemu SYSTEM "linuxemu/chapter.sgml">
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- Part three -->
|
||||
<!ENTITY chap.config SYSTEM "config/chapter.sgml">
|
||||
<!ENTITY chap.boot SYSTEM "boot/chapter.sgml">
|
||||
<!ENTITY chap.users SYSTEM "users/chapter.sgml">
|
||||
<!ENTITY chap.security SYSTEM "security/chapter.sgml">
|
||||
<!ENTITY chap.jails SYSTEM "jails/chapter.sgml">
|
||||
<!ENTITY chap.mac SYSTEM "mac/chapter.sgml">
|
||||
<!ENTITY chap.audit SYSTEM "audit/chapter.sgml">
|
||||
<!ENTITY chap.disks SYSTEM "disks/chapter.sgml">
|
||||
<!ENTITY chap.geom SYSTEM "geom/chapter.sgml">
|
||||
<!ENTITY chap.vinum SYSTEM "vinum/chapter.sgml">
|
||||
<!ENTITY chap.virtualization SYSTEM "virtualization/chapter.sgml">
|
||||
<!ENTITY chap.l10n SYSTEM "l10n/chapter.sgml">
|
||||
<!ENTITY chap.cutting-edge SYSTEM "cutting-edge/chapter.sgml">
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- Part four -->
|
||||
<!ENTITY chap.serialcomms SYSTEM "serialcomms/chapter.sgml">
|
||||
<!ENTITY chap.ppp-and-slip SYSTEM "ppp-and-slip/chapter.sgml">
|
||||
<!ENTITY chap.mail SYSTEM "mail/chapter.sgml">
|
||||
<!ENTITY chap.network-servers SYSTEM "network-servers/chapter.sgml">
|
||||
<!ENTITY chap.firewalls SYSTEM "firewalls/chapter.sgml">
|
||||
<!ENTITY chap.advanced-networking SYSTEM "advanced-networking/chapter.sgml">
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- Part five (appendices) -->
|
||||
<!ENTITY chap.mirrors SYSTEM "mirrors/chapter.sgml">
|
||||
<!ENTITY chap.mirrors.ftp.inc SYSTEM "mirrors.sgml.ftp.inc">
|
||||
<!ENTITY chap.mirrors.cvsup.inc SYSTEM "mirrors.sgml.cvsup.inc">
|
||||
|
||||
<!ENTITY chap.bibliography SYSTEM "bibliography/chapter.sgml">
|
||||
<!ENTITY chap.eresources SYSTEM "eresources/chapter.sgml">
|
||||
<!ENTITY chap.eresources.www.inc SYSTEM "eresources.sgml.www.inc">
|
||||
<!ENTITY chap.pgpkeys SYSTEM "pgpkeys/chapter.sgml">
|
||||
<!ENTITY chap.index SYSTEM "index.sgml">
|
||||
<!ENTITY chap.colophon SYSTEM "colophon.sgml">
|
31
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/colophon.sgml
Normal file
31
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/colophon.sgml
Normal file
|
@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
|
|||
<!--
|
||||
The FreeBSD Documentation Project
|
||||
|
||||
$FreeBSD$
|
||||
-->
|
||||
|
||||
<colophon id='colophon'>
|
||||
<para>Αυτό το βιβλίο είναι το αποτέλεσμα της ομαδικής εργασίας εκατοντάδων
|
||||
εθελοντών της <quote>Ομάδας Τεκμηρίωσης του &os;</quote>. Αυτό το
|
||||
κείμενο γράφτηκε σε μορφή SGML, σύμφωνα με το DocBook DTD και έχει
|
||||
μορφοποιηθεί από την SGML σε πολλές διαφορετικές μορφές παρουσίασης
|
||||
χρησιμοποιώντας την εφαρμογή <application>Jade</application>, μια μηχανή
|
||||
DSSSL ανοιχτού κώδικα. Χρησιμοποιήθηκαν τα DSSSL stylesheets του Norm Walsh με ένα
|
||||
επιπλέον επίπεδο τροποποίησης για να δώσουν τις οδηγίες παρουσίασης στην
|
||||
<application>Jade</application>. Η έντυπη μορφή αυτού του κειμένου δεν θα
|
||||
υπήρχε χωρίς την γλώσσα στοιχειοθεσίας <application>&tex;</application>
|
||||
του Donald Knuth, το <application>LaTeX</application> του Leslie Lamport,
|
||||
ή το macro package <application>JadeTeX</application> του Sebastian
|
||||
Rahtz.</para>
|
||||
</colophon>
|
||||
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
Local Variables:
|
||||
mode: sgml
|
||||
sgml-declaration: "chapter.decl"
|
||||
sgml-indent-data: t
|
||||
sgml-omittag: nil
|
||||
sgml-always-quote-attributes: t
|
||||
sgml-parent-document: ("book.sgml" "part" "chapter")
|
||||
End:
|
||||
-->
|
3239
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/config/chapter.sgml
Normal file
3239
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/config/chapter.sgml
Normal file
File diff suppressed because it is too large
Load diff
1734
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/cutting-edge/chapter.sgml
Normal file
1734
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/cutting-edge/chapter.sgml
Normal file
File diff suppressed because it is too large
Load diff
1141
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/desktop/chapter.sgml
Normal file
1141
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/desktop/chapter.sgml
Normal file
File diff suppressed because it is too large
Load diff
4154
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/disks/chapter.sgml
Normal file
4154
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/disks/chapter.sgml
Normal file
File diff suppressed because it is too large
Load diff
1790
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/eresources/chapter.sgml
Normal file
1790
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/eresources/chapter.sgml
Normal file
File diff suppressed because it is too large
Load diff
3391
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/firewalls/chapter.sgml
Normal file
3391
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/firewalls/chapter.sgml
Normal file
File diff suppressed because it is too large
Load diff
677
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/geom/chapter.sgml
Normal file
677
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/geom/chapter.sgml
Normal file
|
@ -0,0 +1,677 @@
|
|||
<!--
|
||||
The FreeBSD Documentation Project
|
||||
$FreeBSD$
|
||||
|
||||
-->
|
||||
|
||||
<chapter id="GEOM">
|
||||
<chapterinfo>
|
||||
<authorgroup>
|
||||
<author>
|
||||
<firstname>Tom</firstname>
|
||||
<surname>Rhodes</surname>
|
||||
<contrib>ÃñÜöôçêå áðü ôïí </contrib>
|
||||
</author>
|
||||
</authorgroup>
|
||||
</chapterinfo>
|
||||
|
||||
<title>GEOM: Äéá÷åßñéóç Óõóôïé÷éþí Äßóêùí</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect1 id="GEOM-synopsis">
|
||||
<title>Óýíïøç</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm>
|
||||
<primary>GEOM</primary>
|
||||
</indexterm>
|
||||
<indexterm>
|
||||
<primary>GEOM Disk Framework</primary>
|
||||
<see>GEOM</see>
|
||||
</indexterm>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Ôï êåöÜëáéï áõôü êáëýðôåé ôç ÷ñÞóç ôùí äßóêùí êÜôù áðü ôï ðëáßóéï
|
||||
ëåéôïõñãéþí GEOM óôï &os;. ÐåñéëáìâÜíåé ôá êõñéüôåñá ðñïãñÜììáôá åëÝã÷ïõ
|
||||
<acronym role="Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks">RAID</acronym>
|
||||
ôùí ïðïßùí ïé ñõèìßóåéò âáóßæïíôáé óôï ðëáßóéï GEOM. Ôï êåöÜëáéï áõôü
|
||||
äåí áíáëýåé óå âÜèïò ôïí ôñüðï ìå ôïí ïðïßï ôï GEOM ÷åéñßæåôáé Þ åëÝã÷åé
|
||||
ëåéôïõñãßåò Åéóüäïõ / Åîüäïõ (IO), ôï õðïóýóôçìá ðïõ âñßóêåôáé êÜôù áðü
|
||||
áõôü, Þ ôïí êþäéêá ôïõ. Ïé ðëçñïöïñßåò áõôÝò ðáñÝ÷ïíôáé áðü ôç óåëßäá
|
||||
manual ôïõ &man.geom.4; êáèþò êáé áðü ôéò áíáöïñÝò ðïõ ðåñéÝ÷åé óå Üëëåò
|
||||
ó÷åôéêÝò óåëßäåò. Åðßóçò ôï êåöÜëáéï áõôü äåí áðïôåëåß êáèïñéóôéêü ïäçãü
|
||||
ãéá üëåò ôéò ñõèìßóåéò ôïõ <acronym>RAID</acronym>. Èá óõæçôçèïýí ìüíï
|
||||
ïé êáôáóôÜóåéò ëåéôïõñãßáò ôïõ <acronym>RAID</acronym> ðïõ
|
||||
õðïóôçñßæïíôáé áðü ôï GEOM.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Áöïý äéáâÜóåôå áõôü ôï êåöÜëáéï, èá îÝñåôå:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Ôï åßäïò ôçò õðïóôÞñéîçò <acronym>RAID</acronym> ðïõ åßíáé
|
||||
äéáèÝóéìï ìÝóù ôïõ GEOM.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Ðùò íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôá âáóéêÜ âïçèçôéêÜ ðñïãñÜììáôá ãéá ôçí
|
||||
ñýèìéóç, óõíôÞñçóç êáé äéá÷åßñéóç ôùí äéáöüñùí åðéðÝäùí <acronym>
|
||||
RAID</acronym>.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Ðùò íá äçìéïõñãÞóåôå mirror Þ stripe, íá êñõðôïãñáöÞóåôå, êáé íá
|
||||
óõíäÝóåôå äßóêïõò ìå ôï GEOM, ìÝóù ìéáò áðïìáêñõóìÝíçò óýíäåóçò.
|
||||
</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Ðùò íá áíôéìåôùðßóåôå ðñïâëÞìáôá äßóêùí ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýí ôï
|
||||
ðëáßóéï ëåéôïõñãéþí GEOM.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Ðñéí äéáâÜóåôå áõôü ôï êåöÜëáéï, èá ðñÝðåé:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Íá êáôáíïåßôå ðùò ìåôá÷åéñßæåôáé ôï &os; ôéò óõóêåõÝò äßóêùí
|
||||
(<xref linkend="disks">).</para>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Íá ãíùñßæåôå ðùò èá ñõèìßóåôå êáé èá åãêáôáóôÞóåôå Ýíá íÝï
|
||||
ðõñÞíá óôï &os;
|
||||
(<xref linkend="kernelconfig">).</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
</sect1>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect1 id="GEOM-intro">
|
||||
<title>GEOM Introduction</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>GEOM permits access and control to classes — Master Boot
|
||||
Records, <acronym>BSD</acronym> labels, etc — through the
|
||||
use of providers, or the special files in
|
||||
<filename role="directory">/dev</filename>. Supporting various
|
||||
software <acronym>RAID</acronym> configurations, GEOM will
|
||||
transparently provide access to the operating system and
|
||||
operating system utilities.</para>
|
||||
</sect1>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect1 id="GEOM-striping">
|
||||
<sect1info>
|
||||
<authorgroup>
|
||||
<author>
|
||||
<firstname>Tom</firstname>
|
||||
<surname>Rhodes</surname>
|
||||
<contrib>Written by </contrib>
|
||||
</author>
|
||||
<author>
|
||||
<firstname>Murray</firstname>
|
||||
<surname>Stokely</surname>
|
||||
</author>
|
||||
</authorgroup>
|
||||
</sect1info>
|
||||
|
||||
<title>RAID0 - Striping</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm>
|
||||
<primary>GEOM</primary>
|
||||
</indexterm>
|
||||
<indexterm>
|
||||
<primary>Striping</primary>
|
||||
</indexterm>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Striping is a method used to combine several disk drives into
|
||||
a single volume. In many cases, this is done through the use of
|
||||
hardware controllers. The GEOM disk subsystem provides
|
||||
software support for <acronym>RAID</acronym>0, also known as
|
||||
disk striping.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>In a <acronym>RAID</acronym>0 system, data are split up in
|
||||
blocks that get written across all the drives in the array.
|
||||
Instead of having to wait on the system to write 256k to one
|
||||
disk, a <acronym>RAID</acronym>0 system can simultaneously write
|
||||
64k to each of four different disks, offering superior I/O
|
||||
performance. This performance can be enhanced further by using
|
||||
multiple disk controllers.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Each disk in a <acronym>RAID</acronym>0 stripe must be of
|
||||
the same size, since I/O requests are interleaved to read or
|
||||
write to multiple disks in parallel.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<mediaobject>
|
||||
<imageobject>
|
||||
<imagedata fileref="geom/striping" align="center">
|
||||
</imageobject>
|
||||
|
||||
<textobject>
|
||||
<phrase>Disk Striping Illustration</phrase>
|
||||
</textobject>
|
||||
</mediaobject>
|
||||
|
||||
<procedure>
|
||||
<title>Creating a stripe of unformatted ATA disks</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<step><para>Load the <filename>geom_stripe</filename>
|
||||
module:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>kldload geom_stripe</userinput></screen>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
|
||||
<step><para>Ensure that a suitable mount point exists. If this
|
||||
volume will become a root partition, then temporarily use
|
||||
another mount point such as <filename
|
||||
role="directory">/mnt</filename>:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mkdir /mnt</userinput></screen>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
|
||||
<step><para>Determine the device names for the disks which will
|
||||
be striped, and create the new stripe device. For example,
|
||||
to stripe two unused and unpartitioned <acronym>ATA</acronym> disks,
|
||||
for example <filename>/dev/ad2</filename> and
|
||||
<filename>/dev/ad3</filename>:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>gstripe label -v st0 /dev/ad2 /dev/ad3</userinput></screen>
|
||||
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
<para>A message should be returned explaining that meta data has
|
||||
been stored on the devices.
|
||||
XXX: What message? Put it inside the screen output above.
|
||||
-->
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
|
||||
<step><para>Write a standard label, also known as a partition
|
||||
table, on the new volume and install the default
|
||||
bootstrap code:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>bsdlabel -wB /dev/stripe/st0</userinput></screen>
|
||||
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
|
||||
<step><para>This process should have created two other devices
|
||||
in the <filename role="directory">/dev/stripe</filename>
|
||||
directory in addition to the <devicename>st0</devicename> device.
|
||||
Those include <devicename>st0a</devicename> and
|
||||
<devicename>st0c</devicename>. At this point a file system may be created
|
||||
on the <devicename>st0a</devicename> device with the
|
||||
<command>newfs</command> utility:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>newfs -U /dev/stripe/st0a</userinput></screen>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Many numbers will glide across the screen, and after a few
|
||||
seconds, the process will be complete. The volume has been
|
||||
created and is ready to be mounted.</para>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
</procedure>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>To manually mount the created disk stripe:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mount /dev/stripe/st0a /mnt</userinput></screen>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>To mount this striped file system automatically during the boot
|
||||
process, place the volume information in
|
||||
<filename>/etc/fstab</filename> file:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>echo "/dev/stripe/st0a /mnt ufs rw 2 2" \</userinput>
|
||||
<userinput>>> /etc/fstab</userinput></screen>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>The <filename>geom_stripe</filename> module must also be automatically loaded during
|
||||
system initialization, by adding a line to
|
||||
<filename>/boot/loader.conf</filename>:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>echo 'geom_stripe_load="YES"' >> /boot/loader.conf</userinput></screen>
|
||||
|
||||
</sect1>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect1 id="GEOM-mirror">
|
||||
<title>RAID1 - Mirroring</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm>
|
||||
<primary>GEOM</primary>
|
||||
</indexterm>
|
||||
<indexterm>
|
||||
<primary>Disk Mirroring</primary>
|
||||
</indexterm>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Mirroring is a technology used by many corporations and home
|
||||
users to back up data without interruption. When a mirror exists,
|
||||
it simply means that diskB replicates diskA. Or, perhaps diskC+D
|
||||
replicates diskA+B. Regardless of the disk configuration, the
|
||||
important aspect is that information on one disk or partition is
|
||||
being replicated. Later, that information could be more easily
|
||||
restored, backed up without causing service or access
|
||||
interruption, and even be physically stored in a data
|
||||
safe.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>To begin, ensure the system has two disk drives of equal size,
|
||||
this exercise assumes they are direct access (&man.da.4;)
|
||||
<acronym>SCSI</acronym> disks.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Begin by installing &os; on the first disk with only two
|
||||
partitions. One should be a swap partition, double the
|
||||
<acronym>RAM</acronym> size and all remaining space devoted to
|
||||
the root (<filename role="directory">/</filename>) file system.
|
||||
It is possible to have separate partitions for other mount points;
|
||||
however, this will increase the difficulty level ten fold due to
|
||||
manual alteration of the &man.bsdlabel.8; and &man.fdisk.8;
|
||||
settings.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Reboot and wait for the system to fully initialize. Once this
|
||||
process has completed, log in as the <username>root</username>
|
||||
user.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Create the <filename>/dev/mirror/gm</filename> device and link
|
||||
it with <filename>/dev/da1</filename>:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>gmirror label -vnb round-robin gm0 /dev/da1</userinput></screen>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>The system should respond with:</para>
|
||||
<screen>
|
||||
Metadata value stored on /dev/da1.
|
||||
Done.</screen>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Initialize GEOM, this will load the
|
||||
<filename>/boot/kernel/geom_mirror.ko</filename> kernel
|
||||
module:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>gmirror load</userinput></screen>
|
||||
|
||||
<note>
|
||||
<para>This command should have created the
|
||||
<devicename>gm0</devicename>, device node under the
|
||||
<filename role="directory">/dev/mirror</filename>
|
||||
directory.</para>
|
||||
</note>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Install a generic <command>fdisk</command> label and boot code
|
||||
to new <devicename>gm0</devicename> device:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>fdisk -vBI /dev/mirror/gm0</userinput></screen>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Now install generic <command>bsdlabel</command>
|
||||
information:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>bsdlabel -wB /dev/mirror/gm0s1</userinput></screen>
|
||||
|
||||
<note>
|
||||
<para>If multiple slices and partitions exist, the flags for the
|
||||
previous two commands will require alteration. They must match
|
||||
the slice and partition size of the other disk.</para>
|
||||
</note>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Use the &man.newfs.8; utility to construct a default <acronym>UFS</acronym>
|
||||
file system on the <devicename>gm0s1a</devicename> device node:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>newfs -U /dev/mirror/gm0s1a</userinput></screen>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>This should have caused the system to spit out some
|
||||
information and a bunch of numbers. This is good. Examine the
|
||||
screen for any error messages and mount the device to the
|
||||
<filename role="directory">/mnt</filename> mount point:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mount /dev/mirror/gm0s1a /mnt</userinput></screen>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Now move all data from the boot disk over to this new file
|
||||
system. This example uses the &man.dump.8; and &man.restore.8;
|
||||
commands; however, &man.dd.1; would also work with this
|
||||
scenario.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>dump -L -0 -f- / |(cd /mnt && restore -r -v -f-)</userinput></screen>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>This must be done for each file system. Simply place the
|
||||
appropriate file system in the correct location when running the
|
||||
aforementioned command.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Now edit the replicated <filename>/mnt/etc/fstab</filename>
|
||||
file and remove or comment out the swap file
|
||||
<footnote>
|
||||
<para>It should be noted that commenting out the swap file entry
|
||||
in <filename>fstab</filename> will most likely require you to
|
||||
re-establish a different way of enabling swap space. Please
|
||||
refer to <xref linkend="adding-swap-space"> for more
|
||||
information.</para>
|
||||
</footnote>. Change the other file system information to use the
|
||||
new disk as shown in the following example:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<programlisting># Device Mountpoint FStype Options Dump Pass#
|
||||
#/dev/da0s2b none swap sw 0 0
|
||||
/dev/mirror/gm0s1a / ufs rw 1 1</programlisting>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Now create a <filename>boot.config</filename> file on both the
|
||||
current and new root partitions. This file will
|
||||
<quote>help</quote> the system <acronym>BIOS</acronym>
|
||||
boot the correct drive:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>echo "1:da(1,a)/boot/loader" > /boot.config</userinput></screen>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>echo "1:da(1,a)/boot/loader" > /mnt/boot.config</userinput></screen>
|
||||
|
||||
<note>
|
||||
<para>We have placed it on both root partitions to ensure proper
|
||||
boot up. If for some reason the system cannot read from the
|
||||
new root partition, a failsafe is available.</para>
|
||||
</note>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Ensure the <filename>geom_mirror.ko</filename> module will load
|
||||
on boot by running the following command:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>echo 'geom_mirror_load="YES"' >> /mnt/boot/loader.conf</userinput></screen>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Reboot the system:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>shutdown -r now</userinput></screen>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>If all has gone well, the system should have booted from the
|
||||
<devicename>gm0s1a</devicename> device and a <command>login</command>
|
||||
prompt should be waiting. If something went wrong, see review
|
||||
the forthcoming troubleshooting section. Now add the
|
||||
<devicename>da0</devicename> disk to <devicename>gm0</devicename>
|
||||
device:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>gmirror configure -a gm0</userinput>
|
||||
&prompt.root; <userinput>gmirror insert gm0 /dev/da0</userinput></screen>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>The <option>-a</option> flag tells &man.gmirror.8; to use
|
||||
automatic synchronization; i.e., mirror the disk writes
|
||||
automatically. The manual page explains how to rebuild and
|
||||
replace disks, although it uses <devicename>data</devicename>
|
||||
in place of <devicename>gm0</devicename>.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect2>
|
||||
<title>Troubleshooting</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect3>
|
||||
<title>System refuses to boot</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>If the system boots up to a prompt similar to:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<programlisting>ffs_mountroot: can't find rootvp
|
||||
Root mount failed: 6
|
||||
mountroot></programlisting>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Reboot the machine using the power or reset button. At
|
||||
the boot menu, select option six (6). This will drop the
|
||||
system to a &man.loader.8; prompt. Load the kernel module
|
||||
manually:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>OK? <userinput>load geom_mirror</userinput>
|
||||
OK? <userinput>boot</userinput></screen>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>If this works then for whatever reason the module was not
|
||||
being loaded properly. Place:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<programlisting>options GEOM_MIRROR</programlisting>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>in the kernel configuration file, rebuild and reinstall.
|
||||
That should remedy this issue.</para>
|
||||
</sect3>
|
||||
</sect2>
|
||||
</sect1>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect1 id="geom-ggate">
|
||||
<title>GEOM Gate Network Devices</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>GEOM supports the remote use of devices, such as disks,
|
||||
CD-ROMs, files, etc. through the use of the gate utilities.
|
||||
This is similar to <acronym>NFS</acronym>.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>To begin, an exports file must be created. This file
|
||||
specifies who is permitted to access the exported resources and
|
||||
what level of access they are offered. For example, to export
|
||||
the fourth slice on the first <acronym>SCSI</acronym> disk, the
|
||||
following <filename>/etc/gg.exports</filename> is more than
|
||||
adequate:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<programlisting>192.168.1.0/24 RW /dev/da0s4d</programlisting>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>It will allow all hosts inside the private network access
|
||||
the file system on the <devicename>da0s4d</devicename>
|
||||
partition.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>To export this device, ensure it is not currently mounted,
|
||||
and start the &man.ggated.8; server daemon:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>ggated</userinput></screen>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Now to <command>mount</command> the device on the client
|
||||
machine, issue the following commands:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>ggatec create -o rw 192.168.1.1 /dev/da0s4d</userinput></screen>
|
||||
<screen>ggate0</screen>
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mount /dev/ggate0 /mnt</userinput></screen>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>From here on, the device may be accessed through the
|
||||
<filename role="directory">/mnt</filename> mount point.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<note>
|
||||
<para>It should be pointed out that this will fail if the device
|
||||
is currently mounted on either the server machine or any other
|
||||
machine on the network.</para>
|
||||
</note>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>When the device is no longer needed, it may be safely
|
||||
unmounted with the &man.umount.8; command, similar to any other
|
||||
disk device.</para>
|
||||
</sect1>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect1 id="geom-glabel">
|
||||
<title>Labeling Disk Devices</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm>
|
||||
<primary>GEOM</primary>
|
||||
</indexterm>
|
||||
<indexterm>
|
||||
<primary>Disk Labels</primary>
|
||||
</indexterm>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>During system initialization, the &os; kernel will create
|
||||
device nodes as devices are found. This method of probing for
|
||||
devices raises some issues, for instance what if a new disk
|
||||
device is added via <acronym>USB</acronym>? It is very likely
|
||||
that a flash device may be handed the device name of
|
||||
<devicename>da0</devicename> and the original
|
||||
<devicename>da0</devicename> shifted to
|
||||
<devicename>da1</devicename>. This will cause issues mounting
|
||||
file systems if they are listed in
|
||||
<filename>/etc/fstab</filename>, effectively, this may also
|
||||
prevent the system from booting.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>One solution to this issue is to chain the
|
||||
<acronym>SCSI</acronym> devices in order so a new device added to
|
||||
the <acronym>SCSI</acronym> card will be issued unused device
|
||||
numbers. But what about <acronym>USB</acronym> devices which may
|
||||
replace the primary <acronym>SCSI</acronym> disk? This happens
|
||||
because <acronym>USB</acronym> devices are usually
|
||||
probed before the <acronym>SCSI</acronym> card. One solution
|
||||
is to only insert these devices after the system has been
|
||||
booted. Another method could be to use only a single
|
||||
<acronym>ATA</acronym> drive and never list the
|
||||
<acronym>SCSI</acronym> devices in
|
||||
<filename>/etc/fstab</filename>.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>A better solution is available. By using the
|
||||
<command>glabel</command> utility, an administrator or user may
|
||||
label their disk devices and use these labels in
|
||||
<filename>/etc/fstab</filename>. Because
|
||||
<command>glabel</command> stores the label in the last sector of
|
||||
a given provider, the label will remain persistent across reboots.
|
||||
By using this label as a device, the file system may always be
|
||||
mounted regardless of what device node it is accessed
|
||||
through.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<note>
|
||||
<para>This goes without saying that a label be permanent. The
|
||||
<command>glabel</command> utility may be used to create both a
|
||||
transient and permanent label. Only the permanent label will
|
||||
remain consistent across reboots. See the &man.glabel.8;
|
||||
manual page for more information on the differences between
|
||||
labels.</para>
|
||||
</note>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect2>
|
||||
<title>Label Types and Examples</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>There are two types of labels, a generic label and a
|
||||
file system label. The difference between the labels is
|
||||
the auto detection associated with permanent labels, and the
|
||||
fact that this type of label will be persistent across reboots.
|
||||
These labels are given a special directory in
|
||||
<filename role="directory">/dev</filename>, which will be named
|
||||
based on their file system type. For example,
|
||||
<acronym>UFS</acronym>2 file system labels will be created in
|
||||
the <filename role="directory">/dev/ufs2</filename>
|
||||
directory.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>A generic label will go away with the next reboot. These
|
||||
labels will be created in the
|
||||
<filename role="directory">/dev/label</filename> directory and
|
||||
are perfect for experimentation.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- XXXTR: How do you create a file system label without running newfs
|
||||
or when there is no newfs (e.g.: cd9660)? -->
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Permanent labels may be placed on the file system using the
|
||||
<command>tunefs</command> or <command>newfs</command>
|
||||
utilities. To create a permanent label for a
|
||||
<acronym>UFS</acronym>2 file system without destroying any
|
||||
data, issue the following commands:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>tunefs -L home /dev/da3</userinput></screen>
|
||||
|
||||
<warning>
|
||||
<para>If the file system is full, this may cause data
|
||||
corruption; however, if the file system is full then the
|
||||
main goal should be removing stale files and not adding
|
||||
labels.</para>
|
||||
</warning>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>A label should now exist in
|
||||
<filename role="directory">/dev/ufs2</filename> which may be
|
||||
added to <filename>/etc/fstab</filename>:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<programlisting>/dev/ufs2/home /home ufs rw 2 2</programlisting>
|
||||
|
||||
<note>
|
||||
<para>The file system must not be mounted while attempting
|
||||
to run <command>tunefs</command>.</para>
|
||||
</note>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Now the file system may be mounted like normal:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mount /home</userinput></screen>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>The following command can be used to destroy the
|
||||
label:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>glabel destroy home</userinput></screen>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>From this point on, so long as the
|
||||
<filename>geom_label.ko</filename> kernel module is loaded at
|
||||
boot with <filename>/boot/loader.conf</filename> or the
|
||||
<devicename>GEOM_LABEL</devicename> kernel option is present,
|
||||
the device node may change without any ill effect on the
|
||||
system.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>File systems may also be created with a default label
|
||||
by using the <option>-L</option> flag with
|
||||
<command>newfs</command>. See the &man.newfs.8; manual page
|
||||
for more information.</para>
|
||||
</sect2>
|
||||
</sect1>
|
||||
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
<sect1 id="geom-gjournal">
|
||||
<title>UFS Journaling Through GEOM</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm>
|
||||
<primary>GEOM</primary>
|
||||
</indexterm>
|
||||
<indexterm>
|
||||
<primary>Journaling</primary>
|
||||
</indexterm>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>With the release of &os; 7.0, the long awaited feature
|
||||
of <acronym>UFS</acronym> journals has been implemented. The
|
||||
implementation itself is provided through the
|
||||
<acronym>GEOM</acronym> subsystem and is easily configured
|
||||
via the &man.gjournal.8; utility.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>What is journaling? Journaling capability stores a log of
|
||||
file system transactions, i.e.: changes that make up a complete
|
||||
disk write operation, before meta-data and file writes are
|
||||
committed to the disk proper. This transaction log can later
|
||||
be replayed to redo file system transactions, preventing file
|
||||
system inconsistencies.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>This method is yet another mechanism to protect against data
|
||||
loss and inconsistencies of the file system. Unlike Soft Updates
|
||||
which tracks and enforces meta-data updates and Snapshots which
|
||||
is an image of the file system, an actual log is stored at the
|
||||
end sector and, in some cases, may be stored on another disk
|
||||
entirely.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Unlike other file system journaling implementations, the
|
||||
<command>gjournal</command> method is block based and not
|
||||
implemented as part of the file system - only as a
|
||||
<acronym>GEOM</acronym> extension.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>To enable support for <command>gjournal</command>, the
|
||||
&os; kernel must have the following option - which is the
|
||||
default on 7.X systems:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<programlisting>options UFS_GJOURNAL</programlisting>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Creating a journal on a free file system may now be done
|
||||
using the following steps, considering that the
|
||||
<devicename>da4</devicename> is a new <acronym>SCSI</acronym>
|
||||
disk:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>gjournal label /dev/da4</userinput>
|
||||
<userinput>gjournal load</userinput></screen>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>At this point, there should be a
|
||||
<devicename>/dev/da4</devicename> device node and a
|
||||
<devicename>/dev/da4.journal</devicename> device node. A
|
||||
file system may now be created on this device:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>newfs -O 2 -J /dev/da4.journal</userinput></screen>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>The previously issued command will create a
|
||||
<acronym>UFS</acronym>2 file system with journaling being made
|
||||
active.
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Effectively <command>mount</command> the device at the
|
||||
desired point with:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root <userinput>mount /dev/da4.journal /mnt</userinput></screen>
|
||||
|
||||
<note>
|
||||
<para>In the case of several slices, a journal will be created
|
||||
for each individual slice. For instance, if ad4s1 and ad4s2
|
||||
are both slices, then <command>gjournal</command> will create
|
||||
ad4s1.journal and ad4s2.journal. In the case of the command
|
||||
being run twice, the result will be
|
||||
<quote>journals</quote>.</para>
|
||||
</note>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Under some circumstances, keeping the journal on another disk
|
||||
may be desired. For these cases, the journal provider or storage
|
||||
device should be listed after the device to enable journaling
|
||||
on. Journaling may also be enabled on current file systems by
|
||||
using <command>tunefs</command>; however, always make a backup
|
||||
before attempting to alter a file system. In most cases, the
|
||||
<command>gjournal</command> will fail if it is unable to create
|
||||
the actual journal but this does not protect against data loss
|
||||
incurred as a result of misusing
|
||||
<command>tunefs</command>.</para>
|
||||
</sect1>
|
||||
-->
|
||||
</chapter>
|
||||
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
Local Variables:
|
||||
mode: sgml
|
||||
sgml-declaration: "../chapter.decl"
|
||||
sgml-indent-data: t
|
||||
sgml-omittag: nil
|
||||
sgml-always-quote-attributes: t
|
||||
sgml-parent-document: ("../book.sgml" "part" "chapter")
|
||||
End:
|
||||
-->
|
5124
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/install/chapter.sgml
Normal file
5124
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/install/chapter.sgml
Normal file
File diff suppressed because it is too large
Load diff
7
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/install/example-dir1.dot
Normal file
7
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/install/example-dir1.dot
Normal file
|
@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
|
|||
// $FreeBSD$
|
||||
|
||||
digraph directory {
|
||||
root [label="Root\n/"];
|
||||
root -> "A1/";
|
||||
root -> "A2/";
|
||||
}
|
8
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/install/example-dir2.dot
Normal file
8
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/install/example-dir2.dot
Normal file
|
@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
|
|||
// $FreeBSD$
|
||||
|
||||
digraph directory {
|
||||
root [label="Root\n/"];
|
||||
root -> "A1/" -> "B1/";
|
||||
"A1/" -> "B2/";
|
||||
root -> "A2/";
|
||||
}
|
8
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/install/example-dir3.dot
Normal file
8
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/install/example-dir3.dot
Normal file
|
@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
|
|||
// $FreeBSD$
|
||||
|
||||
digraph directory {
|
||||
root [label="Root\n/"];
|
||||
root -> "A1/";
|
||||
root -> "A2/" -> "B1/";
|
||||
"A2/" -> "B2/";
|
||||
}
|
9
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/install/example-dir4.dot
Normal file
9
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/install/example-dir4.dot
Normal file
|
@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
|
|||
// $FreeBSD$
|
||||
|
||||
digraph directory {
|
||||
root [label="Root\n/"];
|
||||
root -> "A1/";
|
||||
root -> "A2/" -> "B1/" -> "C1/";
|
||||
"B1/" -> "C2/";
|
||||
"A2/" -> "B2/";
|
||||
}
|
9
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/install/example-dir5.dot
Normal file
9
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/install/example-dir5.dot
Normal file
|
@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
|
|||
// $FreeBSD$
|
||||
|
||||
digraph directory {
|
||||
root [label="Root\n/"];
|
||||
root -> "A1/" -> "C1/";
|
||||
"A1/" -> "C2/";
|
||||
root -> "A2/" -> "B1/";
|
||||
"A2/" -> "B2/";
|
||||
}
|
956
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/introduction/chapter.sgml
Normal file
956
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/introduction/chapter.sgml
Normal file
|
@ -0,0 +1,956 @@
|
|||
<!--
|
||||
The FreeBSD Greek Documentation Project
|
||||
|
||||
$FreeBSD$
|
||||
-->
|
||||
|
||||
<chapter id="introduction">
|
||||
<chapterinfo>
|
||||
<authorgroup>
|
||||
<author>
|
||||
<firstname>Jim</firstname>
|
||||
<surname>Mock</surname>
|
||||
<contrib>Ανασχηματισμένο, αναδιοργανωμένο, και μερικώς
|
||||
ξαναγραμμένο από τον </contrib>
|
||||
</author>
|
||||
</authorgroup>
|
||||
</chapterinfo>
|
||||
|
||||
<title>Εισαγωγή</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect1 id="introduction-synopsis">
|
||||
<title>Σύνοψη</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Ευχαριστούμε για το ενδιαφέρον σας για το &os;! Το ακόλουθο
|
||||
κεφάλαιο καλύπτει διάφορες πτυχές του &os; Project, όπως την ιστορία
|
||||
του, τους στόχους του, το μοντέλο ανάπτυξης, κ.τ.λ.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Μετά την ανάγνωση αυτού του κεφαλαίου, θα γνωρίζετε:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Πως συσχετίζεται το &os; με άλλα λειτουργικά συστήματα Η/Υ.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Την ιστορία του &os; Project.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Τους στόχους του &os; Project.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Τις βάσεις του μοντέλου ανάπτυξης open source στο &os;.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Και φυσικά: από που προέρχεται το όνομα <quote>&os;</quote>.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
|
||||
</sect1>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect1 id="nutshell">
|
||||
<title>Καλώς ήρθες στο &os;!</title>
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>4.4BSD-Lite</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Το &os; είναι ένα λειτουργικό σύστημα βασισμένο πάνω στο 4.4BSD-Lite
|
||||
για Η/Υ Intel (x86 και &itanium;), AMD64, <trademark>Alpha</trademark>, και Sun
|
||||
&ultrasparc;. Η μεταφορά του &os; σε άλλες
|
||||
αρχιτεκτονικές είναι σε εξέλιξη.
|
||||
Μπορείς επίσης
|
||||
να διαβάσεις για <link linkend="history">την ιστορία του &os;</link>,
|
||||
ή για την <link linkend="relnotes">πιο πρόσφατη επίσημη έκδοση</link>. Εάν
|
||||
ενδιαφέρεσαι να συμβάλλεις με κάποιο τρόπο στο Project (κώδικας,
|
||||
hardware, χαρτονομίσματα όχι προσημειωμένα), διάβασε το άρθρο <ulink
|
||||
url="&url.articles.contributing;/index.html">Συνεισφέροντας στην Ανάπτυξη του
|
||||
&os;</ulink>.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect2 id="os-overview">
|
||||
<title>Τι μπορεί να κάνει το &os;;</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Το &os; έχει πολλά αξιόλογα χαρακτηριστικά. Μερικά απ'αυτά
|
||||
είναι:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>preemptive multitasking</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>preemptive πολυεπεξεργασία</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><emphasis>Preemptive πολυεπεξεργασία</emphasis> (preemptive multitasking) με
|
||||
δυναμικό έλεγχο προτεραιότητος για να εξασφαλίσει ομαλό και δίκαιο
|
||||
μοίρασμα των πόρων του Η/Υ μεταξύ εφαρμογών και χρηστών, ακόμη
|
||||
και στις πιο αντίξοες συνθήκες.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>multi-user facilities</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>πολυχρηστικές δυνατότητες</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><emphasis>Πολυχρηστικές δυνατότητες</emphasis> (multi-user facilities) οι οποίες επιτρέπουν σε
|
||||
πολλά άτομα ταυτόχρονα να χρησιμοποιήσουν ένα σύστημα &os; για
|
||||
διαφορετικά πράγματα. Αυτό σημαίνει, για παράδειγμα, ότι τα περιφερειακά
|
||||
του συστήματος όπως εκτυπωτές και οδηγοί ταινιών είναι σωστά μοιρασμένα μεταξύ
|
||||
των χρηστών του συστήματος ή του δικτύου και πως μπορούν να τεθούν
|
||||
συγκεκριμένες οριοθετήσεις σε χρήστες ή γκρουπ χρηστών,
|
||||
προστατεύοντας τους αδύναμους πόρους του συστήματος από υπερβολική χρήση.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>TCP/IP networking</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>δικτυακές δυνατότητες TCP/IP</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Σταθερές δυνατότητες δικτύωσης <emphasis>TCP/IP</emphasis> (TCP/IP networking) με
|
||||
υποστήριξη για τα βιομηχανικά πρότυπα όπως SLIP, PPP, NFS, DHCP,
|
||||
και NIS. Αυτό σημαίνει πως ένα &os; μηχάνημα μπορεί να
|
||||
αλληλεπιδρά εύκολα με άλλα συστήματα και να εργάζεται σαν
|
||||
εταιρικός εξυπηρετητής, υποστηρίζοντας λειτουργίες ζωτικής σημασίας, όπως NFS
|
||||
(απομακρυσμένη πρόσβαση σε αρχεία) και υπηρεσίες ηλεκτρονικής
|
||||
αλληλογραφίας (e-mail), τη διασύνδεση του οργανισμού σας στο διαδίκτυο
|
||||
ή υπηρεσίες WWW, FTP, routing και firewall(ασφαλείας).</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>memory protection</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>προστασία μνήμης</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Η <emphasis>προστασία της μνήμης</emphasis> (memory protection) εξασφαλίζει ότι
|
||||
οι διάφορες εφαρμογές (ή οι χρήστες) δεν αλληλεπιδρούν μεταξύ τους. Μια
|
||||
εφαρμογή που παρουσιάζει κάποιο πρόβλημα δε μπορεί να επηρεάσει άλλες με κανέναν τρόπο.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Το &os; είναι <emphasis>32-bit</emphasis> λειτουργικό
|
||||
σύστημα (<emphasis>64-bit</emphasis> σε Alpha, &itanium;, AMD64, και &ultrasparc;) και
|
||||
σχεδιάστηκε με αυτόν τον τρόπο εξαρχής.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm>
|
||||
<primary>X Window System</primary>
|
||||
<seealso>XFree86</seealso>
|
||||
</indexterm>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Το βιομηχανικό στάνταρ <emphasis>X Window System</emphasis>
|
||||
(X11R6) προσφέρει ένα γραφικό περιβάλλον χρήσης (GUI) στο κόστος
|
||||
μιας κοινής κάρτας VGA και ενός μόνιτορ και δίδεται πλήρης με όλες
|
||||
τις πηγές.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm>
|
||||
<primary>συμβατότητα εκτελέσιμων</primary>
|
||||
<secondary>Linux</secondary>
|
||||
</indexterm>
|
||||
<indexterm>
|
||||
<primary>συμβατότητα εκτελέσιμων</primary>
|
||||
<secondary>SCO</secondary>
|
||||
</indexterm>
|
||||
<indexterm>
|
||||
<primary>συμβατότητα εκτελέσιμων</primary>
|
||||
<secondary>SVR4</secondary>
|
||||
</indexterm>
|
||||
<indexterm>
|
||||
<primary>συμβατότητα εκτελέσιμων</primary>
|
||||
<secondary>BSD/OS</secondary>
|
||||
</indexterm>
|
||||
<indexterm>
|
||||
<primary>συμβατότητα εκτελέσιμων</primary>
|
||||
<secondary>NetBSD</secondary>
|
||||
</indexterm>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><emphasis>Συμβατότητα εκτελέσιμων</emphasis> με πολλά
|
||||
προγράμματα προσχεδιασμένα για Linux, SCO, SVR4, BSDI και NetBSD.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Χιλιάδες <emphasis>έτοιμες-προς-εκτέλεση</emphasis>
|
||||
εφαρμογές είναι διαθέσιμες από την συλλογή
|
||||
<emphasis>Ports</emphasis> και <emphasis>packages</emphasis>
|
||||
για το &os;. Γιατί να ψάχνετε στο διαδίκτυο όταν μπορείτε να τα βρείτε
|
||||
όλα εδώ;</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Χιλιάδες επιπρόσθετες και
|
||||
<emphasis>ευκόλως-μεταφερόμενες</emphasis> εφαρμογές είναι διαθέσιμες
|
||||
στο διαδίκτυο. Το &os; έχει πηγαίο κώδικα συμβατό με τα πιο
|
||||
διάσημα εμπορικά συστήματα &unix; και επομένως οι περισσότερες εφαρμογές
|
||||
χρειάζονται λίγες, έως καθόλου, μετατροπές για να μεταγλωττιστούν (compile).</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>virtual memory</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Δυναμική σελιδοποίηση <emphasis>εικονικής μνήμης</emphasis> και
|
||||
<quote>ολοκληρωμένο VM/buffer cache</quote> δυναμικά σχεδιασμένο
|
||||
ικανοποιεί τις εφαρμογές με αυξημένες ανάγκες σε μνήμη μνήμη, χωρίς
|
||||
αυτό να καθυστερεί την απόκριση σε άλλους χρήστες.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm>
|
||||
<primary>Symmetric Multi-Processing (SMP)</primary>
|
||||
</indexterm>
|
||||
<indexterm>
|
||||
<primary>Συμμετρική Πολυ-Επεξεργασία (SMP)</primary>
|
||||
</indexterm>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Υποστήριξη μηχανών <emphasis>SMP</emphasis> με
|
||||
πολλαπλές CPU.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm>
|
||||
<primary>compilers</primary>
|
||||
<secondary>C</secondary>
|
||||
</indexterm>
|
||||
<indexterm>
|
||||
<primary>compilers</primary>
|
||||
<secondary>C++</secondary>
|
||||
</indexterm>
|
||||
<indexterm>
|
||||
<primary>compilers</primary>
|
||||
<secondary>FORTRAN</secondary>
|
||||
</indexterm>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Ολοκληρωμένο συμπλήρωμα εργαλειών ανάπτυξης για
|
||||
<emphasis>C</emphasis>, <emphasis>C++</emphasis>,
|
||||
και <emphasis>Fortran</emphasis>.
|
||||
Είναι επίσης διαθέσιμες πολλές επιπρόσθετες γλώσσες για
|
||||
έρευνα και ανάπτυξη λογισμικού, μέσω της συλλογής των Ports και προμεταγλωττισμένων
|
||||
πακέτων.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>πηγαίος κώδικας</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><emphasis>Η διαθεσιμότητα του πηγαίου κώδικα</emphasis> ολόκληρου
|
||||
του συστήματος σημαίνει ότι έχετε τον υψηλότερο βαθμό ελέγχου στο
|
||||
περιβάλλον σας. Γιατί να είστε κλειδωμένοι σε ένα αδειοδοτημένο σύστημα και
|
||||
να είστε εξαρτημένοι από τον οίκτο του προμηθευτή σας όταν μπορείτε να έχετε ένα πραγματικά ανοιχτό
|
||||
σύστημα;</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Εκτεταμένη <emphasis>τεκμηρίωση
|
||||
online</emphasis>.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><emphasis>Και πολλά άλλα!</emphasis></para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>4.4BSD-Lite</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<indexterm>
|
||||
<primary>Computer Systems Research Group (CSRG)</primary>
|
||||
</indexterm>
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>U.C. Berkeley</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<para>Το &os; βασίζεται στην έκδοση 4.4BSD-Lite του Computer
|
||||
Systems Research Group (CSRG) του Πανεπιστημίου της Καλιφόρνιας του
|
||||
Berkeley, και φέρει την διακεκριμένη παράδοση στην ανάπτυξη
|
||||
συστημάτων BSD. Επιπρόσθετα στο εξαίρετο έργο που παρείχε το CSRG, το
|
||||
&os; Project ξόδεψε πολλές χιλιάδες ώρες στο να ρυθμίσει τέλεια
|
||||
το σύστημα για μέγιστες επιδόσεις και αξιοπιστία για καθημερινές
|
||||
καταστάσεις πραγματικού φόρτου εργασίας. Αν και πολλοί εμπορικοί κολοσσοί
|
||||
δυσκολεύονται να προσφέρουν λειτουργικά συστήματα με τέτοια χαρακτηριστικά,
|
||||
επιδόσεις και αξιοπιστία, το &os; μπορεί να τα προσφέρει
|
||||
<emphasis>τώρα</emphasis>!</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Οι εφαρμογές στις οποίες μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθεί το &os;
|
||||
είναι πραγματικά οριοθετημένες μόνο απ'την φαντασία σας. Από ανάπτυξη
|
||||
λογισμικού μέχρι αυτοματισμούς εργοστασίων, από ελέγχους απογραφής
|
||||
μέχρι την διόρθωση του αζιμούθιου απομακρυσμένων δορυφορικών κεραιών' εάν μπορεί να γίνει με ένα εμπορικό
|
||||
προϊόν &unix; τότε είναι περισσότερο από πιθανό ότι μπορείτε να το κάνετε
|
||||
και με το &os;! Το &os; επίσης οφελείται σημαντικά από
|
||||
κυριολεκτικά χιλιάδες εφαρμογές υψηλής ποιότητος ανεπτυγμένες από
|
||||
κέντρα ερευνών και πανεπιστήμια απ'όλο τον κόσμο, συχνά
|
||||
διαθέσιμες σε χαμηλό ή δίχως κόστος. Διατίθονται επίσης εμπορικές
|
||||
εφαρμογές σε νούμερο ολοένα αυξανόμενο καθημερινά.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Αφού ο πηγαίος κώδικας του ίδιου του &os; είναι
|
||||
κανονικά διαθέσιμος, το σύστημα μπορεί επίσης να προσαρμοστεί
|
||||
σε αφάνταστα υψηλό επίπεδο για ειδικές εφαρμογές ή projects,
|
||||
και με τρόπους γενικά μη πραγματοποιήσιμους σε άλλα λειτουργικά
|
||||
εμπορικών προμηθευτών. Εδώ είναι μόνο μερικά παραδείγματα από
|
||||
εφαρμογές που υποστηρίζονται επί του παρόντος από το &os;:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><emphasis>Υπηρεσίες Ίντερνετ:</emphasis> Το ρωμαλέο σύστημα
|
||||
δικτύου TCP/IP του &os; το αναδεικνύει σε ιδεώδη πλατφόρμα για
|
||||
μια μεγάλη γκάμα υπηρεσιών Ίντερνετ όπως:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>FTP servers</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>FTP servers</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>web servers</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>World Wide Web servers (στάνταρ ή ασφαλείας
|
||||
[SSL])</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>firewall</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>NAT</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Firewalls και NAT (<quote>IP masquerading</quote>)
|
||||
gateways</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm>
|
||||
<primary>ηλεκτρονικό ταχυδρομείο</primary>
|
||||
<see>email</see>
|
||||
</indexterm>
|
||||
<indexterm>
|
||||
<primary>email</primary>
|
||||
</indexterm>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Servers ηλεκτρονικού ταχυδρομείου</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>USENET</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>USENET News ή Bulletin Board Systems</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Και άλλα...</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Με το &os;, μπορείτε εύκολα να ξεκινήσετε από χαμηλά με
|
||||
ένα ανέξοδο PC της οικογένειας 386 και καθώς η επιχείρηση σας μεγαλώνει
|
||||
να αναβαθμίσετε σε ένα τετραπύρηνο επεξεργαστή Xeon με
|
||||
δίσκους RAID.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><emphasis>Εκπαίδευση:</emphasis> Είστε φοιτητής
|
||||
πληροφορικής ή μηχανικός σε σχετικό τομέα; Δεν υπάρχει
|
||||
καλύτερος τρόπος να μάθετε για λειτουργικά συστήματα,
|
||||
αρχιτεκτονικές Η/Υ και συστήματα δικτύων απ'την πρακτική εμπειρία και την
|
||||
εκ βάθους γνώση που το &os; μπορεί να παρέχει. Επίσης μεγάλο νούμερο
|
||||
δωρεάν διαθέσιμων πακέτων CAD εφαρμογών, γραφικής σχεδίασης και μαθηματικών
|
||||
το κάνουν αναγκαστικά χρήσιμο για όσους η κύρια ασχολία στους Η/Υ
|
||||
είναι να παίρνουν την δουλειά <emphasis>άλλων</emphasis> και
|
||||
να γίνεται!</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><emphasis>Έρευνα:</emphasis> Με διαθέσιμο τον πηγαίο
|
||||
κώδικα ολόκληρου του συστήματος, το &os; είναι μία
|
||||
εξαίρετη πλατφόρμα για την έρευνα στα λειτουργικά συστήματα
|
||||
όπως επίσης για άλλους κλάδους της πληροφορικής. Η φύση της
|
||||
ελεύθερης διάθεσης του &os; επιτρέπει επίσης σε απομακρυσμένες
|
||||
ομάδες να συνεργάζονται σε ιδέες ή να μοιράζονται την ανάπτυξη
|
||||
δίχως ειδικές άδειες ή οριοθετήσεις για οιοδήποτε μπορεί να είναι το υπό
|
||||
συζήτηση θέμα σε ανοιχτά forums.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>router</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>DNS Server</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><emphasis>Networking:</emphasis> Χρειάζεσαι ένα καινούργιο router;
|
||||
Ένα DNS server; Ένα firewall για να κρατάς τον κόσμο έξω
|
||||
από το εσωτερικό σου δίκτυο; Το &os; μπορεί εύκολα να μετατρέψει
|
||||
εκείνο τον άχρηστο 386 ή εκείνο το PC 486 που κάθεται στην γωνία σε ένα
|
||||
προηγμένο router με εξεζητημένες δυνατότητες φιλτραρίσματος πακέτων.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm>
|
||||
<primary>Σύστημα X Window</primary>
|
||||
<secondary>XFree86</secondary>
|
||||
</indexterm>
|
||||
<indexterm>
|
||||
<primary>Σύστημα X Window</primary>
|
||||
<secondary>Accelerated-X</secondary>
|
||||
</indexterm>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><emphasis>Σταθμός εργασίας με X Window:</emphasis> Το &os;
|
||||
είναι μια εξαίρετη επιλογή για οικονομική λύση τερματικού X
|
||||
χρησιμοποιώντας τον ελεύθερα διαθέσιμο server X11.
|
||||
Αντί ενός
|
||||
τερματικού X, το FreeBSD επιτρέπει να εκτελούνται τοπικά
|
||||
πολλές εφαρμογές εάν το επιθυμείτε, και έτσι να αφαιρείται φορτίο
|
||||
από τον κεντρικό server. To FreeBSD μπορεί να τεθεί σε εκκίνηση <quote>χωρίς δίσκο</quote>,
|
||||
κάνοντας τους προσωπικούς σταθμούς εργασίας ακόμη πιο φτηνούς και ευκολότερα
|
||||
διαχειρίσιμους.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>GNU Compiler Collection</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><emphasis>Ανάπτυξη Λογισμικού:</emphasis> Το βασικό
|
||||
σύστημα του &os; διατίθεται ολοκληρωμένα με συμπληρώματα εργαλειών
|
||||
ανάπτυξης περιλαμβάνοντας το ονομαστό GNU C/C++ compiler και
|
||||
debugger.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Το &os; είναι διαθέσιμο σε πηγαία και σε δυαδική φόρμα σε CDROM,
|
||||
DVD,
|
||||
και μέσω ανώνυμου FTP. Παρακαλώ δείτε τους <xref linkend="mirrors">
|
||||
για περισσότερες πληροφορίες για το πως ν'αποκτήσετε το &os;.</para>
|
||||
</sect2>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect2>
|
||||
<title>Ποιός χρησιμοποιεί &os;</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm>
|
||||
<primary>χρήστες</primary>
|
||||
<secondary>μεγάλες τοποθεσίες που τρέχουν &os;</secondary>
|
||||
</indexterm>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Το &os; χρησιμοποιείται για να τροφοδοτεί μερικές απ'τις μεγαλύτερες τοποθεσίες στο
|
||||
Ίντερνετ, συμπεριλαμβάνοντας:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>Yahoo!</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><ulink url="http://www.yahoo.com/">Yahoo!</ulink></para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>Apache</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><ulink url="http://www.apache.org/">Apache</ulink></para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>Blue Mountain Arts</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><ulink url="http://www.bluemountain.com/">Blue Mountain
|
||||
Arts</ulink></para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>Pair Networks</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><ulink url="http://www.pair.com/">Pair
|
||||
Networks</ulink></para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>Sony Japan</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><ulink url="http://www.sony.co.jp/">Sony
|
||||
Japan</ulink></para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>Netcraft</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><ulink url="http://www.netcraft.com/">Netcraft</ulink>
|
||||
</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>Weathernews</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><ulink url="http://www.wni.com/">Weathernews</ulink>
|
||||
</para></listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>Supervalu</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><ulink
|
||||
url="http://www.supervalu.com/">Supervalu</ulink></para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>TELEHOUSE America</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><ulink url="http://www.telehouse.com/">TELEHOUSE
|
||||
America</ulink></para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>Sophos Anti-Virus</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><ulink url="http://www.sophos.com/">Sophos
|
||||
Anti-Virus</ulink></para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>JMA Wired</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><ulink
|
||||
url="http://www.jmawired.com/">JMA Wired</ulink></para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>και πολλές ακόμη.</para>
|
||||
</sect2>
|
||||
|
||||
</sect1>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect1 id="history">
|
||||
<title>Πληροφορίες για το &os; Project</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Το ακόλουθο τμήμα παρέχει μερικές πληροφορίες σχετικές με
|
||||
το project, συμπεριλαμβάνοντας μια σύντομη ιστορία του FreeBSD, τους στόχους, και
|
||||
το μοντέλο ανάπτυξης του project.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect2 id="intro-history">
|
||||
<sect2info role="firstperson">
|
||||
<authorgroup>
|
||||
<author>
|
||||
<firstname>Jordan</firstname>
|
||||
<surname>Hubbard</surname>
|
||||
<contrib>Συνεισφορά του </contrib>
|
||||
</author>
|
||||
</authorgroup>
|
||||
</sect2info>
|
||||
|
||||
<title>Μια σύντομη ιστορία του &os;</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>386BSD Patchkit</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>Hubbard, Jordan</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>Williams, Nate</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>Grimes, Rod</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<indexterm>
|
||||
<primary>&os; Project</primary>
|
||||
<secondary>history</secondary>
|
||||
</indexterm>
|
||||
<para>To &os; project γεννήθηκε στις αρχές του 1993,
|
||||
μερικώς σαν εξέλιξη του <quote>Unofficial 386BSD
|
||||
Patchkit</quote> από τους 3 τελευταίους συντονιστές του patchkit: Nate
|
||||
Williams, Rod Grimes και από μένα.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>386BSD</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<para>Ο πρωταρχικός στόχος μας ήταν να παράγουμε μία μέτρια αντιγραφή του
|
||||
386BSD ώστε να διορθώσουμε μερικά προβλήματα που ο μηχανισμός του
|
||||
patchkit δεν ήταν ικανός να τα λύσει. Μερικοί από σας
|
||||
ίσως να θυμούνται πως ο αρχικός τίτλος εργασίας για το project ήταν
|
||||
<quote>386BSD 0.5</quote> ή <quote>386BSD Interim</quote> με
|
||||
αναφορά σε αυτό το γεγονός.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>Jolitz, Bill</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<para>Το 386BSD ήταν το λειτουργικό σύστημα του Bill Jolitz, το οποίο είχε
|
||||
φτάσει σε τέτοιο σημείο υποφέροντας βαρέως την σχεδόν ενός έτους
|
||||
αδιαφορία. Καθώς το patchkit φούσκωνε ολοένα και περισσότερο
|
||||
με το πέρασμα των ημερών, είμασταν σε ομόθυμη συμφωνία πως κάτι
|
||||
θα έπρεπε να γίνει και αποφασίσαμε να συμπαρασταθούμε στον Bill παρέχοντας του
|
||||
αυτό το interim <quote>cleanup</quote> snapshot. Αυτά τα σχέδια είχαν
|
||||
ένα απότομο σταμάτημα όταν ξαφνικά ο Bill Jolitz αποφάσισε να αναιρέσει την
|
||||
έγκρυση του στο project δίχως μια ξεκάθαρη ένδειξη του τι θα έπρεπε να
|
||||
γίνει.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>Greenman, David</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>Walnut Creek CDROM</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<para>Δεν μας πήρε πολύ να αποφασίσουμε πως ο στόχος παρέμενε
|
||||
αξιόλογος, ακόμη και χωρίς την βοήθεια του Bill, και έτσι υιοθετήσαμε το
|
||||
όνομα <quote>&os;</quote>, επινοημένο από τον David Greenman. Οι αρχικοί
|
||||
στόχοι μας τέθηκαν αφού συμβουλευτήκαμε τους χρήστες του συστήματος εκείνης
|
||||
της εποχής και, όταν έγινε ξεκάθαρο πως το project είχε πάρει σωστή πορεία και
|
||||
ίσως έτεινε να γίνει πραγματικότητα, ήρθα σε επαφή με την Walnut Creek CDROM
|
||||
μ'ένα βλέμμα βελτίωσης των καναλιών διανομής του &os; για εκείνους τους
|
||||
πολλούς άτυχους δίχως εύκολη πρόσβαση στο Ίντερνετ.
|
||||
Η Walnut Creek CDROM όχι μόνο υποστήριξε την ιδέα διανομής του
|
||||
&os; σε CD αλλά επίσης πήγε τόσο μακριά ώστε να παρέχει στο project μια
|
||||
μηχανή εργασίας και μια γρήγορη σύνδεση στο Ίντερνετ. Δίχως τον βαθμό πίστης
|
||||
της Walnut Creek CDROM σε αυτό που ήταν, εκείνο τον καιρό, ένα εντελώς άγνωστο
|
||||
project, είναι πολύ απίθανο το &os; να είχε φτάσει τόσο μακριά,
|
||||
και τόσο γρήγορα, όπως σήμερα.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>4.3BSD-Lite</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>Net/2</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>U.C. Berkeley</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>386BSD</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>Free Software Foundation</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<para>Η πρώτη διανομή CDROM (και γενικά ευρείας διαδόσεως στο δίκτυο) ήταν
|
||||
η &os; 1.0, που κυκλοφόρησε τον Δεκέμβρη του 1993. Αυτή βασιζόταν σε μια
|
||||
ταινία της 4.3BSD-Lite (<quote>Net/2</quote>)του U.C. Berkeley, με
|
||||
πολλά στοιχεία προσφερόμενα από την 386BSD και την Free Software
|
||||
Foundation. Ήταν μια αξίως δίκαιη επιτυχία για πρώτη
|
||||
προσπάθεια , και την συνεχίσαμε με την υψηλότερα επιτυχημένη έκδοση &os;
|
||||
1.1 που κυκλοφόρησε τον Μάϊο του 1994.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>Novell</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>U.C. Berkeley</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>Net/2</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>AT&T</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<para>Περίπου εκείνη την περίοδο, σχηματίστηκαν απρόσμενα στον ορίζοντα
|
||||
σύννεφα καταιγίδας καθώς η Novell και το U.C. Berkeley τακτοποίησαν
|
||||
την μακράς διαρκείας δικαστική διαμάχη νομικού δικαίου για την ταινία
|
||||
Net/2. Μία πλευρά αυτής της συμφωνίας ήταν η παραχώριση του U.C. Berkeley
|
||||
ότι μεγάλο μέρος του Net/2 ήταν <quote>επιβαρυμένος</quote>
|
||||
κώδικας και ιδιοκτησία της Novell, η οποία με την σειρά της το απέκτησε από
|
||||
AT&T λίγο καιρό πριν. Το Berkeley αυτό που πήρε ως αντάλλαγμα ήταν τις
|
||||
<quote>ευλογίες</quote> της Novell ότι η έκδοση 4.4BSD-Lite, όταν τελικά
|
||||
θα ολοκληρωνόταν, θα δηλωνόταν ως μη επιβαρυμένος και όλοι οι υπαρκτοί
|
||||
χρήστες Net/2 ένθερμα θα ενθαρρύνονταν να μετατοπιστούν. Αυτό
|
||||
συμπεριλάμβανε το &os;, και στο project δώθηκε χρόνος μέχρι τον Ιούλιο
|
||||
του 1994 να σταματήσει τις παραδόσεις των προϊόντων βασισμένες στο Net/2. Υπό
|
||||
τους όρους αυτής της συμφωνίας, στο project επετράπη μια τελευταία έκδοση
|
||||
πριν την λήξη προθεσμίας, και αυτή ήταν η έκδοση &os; 1.1.5.1.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Το &os; τότε τέθηκε στη δυσχερή θέση κυριολεκτικά να
|
||||
ξανα-ανακαλύψει τον εαυτό του από ένα σύνολο από bit του 4.4BSD-Lite εντελώς
|
||||
καινούργιο και κυρίως ατελές. Οι εκδόσεις <quote>Lite</quote> ήταν
|
||||
light(ελαφρύς) κατά μέρους επειδή το CSRG του Berkeley είχε αφαιρέσει μεγάλο όγκο
|
||||
ζητούμενου κώδικα για να κατασκευάσει πραγματικά ένα εκκινήσιμο λειτουργικά σύστημα
|
||||
(λόγω διαφόρων νομικών ζητημάτων) και επί μέρους λόγω του ότι το port για Intel
|
||||
της 4.4 ήταν σε υψηλό βαθμό ατελές. Πήρε καιρό στο project μέχρι τον Νοέμβριο του
|
||||
1994 για να γίνει η μετάβαση, και σε αυτό το σημείο
|
||||
κυκλοφόρησε η &os; 2.0 στο δίκτυο και σε CDROM (τέλη Δεκέμβρη).
|
||||
Παρά το γεγονός ότι ήταν ακόμη αρκετά πρόχειρη μέσες άκρες,
|
||||
η έκδοση ήταν μια σημαντική επιτυχία και την ακολούθησε η
|
||||
πιο ισχυρή και ευκολότερη προς την εγκατάσταση έκδοση &os; 2.0.5 τον Ιούνιο
|
||||
του 1995.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Κυκλοφορήσαμε την &os; 2.1.5 τον Αύγουστο του 1996, και φάνηκε
|
||||
να είναι αρκετά δημοφιλής στους ISP και στις εμπορικές κοινότητες τόσο που
|
||||
άξιζε άλλο ένα παρακλάδι στον κορμό της 2.1-STABLE. Αυτή ήταν η
|
||||
&os; 2.1.7.1, κυκλοφόρησε τον Φεβρουάριο του 1997 και ήταν η αποκορύφωση
|
||||
της κύριας ανάπτυξης στην 2.1-STABLE. Τώρα μόνο σε κατάσταση συντήρησης,
|
||||
θα γίνονται μόνο βελτιώσεις ασφαλείας και άλλες κριτικές διορθώσεις bug
|
||||
σε αυτό τον κορμό (RELENG_2_1_0).</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Η &os; 2.2 διακλαδώθηκε από την ανάπτυξη της κύριας γραμμής
|
||||
(<quote>-CURRENT</quote>) τον Νοέμβριο του 1996 σαν παρακλάδι της RELENG_2_2,
|
||||
και η πρώτη πλήρη release (2.2.1) κυκλοφόρησε τον Απρίλιο του
|
||||
1997. Πρόσθετες releases κατά μήκος του κορμού 2.2 δώθηκαν το
|
||||
καλοκαίρι και το φθινόπωρο του '97, η τελευταία των οποίων (η 2.2.8) εμφανίστηκε
|
||||
τον Νοέμβρη του 1998. Η πρώτη επίσημη 3.0 release εμφανίστηκε τον
|
||||
Οκτώβριο του 1998 και στιγμάτισε την αρχή του τέλους για το
|
||||
παρακλάδι 2.2.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Ο κορμός διακλαδώθηκε πάλι τον Ιανουάριο 20, 1999, οδηγώντας στην
|
||||
4.0-CURRENT και στο παρακλάδι 3.X-STABLE. Από την 3.X-STABLE, η 3.1
|
||||
κυκλοφόρησε τον 15 Φεβρουαρίου 1999, η 3.2 στις 15 Μαΐου 1999, η 3.3 στις
|
||||
16 Σεπτεμβρίου 1999, η 3.4 στις 20 Δεκεμβρίου του, 1999, και η 3.5 στις
|
||||
24 Ιουνίου 2000, την οποία ακολούθησε λίγες μέρες μετά μία αναβάθμιση
|
||||
χαμηλότερου σημείου απ'την 3.5.1, για να συμπεριληφθούν τελευταία στιγμή
|
||||
κάποια λάθη ασφαλείας στο Kerberos. Αυτή θα ήταν και η τελική release στον κορμό
|
||||
της 3.X .</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Υπήρξε άλλο παρακλάδι στις 13 Μαρτίου 2000, που είδε την
|
||||
ανάγκη για ένα νέο κορμό 4.X-STABLE. Υπήρξαν διάφορες releases
|
||||
από τότε: Η 4.0-RELEASE κυκλοφόρησε τον Μάρτιο του 2000, και
|
||||
η τελευταία 4.11-RELEASE βγήκε τον Ιανουάριο του 2005.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Μετά από μεγάλο χρονικό διάστημα αναμονής η 5.0-RELEASE ανακοινώθηκε στις 19 Ιανουαρίου
|
||||
του 2003. Με το αποκορύφωμα σχεδόν τριών χρόνων εργασίας, με αυτή την
|
||||
release ξεκίνησε το &os; στο μονοπάτι των εξελιγμένων πολυεπεξεργαστών
|
||||
και την υποστήριξη των εφαρμογών thread και εισήγαγε υποστήριξη για τις
|
||||
πλατφόρμες &ultrasparc; και <literal>ia64</literal>. Αυτήν την release
|
||||
ακολούθησε η 5.1 τον Ιούνιο του 2003. Η τελευταία 5.X release από τον
|
||||
κορμό της -CURRENT ήταν η 5.2.1-RELEASE, που προστέθηκε τον Φεβρουάριο του 2004.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Ο κορμός της RELENG_5, δημιουργήθηκε τον Αύγουστο του 2004, ακολούθησε η
|
||||
5.3-RELEASE, η οποία σημάδεψε την αρχή του κορμού των 5-STABLE releases.
|
||||
Η πιο πρόσφατη &rel2.current;-RELEASE εισήχθη την &rel2.current.date;.
|
||||
Θα υπάρχουν πρόσθετες releases από τον κορμό της RELENG_5.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Ο κορμός διακλαδώθηκε πάλι τον Ιούλιο του 2005, αυτή τη φορά για την RELENG_6.
|
||||
6.0-RELEASE, την πρώτη release της σειράς 6.X, που κυκλοφόρησε τον
|
||||
Νοέμβριο του 2005. Η πιο πρόσφατη &rel.current;-RELEASE βγήκε την
|
||||
&rel.current.date;. Θα υπάρχουν πρόσθετες releases από τον κορμό
|
||||
της RELENG_6.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Για την ώρα, μακροπρόθεσμα σχέδια ανάπτυξης συνεχίζουν να υφίστανται στον
|
||||
κορμό της 7.X-CURRENT, και στις SNAPshot releases της 7.X σε
|
||||
CDROM (και, φυσικά, στο δίκτυο) είναι συνεχώς διαθέσιμα από
|
||||
τον <ulink url="ftp://current.&os;.org/pub/&os;/snapshots/">
|
||||
snapshot server</ulink> ενώ οι εργασίες είναι σε εξέλιξη.</para>
|
||||
</sect2>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect2 id="goals">
|
||||
<sect2info>
|
||||
<authorgroup>
|
||||
<author>
|
||||
<firstname>Jordan</firstname>
|
||||
<surname>Hubbard</surname>
|
||||
<contrib>Συνεισφορά του </contrib>
|
||||
</author>
|
||||
</authorgroup>
|
||||
</sect2info>
|
||||
|
||||
<title>&os; Project Goals</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm>
|
||||
<primary>&os; Project</primary>
|
||||
<secondary>goals</secondary>
|
||||
</indexterm>
|
||||
<para>Οι στόχοι του &os; Project είναι να παρέχει λογισμικό που
|
||||
θα μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθεί για οποιαδήποτε περίσταση και δίχως δεσμεύσεις.
|
||||
Πολλοί από μας έχουν κάνει σημαντική επένδυση στον κώδικα (και το project) και
|
||||
σίγουρα δε θα πείραζε πότε πότε μια μικρή οικονομική συνεισφορά,
|
||||
αλλά σίγουρα δεν είμαστε έτοιμοι για να επιμείνουμε σ'αυτό. Εμείς πιστεύουμε
|
||||
ότι η πρωταρχική και σπουδαιότερη <quote>αποστολή</quote> μας είναι να
|
||||
παρέχουμε κώδικα σε υπάρχοντες και μελλοντικούς χρήστες, και για οποιοδήποτε σκοπό
|
||||
ώστε ο κώδικας να έχει ευρεία διάδοση και να είναι το περισσότερο
|
||||
δυνατόν ωφέλιμος . Αυτό είναι, πιστεύω, ένας απ'τους σημαντικότερους
|
||||
στόχους του Ελεύθερου Λογισμικού και ένας απ'τους οποίους με ενθουσιασμό
|
||||
υποστηρίζουμε.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm>
|
||||
<primary>GNU General Public License (GPL)</primary>
|
||||
</indexterm>
|
||||
<indexterm>
|
||||
<primary>GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL)</primary>
|
||||
</indexterm>
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>BSD Copyright</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<para>Εκείνος ο κώδικας του πηγαίου κορμού μας που έγκυται υπό την GNU
|
||||
General Public License (GPL) ή την Library General Public License
|
||||
(LGPL) έρχεται με ελαφρώς περισσότερες επισυναπτόμενες γραμμές, αν και
|
||||
τουλάχιστον από πλευράς ενδυνάμωσης της πρόσβασης παρά για το
|
||||
αντίθετο. Λόγω των επιπρόσθετων επιπλοκών που μπορούν να εξελιχθούν
|
||||
στην εμπορή χρήση GPL λογισμικού, ωστόσο, προτιμούμε
|
||||
το λογισμικό να υποβάλλεται υπό το χαλαρότερο BSD copyright όταν
|
||||
είναι η πιο λογική επιλογή να γίνει έτσι.</para>
|
||||
</sect2>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect2 id="development">
|
||||
<sect2info>
|
||||
<authorgroup>
|
||||
<author>
|
||||
<firstname>Satoshi</firstname>
|
||||
<surname>Asami</surname>
|
||||
<contrib>Συνεισφορά του </contrib>
|
||||
</author>
|
||||
</authorgroup>
|
||||
</sect2info>
|
||||
|
||||
<title>Το Μοντέλο ΑΝάπτυξης του &os;</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm>
|
||||
<primary>&os; Project</primary>
|
||||
<secondary>μοντέλο ανάπτυξης</secondary>
|
||||
</indexterm>
|
||||
<para>Η ανάπτυξη του &os; είναι μία πολύ ανοιχτή και ευέλικτη
|
||||
διαδικασία, αφού είναι κυριολεκτικά θεμελιωμένη από την συνεισφορά
|
||||
εκατοντάδων ανθρώπων απ'όλο τον κόσμο, όπως μπορείτε να δείτε από
|
||||
την <ulink
|
||||
url="&url.articles.contributors;/article.html">λίστα των
|
||||
συνεργατών</ulink> μας. Η υποδομή ανάπτυξης του &os; επιτρέπει
|
||||
στα εκατοντάδες μέλη της ομάδας ανάπτυξης να συνεργάζονται μέσω του Ίντερνετ.
|
||||
Εϊμαστε σταθερά σε αναζήτηση για νέα μέλη στην ομάδα ανάπτυξης και
|
||||
για ιδέες, και όσοι ενδιαφέρονται να ασχοληθούν ακόμη περισσότερο
|
||||
με το project χρειάζεται απλά να επικοινωνήσουν μαζί μας στο &a.hackers;.
|
||||
Επίσης το &a.announce; είναι διαθέσιμο για όσους επιθυμούν
|
||||
να ενημερώνουν άλλους χρήστες του &os; για τους κύριους
|
||||
τομείς εργασίας.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Χρήσιμα πράγματα που πρέπει να γνωρίζετε για το &os; project και
|
||||
την διαδικασία ανάπτυξης του, είτε δουλεύετε ανεξάρτητοι είτε ως στενοί
|
||||
συνεργάτες:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<variablelist>
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term>Το CVS repository<anchor
|
||||
id="development-cvs-repository"></term>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm>
|
||||
<primary>CVS</primary>
|
||||
<secondary>repository</secondary>
|
||||
</indexterm>
|
||||
<indexterm>
|
||||
<primary>Concurrent Versions System</primary>
|
||||
<see>CVS</see>
|
||||
</indexterm>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Ο κεντρικός κορμός κώδικα του &os; συντηρείται από το
|
||||
<ulink url="http://ximbiot.com/cvs/wiki/">CVS</ulink>
|
||||
(Concurrent Versions System), ένα ελεύθερα διαθέσιμο εργαλείο ελέγχου
|
||||
πηγαίου κώδικα που προσφέρεται ενσωματωμένο στο &os;. Το κύριο
|
||||
<ulink url="http://www.&os;.org/cgi/cvsweb.cgi">CVS
|
||||
repository</ulink> βρίσκεται σε μία μηχανή στην Santa Clara CA, USA
|
||||
απ'όπου αντιγράφεται σε μεγάλο αριθμό μηχανών mirror
|
||||
σε όλο τον κόσμο. Ο κορμός CVS, ο οποίος περιέχει τους κορμούς <link
|
||||
linkend="current">-CURRENT</link> και <link
|
||||
linkend="stable">-STABLE</link>,
|
||||
μπορεί επίσης εύκολα να αντιγραφεί και στην δικιά σας μηχανή.
|
||||
Παρακούμε για περισσότερες πληροφορίες στο πως να το κάνετε σας παραπέμπουμε
|
||||
στον τομέα <link linkend="synching">Συγχρονίζοντας τον κορμό του
|
||||
κώδικα σας</link>.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term>Η λίστα των committers<anchor
|
||||
id="development-committers"></term>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>committers</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Οι <firstterm>committers</firstterm>
|
||||
είναι άτομα που έχουν άδεια <emphasis>εγγραφής(write)</emphasis> στον
|
||||
κορμό του CVS, και είναι εξουσιοδοτημένοι να κάνουν μετατροπές
|
||||
στον κώδικα του &os; (ο όρος <quote>committer</quote>
|
||||
προέρχεται από την εντολή &man.cvs.1; <command>commit</command>
|
||||
, η οποία χρησιμοποιείται για να γίνουν νέες αλλαγές στο CVS
|
||||
repository). Ο καλύτερος τρόπος για να τεθούν αλλαγές προς αναθεώρηση
|
||||
εκ μέρους της λίστας των committers είναι να χρησιμοποιείται η εντολή
|
||||
&man.send-pr.1;. Εάν κάτι φαίνεται μπλοκαρισμένο στο
|
||||
σύστημα, τότε μπορείτε να τους προσεγγίσετε στέλνοντας email
|
||||
στην &a.committers;.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term>The &os; core team<anchor id="development-core"></term>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>core team</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Η <firstterm>&os; core team</firstterm>
|
||||
θα ήταν ισοδύναμη με το διοικητικό συμβούλιο αν το &os;
|
||||
Project ήταν μια ανώνυμη εταιρεία. Ο πρωταρχικός στόχος της
|
||||
core team είναι να εξασφαλίσει ότι το project, στο σύνολο του,
|
||||
είναι σε καλή κατάσταση και να το οδηγεί προς την σωστή κατεύθυνση.
|
||||
Μια απ'τις λειτουργίες της core team είναι να προσκαλεί νέα μέλη
|
||||
στην ομάδα ανάπτυξης να ενσωματωθούν υπεύθυνα και αφοσιωμένα
|
||||
στην ομάδα των committers ώστε να προχωρούν με τους υπολοίπους.
|
||||
Η παρούσα core team εκλέχτηκε από ένα σύνολο από υποψηφίους committer
|
||||
τον Ιούλιο του 2006. Εκλογές διεξάγονται κάθε 2 χρόνια.
|
||||
</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Μερικά μέλη της core team έχουν επίσης ειδικούς τομείς
|
||||
ευθύνης, και αυτό σημαίνει πως είναι εντεταλμένοι να
|
||||
εξασφαλίσουν ότι για μεγάλο μέρος του συστήματος θα δουλεύει όπως
|
||||
έχει εξαγγελθεί. Για μια ολοκληρωμένη λίστα της ομάδας ανάπτυξης του &os;
|
||||
και των τομέων ευθύνης τους, παρακαλούμε δείτε την <ulink
|
||||
url="&url.articles.contributors;/article.html">Contributors
|
||||
List</ulink></para>
|
||||
|
||||
<note>
|
||||
<para>Τα περισσότερα μέλη του core team είναι εθελοντές όσον
|
||||
αφορά την ανάπτυξη του &os; και δεν έχουν προνόμια
|
||||
οικονομικής φύσεως από το project, επομένως η <quote>δέσμευση</quote> δεν θα
|
||||
έπρεπε να παρερμηνεύεται ως <quote>εγγυημένη υποστήριξη</quote>.
|
||||
Η παραπάνω παρομοίωση με το <quote>διοικητικό συμβούλιο</quote>
|
||||
δεν είναι πολύ ακριβής, και ίσως να έπρεπε πιο κατάλληλα να πούμε
|
||||
είναι εκείνοι οι άνθρωποι που θυσίασαν τις ζωές τους για χάρη
|
||||
του &os; ενάντια στην καλύτερη τους
|
||||
κρίση!</para>
|
||||
</note>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term>Εξωτερικοί συνεργάτες</term>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>συνεργάτες</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Τελευταίο, αλλά οπωσδήποτε όχι μικρότερης σημασίας, η μεγαλύτερη ομάδα
|
||||
ανάπτυξης είναι οι ίδιοι οι χρήστες που μας παρέχουν feedback και
|
||||
διορθώσεις των bug σε σχεδόν σταθερή βάση. Ο κύριος
|
||||
τρόπος για να κρατάμε επαφή με την μη συγκεντρωτική ομάδα ανάπτυξης του &os;
|
||||
είναι να γινόμαστε συνδρομητές στο &a.hackers; όπου κάποια πράγματα
|
||||
συζητιούνται. Δείτε <xref
|
||||
linkend="eresources"> για περισσότερες πληροφορίες περί
|
||||
των διαφόρων mailing lists του &os;.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para><citetitle><ulink
|
||||
url="&url.articles.contributors;/article.html">Η
|
||||
Λίστα Συνεργατών του &os;</ulink></citetitle> είναι μεγάλη
|
||||
και συνεχώς αυξανόμενη, επομένως γιατί να μην γίνετε μέλος της και να
|
||||
συμβάλλετε σήμερα σε κάτι στο &os;;</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Το να παρέχετε κώδικα δεν είναι ο μόνος τρόπος για να συμβάλλετε
|
||||
στο project' για μια πιο ολοκληρωμένη λίστα από πράγματα που μπορείτε
|
||||
να κάνετε, ακολουθήστε παρακαλώ την παραπομπή στο<ulink
|
||||
url="&url.base;/index.html">&os; Project web
|
||||
site</ulink>.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
</variablelist>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Συνοψίζοντας, το μοντέλο ανάπτυξης μας είναι οργανωμένο σαν ένα λυτό σύνολο
|
||||
ομόκεντρων κύκλων. Το συγκεντρωτικό μοντέλο είναι σχεδιασμένο για να
|
||||
διευκολύνει τους <emphasis>χρήστες</emphasis> του &os;, στους οποίους
|
||||
παρέχεται με εύκολο τρόπο ώστε να ακολουθούν τα ίχνη ενός βασικού κώδικα,
|
||||
και όχι για να αποκλείουμε πιθανούς συνεργάτες! Επιθυμία μας είναι να
|
||||
παρουσιάσουμε ένα σταθερό λειτουργικό σύστημα σε συνάρτηση με μια μεγάλη
|
||||
γκάμα από <link linkend="ports">προγράμματα εφαρμογών</link> που οι χρήστες να
|
||||
μπορούν εύκολα να εγκαθιστούν και να χρησιμοποιούν — για την εκπλήρωση
|
||||
αυτών, το μοντέλο αυτό δουλεύει πολύ καλά.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Το μόνο που ζητάμε απ'όσους ενδιαφέρονται να ενωθούν μαζί μας στην ομάδα
|
||||
ανάπτυξης του &os; είναι λίγη απ'την ίδια αφοσίωση της τωρινή ομάδας
|
||||
για μια συνεχή πορεία στην επιτυχία του.</para>
|
||||
</sect2>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect2 id="relnotes">
|
||||
<title>Η &os; Current Release</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>NetBSD</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>OpenBSD</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>386BSD</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>Free Software Foundation</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>U.C. Berkeley</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<indexterm>
|
||||
<primary>Computer Systems Research Group (CSRG)</primary>
|
||||
</indexterm>
|
||||
<para>Το &os; είναι ελεύθερα διαθέσιμο, βασίζεται ολόκληρο στους πηγαίους κώδικες του 4.4BSD-Lite
|
||||
ανεπτυγμένο για Intel &i386;, &i486;, &pentium;,
|
||||
&pentium; Pro,
|
||||
&celeron;,
|
||||
&pentium; II,
|
||||
&pentium; III,
|
||||
&pentium; 4 (or compatible),
|
||||
&xeon;, DEC <trademark>Alpha</trademark>
|
||||
και Sun &ultrasparc; συστήματα ηλεκτρονικών υπολογιστών.
|
||||
Πρωταρχικά βασίστηκε στο software της ομάδας U.C. Berkeley
|
||||
CSRG, με κάποιες βελτιώσεις από τα NetBSD, OpenBSD, 386BSD, και
|
||||
το Free Software Foundation.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Από την release του &os; 2.0 στα τέλη του 1994, η απόδοση,
|
||||
το σύνολο των χαρακτηριστικών, και η σταθερότητα του &os; καλυτέρεψε σημαντικά.
|
||||
<!-- XXX το υπόλοιπο αυτής της παραγράφου είναι ακόμη αληθινό ? -->
|
||||
Η μεγαλύτερη αλλαγή είναι η διόρθωση του συστήματος εικονικής μνήμης(virtual memory)
|
||||
με ένα ολοκληρωμένο VM/file buffer cache το οποίο όχι μόνο αυξάνει την απόδοση, αλλά
|
||||
επίσης μειώνεται η ζήτηση για μνήμη απ'το &os;, κάνοντας μια ρύθμιση 5 MB το
|
||||
περισσότερο αποδεκτό ελάχιστο. Άλλες βελτιώσεις περιέχονται όπως πλήρης υποστήριξη
|
||||
σε NIS client και server, υποστήριξη συναλλαγών TCP, dial-on-demand PPP,
|
||||
ενσωματωμένη υποστήριξη DHCP, ένα βελτιωμένο υποσύστημα SCSI, υποστήριξη ISDN,
|
||||
υποστήριξη για ATM, FDDI, Fast και Gigabit Ethernet (1000 Mbit)
|
||||
αντάπτορες, βελτιωμένη υποστήριξη για τους τελευταίους Adaptec controllers, και
|
||||
πολλές χιλιάδες διορθώσεις λαθών(bug).</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Επιπρόσθετα στις βασικές διανομές, το &os; προσφέρει μια
|
||||
συλλογή software που φέρει χιλιάδες προγράμματα καθημερινών
|
||||
χρήσεων. Την παρούσα στιγμή που γράφουμε, υπάρχουν
|
||||
πάνω από &os.numports; πόρτες(ports)! Η λίστα των ports ξεκινάει από
|
||||
http (WWW) servers, μέχρι παιχνίδια, γλώσσες προγραμματισμού, κειμενογράφους,
|
||||
και ενδιάμεσα εμπεριέχονται σχεδόν τα πάντα. Η συνολική Συλλογή Ports απαιτεί
|
||||
προσεγγιστικά &ports.size; αποθηκευτικό χώρο, αφού όλες οι ports εκφράζονται
|
||||
με <quote>deltas</quote> των αυθεντικών πηγών τους. Το γεγονός αυτό μας επιτρέπει
|
||||
να αναβαθμίσουμε τις ports πολύ ευκολότερα, και μειώνει δραστικά τις
|
||||
απαιτήσεις σε σκληρό δίσκο που υπήρχαν από την παλαιότερη Συλλογή Ports 1.0 . Για
|
||||
να μεταγλωττιστεί (compile) μια port, απλά μεταβείτε στην directory του
|
||||
προγράμματος που επιθυμείτε να εγκαταστήσετε, πληκτρολογήστε <command>make
|
||||
install</command>, και αφήστε το σύστημα να κάνει τα υπόλοιπα. Ολόκληρη
|
||||
η αυθεντική διανομή για κάθε port που χτίζετε (build) παρέχεται δυναμικά
|
||||
από το CDROM ή από μία τοπική FTP τοποθεσία, επομένως χρειάζεστε μόνο
|
||||
αρκετό σκληρό δίσκο για να χτίσετε (build) τις ports που θέλετε. Σχεδόν
|
||||
κάθε port επίσης παρέχεται και σαν προ-μεταγλωττισμένο(pre-compiled)
|
||||
<quote>package</quote>, το οποίο μπορεί να εγκατασταθεί με μια
|
||||
απλή εντολή (<command>pkg_add</command>) για εκείνους που δεν επιθυμούν να
|
||||
να μεταγλωττίζουν(compile) τις ports τους από τον πηγαίο. Περισσότερες πληροφορίες
|
||||
για τα packages και τις ports μπορείτε να βρείτε στο <xref linkend="ports">.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Μεγάλο νούμερο από επιπλέον τεκμηρίωση την οποία μπορεί να βρείτε πολύ χρήσιμη
|
||||
για την διαδικασία εγκατάστασης και χρήσης του &os; μπορεί επίσης να βρεθεί
|
||||
στην directory <filename>/usr/share/doc</filename> οποιασδήποτε σύγχρονης
|
||||
μηχανής &os;. Μπορείτε να δείτε τα εγχειρίδια εγκατεστημένα τοπικά
|
||||
με κάθε κατάλληλο HTML browser χρησιμοποιώντας τις ακόλουθες
|
||||
URLs:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<variablelist>
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term>Το Εγκειρίδιο Χρήσης &os;</term>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><ulink type="html"
|
||||
url="file://localhost/usr/share/doc/handbook/index.html"><filename>/usr/share/doc/handbook/index.html</filename></ulink></para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term>Συνήθεις ερωτήσεις στο &os; (FAQ)</term>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><ulink type="html"
|
||||
url="file://localhost/usr/share/doc/faq/index.html"><filename>/usr/share/doc/faq/index.html</filename></ulink></para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
</variablelist>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Μπορείτε επίσης να δείτε τα αυθεντικά (και πιο συχνά αναβαθμισμένα)
|
||||
αντίγραφα στο <ulink
|
||||
url="http://www.&os;.org/"></ulink>.</para>
|
||||
</sect2>
|
||||
</sect1>
|
||||
</chapter>
|
||||
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
Local Variables:
|
||||
mode: sgml
|
||||
sgml-declaration: "../chapter.decl"
|
||||
sgml-indent-data: t
|
||||
sgml-omittag: nil
|
||||
sgml-always-quote-attributes: t
|
||||
sgml-parent-document: ("../book.sgml" "part" "chapter")
|
||||
End:
|
||||
-->
|
943
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/jails/chapter.sgml
Normal file
943
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/jails/chapter.sgml
Normal file
|
@ -0,0 +1,943 @@
|
|||
<!--
|
||||
The FreeBSD Documentation Project
|
||||
|
||||
$FreeBSD$
|
||||
-->
|
||||
<chapter id="jails">
|
||||
<chapterinfo>
|
||||
<authorgroup>
|
||||
<author>
|
||||
<firstname>Matteo</firstname>
|
||||
<surname>Riondato</surname>
|
||||
<contrib>ÓõíåéóöïñÜ áðü ôïí </contrib>
|
||||
</author>
|
||||
</authorgroup>
|
||||
</chapterinfo>
|
||||
|
||||
<title>Jails</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>jails</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect1 id="jails-synopsis">
|
||||
<title>Óýíïøç</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Ôï êåöÜëáéï áõôü åîçãåß ôé åßíáé ôá jails (öõëáêÝò) óôï &os; êáé
|
||||
ðùò ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýíôáé. Ôá jails, ðïõ ïñéóìÝíåò öïñÝò áíáöÝñïíôáé óáí
|
||||
ìéá åíéó÷õìÝíç åíáëëáêôéêÞ ëýóç ãéá <emphasis>ðåñéâÜëëïíôá chroot
|
||||
</emphasis>, åßíáé Ýíá éó÷õñü åñãáëåßï ãéá äéá÷åéñéóôÝò óõóôçìÜôùí, áëëÜ
|
||||
ç âáóéêÞ ôïõò ÷ñÞóç ìðïñåß íá åðßóçò íá åßíáé ÷ñÞóéìç óå ðñï÷ùñçìÝíïõò
|
||||
÷ñÞóôåò.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Áöïý äéáâÜóåôå áõôü ôï êåöÜëáéï, èá îÝñåôå:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Ôé åßíáé ôï jail êáé ôé óêïðü ìðïñåß íá åîõðçñåôÞóåé óå
|
||||
åãêáôáóôÜóåéò &os;.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Ðùò íá öôéÜîåôå, íá åêêéíÞóåôå, êáé íá óôáìáôÞóåôå Ýíá jail.
|
||||
</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Ôá âáóéêÜ ôçò äéá÷åßñéóçò ôïõ jail, ôüóï ìÝóá, üóï êáé Ýîù
|
||||
áðü áõôü.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>¶ëëåò ðçãÝò ÷ñÞóéìùí ðëçñïöïñéþí ó÷åôéêÜ ìå ôá jails åßíáé:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Ç óåëßäá manual ôïõ &man.jail.8;. ÐåñéÝ÷åé ðëÞñç áíáöïñÜ
|
||||
ôïõ âïçèçôéêïý ðñïãñÜììáôïò <command>jail</command> —
|
||||
ôïõ äéá÷åéñéóôéêïý åñãáëåßïõ ðïõ ìðïñåß íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéçèåß óôï &os;
|
||||
ãéá ôçí åêêßíçóç, äéáêïðÞ êáé Ýëåã÷ï ôùí jails.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Ïé ëßóôåò ôá÷õäñïìåßïõ êáé ôá áñ÷åßá ôïõò. Ôá áñ÷åßá áðü ôçí
|
||||
&a.questions.name; êáé Üëëåò ëßóôåò ðïõ åîõðçñåôïýíôáé áðü ôïí
|
||||
&a.mailman.lists; ðåñéÝ÷ïõí ðëÞñç ïäçãü ãéá ôá jails. Åßíáé ðÜíôïôå
|
||||
åíäéáöÝñïí íá øÜ÷íåôå ôá áñ÷åßá Þ íá äçìïóéåýåôå íÝåò åñùôÞóåéò
|
||||
óôç ëßóôá &a.questions.name;.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
|
||||
</sect1>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect1 id="jails-terms">
|
||||
<title>Terms Related to Jails</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>To facilitate better understanding of parts of the &os; system
|
||||
related to jails, their internals and the way they interact with
|
||||
the rest of &os;, the following terms are used further in this
|
||||
chapter:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<variablelist>
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term>&man.chroot.2; (command)</term>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>A system call of &os;, which changes the root directory of a
|
||||
process and all its descendants.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term>&man.chroot.2; (environment)</term>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>The environment of processes running in
|
||||
a <quote>chroot</quote>. This includes resources such as the part
|
||||
of the file system which is visible, user and group IDs which are
|
||||
available, network interfaces and other IPC mechanisms,
|
||||
etc.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term>&man.jail.8; (command)</term>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>The system administration utility which allows launching of
|
||||
processes within a jail environment.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term>host (system, process, user, etc.)</term>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>The controlling system of a jail environment. The host system
|
||||
has access to all the hardware resources available, and can
|
||||
control processes both outside of and inside a jail environment.
|
||||
One of the important differences of the host system from a jail is
|
||||
that the limitations which apply to superuser processes inside a
|
||||
jail are not enforced for processes of the host system.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term>hosted (system, process, user, etc.)</term>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>A process, user or other entity, whose access to resources is
|
||||
restricted by an &os; jail.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
</variablelist>
|
||||
</sect1>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect1 id="jails-intro">
|
||||
<title>Introduction</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Since system administration is a difficult and perplexing
|
||||
task, many powerful tools were developed to make life easier for
|
||||
the administrator. These tools mostly provide enhancements of some sort
|
||||
to the way systems are installed, configured and maintained.
|
||||
Part of the tasks which an administrator is
|
||||
expected to do is to properly configure the security of a system,
|
||||
so that it can continue serving its real purpose, without allowing
|
||||
security violations.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>One of the tools which can be used to enhance the security of
|
||||
a &os; system are <emphasis>jails</emphasis>. Jails were
|
||||
introduced in &os; 4.X by &a.phk;, but were greatly improved in
|
||||
&os; 5.X to make them a powerful and flexible subsystem. Their
|
||||
development still goes on, enhancing their usefulness, performance, reliability,
|
||||
and security.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect2 id="jails-what">
|
||||
<title>What is a Jail</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>BSD-like operating systems have had &man.chroot.2; since the
|
||||
time of 4.2BSD. The &man.chroot.8; utility can be used to
|
||||
change the root directory
|
||||
of a set of processes, creating a safe environment, separate
|
||||
from the rest of the system. Processes created in the chrooted
|
||||
environment can not access files or resources outside of it.
|
||||
For that reason, compromising a service running in a chrooted
|
||||
environment should not allow the attacker to compromise the
|
||||
entire system. The &man.chroot.8; utility is good for easy
|
||||
tasks, which do not require a lot of flexibility or complex and
|
||||
advanced features. Since the inception of the
|
||||
chroot concept, however, many ways have been found to escape from a
|
||||
chrooted environment and, although they have been fixed in
|
||||
modern versions of the &os; kernel, it was clear that
|
||||
&man.chroot.2; was not the ideal solution for securing services.
|
||||
A new subsystem had to be implemented.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>This is one of the main reasons why
|
||||
<emphasis>jails</emphasis> were developed.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Jails improve on the concept of the traditional
|
||||
&man.chroot.2; environment, in several ways. In a traditional
|
||||
&man.chroot.2; environment, processes are only limited in the
|
||||
part of the file system they can access. The rest of the system
|
||||
resources (like the set of system users, the running processes,
|
||||
or the networking subsystem) are shared by the chrooted
|
||||
processes and the processes of the host system. Jails expand
|
||||
this model by virtualizing not only access to the file system,
|
||||
but also the set of users, the networking subsystem of the &os;
|
||||
kernel and a few other things. A more complete set of
|
||||
fine-grained controls available for tuning the access of a
|
||||
jailed environment is described in <xref
|
||||
linkend="jails-tuning">.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>A jail is characterized by four elements:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>A directory subtree — the starting point from
|
||||
which a jail is entered. Once inside the jail, a process
|
||||
is not permitted to escape outside of this subtree.
|
||||
Traditional security issues which plagued the original
|
||||
&man.chroot.2; design will not affect &os; jails.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>A hostname — the hostname which will be used
|
||||
within the jail. Jails are mainly used for hosting network
|
||||
services, therefore having a descriptive hostname for each
|
||||
jail can really help the system administrator.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>An <acronym>IP</acronym> address — this will be
|
||||
assigned to the jail and cannot be changed in any way during
|
||||
the jail's life span. The IP address of a jail is usually an alias address
|
||||
for an existing network interface, but this is not strictly necessary.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>A command — the path name of an executable to run
|
||||
inside the jail. This is relative to the root directory of
|
||||
the jail environment, and may vary a lot, depending on the
|
||||
type of the specific jail environment.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Apart from these, jails can have their own set of users and
|
||||
their own <username>root</username> user. Naturally, the powers
|
||||
of the <username>root</username> user are limited within the
|
||||
jail environment and, from the point of view of the host system,
|
||||
the jail <username>root</username> user is not an omnipotent user.
|
||||
In addition, the <username>root</username> user of a jail is not
|
||||
allowed to perform critical operations to the system outside of
|
||||
the associated &man.jail.8; environment. More information
|
||||
about capabilities and restrictions of the
|
||||
<username>root</username> user will be discussed in <xref
|
||||
linkend="jails-tuning"> below.</para>
|
||||
</sect2>
|
||||
</sect1>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect1 id="jails-build">
|
||||
<title>Creating and Controlling Jails</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Some administrators divide jails into the following two types:
|
||||
<quote>complete</quote> jails, which resemble a real &os; system,
|
||||
and <quote>service</quote> jails, dedicated to one application or
|
||||
service, possibly running with privileges. This is only a
|
||||
conceptual division and the process of building a jail is not
|
||||
affected by it. The &man.jail.8; manual page is quite clear about
|
||||
the procedure for building a jail:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>setenv D <replaceable>/here/is/the/jail</replaceable></userinput>
|
||||
&prompt.root; <userinput>mkdir -p $D</userinput> <co id="jailpath">
|
||||
&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /usr/src</userinput>
|
||||
&prompt.root; <userinput>make world DESTDIR=$D</userinput> <co id="jailworld">
|
||||
&prompt.root; <userinput>cd etc/</userinput> <footnote><para>This step
|
||||
is not required on &os; 6.0 and later.</para></footnote>
|
||||
&prompt.root; <userinput>make distribution DESTDIR=$D</userinput> <co id="jaildistrib">
|
||||
&prompt.root; <userinput>mount_devfs devfs $D/dev</userinput> <co id="jaildevfs"></screen>
|
||||
|
||||
<calloutlist>
|
||||
<callout arearefs="jailpath">
|
||||
<para>Selecting a location for a jail is the best starting point.
|
||||
This is where the jail will physically reside within the file system of the jail's host.
|
||||
A good choice can be <filename
|
||||
role="directory">/usr/jail/<replaceable>jailname</replaceable></filename>,
|
||||
where <replaceable>jailname</replaceable> is the hostname
|
||||
identifying the jail. The <filename
|
||||
role="directory">/usr/</filename> file system usually has
|
||||
enough space for the jail file system, which for <quote>complete</quote> jails is, essentially,
|
||||
a replication of every file present in a default installation
|
||||
of the &os; base system.</para>
|
||||
</callout>
|
||||
|
||||
<callout arearefs="jailworld">
|
||||
<para>This command will populate the directory subtree chosen
|
||||
as jail's physical location on the file system with the
|
||||
necessary binaries, libraries, manual pages and so on.
|
||||
Everything is done in the typical &os; style — first
|
||||
everything is built/compiled, then installed to the
|
||||
destination path.</para>
|
||||
</callout>
|
||||
|
||||
<callout arearefs="jaildistrib">
|
||||
<para>The <maketarget>distribution</maketarget> target for
|
||||
<application>make</application> installs every needed
|
||||
configuration file. In simple words, it installs every installable file of
|
||||
<filename role="directory">/usr/src/etc/</filename> to the
|
||||
<filename role="directory">/etc</filename> directory of the jail
|
||||
environment:
|
||||
<filename role="directory">$D/etc/</filename>.</para>
|
||||
</callout>
|
||||
|
||||
<callout arearefs="jaildevfs">
|
||||
<para>Mounting the &man.devfs.8; file system inside a jail is
|
||||
not required. On the other hand, any, or almost any
|
||||
application requires access to at least one device, depending
|
||||
on the purpose of the given application. It is very important
|
||||
to control access to devices from inside a jail, as improper
|
||||
settings could permit an attacker to do nasty things in the
|
||||
jail. Control over &man.devfs.8; is managed through rulesets
|
||||
which are described in the &man.devfs.8; and
|
||||
&man.devfs.conf.5; manual pages.</para>
|
||||
</callout>
|
||||
</calloutlist>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Once a jail is installed, it can be started by using the
|
||||
&man.jail.8; utility. The &man.jail.8; utility takes four
|
||||
mandatory arguments which are described in the <xref
|
||||
linkend="jails-what">. Other arguments may be
|
||||
specified too, e.g., to run the jailed process with the credentials of a specific
|
||||
user. The <option><replaceable>command</replaceable></option> argument depends on
|
||||
the type of the jail; for a <emphasis>virtual system</emphasis>,
|
||||
<filename>/etc/rc</filename> is a good choice, since it will
|
||||
replicate the startup sequence of a real &os; system. For a
|
||||
<emphasis>service</emphasis> jail, it depends on the service or
|
||||
application that will run within the jail.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Jails are often started at boot time and the &os;
|
||||
<filename>rc</filename> mechanism provides an easy way to do
|
||||
this.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<procedure>
|
||||
<step>
|
||||
<para>A list of the jails which are enabled to start at boot
|
||||
time should be added to the &man.rc.conf.5; file:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<programlisting>jail_enable="YES" # Set to NO to disable starting of any jails
|
||||
jail_list="<replaceable>www</replaceable>" # Space separated list of names of jails</programlisting>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
|
||||
<step>
|
||||
<para>For each jail listed in <varname>jail_list</varname>, a
|
||||
group of &man.rc.conf.5; settings, which describe the
|
||||
particular jail, should be added:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<programlisting>jail_<replaceable>www</replaceable>_rootdir="/usr/jail/www" # jail's root directory
|
||||
jail_<replaceable>www</replaceable>_hostname="<replaceable>www</replaceable>.example.org" # jail's hostname
|
||||
jail_<replaceable>www</replaceable>_ip="192.168.0.10" # jail's IP address
|
||||
jail_<replaceable>www</replaceable>_devfs_enable="YES" # mount devfs in the jail
|
||||
jail_<replaceable>www</replaceable>_devfs_ruleset="<replaceable>www_ruleset</replaceable>" # devfs ruleset to apply to jail</programlisting>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>The default startup of jails configured in
|
||||
&man.rc.conf.5;, will run the <filename>/etc/rc</filename>
|
||||
script of the jail, which assumes the jail is a complete
|
||||
virtual system. For service jails, the default startup
|
||||
command of the jail should be changed, by setting the
|
||||
<varname>jail_<replaceable>jailname</replaceable>_exec_start</varname>
|
||||
option appropriately.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<note>
|
||||
<para>For a full list of available options, please see the
|
||||
&man.rc.conf.5; manual page.</para>
|
||||
</note>
|
||||
</procedure>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>The <filename>/etc/rc.d/jail</filename> script can be used to
|
||||
start or stop a jail by hand, if an entry for it exists in
|
||||
<filename>rc.conf</filename>:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>/etc/rc.d/jail start <replaceable>www</replaceable></userinput>
|
||||
&prompt.root; <userinput>/etc/rc.d/jail stop <replaceable>www</replaceable></userinput></screen>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>A clean way to shut down a &man.jail.8; is not available at
|
||||
the moment. This is because commands normally used to accomplish
|
||||
a clean system shutdown cannot be used inside a jail. The best
|
||||
way to shut down a jail is to run the following command from
|
||||
within the jail itself or using the &man.jexec.8; utility from
|
||||
outside the jail:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>sh /etc/rc.shutdown</userinput></screen>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>More information about this can be found in the &man.jail.8;
|
||||
manual page.</para>
|
||||
</sect1>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect1 id="jails-tuning">
|
||||
<title>Fine Tuning and Administration</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>There are several options which can be set for any jail, and
|
||||
various ways of combining a host &os; system with jails, to produce
|
||||
higher level applications. This section presents:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Some of the options available for tuning the behavior and
|
||||
security restrictions implemented by a jail
|
||||
installation.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Some of the high-level applications for jail management,
|
||||
which are available through the &os; Ports Collection, and can
|
||||
be used to implement overall jail-based solutions.</para>
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect2 id="jails-tuning-utilities">
|
||||
<title>System tools for jail tuning in &os;</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Fine tuning of a jail's configuration is mostly done by
|
||||
setting &man.sysctl.8; variables. A special subtree of sysctl
|
||||
exists as a basis for organizing all the relevant options: the
|
||||
<varname>security.jail.*</varname> hierarchy of &os; kernel
|
||||
options. Here is a list of the main jail-related sysctls,
|
||||
complete with their default value. Names should be
|
||||
self-explanatory, but for more information about them, please
|
||||
refer to the &man.jail.8; and &man.sysctl.8; manual
|
||||
pages.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><varname>security.jail.set_hostname_allowed:
|
||||
1</varname></para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><varname>security.jail.socket_unixiproute_only:
|
||||
1</varname></para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><varname>security.jail.sysvipc_allowed:
|
||||
0</varname></para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><varname>security.jail.enforce_statfs:
|
||||
2</varname></para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><varname>security.jail.allow_raw_sockets:
|
||||
0</varname></para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><varname>security.jail.chflags_allowed:
|
||||
0</varname></para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><varname>security.jail.jailed: 0</varname></para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>These variables can be used by the system administrator of
|
||||
the <emphasis>host system</emphasis> to add or remove some of
|
||||
the limitations imposed by default on the
|
||||
<username>root</username> user. Note that there are some
|
||||
limitations which cannot be removed. The
|
||||
<username>root</username> user is not allowed to mount or
|
||||
unmount file systems from within a &man.jail.8;. The
|
||||
<username>root</username> inside a jail may not load or unload
|
||||
&man.devfs.8; rulesets, set firewall rules, or do many other
|
||||
administrative tasks which require modifications of in-kernel
|
||||
data, such as setting the <varname>securelevel</varname> of the
|
||||
kernel.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>The base system of &os; contains a basic set of tools for
|
||||
viewing information about the active jails, and attaching to a
|
||||
jail to run administrative commands. The &man.jls.8; and
|
||||
&man.jexec.8; commands are part of the base &os; system, and can be used
|
||||
to perform the following simple tasks:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Print a list of active jails and their corresponding
|
||||
jail identifier (<acronym>JID</acronym>),
|
||||
<acronym>IP</acronym> address, hostname and path.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Attach to a running jail, from its host system, and run
|
||||
a command inside the jail or perform administrative tasks inside the
|
||||
jail itself. This is especially useful when the
|
||||
<username>root</username> user wants to cleanly shut down a
|
||||
jail. The &man.jexec.8; utility can also be used to start a
|
||||
shell in a jail to do administration in it; for
|
||||
example:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>jexec <replaceable>1</replaceable> tcsh</userinput></screen>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
</sect2>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect2 id="jails-tuning-admintools">
|
||||
<title>High-level administrative tools in &os; Ports
|
||||
Collection</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Among the many third-party utilities for jail administration,
|
||||
one of the most complete and useful is <filename
|
||||
role="package">sysutils/jailutils</filename>. It is a set of
|
||||
small applications that contribute to &man.jail.8; management.
|
||||
Please refer to its web page for more information.</para>
|
||||
</sect2>
|
||||
</sect1>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect1 id="jails-application">
|
||||
<title>Application of Jails</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect2 id="jails-service-jails">
|
||||
<sect2info>
|
||||
<authorgroup>
|
||||
<author>
|
||||
<firstname>Daniel</firstname>
|
||||
<surname>Gerzo</surname>
|
||||
<contrib>Contributed by </contrib>
|
||||
<!-- 15. May 2007 -->
|
||||
</author>
|
||||
</authorgroup>
|
||||
</sect2info>
|
||||
|
||||
<title>Service Jails</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>This section is based upon an idea originally presented by
|
||||
&a.simon; at <ulink
|
||||
url="http://simon.nitro.dk/service-jails.html"></ulink>, and an
|
||||
updated article written by Ken Tom
|
||||
<email>locals@gmail.com</email>. This section illustrates how
|
||||
to set up a &os; system that adds an additional layer of
|
||||
security, using the &man.jail.8; feature. It is also assumed
|
||||
that the given system is at least running RELENG_6_0 and the
|
||||
information provided earlier in this chapter has been well
|
||||
understood.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect3 id="jails-service-jails-design">
|
||||
<title>Design</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>One of the major problems with jails is the management of
|
||||
their upgrade process. This tends to be a problem because
|
||||
every jail has to be rebuilt from scratch whenever it is
|
||||
updated. This is usually not a problem for a single jail,
|
||||
since the update process is fairly simple, but can be quite
|
||||
time consuming and tedious if a lot of jails are
|
||||
created.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<warning>
|
||||
<para>This setup requires advanced experience with &os; and
|
||||
usage of its features. If the presented steps below look
|
||||
too complicated, it is advised to take a look at a simpler
|
||||
system such as <filename
|
||||
role="package">sysutils/ezjail</filename>, which provides
|
||||
an easier method of administering &os; jails and is not as
|
||||
sophisticated as this setup.</para>
|
||||
</warning>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>This idea has been presented to resolve such issues by
|
||||
sharing as much as is possible between jails, in a safe way
|
||||
— using read-only &man.mount.nullfs.8; mounts, so that
|
||||
updating will be be simpler, and putting single services into
|
||||
individual jails will become more attractive. Additionally,
|
||||
it provides a simple way to add or remove jails as well as a
|
||||
way to upgrade them.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<note>
|
||||
<para>Examples of services in this context are: an
|
||||
<acronym>HTTP</acronym> server, a <acronym>DNS</acronym>
|
||||
server, a <acronym>SMTP</acronym> server, and so forth.</para>
|
||||
</note>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>The goals of the setup described in this section
|
||||
are:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Create a simple and easy to understand jail structure.
|
||||
This implies <emphasis>not</emphasis> having to run a full
|
||||
installworld on each and every jail.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Make it easy to add new jails or remove existing
|
||||
ones.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Make it easy to update or upgrade existing
|
||||
jails.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Make it possible to run a customized &os;
|
||||
branch.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Be paranoid about security, reducing as much as
|
||||
possible the possibility of compromise.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Save space and inodes, as much as possible.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>As it has been already mentioned, this design relies
|
||||
heavily on having a single master template which is read-only
|
||||
(known as <application>nullfs</application>) mounted into each
|
||||
jail and one read-write device per jail. A device can be a
|
||||
separate physical disc, a partition, or a vnode backed
|
||||
&man.md.4; device. In this example, we will use read-write
|
||||
<application>nullfs</application> mounts.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>The file system layout is described in the following
|
||||
list:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Each jail will be mounted under the <filename
|
||||
role="directory">/home/j</filename> directory.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><filename role="directory">/home/j/mroot</filename> is
|
||||
the template for each jail and the read-only partition for
|
||||
all of the jails.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>A blank directory will be created for each jail under
|
||||
the <filename role="directory">/home/j</filename>
|
||||
directory.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Each jail will have a <filename
|
||||
role="directory">/s</filename> directory, that will be
|
||||
linked to the read-write portion of the system.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Each jail shall have its own read-write system that is
|
||||
based upon <filename
|
||||
role="directory">/home/j/skel</filename>.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Each jailspace (read-write portion of each jail) shall
|
||||
be created in <filename
|
||||
role="directory">/home/js</filename>.<para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
|
||||
<note>
|
||||
<para>This assumes that the jails are based under the
|
||||
<filename role="directory">/home</filename> partition. This
|
||||
can, of course, be changed to anything else, but this change
|
||||
will have to be reflected in each of the examples
|
||||
below.</para>
|
||||
</note>
|
||||
<!-- Insert an image or drawing here to illustrate the example. -->
|
||||
</sect3>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect3 id="jails-service-jails-template">
|
||||
<title>Creating the Template</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>This section will describe the steps needed to create the
|
||||
master template that will be the read-only portion for the
|
||||
jails to use.<para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>It is always a good idea to update the &os; system to the
|
||||
latest -RELEASE branch. Check the corresponding Handbook
|
||||
<ulink url="&url.books.handbook;/makeworld.html">Chapter</ulink>
|
||||
to accomplish this task. In the case the update is not
|
||||
feasible, the buildworld will be required in order to be able
|
||||
to proceed. Additionally, the <filename
|
||||
role="package">sysutils/cpdup</filename> package will be
|
||||
required. We will use the &man.portsnap.8; utility to
|
||||
download the &os; Ports Collection. The Handbook <ulink
|
||||
url="&url.books.handbook;/portsnap.html">Portsnap Chapter</ulink>
|
||||
is always good reading for newcomers.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<procedure>
|
||||
<step>
|
||||
<para>First, create a directory structure for the read-only
|
||||
file system which will contain the &os; binaries for our
|
||||
jails, then change directory to the &os; source tree and
|
||||
install the read-only file system to the jail
|
||||
template:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mkdir /home/j /home/j/mroot</userinput>
|
||||
&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /usr/src</userinput>
|
||||
&prompt.root; <userinput>make installworld DESTDIR=/home/j/mroot</userinput></screen>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
<step>
|
||||
<para>Next, prepare a &os; Ports Collection for the jails as
|
||||
well as a &os; source tree, which is required for
|
||||
<application>mergemaster</application>:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /home/j/mroot</userinput>
|
||||
&prompt.root; <userinput>mkdir usr/ports</userinput>
|
||||
&prompt.root; <userinput>portsnap -p /home/j/mroot/usr/ports fetch extract</userinput>
|
||||
&prompt.root; <userinput>cpdup /usr/src /home/j/mroot/usr/src</userinput></screen>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
<step>
|
||||
<para>Create a skeleton for the read-write portion of the
|
||||
system:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mkdir /home/j/skel /home/j/skel/home /home/j/skel/usr-X11R6 /home/j/skel/distfiles</userinput>
|
||||
&prompt.root; <userinput>mv etc /home/j/skel</userinput>
|
||||
&prompt.root; <userinput>mv usr/local /home/j/skel/usr-local</userinput>
|
||||
&prompt.root; <userinput>mv tmp /home/j/skel</userinput>
|
||||
&prompt.root; <userinput>mv var /home/j/skel</userinput>
|
||||
&prompt.root; <userinput>mv root /home/j/skel</userinput></screen>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
<step>
|
||||
<para>Use <application>mergemaster</application> to install
|
||||
missing configuration files. Then get rid of the extra
|
||||
directories that <application>mergemaster</application>
|
||||
creates:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mergemaster -t /home/j/skel/var/tmp/temproot -D /home/j/skel -i</userinput>
|
||||
&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /home/j/skel</userinput>
|
||||
&prompt.root; <userinput>rm -R bin boot lib libexec mnt proc rescue sbin sys usr dev</userinput></screen>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
<step>
|
||||
<para>Now, symlink the read-write file system to the
|
||||
read-only file system. Please make sure that the symlinks
|
||||
are created in the correct <filename
|
||||
role="directory">s/</filename> locations. Real
|
||||
directories or the creation of directories in the wrong
|
||||
locations will cause the installation to fail.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /home/j/mroot</userinput>
|
||||
&prompt.root; <userinput>mkdir s</userinput>
|
||||
&prompt.root; <userinput>ln -s s/etc etc</userinput>
|
||||
&prompt.root; <userinput>ln -s s/home home</userinput>
|
||||
&prompt.root; <userinput>ln -s s/root root</userinput>
|
||||
&prompt.root; <userinput>ln -s ../s/usr-local usr/local</userinput>
|
||||
&prompt.root; <userinput>ln -s ../s/usr-X11R6 usr/X11R6</userinput>
|
||||
&prompt.root; <userinput>ln -s ../../s/distfiles usr/ports/distfiles</userinput>
|
||||
&prompt.root; <userinput>ln -s s/tmp tmp</userinput>
|
||||
&prompt.root; <userinput>ln -s s/var var</userinput></screen>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
<step>
|
||||
<para>As a last step, create a generic
|
||||
<filename>/home/j/skel/etc/make.conf</filename> with its
|
||||
contents as shown below:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<programlisting>WRKDIRPREFIX?= /s/portbuild</programlisting>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Having <literal>WRKDIRPREFIX</literal> set up this
|
||||
way will make it possible to compile &os; ports inside
|
||||
each jail. Remember that the ports directory is part of
|
||||
the read-only system. The custom path for
|
||||
<literal>WRKDIRPREFIX</literal> allows builds to be done
|
||||
in the read-write portion of every jail.</para>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
</procedure>
|
||||
</sect3>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect3 id="jails-service-jails-creating">
|
||||
<title>Creating Jails</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Now that we have a complete &os; jail template, we can
|
||||
setup and configure the jails in
|
||||
<filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>. This example demonstrates
|
||||
the creation of 3 jails: <quote>NS</quote>,
|
||||
<quote>MAIL</quote> and <quote>WWW</quote>.<para>
|
||||
|
||||
<procedure>
|
||||
<step>
|
||||
<para>Put the following lines into the
|
||||
<filename>/etc/fstab</filename> file, so that the
|
||||
read-only template for the jails and the read-write space
|
||||
will be available in the respective jails:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<programlisting>/home/j/mroot /home/j/ns nullfs ro 0 0
|
||||
/home/j/mroot /home/j/mail nullfs ro 0 0
|
||||
/home/j/mroot /home/j/www nullfs ro 0 0
|
||||
/home/js/ns /home/j/ns/s nullfs rw 0 0
|
||||
/home/js/mail /home/j/mail/s nullfs rw 0 0
|
||||
/home/js/www /home/j/www/s nullfs rw 0 0</programlisting>
|
||||
|
||||
<note>
|
||||
<para>Partitions marked with a 0 pass number are not
|
||||
checked by &man.fsck.8; during boot, and partitions
|
||||
marked with a 0 dump number are not backed up by
|
||||
&man.dump.8;. We do not want
|
||||
<application>fsck</application> to check
|
||||
<application>nullfs</application> mounts or
|
||||
<application>dump</application> to back up the read-only
|
||||
nullfs mounts of the jails. This is why they are marked
|
||||
with <quote>0 0</quote> in the last two columns of
|
||||
each <filename>fstab</filename> entry above.</para>
|
||||
</note>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
<step>
|
||||
<para>Configure the jails in
|
||||
<filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<programlisting>jail_enable="YES"
|
||||
jail_set_hostname_allow="NO"
|
||||
jail_list="ns mail www"
|
||||
jail_ns_hostname="ns.example.org"
|
||||
jail_ns_ip="192.168.3.17"
|
||||
jail_ns_rootdir="/home/j/ns"
|
||||
jail_ns_devfs_enable="YES"
|
||||
jail_mail_hostname="mail.example.org"
|
||||
jail_mail_ip="192.168.3.18"
|
||||
jail_mail_rootdir="/home/j/mail"
|
||||
jail_mail_devfs_enable="YES"
|
||||
jail_www_hostname="www.example.org"
|
||||
jail_www_ip="62.123.43.14"
|
||||
jail_www_rootdir="/home/j/www"
|
||||
jail_www_devfs_enable="YES"</programlisting>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
<step>
|
||||
<para>Create the required mount points for the read-only
|
||||
file system of each jail:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mkdir /home/j/ns /home/j/mail /home/j/www</userinput></screen>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
<step>
|
||||
<para>Install the read-write template into each jail. Note
|
||||
the use of <filename
|
||||
role="package">sysutils/cpdup</filename>, which helps to
|
||||
ensure that a correct copy is done of each
|
||||
directory:</para>
|
||||
<!-- keramida: Why is cpdup required here? Doesn't cpio(1)
|
||||
already include adequate functionality for performing this
|
||||
job *and* have the advantage of being part of the base
|
||||
system of FreeBSD? -->
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mkdir /home/js</userinput>
|
||||
&prompt.root; <userinput>cpdup /home/j/skel /home/js/ns</userinput>
|
||||
&prompt.root; <userinput>cpdup /home/j/skel /home/js/mail</userinput>
|
||||
&prompt.root; <userinput>cpdup /home/j/skel /home/js/www</userinput></screen>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
<step>
|
||||
<para>In this phase, the jails are built and prepared to
|
||||
run. First, mount the required file systems for each
|
||||
jail, and then start them using the
|
||||
<filename>/etc/rc.d/jail</filename> script:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mount -a</userinput>
|
||||
&prompt.root; <userinput>/etc/rc.d/jail start</userinput></screen>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
</procedure>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>The jails should be running now. To check if they have
|
||||
started correctly, use the &man.jls.8; command. Its output
|
||||
should be similar to the following:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>jls</userinput>
|
||||
JID IP Address Hostname Path
|
||||
3 192.168.3.17 ns.example.org /home/j/ns
|
||||
2 192.168.3.18 mail.example.org /home/j/mail
|
||||
1 62.123.43.14 www.example.org /home/j/www</screen>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>At this point, it should be possible to log onto each
|
||||
jail, add new users or configure daemons. The
|
||||
<literal>JID</literal> column indicates the jail
|
||||
identification number of each running jail. Use the
|
||||
following command in order to perform administrative tasks in
|
||||
the jail whose <literal>JID</literal> is 3:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>jexec 3 tcsh</userinput></screen>
|
||||
</sect3>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect3 id="jails-service-jails-upgrading">
|
||||
<title>Upgrading</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>In time, there will be a need to upgrade the system to a
|
||||
newer version of &os;, either because of a security issue, or
|
||||
because new features have been implemented which are useful
|
||||
for the existing jails. The design of this setup provides an
|
||||
easy way to upgrade existing jails. Additionally, it
|
||||
minimizes their downtime, as the jails will be brought down
|
||||
only in the very last minute. Also, it provides a way to roll
|
||||
back to the older versions should any problems occur.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<procedure>
|
||||
<step>
|
||||
<para>The first step is to upgrade the host system in the
|
||||
usual manner. Then create a new temporary read-only
|
||||
template in <filename
|
||||
role="directory">/home/j/mroot2</filename>.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mkdir /home/j/mroot2</userinput>
|
||||
&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /usr/src</userinput>
|
||||
&prompt.root; <userinput>make installworld DESTDIR=/home/j/mroot2</userinput>
|
||||
&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /home/j/mroot2</userinput>
|
||||
&prompt.root; <userinput>cpdup /usr/src usr/src</userinput>
|
||||
&prompt.root; <userinput>mkdir s</userinput></screen>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>The <maketarget>installworld</maketarget> run creates
|
||||
a few unnecessary directories, which should be
|
||||
removed:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>chflags -R 0 var</userinput>
|
||||
&prompt.root; <userinput>rm -R etc var root usr/local tmp</userinput></screen>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
<step>
|
||||
<para>Recreate the read-write symlinks for the master file
|
||||
system:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>ln -s s/etc etc</userinput>
|
||||
&prompt.root; <userinput>ln -s s/root root</userinput>
|
||||
&prompt.root; <userinput>ln -s s/home home</userinput>
|
||||
&prompt.root; <userinput>ln -s ../s/usr-local usr/local</userinput>
|
||||
&prompt.root; <userinput>ln -s ../s/usr-X11R6 usr/X11R6</userinput>
|
||||
&prompt.root; <userinput>ln -s s/tmp tmp</userinput>
|
||||
&prompt.root; <userinput>ln -s s/var var</userinput></screen>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
<step>
|
||||
<para>The right time to stop the jails is now:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>/etc/rc.d/jail stop</userinput></screen>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
<step>
|
||||
<para>Unmount the original file systems:</para>
|
||||
<!-- keramida: Shouldn't we suggest a short script-based
|
||||
loop here, instead of tediously copying the same commands
|
||||
multiple times? -->
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>umount /home/j/ns/s</userinput>
|
||||
&prompt.root; <userinput>umount /home/j/ns</userinput>
|
||||
&prompt.root; <userinput>umount /home/j/mail/s</userinput>
|
||||
&prompt.root; <userinput>umount /home/j/mail</userinput>
|
||||
&prompt.root; <userinput>umount /home/j/www/s</userinput>
|
||||
&prompt.root; <userinput>umount /home/j/www</userinput></screen>
|
||||
|
||||
<note>
|
||||
<para>The read-write systems are attached to the read-only
|
||||
system (<filename role="directory">/s</filename>) and
|
||||
must be unmounted first.</para>
|
||||
</note>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
<step>
|
||||
<para>Move the old read-only file system and replace it with
|
||||
the new one. This will serve as a backup and archive of the
|
||||
old read-only file system should something go wrong. The
|
||||
naming convention used here corresponds to when a new
|
||||
read-only file system has been created. Move the original
|
||||
&os; Ports Collection over to the new file system to save
|
||||
some space and inodes:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /home/j</userinput>
|
||||
&prompt.root; <userinput>mv mroot mroot.20060601</userinput>
|
||||
&prompt.root; <userinput>mv mroot2 mroot</userinput>
|
||||
&prompt.root; <userinput>mv mroot.20060601/usr/ports mroot/usr</userinput></screen>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
<step>
|
||||
<para>At this point the new read-only template is ready, so
|
||||
the only remaining task is to remount the file systems and
|
||||
start the jails:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mount -a</userinput>
|
||||
&prompt.root; <userinput>/etc/rc.d/jail start</userinput></screen>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
</procedure>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Use &man.jls.8; to check if the jails started correctly.
|
||||
Do not forget to run mergemaster in each jail. The
|
||||
configuration files will need to be updated as well as the
|
||||
rc.d scripts.</para>
|
||||
</sect3>
|
||||
</sect2>
|
||||
</sect1>
|
||||
</chapter>
|
1448
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/kernelconfig/chapter.sgml
Normal file
1448
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/kernelconfig/chapter.sgml
Normal file
File diff suppressed because it is too large
Load diff
946
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/l10n/chapter.sgml
Normal file
946
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/l10n/chapter.sgml
Normal file
|
@ -0,0 +1,946 @@
|
|||
<!--
|
||||
The FreeBSD Documentation Project
|
||||
|
||||
$FreeBSD$
|
||||
-->
|
||||
|
||||
<chapter id="l10n">
|
||||
<chapterinfo>
|
||||
<authorgroup>
|
||||
<author>
|
||||
<firstname>Andrey</firstname>
|
||||
<surname>Chernov</surname>
|
||||
<contrib>ÓõíåéóöïñÜ áðü ôïí </contrib>
|
||||
</author>
|
||||
</authorgroup>
|
||||
<authorgroup>
|
||||
<author>
|
||||
<firstname>Michael C.</firstname>
|
||||
<surname>Wu</surname>
|
||||
<contrib>ÃñÜöôçêå îáíÜ áðü ôïí </contrib>
|
||||
</author>
|
||||
<!-- 30 Nv 2000 -->
|
||||
</authorgroup>
|
||||
</chapterinfo>
|
||||
|
||||
<title>ÔïðéêÝò Ñõèìßóåéò - ×ñÞóç êáé ñýèìéóç I18N/L10N</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect1 id="l10n-synopsis">
|
||||
<title>Óýíïøç</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Ôï &os; åßíáé Ýíá éäéáßôåñá áðïêåíôñùìÝíï Ýñãï ìå ÷ñÞóôåò êáé
|
||||
åèåëïíôÝò óå ïëüêëçñï ôïí êüóìï. Ôï êåöÜëáéï áõôü óõæçôÜåé
|
||||
ôéò äõíáôüôçôåò ôïðéêþí êáé äéåèíþí ñõèìßóåùí ôïõ &os; ïé ïðïßåò
|
||||
åðéôñÝðïõí óå ÷ñÞóôåò ãëùóóþí åêôüò ôçò ÁããëéêÞò íá åêôåëÝóïõí
|
||||
ðñáãìáôéêÞ åñãáóßá. ÕðÜñ÷ïõí ðïëëïß ðáñÜãïíôåò óôçí õëïðïßçóç ôïõ
|
||||
ðëáéóßïõ i18n, ôüóï óå åðßðåäï óõóôÞìáôïò, üóï êáé åöáñìïãþí, êáé ãéá ôï
|
||||
ëüãï áõôü, üðïõ ÷ñåéÜæåôáé, ðáñáðÝìðïõìå ôïí áíáãíþóôç óå ðéï
|
||||
óõãêåêñéìÝíåò ðçãÝò ôåêìçñßùóçò.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Áöïý äéáâÜóåôå áõôü ôï êåöÜëáéï, èá îÝñåôå:</para>
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem><para>Ðùò êùäéêïðïéïýíôáé ïé ãëþóóåò êáé ïé ôïðéêÝò ñõèìßóåéò
|
||||
óôá óýã÷ñïíá ëåéôïõñãéêÜ óõóôÞìáôá.</para></listitem>
|
||||
<listitem><para>Ðùò íá âÜëåôå ôïðéêÝò ñõèìßóåéò óôï êÝëõöïò óáò (login
|
||||
shell).</para></listitem>
|
||||
<listitem><para>Ðùò íá ñõèìßóåôå ôçí êïíóüëá ãéá ãëþóóåò åêôüò ôçò
|
||||
ÁããëéêÞò.</para></listitem>
|
||||
<listitem><para>Ðùò íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå áðïôåëåóìáôéêÜ ôï óýóôçìá X
|
||||
Windows ìå äéáöïñåôéêÝò ãëþóóåò.</para></listitem>
|
||||
<listitem><para>Ðïõ íá âñåßôå ðåñéóóüôåñåò ðëçñïöïñßåò ãéá ôç óõããñáöÞ
|
||||
åöáñìïãþí óõìâáôþí ìå ôï ðñüôõðï i18n.</para></listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Ðñéí äéáâÜóåôå áõôü ôï êåöÜëáéï, èá ðñÝðåé:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem><para>Íá ãíùñßæåôå ðùò íá åãêáôáóôÞóåôå ðñüóèåôï ëïãéóìéêü
|
||||
ôñßôïõ êáôáóêåõáóôÞ (<xref linkend="ports">).</para></listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
</sect1>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect1 id="l10n-basics">
|
||||
<title>The Basics</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect2>
|
||||
<title>What Is I18N/L10N?</title>
|
||||
<indexterm>
|
||||
<primary>internationalization</primary>
|
||||
<see>localization</see>
|
||||
</indexterm>
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>localization</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Developers shortened internationalization into the term I18N,
|
||||
counting the number of letters between the first and the last
|
||||
letters of internationalization. L10N uses the same naming
|
||||
scheme, coming from <quote>localization</quote>. Combined
|
||||
together, I18N/L10N methods, protocols, and applications allow
|
||||
users to use languages of their choice.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>I18N applications are programmed using I18N kits under
|
||||
libraries. It allows for developers to write a simple file and
|
||||
translate displayed menus and texts to each language. We strongly
|
||||
encourage programmers to follow this convention.</para>
|
||||
</sect2>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect2>
|
||||
<title>Why Should I Use I18N/L10N?</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>I18N/L10N is used whenever you wish to either view, input, or
|
||||
process data in non-English languages.</para>
|
||||
</sect2>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect2>
|
||||
<title>What Languages Are Supported in the I18N Effort?</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>I18N and L10N are not FreeBSD specific. Currently, one can
|
||||
choose from most of the major languages of the World, including
|
||||
but not limited to: Chinese, German, Japanese, Korean, French,
|
||||
Russian, Vietnamese and others.</para>
|
||||
</sect2>
|
||||
</sect1>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect1 id="using-localization">
|
||||
<title>Using Localization</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>In all its splendor, I18N is not FreeBSD-specific and is a
|
||||
convention. We encourage you to help FreeBSD in following this
|
||||
convention.</para>
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>locale</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Localization settings are based on three main terms:
|
||||
Language Code, Country Code, and Encoding. Locale names are
|
||||
constructed from these parts as follows:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<programlisting><replaceable>LanguageCode</replaceable>_<replaceable>CountryCode</replaceable>.<replaceable>Encoding</replaceable></programlisting>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect2>
|
||||
<title>Language and Country Codes</title>
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>language codes</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>country codes</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>In order to localize a FreeBSD system to a specific language
|
||||
(or any other I18N-supporting &unix; like systems), the user needs to find out
|
||||
the codes for the specify country and language (country
|
||||
codes tell applications what variation of given
|
||||
language to use). In addition, web
|
||||
browsers, SMTP/POP servers, web servers, etc. make decisions based on
|
||||
them. The following are examples of language/country codes:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<informaltable frame="none" pgwide="1">
|
||||
<tgroup cols="2">
|
||||
<thead>
|
||||
<row>
|
||||
<entry>Language/Country Code</entry>
|
||||
<entry>Description</entry>
|
||||
</row>
|
||||
</thead>
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody>
|
||||
<row>
|
||||
<entry>en_US</entry>
|
||||
<entry>English - United States</entry>
|
||||
</row>
|
||||
|
||||
<row>
|
||||
<entry>ru_RU</entry>
|
||||
<entry>Russian for Russia</entry>
|
||||
</row>
|
||||
|
||||
<row>
|
||||
<entry>zh_TW</entry>
|
||||
<entry>Traditional Chinese for Taiwan</entry>
|
||||
</row>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</tgroup>
|
||||
</informaltable>
|
||||
|
||||
</sect2>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect2>
|
||||
<title>Encodings</title>
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>encodings</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>ASCII</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Some languages use non-ASCII encodings that are 8-bit, wide
|
||||
or multibyte characters, see &man.multibyte.3; for more
|
||||
details. Older applications do not recognize them
|
||||
and mistake them for control characters. Newer applications
|
||||
usually do recognize 8-bit characters. Depending on the
|
||||
implementation, users may be required to compile an application
|
||||
with wide or multibyte characters support, or configure it correctly.
|
||||
To be able to input and process wide or multibyte characters, the <ulink
|
||||
url="&url.base;/ports/index.html">FreeBSD Ports Collection</ulink> has provided
|
||||
each language with different programs. Refer to the I18N
|
||||
documentation in the respective FreeBSD Port.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Specifically, the user needs to look at the application
|
||||
documentation to decide on how to configure it correctly or to
|
||||
pass correct values into the configure/Makefile/compiler.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Some things to keep in mind are:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Language specific single C chars character sets
|
||||
(see &man.multibyte.3;), e.g.
|
||||
ISO8859-1, ISO8859-15, KOI8-R, CP437.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Wide or multibyte encodings, e.g. EUC, Big5.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>You can check the active list of character sets at the
|
||||
<ulink
|
||||
url="http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets">IANA Registry</ulink>.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<note>
|
||||
<para>&os; use X11-compatible locale encodings instead.</para>
|
||||
</note>
|
||||
|
||||
</sect2>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect2>
|
||||
<title>I18N Applications</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>In the FreeBSD Ports and Package system, I18N applications
|
||||
have been named with <literal>I18N</literal> in their names for
|
||||
easy identification. However, they do not always support the
|
||||
language needed.</para>
|
||||
</sect2>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect2 id="setting-locale">
|
||||
<title>Setting Locale</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Usually it is sufficient to export the value of the locale name
|
||||
as <envar>LANG</envar> in the login shell. This could be done in
|
||||
the user's <filename>~/.login_conf</filename> file or in the
|
||||
startup file of the user's shell (<filename>~/.profile</filename>,
|
||||
<filename>~/.bashrc</filename>, <filename>~/.cshrc</filename>).
|
||||
There is no need to set the locale subsets such as
|
||||
<envar>LC_CTYPE</envar>, <envar>LC_CTIME</envar>. Please
|
||||
refer to language-specific FreeBSD documentation for more
|
||||
information.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>You should set the following two environment variables in your configuration
|
||||
files:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>POSIX</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><envar>LANG</envar> for &posix; &man.setlocale.3; family
|
||||
functions</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>MIME</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><envar>MM_CHARSET</envar> for applications' MIME character
|
||||
set</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>This includes the user shell configuration, the specific application
|
||||
configuration, and the X11 configuration.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect3>
|
||||
<title>Setting Locale Methods</title>
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>locale</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>login class</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>There are two methods for setting locale, and both are
|
||||
described below. The first (recommended one) is by assigning
|
||||
the environment variables in <link linkend="login-class">login
|
||||
class</link>, and the second is by adding the environment
|
||||
variable assignments to the system's shell <link
|
||||
linkend="startup-file">startup file</link>.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect4 id="login-class">
|
||||
<title>Login Classes Method</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>This method allows environment variables needed for locale
|
||||
name and MIME character sets to be assigned once for every
|
||||
possible shell instead of adding specific shell assignments to
|
||||
each shell's startup file. <link linkend="usr-setup">User
|
||||
Level Setup</link> can be done by an user himself and <link
|
||||
linkend="adm-setup">Administrator Level Setup</link> require
|
||||
superuser privileges.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect5 id="usr-setup">
|
||||
<title>User Level Setup</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Here is a minimal example of a
|
||||
<filename>.login_conf</filename> file in user's home
|
||||
directory which has both variables set for Latin-1
|
||||
encoding:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<programlisting>me:\
|
||||
:charset=ISO-8859-1:\
|
||||
:lang=de_DE.ISO8859-1:</programlisting>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>Traditional Chinese</primary><secondary>BIG-5 encoding</secondary></indexterm>
|
||||
<para>Here is an example of a
|
||||
<filename>.login_conf</filename> that sets the variables
|
||||
for Traditional Chinese in BIG-5 encoding. Notice the many
|
||||
more variables set because some software does not respect
|
||||
locale variables correctly for Chinese, Japanese, and Korean.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<programlisting>#Users who do not wish to use monetary units or time formats
|
||||
#of Taiwan can manually change each variable
|
||||
me:\
|
||||
:lang=zh_TW.Big5:\
|
||||
:setenv=LC_ALL=zh_TW.Big:\
|
||||
:setenv=LC_COLLATE=zh_TW.Big5:\
|
||||
:setenv=LC_CTYPE=zh_TW.Big5:\
|
||||
:setenv=LC_MESSAGES=zh_TW.Big5:\
|
||||
:setenv=LC_MONETARY=zh_TW.Big5:\
|
||||
:setenv=LC_NUMERIC=zh_TW.Big5:\
|
||||
:setenv=LC_TIME=zh_TW.Big5:\
|
||||
:charset=big5:\
|
||||
:xmodifiers="@im=gcin": #Set gcin as the XIM Input Server</programlisting>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>See <link linkend="adm-setup">Administrator Level
|
||||
Setup</link> and &man.login.conf.5; for more details.</para>
|
||||
</sect5>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect5 id="adm-setup">
|
||||
<title>Administrator Level Setup</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Verify that the user's login class in
|
||||
<filename>/etc/login.conf</filename> sets the correct
|
||||
language. Make sure these settings
|
||||
appear in <filename>/etc/login.conf</filename>:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<programlisting><replaceable>language_name</replaceable>:<replaceable>accounts_title</replaceable>:\
|
||||
:charset=<replaceable>MIME_charset</replaceable>:\
|
||||
:lang=<replaceable>locale_name</replaceable>:\
|
||||
:tc=default:</programlisting>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>So sticking with our previous example using Latin-1, it
|
||||
would look like this:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<programlisting>german:German Users Accounts:\
|
||||
:charset=ISO-8859-1:\
|
||||
:lang=de_DE.ISO8859-1:\
|
||||
:tc=default:</programlisting>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Before changing users Login Classes execute
|
||||
the following command:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cap_mkdb /etc/login.conf</userinput></screen>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>to make new configuration in
|
||||
<filename>/etc/login.conf</filename> visible to the system.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<bridgehead renderas=sect4>Changing Login Classes with &man.vipw.8;</bridgehead>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm>
|
||||
<primary><command>vipw</command></primary>
|
||||
</indexterm>
|
||||
<para>Use <command>vipw</command> to add new users, and make
|
||||
the entry look like this:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<programlisting>user:password:1111:11:<replaceable>language</replaceable>:0:0:User Name:/home/user:/bin/sh</programlisting>
|
||||
|
||||
<bridgehead renderas=sect4>Changing Login Classes with &man.adduser.8;</bridgehead>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm>
|
||||
<primary><command>adduser</command></primary>
|
||||
</indexterm>
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>login class</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<para>Use <command>adduser</command> to add new users, and do
|
||||
the following:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Set <literal>defaultclass =
|
||||
<replaceable>language</replaceable></literal> in
|
||||
<filename>/etc/adduser.conf</filename>. Keep in mind
|
||||
you must enter a <literal>default</literal> class for
|
||||
all users of other languages in this case.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>An alternative variant is answering the specified
|
||||
language each time that
|
||||
<screen><prompt>Enter login class: default []: </prompt></screen>
|
||||
appears from &man.adduser.8;.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Another alternative is to use the following for each
|
||||
user of a different language that you wish to
|
||||
add:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>adduser -class <replaceable>language</replaceable></userinput></screen>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
|
||||
<bridgehead renderas=sect4>Changing Login Classes with &man.pw.8;</bridgehead>
|
||||
<indexterm>
|
||||
<primary><command>pw</command></primary>
|
||||
</indexterm>
|
||||
<para>If you use &man.pw.8; for adding new users, call it in
|
||||
this form:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>pw useradd <replaceable>user_name</replaceable> -L <replaceable>language</replaceable></userinput></screen>
|
||||
</sect5>
|
||||
</sect4>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect4 id="startup-file">
|
||||
<title>Shell Startup File Method</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<note>
|
||||
<para>This method is not recommended because it requires a
|
||||
different setup for each possible shell program chosen. Use
|
||||
the <link linkend="login-class">Login Class Method</link>
|
||||
instead.</para>
|
||||
</note>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>MIME</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>locale</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<para>To add the locale name and MIME character set, just set
|
||||
the two environment variables shown below in the
|
||||
<filename>/etc/profile</filename> and/or
|
||||
<filename>/etc/csh.login</filename> shell startup files. We
|
||||
will use the German language as an example below:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>In <filename>/etc/profile</filename>:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<programlisting><envar>LANG=de_DE.ISO8859-1; export LANG</envar>
|
||||
<envar>MM_CHARSET=ISO-8859-1; export MM_CHARSET</envar></programlisting>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Or in <filename>/etc/csh.login</filename>:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<programlisting><envar>setenv LANG de_DE.ISO8859-1</envar>
|
||||
<envar>setenv MM_CHARSET ISO-8859-1</envar></programlisting>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Alternatively, you can add the above instructions to
|
||||
<filename>/usr/share/skel/dot.profile</filename> (similar to
|
||||
what was used in <filename>/etc/profile</filename> above), or
|
||||
<filename>/usr/share/skel/dot.login</filename> (similar to
|
||||
what was used in <filename>/etc/csh.login</filename>
|
||||
above).</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>For X11:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>In <filename>$HOME/.xinitrc</filename>:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<programlisting><envar>LANG=de_DE.ISO8859-1; export LANG</envar></programlisting>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Or:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<programlisting><envar>setenv LANG de_DE.ISO8859-1</envar></programlisting>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Depending on your shell (see above).</para>
|
||||
|
||||
</sect4>
|
||||
</sect3>
|
||||
</sect2>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect2 id="setting-console">
|
||||
<title>Console Setup</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>For all single C chars character sets, set the correct
|
||||
console fonts in <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename> for the
|
||||
language in question with:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<programlisting>font8x16=<replaceable>font_name</replaceable>
|
||||
font8x14=<replaceable>font_name</replaceable>
|
||||
font8x8=<replaceable>font_name</replaceable></programlisting>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>The <replaceable>font_name</replaceable> here is taken from
|
||||
the <filename>/usr/share/syscons/fonts</filename> directory,
|
||||
without the <filename>.fnt</filename> suffix.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm>
|
||||
<primary><application>sysinstall</application></primary>
|
||||
</indexterm>
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>keymap</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>screenmap</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<para>Also be sure to set the correct keymap and screenmap for your
|
||||
single C chars character set through
|
||||
<command>sysinstall</command> (<command>/stand/sysinstall</command>
|
||||
in &os; versions older than 5.2).
|
||||
Once inside <application>sysinstall</application>, choose <guimenuitem>Configure</guimenuitem>, then
|
||||
<guimenuitem>Console</guimenuitem>. Alternatively, you can add the
|
||||
following to <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<programlisting>scrnmap=<replaceable>screenmap_name</replaceable>
|
||||
keymap=<replaceable>keymap_name</replaceable>
|
||||
keychange="<replaceable>fkey_number sequence</replaceable>"</programlisting>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>The <replaceable>screenmap_name</replaceable> here is taken
|
||||
from the <filename>/usr/share/syscons/scrnmaps</filename>
|
||||
directory, without the <filename>.scm</filename> suffix. A
|
||||
screenmap with a corresponding mapped font is usually needed as a
|
||||
workaround for expanding bit 8 to bit 9 on a VGA adapter's font
|
||||
character matrix in pseudographics area, i.e., to move letters out
|
||||
of that area if screen font uses a bit 8 column.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>If you have the <application>moused</application> daemon
|
||||
enabled by setting the following
|
||||
in your <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<programlisting>moused_enable="YES"</programlisting>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>then examine the mouse cursor information in the next
|
||||
paragraph.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm>
|
||||
<primary><application>moused</application></primary>
|
||||
</indexterm>
|
||||
<para>By default the mouse cursor of the &man.syscons.4; driver occupies the
|
||||
0xd0-0xd3 range in the character set. If your language uses this
|
||||
range, you need to move the cursor's range outside of it. To enable
|
||||
the workaround for &os;, add the following line to
|
||||
<filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<programlisting>mousechar_start=3</programlisting>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>The <replaceable>keymap_name</replaceable> here is taken from
|
||||
the <filename>/usr/share/syscons/keymaps</filename> directory,
|
||||
without the <filename>.kbd</filename> suffix. If you are
|
||||
uncertain which keymap to use, you use can &man.kbdmap.1; to test
|
||||
keymaps without rebooting.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>The <literal>keychange</literal> is usually needed to program
|
||||
function keys to match the selected terminal type because
|
||||
function key sequences cannot be defined in the key map.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Also be sure to set the correct console terminal type in
|
||||
<filename>/etc/ttys</filename> for all <literal>ttyv*</literal>
|
||||
entries. Current pre-defined correspondences are:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<informaltable frame="none" pgwide="1">
|
||||
<tgroup cols="2">
|
||||
<thead>
|
||||
<row>
|
||||
<entry>Character Set</entry>
|
||||
<entry>Terminal Type</entry>
|
||||
</row>
|
||||
</thead>
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody>
|
||||
<row>
|
||||
<entry>ISO8859-1 or ISO8859-15</entry>
|
||||
<entry><literal>cons25l1</literal></entry>
|
||||
</row>
|
||||
|
||||
<row>
|
||||
<entry>ISO8859-2</entry>
|
||||
<entry><literal>cons25l2</literal></entry>
|
||||
</row>
|
||||
|
||||
<row>
|
||||
<entry>ISO8859-7</entry>
|
||||
<entry><literal>cons25l7</literal></entry>
|
||||
</row>
|
||||
|
||||
<row>
|
||||
<entry>KOI8-R</entry>
|
||||
<entry><literal>cons25r</literal></entry>
|
||||
</row>
|
||||
|
||||
<row>
|
||||
<entry>KOI8-U</entry>
|
||||
<entry><literal>cons25u</literal></entry>
|
||||
</row>
|
||||
|
||||
<row>
|
||||
<entry>CP437 (VGA default)</entry>
|
||||
<entry><literal>cons25</literal></entry>
|
||||
</row>
|
||||
|
||||
<row>
|
||||
<entry>US-ASCII</entry>
|
||||
<entry><literal>cons25w</literal></entry>
|
||||
</row>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</tgroup>
|
||||
</informaltable>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>For wide or multibyte characters languages, use the correct
|
||||
FreeBSD port in your
|
||||
<filename>/usr/ports/<replaceable>language</replaceable></filename>
|
||||
directory. Some ports appear as console while the system sees it
|
||||
as serial vtty's, hence you must reserve enough vtty's for both
|
||||
X11 and the pseudo-serial console. Here is a partial list of
|
||||
applications for using other languages in console:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<informaltable frame="none" pgwide="1">
|
||||
<tgroup cols="2">
|
||||
<thead>
|
||||
<row>
|
||||
<entry>Language</entry>
|
||||
<entry>Location</entry>
|
||||
</row>
|
||||
</thead>
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody>
|
||||
<row>
|
||||
<entry>Traditional Chinese (BIG-5)</entry>
|
||||
<entry><filename role="package">chinese/big5con</filename></entry>
|
||||
</row>
|
||||
|
||||
<row>
|
||||
<entry>Japanese</entry>
|
||||
<entry><filename role="package">japanese/kon2-16dot</filename> or
|
||||
<filename role="package">japanese/mule-freewnn</filename></entry>
|
||||
</row>
|
||||
|
||||
<row>
|
||||
<entry>Korean</entry>
|
||||
<entry><filename role="package">korean/han</filename></entry>
|
||||
</row>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</tgroup>
|
||||
</informaltable>
|
||||
</sect2>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect2>
|
||||
<title>X11 Setup</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Although X11 is not part of the FreeBSD Project, we have
|
||||
included some information here for FreeBSD users. For more
|
||||
details, refer to the <ulink
|
||||
url="http://www.x.org/">&xorg;
|
||||
web site</ulink> or whichever X11 Server you use.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>In <filename>~/.Xresources</filename>, you can additionally
|
||||
tune application specific I18N settings (e.g., fonts, menus,
|
||||
etc.).</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect3>
|
||||
<title>Displaying Fonts</title>
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>X11 True Type font server</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<para>Install <application>&xorg;</application> server
|
||||
(<filename role="package">x11-servers/xorg-server</filename>)
|
||||
or <application>&xfree86;</application> server
|
||||
(<filename role="package">x11-servers/XFree86-4-Server</filename>),
|
||||
then install the language &truetype; fonts. Setting the correct
|
||||
locale should allow you to view your selected language in menus
|
||||
and such.</para>
|
||||
</sect3>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect3>
|
||||
<title>Inputting Non-English Characters</title>
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>X11 Input Method (XIM)</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<para>The X11 Input Method (XIM) Protocol is a new standard for
|
||||
all X11 clients. All X11 applications should be written as XIM
|
||||
clients that take input from XIM Input servers. There are
|
||||
several XIM servers available for different languages.</para>
|
||||
</sect3>
|
||||
</sect2>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect2>
|
||||
<title>Printer Setup</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Some single C chars character sets are usually hardware
|
||||
coded into printers. Wide or multibyte
|
||||
character sets require special setup and we recommend using
|
||||
<application>apsfilter</application>. You may also convert the
|
||||
document to &postscript; or PDF formats using language specific
|
||||
converters.</para>
|
||||
</sect2>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect2>
|
||||
<title>Kernel and File Systems</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>The FreeBSD fast filesystem (FFS) is 8-bit clean, so it can be used
|
||||
with any single C chars character set (see &man.multibyte.3;),
|
||||
but there is no character set
|
||||
name stored in the filesystem; i.e., it is raw 8-bit and does not
|
||||
know anything about encoding order. Officially, FFS does not
|
||||
support any form of wide or multibyte character sets yet. However, some
|
||||
wide or multibyte character sets have independent patches for FFS
|
||||
enabling such support. They are only temporary unportable
|
||||
solutions or hacks and we have decided to not include them in the
|
||||
source tree. Refer to respective languages' web sites for more
|
||||
information and the patch files.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>DOS</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>Unicode</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<para>The FreeBSD &ms-dos; filesystem has the configurable ability to
|
||||
convert between &ms-dos;, Unicode character sets and chosen
|
||||
FreeBSD filesystem character sets. See &man.mount.msdosfs.8; for
|
||||
details.</para>
|
||||
</sect2>
|
||||
</sect1>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect1 id="l10n-compiling">
|
||||
<title>Compiling I18N Programs</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Many FreeBSD Ports have been ported with I18N support. Some
|
||||
of them are marked with -I18N in the port name. These and many
|
||||
other programs have built in support for I18N and need no special
|
||||
consideration.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm>
|
||||
<primary><application>MySQL</application></primary>
|
||||
</indexterm>
|
||||
<para>However, some applications such as
|
||||
<application>MySQL</application> need to be have the
|
||||
<filename>Makefile</filename> configured with the specific
|
||||
charset. This is usually done in the
|
||||
<filename>Makefile</filename> or done by passing a value to
|
||||
<application>configure</application> in the source.</para>
|
||||
</sect1>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect1 id="lang-setup">
|
||||
<title>Localizing FreeBSD to Specific Languages</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect2 id="ru-localize">
|
||||
<sect2info>
|
||||
<authorgroup>
|
||||
<author>
|
||||
<firstname>Andrey</firstname>
|
||||
<surname>Chernov</surname>
|
||||
<contrib>Originally contributed by </contrib>
|
||||
</author>
|
||||
</authorgroup>
|
||||
</sect2info>
|
||||
<title>Russian Language (KOI8-R Encoding)</title>
|
||||
<indexterm>
|
||||
<primary>localization</primary>
|
||||
<secondary>Russian</secondary>
|
||||
</indexterm>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>For more information about KOI8-R encoding, see the <ulink
|
||||
url="http://koi8.pp.ru/">KOI8-R References
|
||||
(Russian Net Character Set)</ulink>.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect3>
|
||||
<title>Locale Setup</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Put the following lines into your
|
||||
<filename>~/.login_conf</filename> file:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<programlisting>me:My Account:\
|
||||
:charset=KOI8-R:\
|
||||
:lang=ru_RU.KOI8-R:</programlisting>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>See earlier in this chapter for examples of setting up the
|
||||
<link linkend="setting-locale">locale</link>.</para>
|
||||
</sect3>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect3>
|
||||
<title>Console Setup</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Add the following line
|
||||
to your <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename> file:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<programlisting>mousechar_start=3</programlisting>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Also, use following settings in
|
||||
<filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<programlisting>keymap="ru.koi8-r"
|
||||
scrnmap="koi8-r2cp866"
|
||||
font8x16="cp866b-8x16"
|
||||
font8x14="cp866-8x14"
|
||||
font8x8="cp866-8x8"</programlisting>
|
||||
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>For each <literal>ttyv*</literal> entry in
|
||||
<filename>/etc/ttys</filename>, use
|
||||
<literal>cons25r</literal> as the terminal type.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>See earlier in this chapter for examples of setting up the
|
||||
<link linkend="setting-console">console</link>.</para>
|
||||
</sect3>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect3>
|
||||
<title>Printer Setup</title>
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>printers</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<para>Since most printers with Russian characters come with
|
||||
hardware code page CP866, a special output filter is needed
|
||||
to convert from KOI8-R to CP866. Such a filter is installed by
|
||||
default as <filename>/usr/libexec/lpr/ru/koi2alt</filename>.
|
||||
A Russian printer <filename>/etc/printcap</filename> entry
|
||||
should look like:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<programlisting>lp|Russian local line printer:\
|
||||
:sh:of=/usr/libexec/lpr/ru/koi2alt:\
|
||||
:lp=/dev/lpt0:sd=/var/spool/output/lpd:lf=/var/log/lpd-errs:</programlisting>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>See &man.printcap.5; for a detailed description.</para>
|
||||
</sect3>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect3>
|
||||
<title>&ms-dos; FS and Russian Filenames</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>The following example &man.fstab.5; entry enables support
|
||||
for Russian filenames in mounted &ms-dos; filesystems:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<programlisting>/dev/ad0s2 /dos/c msdos rw,-Wkoi2dos,-Lru_RU.KOI8-R 0 0</programlisting>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>The option <option>-L</option> selects the locale name
|
||||
used, and <option>-W</option> sets the character conversion
|
||||
table. To use the <option>-W</option> option, be sure to
|
||||
mount <filename>/usr</filename> before the &ms-dos; partition
|
||||
because the conversion tables are located in
|
||||
<filename>/usr/libdata/msdosfs</filename>. For more
|
||||
information, see the &man.mount.msdosfs.8; manual
|
||||
page.</para>
|
||||
</sect3>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect3>
|
||||
<title>X11 Setup</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<orderedlist>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Do <link linkend="setting-locale">non-X locale
|
||||
setup</link> first as described.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>If you use <application>&xorg;</application>,
|
||||
install
|
||||
<filename role="package">x11-fonts/xorg-fonts-cyrillic</filename>
|
||||
package.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Check the <literal>"Files"</literal> section
|
||||
in your <filename>/etc/X11/xorg.conf</filename> file.
|
||||
The following
|
||||
lines must be added <emphasis>before</emphasis> any other
|
||||
<literal>FontPath</literal> entries:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<programlisting>FontPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/cyrillic/misc"
|
||||
FontPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/cyrillic/75dpi"
|
||||
FontPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/cyrillic/100dpi"</programlisting>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>If you use a high resolution video mode, swap the 75 dpi
|
||||
and 100 dpi lines.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<note>
|
||||
<para>See ports for more cyrillic fonts.</para></note>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>To activate a Russian keyboard, add the following to the
|
||||
<literal>"Keyboard"</literal> section of your
|
||||
<filename>xorg.conf</filename> file:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<programlisting>Option "XkbLayout" "us,ru"
|
||||
Option "XkbOptions" "grp:toggle"</programlisting>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Also make sure that <literal>XkbDisable</literal> is
|
||||
turned off (commented out) there.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>For <literal>grp:caps_toggle</literal>
|
||||
the RUS/LAT switch will be <keycap>Right Alt</keycap>,
|
||||
for <literal>grp:ctrl_shift_toggle</literal> switch will be
|
||||
<keycombo action="simul"><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Shift</keycap></keycombo>.
|
||||
The old <keycap>CapsLock</keycap> function is still
|
||||
available via <keycombo action="simul"><keycap>Shift</keycap><keycap>CapsLock</keycap></keycombo> (in LAT mode
|
||||
only). For <literal>grp:toggle</literal>
|
||||
the RUS/LAT switch will be <keycap>Right Alt</keycap>.
|
||||
<literal>grp:caps_toggle</literal> does not work in
|
||||
<application>&xorg;</application> for unknown reason.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>If you have <quote>&windows;</quote> keys on your keyboard,
|
||||
and notice that some non-alphabetical keys are mapped
|
||||
incorrectly in RUS mode, add the following line in your
|
||||
<filename>xorg.conf</filename> file:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<programlisting>Option "XkbVariant" ",winkeys"</programlisting>
|
||||
|
||||
<note>
|
||||
<para>The Russian XKB keyboard may not work with non-localized
|
||||
applications.</para>
|
||||
</note>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</orderedlist>
|
||||
<note>
|
||||
<para>Minimally localized applications
|
||||
should call a <function>XtSetLanguageProc (NULL, NULL,
|
||||
NULL);</function> function early in the program.</para>
|
||||
<para>See <ulink
|
||||
url="http://koi8.pp.ru/xwin.html">
|
||||
KOI8-R for X Window</ulink> for more instructions on
|
||||
localizing X11 applications.</para>
|
||||
</note>
|
||||
</sect3>
|
||||
</sect2>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect2>
|
||||
<title>Traditional Chinese Localization for Taiwan</title>
|
||||
<indexterm>
|
||||
<primary>localization</primary>
|
||||
<secondary>Traditional Chinese</secondary>
|
||||
</indexterm>
|
||||
<para>The FreeBSD-Taiwan Project has an Chinese HOWTO for
|
||||
FreeBSD at <ulink url="http://netlab.cse.yzu.edu.tw/~statue/freebsd/zh-tut/"></ulink>
|
||||
using many Chinese ports.
|
||||
Current editor for the <literal>FreeBSD Chinese HOWTO</literal> is
|
||||
Shen Chuan-Hsing <email>statue@freebsd.sinica.edu.tw</email>.
|
||||
</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Chuan-Hsing Shen <email>statue@freebsd.sinica.edu.tw</email> has
|
||||
created the <ulink url="http://netlab.cse.yzu.edu.tw/~statue/cfc/">
|
||||
Chinese FreeBSD Collection (CFC)</ulink> using FreeBSD-Taiwan's
|
||||
<literal>zh-L10N-tut</literal>. The packages and the script files
|
||||
are available at <ulink url="ftp://freebsd.csie.nctu.edu.tw/pub/taiwan/CFC/"></ulink>.</para>
|
||||
</sect2>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect2>
|
||||
<title>German Language Localization (for All ISO 8859-1
|
||||
Languages)</title>
|
||||
<indexterm>
|
||||
<primary>localization</primary>
|
||||
<secondary>German</secondary>
|
||||
</indexterm>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Slaven Rezic <email>eserte@cs.tu-berlin.de</email> wrote a
|
||||
tutorial how to use umlauts on a FreeBSD machine. The tutorial
|
||||
is written in German and available at
|
||||
<ulink url="http://user.cs.tu-berlin.de/~eserte/FreeBSD/doc/umlaute/umlaute.html"></ulink>.</para>
|
||||
</sect2>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect2>
|
||||
<title>Japanese and Korean Language Localization</title>
|
||||
<indexterm>
|
||||
<primary>localization</primary>
|
||||
<secondary>Japanese</secondary>
|
||||
</indexterm>
|
||||
<indexterm>
|
||||
<primary>localization</primary>
|
||||
<secondary>Korean</secondary>
|
||||
</indexterm>
|
||||
<para>For Japanese, refer to
|
||||
<ulink url="http://www.jp.FreeBSD.org/"></ulink>,
|
||||
and for Korean, refer to
|
||||
<ulink url="http://www.kr.FreeBSD.org/"></ulink>.</para>
|
||||
</sect2>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect2>
|
||||
<title>Non-English FreeBSD Documentation</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Some FreeBSD contributors have translated parts of FreeBSD to
|
||||
other languages. They are available through links on the <ulink
|
||||
url="&url.base;/index.html">main site</ulink> or in
|
||||
<filename>/usr/share/doc</filename>.</para>
|
||||
</sect2>
|
||||
</sect1>
|
||||
</chapter>
|
||||
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
Local Variables:
|
||||
mode: sgml
|
||||
sgml-declaration: "../chapter.decl"
|
||||
sgml-indent-data: t
|
||||
sgml-omittag: nil
|
||||
sgml-always-quote-attributes: t
|
||||
sgml-parent-document: ("../book.sgml" "part" "chapter")
|
||||
End:
|
||||
-->
|
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2099
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/mac/chapter.sgml
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2329
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/mail/chapter.sgml
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2329
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3317
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/mirrors/chapter.sgml
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3317
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/mirrors/chapter.sgml
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1852
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4834
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/network-servers/chapter.sgml
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el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/network-servers/chapter.sgml
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57
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/pgpkeys/chapter.sgml
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57
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/pgpkeys/chapter.sgml
Normal file
|
@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
|
|||
<!--
|
||||
FreeBSD Greek Documentation Project
|
||||
Ελληνική Ομάδα Τεκμηρίωσης του FreeBSD
|
||||
|
||||
Original revision: 1.286
|
||||
$FreeBSD$
|
||||
-->
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
|
||||
Μην κάνετε αλλαγές σε αυτό το αρχείο, εκτός από αυτές που
|
||||
περιγράφονται στο script addkey.sh.
|
||||
|
||||
See the README file in doc/share/pgpkeys for instructions.
|
||||
|
||||
-->
|
||||
<appendix id="pgpkeys">
|
||||
<title>PGP Keys</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm><primary>pgp keys</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
<para>Μια ομάδα PGP κλειδιών διατίθεται από την ομάδα ανάπτυξης του
|
||||
&os;, για να μπορείτε να επιβεβαιώσετε μια ηλεκτρονική υπογραφή ή να
|
||||
στείλετε ένα κρυπτογραφημένο μήνυμα ηλεκτρονικής αλληλογραφίας, είτε
|
||||
σε κάποιον από τους officers του &os; ή σε κάποιο άλλο μέλος της
|
||||
ομάδας ανάπτυξης. Μια πιο ολοκληρωμένη λίστα από κλειδιά χρηστών
|
||||
του <hostid role="domainname">FreeBSD.org</hostid> διατίθεται
|
||||
για <quote>κατέβασμα</quote> στη διεύθυνση
|
||||
<ulink url="&url.base;/doc/pgpkeyring.txt">http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/pgpkeyring.txt</ulink>.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect1 id="pgpkeys-officers">
|
||||
<title>Officers</title>
|
||||
|
||||
§ion.pgpkeys-officers;
|
||||
</sect1>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect1 id="pgpkeys-core">
|
||||
<title>Μέλη της Core Ομάδας</title>
|
||||
|
||||
§ion.pgpkeys-core;
|
||||
</sect1>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect1 id="pgpkeys-developers">
|
||||
<title>Μέλη της Ομάδας Ανάπτυξης</title>
|
||||
|
||||
§ion.pgpkeys-developers;
|
||||
</sect1>
|
||||
</appendix>
|
||||
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
Local Variables:
|
||||
mode: sgml
|
||||
sgml-declaration: "../appendix.decl"
|
||||
sgml-indent-data: t
|
||||
sgml-omittag: nil
|
||||
sgml-always-quote-attributes: t
|
||||
sgml-parent-document: ("../book.sgml" "part" "appendix")
|
||||
End:
|
||||
-->
|
1439
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/ports/chapter.sgml
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1439
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/ports/chapter.sgml
Normal file
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3177
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/ppp-and-slip/chapter.sgml
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3177
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/ppp-and-slip/chapter.sgml
Normal file
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690
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/preface/preface.sgml
Normal file
690
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/preface/preface.sgml
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|
@ -0,0 +1,690 @@
|
|||
<!--
|
||||
FreeBSD Greek Documentation Project
|
||||
Ελληνική Ομάδα Τεκμηρίωσης του FreeBSD
|
||||
|
||||
Original revision: 1.39
|
||||
|
||||
$FreeBSD$
|
||||
-->
|
||||
|
||||
<preface id="book-preface">
|
||||
<title>Πρόλογος</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<bridgehead id="preface-audience" renderas="sect1">Σε Ποιούς Απευθύνεται Αυτό
|
||||
το Βιβλίο</bridgehead>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Όσοι δεν είχαν ήδη από πριν κάποια επαφή με το &os; μπορούν να
|
||||
διαβάσουν το πρώτο τμήμα αυτού του βιβλίου, το οποίο αποτελείται από ένα
|
||||
οδηγό εγκατάστασης του &os; και εισάγει ομαλά τον αναγνώστη στη φιλοσοφία
|
||||
και τον σχεδιασμό του &unix;. Αυτό το τμήμα δεν έχει ιδιαίτερες
|
||||
απαιτήσεις. Αρκεί μόνο η διάθεση για εξερεύνηση ενός νέου συστήματος, και
|
||||
η δυνατότητα αφομοίωσης των γνώσεων για το &os; καθώς αυτές εισάγονται
|
||||
σταδιακά.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Αφού διαβάσετε το πρώτο τμήμα, το δεύτερο, κατά πολύ μεγαλύτερο τμήμα,
|
||||
περιλαμβάνει μια εκτενή αναφορά σε διάφορα θέματα που ενδιαφέρουν
|
||||
τους διαχειριστές συστημάτων &os;. Μερικά από αυτά τα κεφάλαια είναι
|
||||
ευκολότερο να τα κατανοήσετε αν έχετε ήδη μελετήσει συγκεκριμένα τμήματα
|
||||
του βιβλίου. Όπου χρειάζεται κάτι τέτοιο, θα αναφέρεται στη σύνοψη του
|
||||
κεφαλαίου που μόλις ξεκινήσατε να διαβάζετε.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Για περισσότερες πηγές πληροφοριών, δείτε την
|
||||
<xref linkend="bibliography">.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<bridgehead id="preface-changes-from2" renderas="sect1">Αλλαγές από τη Δεύτερη
|
||||
Έκδοση</bridgehead>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Η τρίτη έκδοση αυτού του βιβλίου είναι το αποτέλεσμα της προσπάθειας
|
||||
περισσότερων από δύο χρόνων από τα μέλη της Ομάδας Τεκμηρίωσης του &os;.
|
||||
Οι πιο σημαντικές αλλαγές σε αυτή τη νέα έκδοση είναι οι παρακάτω:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><xref linkend="config-tuning">, Το κεφάλαιο Ρύθμισης και
|
||||
Παραμετροποίησης του &os; έχει επεκταθεί με νέες πληροφορίες για τη
|
||||
διαχείριση ενέργειας και πηγών συστήματος μέσω ACPI, με περισσότερες
|
||||
πληροφορίες για το σύστημα <command>cron</command> και με περισσότερες
|
||||
επιλογές παραμετροποίησης του πυρήνα του &os;.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><xref linkend="security">, Το κεφάλαιο Ασφάλειας, έχει επεκταθεί
|
||||
με νέες πληροφορίες για Δίκτυα VPN, για λίστες ελέγχου της πρόσβασης
|
||||
αρχείων (ACLs), και περισσότερες συμβουλές σχετικά με την ασφάλεια του
|
||||
&os;.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><xref linkend="mac">, Ο Υποχρεωτικός Έλεγχος Πρόσβασης (MAC),
|
||||
είναι ένα νέο κεφάλαιο σε αυτή την έκδοση. Εξηγεί τι είναι ο
|
||||
μηχανισμός MAC, και πώς μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθεί για να ενισχυθεί η
|
||||
ασφάλεια ενός συστήματος &os;.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><xref linkend="disks">, Το κεφάλαιο για Αποθηκευτικά Μέσα, έχει
|
||||
επεκταθεί με νέες πληροφορίες για συσκευές αποθήκευσης USB, στιγμιαίες
|
||||
εικόνες συστήματος αρχείων (snapshots), περιορισμούς στη χρήση των
|
||||
συστημάτων αρχείων (quotas), για συστήματα αρχείων βασισμένα σε
|
||||
υπάρχοντα αρχεία και δικτυακά συστήματα αρχείων, καθώς και για
|
||||
κρυπτογραφημένες κατατμήσεις δίσκων.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><xref linkend="vinum-vinum">, Το Vinum, είναι ένα νέο κεφάλαιο σε
|
||||
αυτή την έκδοση. Περιγράφει τον τρόπο χρήσης του Vinum, ενός
|
||||
συστήματος διαχείρισης αποθηκευτικών μέσων που υλοποιεί την οργάνωση
|
||||
φυσικών δίσκων του συστήματος σε διάταξη RAID-0, RAID-1 και
|
||||
RAID-5.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Ένας τμήμα σχετικό με την επίλυση προβλημάτων έχει προστεθεί στο
|
||||
κεφάλαιο <xref linkend="ppp-and-slip">, για τις συνδέσεις μέσω PPP και
|
||||
SLIP.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><xref linkend="mail">, Το κεφάλαιο για την Ηλεκτρονική
|
||||
Αλληλογραφία έχει επεκταθεί με νέες πληροφορίες για την χρήση
|
||||
εναλλακτικών MTA, την πιστοποίηση ταυτότητος SMTP, το πρωτόκολο UUCP,
|
||||
τα εργαλεία <application>fetchmail</application> και
|
||||
<application>procmail</application>, και με άλλα θέματα για
|
||||
προχωρημένους.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><xref linkend="network-servers">, Το κεφάλαιο Διακομιστών Δικτύων,
|
||||
περιλαμβάνεται για πρώτη φορά σε αυτή την έκδοση. Αυτό το κεφάλαιο
|
||||
περιγράφει πως να εγκαταστήσετε τον <application>Διακομιστή HTTP
|
||||
Apache</application>, τον εξυπηρετητή <application>ftpd</application>
|
||||
του &os;, και πως να εγκαταστήσετε έναν διακομιστή για πελάτες
|
||||
µsoft; &windows; με το <application>Samba</application>.
|
||||
Κάποιες ενότητες από την <xref linkend="advanced-networking">,
|
||||
Δικτύωση για Προχωρημένους, μεταφέρθηκαν για να βελτιωθεί η οργάνωση
|
||||
του κεφαλαίου.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><xref linkend="advanced-networking">, Το κεφάλαιο Δικτύωση για
|
||||
Προχωρημένους έχει επεκταθεί με νέες πληροφορίες για τη χρήση συσκευών
|
||||
&bluetooth; στο &os;, την εγκατάσταση ασύρματων δικτύων, και την
|
||||
Μέθοδο Δικτύωσης Ασύγχρονης Μεταφοράς (ATM).</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Έχει προστεθεί ένα γλωσσάρι, για να συγκεντρώσει όλους τους
|
||||
τεχνικούς όρους και τους διάφορους ορισμούς που περιέχονται σε
|
||||
ολόκληρο το βιβλίο.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Έγιναν αισθητικές βελτιώσεις στους πίνακες και στα γραφήματα σε
|
||||
ολόκληρο το βιβλίο.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
|
||||
<bridgehead id="preface-changes" renderas="sect1">Αλλαγές από την Πρώτη
|
||||
Έκδοση</bridgehead>
|
||||
|
||||
<para> Η δεύτερη έκδοση ήταν το αποτέλεσμα τουλάχιστον δύο χρόνων εργασίας
|
||||
από τα μέλη της Ομάδας Τεκμηρίωσης του &os;. Οι πιο σημαντικές αλλαγές σε
|
||||
αυτή την έκδοση ήταν οι παρακάτω:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- Talk a little about justification and other stylesheet changes? -->
|
||||
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Προστέθηκε ένα ολοκληρωμένο Ευρετήριο.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Όλα τα γραφήματα σε ASCII αντικαταστάθηκαν από γραφικά
|
||||
διαγράμματα.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Προστέθηκε μια στάνταρ σύνοψη σε κάθε κεφάλαιο, η οποία περιέχει
|
||||
μια σύντομη ανακεφαλαίωση των πληροφοριών που περιέχει το κεφάλαιο,
|
||||
και τι περιμένει να μάθει ο αναγνώστης.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Το περιεχόμενο ανασχηματίστηκε λογικά τρία μέρη:
|
||||
<quote>Ξεκινώντας</quote>,
|
||||
<quote>Η Διαχείριση του Συστήματος</quote>, και
|
||||
<quote>Παραρτήματα</quote>.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><xref linkend="install"> (<quote>Εγκαθιστώντας το &os;</quote>)
|
||||
ξαναγράφτηκε από την αρχή με πολλές εικόνες ώστε να διευκολύνει τους
|
||||
χρήστες να κατανοήσουν το κείμενο.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><xref linkend="basics"> (<quote>Οι βασικές έννοιες στο
|
||||
&unix;</quote>) έχει επεκταθεί ώστε να συμπεριλαμβάνει πρόσθετες
|
||||
πληροφορίες για τις διεργασίες (processes), τους δαίμονες (daemons),
|
||||
και τις σημάνσεις (signals).</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><xref linkend="ports"> (<quote>Εγκαθιστώντας Εφαρμογές</quote>)
|
||||
έχει επεκταθεί ώστε να συμπεριλαμβάνει πρόσθετες πληροφορίες για την
|
||||
διαχείριση προμεταγλωττισμένων πακέτων (packages).</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><xref linkend="x11"> (<quote>Το σύστημα X Window</quote>)
|
||||
ξαναγράφτηκε από την αρχή με έμφαση στην χρήση μοντέρνων τεχνολογιών,
|
||||
όπως τα περιβάλλοντα εργασίας <application>KDE</application> και
|
||||
<application>GNOME</application> σε &xfree86; 4.X.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><xref linkend="boot"> (<quote>Οι Διεργασίες Εκκίνησης του
|
||||
Συστήματος &os;</quote>) έχει επεκταθεί.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><xref linkend="disks"> (<quote>Αποθηκευτικοί Χώροι</quote>)
|
||||
ξαναγράφτηκε με βάση τα παλαιότερα δύο κεφάλαια <quote>Δίσκοι</quote>
|
||||
και <quote>Αντίγραφα Ασφαλείας</quote>. Αισθανόμαστε ότι τα θέματα
|
||||
είναι πιο ευκολονόητα όταν παρουσιάζονται μαζί σαν ένα κεφάλαιο.
|
||||
Προστέθηκε επίσης ένας τομέας για RAID (υλοποίηση είτε μέσω υλικού ή
|
||||
λογισμικού).</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><xref linkend="serialcomms"> (<quote>Σειριακές
|
||||
Επικοινωνίες</quote>) αναδιογανώθηκε από την αρχή και ενημερώθηκε για
|
||||
τις εκδόσεις FreeBSD 4.X/5.X.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><xref linkend="ppp-and-slip"> (<quote>PPP και SLIP</quote>)
|
||||
ενημερώθηκε σε σημαντικό βαθμό.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Πολλοί νέοι τομείς προστέθηκαν στην <xref
|
||||
linkend="advanced-networking">
|
||||
(<quote>Δικτύωση για Προχωρημένους</quote>).</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><xref linkend="mail"> (<quote>Ηλεκτρονική Αλληλογραφία</quote>)
|
||||
έχει επεκταθεί για να συμπεριλαμβάνει περισσότερες πληροφορίες για τις
|
||||
ρυθμίσεις του <application>Sendmail</application>.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><xref linkend="linuxemu"> (<quote>Συμβατότητα &linux;</quote>)
|
||||
έχει επεκταθεί για να συμπεριλαμβάνει πληροφορίες για την εγκατάσταση
|
||||
της βάσης δεδομένων <application>&oracle;</application> και του
|
||||
<application>&sap.r3;</application>.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Τα νέα θέματα που ακολουθούν καλύπτονται στην δεύτερη
|
||||
έκδοση:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Ρύθμιση και Βελτιστοποίηση
|
||||
(<xref linkend="config-tuning">).</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Πολυμέσα (<xref linkend="multimedia">)</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
|
||||
<bridgehead id="preface-overview" renderas="sect1">Οργάνωση Αυτού του
|
||||
Βιβλίου</bridgehead>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Αυτό το βιβλίο είναι διαχωρισμένο σε πέντε ξεχωριστά λογικά τμήματα.
|
||||
Το πρώτο τμήμα, <emphasis>Ξεκινώντας</emphasis>, περιγράφει την
|
||||
εγκατάσταση και την βασική χρήση του &os;. Ο προτεινόμενος τρόπος
|
||||
ανάγνωσης αυτού του τμήματος είναι ένα-ένα κεφάλαιο, με τη σειρά,
|
||||
προσπερνώντας κεφάλαια με γνωστά θέματα. Το δεύτερο τμήμα, <emphasis>Συνήθεις
|
||||
Εργασίες</emphasis>, περιγράφει μερικά χαρακτηριστικά του &os; τα οποία
|
||||
χρησιμοποιούνται συχνά. Αυτό το τμήμα, καθώς και όλα τα τμήματα του
|
||||
βιβλίου που ακολουθούν, μπορεί να διαβαστεί εκτός σειράς. Κάθε κεφάλαιο
|
||||
ξεκινά με μια σαφή και σύντομη σύνοψη, η οποία περιγράφει τα περιεχόμενα
|
||||
του κεφαλαίου καθώς και τι χρειάζεται να κατέχει ήδη ο αναγνώστης. Αυτό
|
||||
επιτρέπει στον περιστασιακό αναγνώστη να προσπερνά γρήγορα ενότητες, για
|
||||
να βρει κεφάλαια τα οποία τον ενδιαφέρουν περισσότερο. Το τρίτο τμήμα,
|
||||
<emphasis>Διαχείριση Συστήματος</emphasis>, περιέχει θέματα σχετικά με τη
|
||||
διαχείριση συστημάτων &os;. Το τέταρτο τμήμα, <emphasis>Επικοινωνία
|
||||
Δικτύου</emphasis>, καλύπτει θέματα δικτύωσης και διακομιστών.
|
||||
Το πέμπτο τμήμα περιέχει παραρτήματα με διάφορες πληροφορίες.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<variablelist>
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- Μέρος I - Εισαγωγή -->
|
||||
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term><emphasis><xref linkend="introduction">, Εισαγωγή</emphasis></term>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Παρουσιάζει το &os; στο νέο χρήστη. Περιγράφει την
|
||||
ιστορία του &os; Project, τους στόχους του και το μοντέλο ανάπτυξης.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term><emphasis><xref linkend="install">, Εγκατάσταση</emphasis></term>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Οδηγεί τον χρήστη στην διαδικασία της πλήρης εγκατάστασης.
|
||||
Επίσης συμπεριλαμβάνονται μερικά θέματα εγκατάστασης για προχωρημένους, όπως
|
||||
εγκατάσταση μέσω σειριακής κονσόλας.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term><emphasis><xref linkend="basics">, Βασικές Έννοιες ατο &unix;</emphasis></term>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Περιέχει τις βασικές εντολές και λειτουργίες του λειτουργικού
|
||||
συστήματος &os; Εάν είστε εξοικειωμένος με &linux; ή με
|
||||
άλλο Λ.Σ. τύπου &unix; τότε πιθανώς να μπορείτε να προσπεράσετε
|
||||
αυτό το κεφάλαιο.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term><emphasis><xref linkend="ports">, Εγκαθιστώντας Εφαρμογές</emphasis></term>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Περιγράφει τον τρόπο εγκατάστασης λογισμικού τρίτων με την
|
||||
καινοτόμο <quote>Συλλογή Πορτών (Ports Collection)</quote> του &os;
|
||||
και με τα στάνταρ προμεταγλωττισμένα πακέτα (packages).</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term><emphasis><xref linkend="x11">, Το σύστημα X Window </emphasis></term>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Περιγράφει γενικά το σύστημα X Window και ειδικότερα το
|
||||
X11 του &os;. Επίσης περιγράφει το περιβάλλον επιφάνειας εργασίας
|
||||
όπως το <application>KDE</application> και το <application>GNOME</application>.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- Μέρος II Συνήθεις Εργασίες -->
|
||||
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term><emphasis><xref linkend="desktop">, Εφαρμογές Επιφάνειας Εργασίας</emphasis></term>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Ταξινομεί σε λίστες μερικές απ'τις πιο συνήθεις εφαρμογές
|
||||
επιφάνειας εργασίας, όπως προγράμματα πλοήγησης ιστού και
|
||||
παραγωγικές πλατφόρμες, και περιγράφει πως να τις εγκαταστήσετε στο
|
||||
&os;.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term><emphasis><xref linkend="multimedia">, Πολυμέσα</emphasis></term>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Υποδεικνύει πως να εγκαταστήσετε δυνατότητες αναπαραγωγήε ήχου και
|
||||
βίντεο για το σύστημα σας. Επίσης περιλαμβάνει κάποια δείγματα από
|
||||
εφαρμογές ήχου και βίντεο.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term><emphasis><xref linkend="kernelconfig">, Ρυθμίζοντας τον πυρήνα
|
||||
του &os;</emphasis></term>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Εξηγεί τους λόγους για τους οποίους θα πρέπει να ρυθμίσετε ένα
|
||||
νέο πυρήνα και παρέχει λεπτομερείς οδηγίες για την ρύθμιση,
|
||||
δημιουργία εκτελέσιμου, και εγκατάσταση του νέου προσαρμοσμένου σας
|
||||
πυρήνα.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term><emphasis><xref linkend="printing">, Εκτύπωση</emphasis></term>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Περιγράφει πως να διαχειρίζεστε εκτυπωτές στο &os;,
|
||||
συμπεριλαμβάνοντας πληροφορίες για σελίδες λογότυπων, λογαριασμούς
|
||||
εκτυπωτών, και αρχικές ρυθμίσεις.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term><emphasis><xref linkend="linuxemu">, Συμβατότητα εκτελέσιμων &linux; </emphasis></term>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Περιγράφει τις δυνατότητες συμβατότητος με εφαρμογές &linux; του
|
||||
&os;. Επίσης παρέχει λεπτομερείς οδηγίες εγκατάστασης για πολλές
|
||||
γνωστές εφαρμογές για &linux;
|
||||
όπως <application>&oracle;</application>, <application>&sap.r3;</application>,
|
||||
και <application>&mathematica;</application>.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- Μέρος III - Διαχείριση Συστήματος -->
|
||||
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term><emphasis><xref linkend="config-tuning">, Ρύθμιση και Συντονισμός</emphasis></term>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Περιγράφει τις παραμέτρους εκείνες που έχουν στη διάθεση τους οι
|
||||
διαχειριστές του συστήματος, ώστε να συντονίσουν το σύστημα &os; για
|
||||
βέλτιστη απόδοση. Επίσης περιγράφει τα διάφορα ρυθμιστικά αρχεία
|
||||
που χρησιμοποιούνται στο &os; και που να τα βρείτε.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term><emphasis><xref linkend="boot">, Διαδικασία Εκκίνησης του Συστήματος</emphasis></term>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Περιγράφει την διαδικασία εκκίνησης του &os; και εξηγεί πως να
|
||||
ελέγχουμε αυτήν την διαδικασία με ειδικές επιλογές ρύθμισης.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term><emphasis><xref linkend="users">, Χρήστες και Βασική Διαχείριση
|
||||
Λογαριασμών</emphasis></term>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Περιγράφει την δημιουργία και την διαχείριση των λογαριασμών
|
||||
χρηστών. Επίσης περιέχει τους τρόπους οριοθέτησης των πόρων που θα
|
||||
πρέπει να τεθούν στους χρήστες και σε άλλες λειτουργίες διαχείρισης
|
||||
λογαριασμών.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term><emphasis><xref linkend="security">, Ασφάλεια</emphasis></term>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Περιγράφει διάφορα διαθέσιμα εργαλεία που θα σας βοηθήσουνε να
|
||||
κρατήσετε το &os; σύστημα σας ασφαλές, περιλαμβάνονται Kerberos,
|
||||
IPsec και OpenSSH.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term><emphasis><xref linkend="jails">, Jails</emphasis></term>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Περιγράφει το πλαίσιο εργασίας των jails, και τις βελτιώσεις των
|
||||
jails πέρα απ'την παραδοσιακή chroot υποστήριξη του &os;.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term><emphasis><xref linkend="mac">, Υποχρεωτικός Έλεγχος στην Πρόσβαση</emphasis></term>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Εξηγεί τι είναι ο Υποχρεωτικός Έλεγχος στην Πρόσβαση (MAC) και
|
||||
πως ο μηχανισμός αυτός μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθεί ώστε να ασφαλίσουμε
|
||||
το &os; σύστημα μας.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term><emphasis><xref linkend="audit">, Κριτικός Έλεγχος Συμβάντων Ασφαλείας</emphasis></term>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Περιγράφει τι είναι ο Κριτικός Έλεγχος Συμβάντων, πως μπορεί να
|
||||
εγκατασταθεί, να ρυθμιστεί, και πως τα ίχνη του ελέγχου μπορούν να
|
||||
διερευνούνται και να παρατηρούνται.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term><emphasis><xref linkend="disks">, Αποθήκευση</emphasis></term>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Περιγράφει πως να διαχειρίζεστε μέσα αποθήκευσης και συστήματα
|
||||
αρχείων με το &os;. Συμπεριλαμβάνονται φυσικοί δίσκοι, συστοιχίες
|
||||
RAID, οπτικά και μαγνητικά μέσα, εικονικοί δίσκοι μνήμης και
|
||||
δικτυακά συστήματα αρχείων.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term><emphasis><xref linkend="geom">, GEOM</emphasis></term>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Περιγράφει τι είναι το πλαίσιο εργασίας GEOM στο &os; και πως να
|
||||
ρυθμίσετε διάφορα υποστηριζόμενα επίπεδα RAID.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term><emphasis><xref linkend="vinum-vinum">, Vinum</emphasis></term>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Περιγράφει πως να χρησιμοποιήσετε το Vinum, ένα λογικό
|
||||
διαχειριστή χώρου που παρέχει λογικούς δίσκους ανεξαρτήτως συσκευής,
|
||||
και RAID-0, RAID-1 και RAID-5 λογισμικό.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term><emphasis><xref linkend="virtualization">, Εικονικότητα</emphasis></term>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Περιγράφει τι προσφέρουν τα συστήματα εικονικότητος, και πως
|
||||
μπορεί να χρησιμποιηθεί με το &os;.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term><emphasis><xref linkend="l10n">, Τοπικότητα</emphasis></term>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Περιγράφει πως να χρησιμοποιήσετε το &os; σε γλώσσες εκτός της
|
||||
Αγγλικής. Καλύπτει την τοπικότητα σε επίπεδο συστήματος όπως και σε
|
||||
επίπεδο εφαρμογών.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term><emphasis><xref linkend="cutting-edge">, Στη κόψη του ξυραφιού</emphasis></term>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Εξηγεί τις διαφορές μεταξύ των εκδόσεων FreeBSD-STABLE,
|
||||
FreeBSD-CURRENT, και FreeBSD. Περιγράφει ποιοι χρήστες θα
|
||||
επωφελούντο από την ιχνηλάτευση ενός συστήματος ανάπτυξης και
|
||||
σκιαγραφεί αυτή τη διεργασία.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- Part IV - Επικοινωνίες Δικτύων -->
|
||||
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term><emphasis><xref linkend="serialcomms">, Σειριακές Επικοινωνίες</emphasis></term>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Εξηγεί πως να συνδέσετε τερματικά και μόντεμ στο &os; σύστημα
|
||||
σας για εισερχόμενες και εξερχόμενες συνδέσεις.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term><emphasis><xref linkend="ppp-and-slip">, PPP και SLIP</emphasis></term>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Περιγράφει πως να χρησιμοποιήσετε τις τεχνολογίες PPP, SLIP, ή
|
||||
PPP over Ethernet για να συνδεθείτε σε απομακρυσμένα συστήματα με το
|
||||
&os;.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term><emphasis><xref linkend="mail">, Ηλεκτρονική Αλληλογραφία</emphasis></term>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Εξηγεί τα διαφορετικά στοιχεία ενός διακομιστή ηλεκτρονικής
|
||||
αλληλογραφίας και εμβαθύνει σε θέματα απλών ρυθμίσεων για τα πιο
|
||||
δημοφιλή λογισμικά διακομιστών ηλεκτρονικής αλληλογραφίας:
|
||||
<application>sendmail</application>.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term><emphasis><xref linkend="network-servers">, Διακομιστές Δικτύων</emphasis></term>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Παρέχει λεπτομερείς οδηγίες και παραδείγματα από ρυθμιστικά
|
||||
αρχεία για να εγκαταστήσετε στην &os; μηχανή σας ένα διακομιστή
|
||||
δικτυακού συστήματος αρχείων, ένα διακομιστή ονομάτων χώρου, ένα
|
||||
διακομιστή δικτυακού συστήματος πληροφοριών, ή ένα διακομιστή
|
||||
συγχρονισμού ώρας.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term><emphasis><xref linkend="firewalls">, Δικτυακό φίλτρο ασφαλείας</emphasis></term>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Εξηγεί την φιλοσοφία που κρύβεται πίσω απ'τα δικτυακά φίλτρα
|
||||
ασφαλείας βασισμένα σε λογισμικό και παρέχει λεπτομερείς πληροφορίες
|
||||
για τις ρυθμίσεις των διαφόρων δικτυακών φίλτρων που είναι διαθέσιμα
|
||||
για το &os;.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term><emphasis><xref linkend="advanced-networking">, Δίκτυα για Προχωρημένους</emphasis></term>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Περιγράφει πολλά θέματα δικτύωσης, συμπεριλαμβάνοντας
|
||||
διαμοιρασμό της σύνδεσης σας στο Ίντερνετ με άλλους υπολογιστές στο
|
||||
τοπικό σας δίκτυο LAN, θέματα δρομολόγησης για προχωρημένους,
|
||||
ασύρματη δικτύωση, &bluetooth;, ATM, IPv6, και πολλά ακόμη.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- Μέρος V - Παραρτήματα -->
|
||||
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term><emphasis><xref linkend="mirrors">, Πως ν'αποκτήσετε το &os; </emphasis></term>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Ταξινομεί σε λίστες διάφορες πηγές για ν'αποκτήσετε το &os; σε
|
||||
CDROM ή DVD όπως επίσης διάφορες τοποθεσίες στο Ίντερνετ απ'όπου
|
||||
μπορείτε να κατεβάσετε και να εγκαταστήσετε το &os;.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term><emphasis><xref linkend="bibliography">, Βιβλιογραφία </emphasis></term>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Αυτό το βιβλίο αγγίζει πολλά διαφορετικά θέματα που μπορεί να
|
||||
σας κεντρίσει το ενδιαφέρον για μια πιο λεπτομερή εξερεύνηση. Η
|
||||
βιβλιογραφία ταξινομεί σε κατηγορίες πολλά άριστα βιβλία οποία
|
||||
αναφέρεται το κείμενο.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term><emphasis><xref linkend="eresources">, Πηγές στο Ίντερνετ </emphasis></term>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Περιγράφει πολλά διαθέσιμα φόρουμ για χρήστες &os; για να θέσετε
|
||||
ερωτήματα και να ενασχοληθείτε σε τεχνικές συζητήσεις για το
|
||||
&os;.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term><emphasis><xref linkend="pgpkeys">, Κλειδιά PGP</emphasis></term>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Καταγράφει τα δακτυλικά αποτυπώματα PGP αρκετών μελών της ομάδας
|
||||
Ανάπτυξης του &os;.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
</variablelist>
|
||||
|
||||
<bridgehead id="preface-conv" renderas="sect1">Συμβάσεις που χρησιμοποιούνται
|
||||
σε αυτό το βιβλίο</bridgehead>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Στο να παρέχεται με συνέπεια και ευκολία η ανάγνωση του κειμένου, μερικές
|
||||
συμβάσεις ακολουθούνται σε ολόκληρο το βιβλίο.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<bridgehead id="preface-conv-typographic" renderas="sect2">Τυπογραφικές
|
||||
Συμβάσεις</bridgehead>
|
||||
|
||||
<variablelist>
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term><emphasis>Πλάγια γραφή</emphasis></term>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para> Η <emphasis>πλάγια</emphasis> γραμματοσειρά χρησιμοποιείται για ονόματα αρχείων, URLs,
|
||||
κείμενο με έμφαση, και για χρήση πρωτοεμφανιζόμενων τεχνικών όρων.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term><literal>Γραφή σταθερού πλάτους</literal></term>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para> Η <literal>σταθερού πλάτους</literal> γραμματοσειρά
|
||||
χρησιμοποιείται για μηνύματα λάθους, εντολές, μεταβλητές περιβάλλοντος,
|
||||
ονομασίες των ports, ονόματα κεντρικών υπολογιστών, ονόματα χρηστών, ονόματα ομάδων, ονόματα
|
||||
συσκευών, μεταβλητών, και αποσπάσματα κώδικα.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term><application>Έντονη γραφή</application></term>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Η <application>έντονη</application> γραμματοσειρά χρησιμοποιείται για
|
||||
εφαρμογές, εντολές, και πλήκτρα.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
</variablelist>
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- Var list -->
|
||||
<bridgehead id="preface-conv-commands" renderas="sect2">Εισαγωγή στοιχείων
|
||||
Χρήστη</bridgehead>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Η πληκτρολόγηση σημειώνεται με <keycap>έντονη</keycap> γραφή ώστε να ξεχωρίζει
|
||||
από το υπόλοιπο κείμενο. Συνδυασμοί πλήκτρων που πρέπει να πατηθούν ταυτόχρονα
|
||||
σημειώνονται με `<literal>+</literal>' μεταξύ των πλήκτρων, όπως:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>
|
||||
<keycombo action="simul">
|
||||
<keycap>Ctrl</keycap>
|
||||
<keycap>Alt</keycap>
|
||||
<keycap>Del</keycap>
|
||||
</keycombo>
|
||||
</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Το οποίο σημαίνει πως ο χρήστης θα πρέπει να πληκτρολογήσει τα πλήκτρα <keycap>Ctrl</keycap>,
|
||||
<keycap>Alt</keycap>, και το πλήκτρο <keycap>Del</keycap> ταυτόχρονα.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Πλήκτρα που πρέπει να πληκτρολογηθούν σε ακολουθία θα πρέπει να είναι χωρισμένα με
|
||||
κόμμα, για παράδειγμα:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>
|
||||
<keycombo action="simul">
|
||||
<keycap>Ctrl</keycap>
|
||||
<keycap>X</keycap>
|
||||
</keycombo>,
|
||||
<keycombo action="simul">
|
||||
<keycap>Ctrl</keycap>
|
||||
<keycap>S</keycap>
|
||||
</keycombo>
|
||||
</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Το οποίο σημαίνει πως ο χρήστης αναμένεται να πληκτρολογήσει τα
|
||||
πλήκτρα <keycap>Ctrl</keycap> και <keycap>X</keycap> ταυτόχρονα
|
||||
και έπειτα να πληκτρολογήσει τα πλήκτρα <keycap>Ctrl</keycap> και <keycap>S</keycap>
|
||||
ταυτόχρονα.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- How to type in key stokes, etc.. -->
|
||||
<bridgehead id="preface-conv-examples" renderas="sect2">Παραδείγματα</bridgehead>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Τα παραδείγματα που ξεκινούν με <devicename>E:\></devicename>
|
||||
υποδηλώνουν μια εντολή σε &ms-dos;. Αυτές οι εντολές μπορούν να εκτελούνται
|
||||
από το παράθυρο <quote>Προτροπής Εντολών</quote> σε σύγχρονο περιβάλλον
|
||||
µsoft.windows; εκτός αν αναφέρεται κάτι διαφορετικό.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen><prompt>E:\></prompt> <userinput>tools\fdimage floppies\kern.flp A:</userinput></screen>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Τα παραδείγματα που ξεκινούν με &prompt.root; υποδηλώνουν μια εντολή που
|
||||
θα πρέπει να εκτελεστεί από τον υπερχρήστη (superuser) του συστήματος &os;. Μπορείτε
|
||||
να συνδεθείτε σαν χρήστης <username>root</username> για να πληκτρολογήσετε την εντολή, ή
|
||||
να συνδεθείτε σαν κανονικός χρήστης κσι να χρησιμοποιήσετε την εντολή &man.su.1;
|
||||
ώστε να αποκτήσετε προνόμια υπερχρήστη (superuser).</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>dd if=kern.flp of=/dev/fd0</userinput></screen>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Τα παραδείγματα που ξεκινούν με &prompt.user; υποδηλώνουν μια εντολή που
|
||||
μπορεί να εκτελεστεί από ένα κανονικό χρήστη. Η σύνταξη C-shell χρησιμοποιείται
|
||||
για να θέσουμε μεταβλητές περιβάλλοντος και άλλες εντολές κέλυφους, εκτός αν
|
||||
αναφέρεται κάτι διαφορετικό.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>top</userinput></screen>
|
||||
|
||||
<bridgehead id="preface-acknowledgements" renderas="sect1">Αναγνωρισημότητα</bridgehead>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Το βιβλίο που κρατάτε παρουσιάζει τις προσπάθειες πολλών εκατοντάδων ανθρώπων
|
||||
απ'όλο τον κόσμο. Είτε αν επρόκειτο για τυπογραφικά λάθη, ή για υποβολή
|
||||
ολόκληρων κεφαλαίων, η συμβολή όλων ήταν χρήσιμη.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Μερικές εταιρείες υποστήριξαν την ανάπτυξη αυτού του
|
||||
εγγράφου μισθώνοντας συντάκτες να εργάζονται σε πλήρη απασχόληση, πληρώνοντας για
|
||||
την έκδοση, κτλ. Ειδικότερα η , BSDi ( αργότερα αποκτήθηκε από την
|
||||
<ulink url="http://www.windriver.com">Wind River Systems</ulink>)
|
||||
μίσθωσε μέλη του FreeBSD Documentation Project να εργάζονται σε πλήρη απασχόληση
|
||||
για την βελτίωση του βιβλίου οδηγώντας στην πρώτη έντυπη έκδοση στα αγγλικά
|
||||
τον Μάρτιο του 2000 (ISBN 1-57176-241-8). Η εταιρεία Wind
|
||||
River Systems τότε μίσθωσε μερικούς επιπρόσθετους συντάκτες ώστε
|
||||
να κάνει βελτιώσεις στην δομή της έντυπης έκδοσης και να προσθέσει
|
||||
πρόσθετα κεφάλαια. Η αποκορύφωση αυτής της εργασίας ήταν η παρουσίαση
|
||||
της δεύτερης έντυπης έκδοσης τον Νοέμβριο του 2001 (ISBN 1-57176-303-1).
|
||||
1-57176-303-1). Το 2003-2004, η <ulink
|
||||
url="http://www.freebsdmall.com">FreeBSD Mall, Inc</ulink>, μίσθωσε
|
||||
μερικούς συνεργάτες να βελτιώσουν το Εγχειρίδιο Χρήσης προς ετοιμασία
|
||||
της τρίτης έντυπης έκδοσης.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
</preface>
|
||||
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
Local Variables:
|
||||
mode: sgml
|
||||
sgml-declaration: "../chapter.decl"
|
||||
sgml-indent-data: t
|
||||
sgml-omittag: nil
|
||||
sgml-always-quote-attributes: t
|
||||
sgml-parent-document: ("../book.sgml" "book" "preface")
|
||||
End:
|
||||
-->
|
4876
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/printing/chapter.sgml
Normal file
4876
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/printing/chapter.sgml
Normal file
File diff suppressed because it is too large
Load diff
4988
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/security/chapter.sgml
Normal file
4988
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/security/chapter.sgml
Normal file
File diff suppressed because it is too large
Load diff
2897
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/serialcomms/chapter.sgml
Normal file
2897
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/serialcomms/chapter.sgml
Normal file
File diff suppressed because it is too large
Load diff
72
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/txtfiles.ent
Normal file
72
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/txtfiles.ent
Normal file
|
@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
|
|||
<!--
|
||||
Ëßóôá ìå entities ãéá üëá ôá .txt screenshots ðïõ ðåñéÝ÷ïíôáé
|
||||
óôï Åã÷åéñßäéï.
|
||||
|
||||
ÊÜèå entity ïíïìÜæåôáé «txt.dir.foo», üðïõ «dir» åßíáé ôï directory óôï
|
||||
ïðïßï áðïèçêåýåôáé êáé «foo» åßíáé ôï üíïìá ôïõ áñ÷åßïõ, ÷ùñßò ôçí
|
||||
åðÝêôáóç «.txt».
|
||||
|
||||
Ôá entities êáëü åßíáé íá äéáôçñïýíôáé óå áëöáâçôéêÞ óåéñÜ
|
||||
(ãéá íá ìðïñïýìå åýêïëá íá åëÝãîïõìå áí õðÜñ÷ïõí äéðëÝò åìöáíßóåéò).
|
||||
|
||||
$FreeBSD$
|
||||
-->
|
||||
|
||||
<!ENTITY txt.install.adduser1 SYSTEM "install/adduser1.txt">
|
||||
<!ENTITY txt.install.adduser2 SYSTEM "install/adduser2.txt">
|
||||
<!ENTITY txt.install.adduser3 SYSTEM "install/adduser3.txt">
|
||||
<!ENTITY txt.install.boot-mgr SYSTEM "install/boot-mgr.txt">
|
||||
<!ENTITY txt.install.console-saver1 SYSTEM "install/console-saver1.txt">
|
||||
<!ENTITY txt.install.console-saver2 SYSTEM "install/console-saver2.txt">
|
||||
<!ENTITY txt.install.console-saver3 SYSTEM "install/console-saver3.txt">
|
||||
<!ENTITY txt.install.console-saver4 SYSTEM "install/console-saver4.txt">
|
||||
<!ENTITY txt.install.desktop SYSTEM "install/desktop.txt">
|
||||
<!ENTITY txt.install.disklabel-auto SYSTEM "install/disklabel-auto.txt">
|
||||
<!ENTITY txt.install.disklabel-ed1 SYSTEM "install/disklabel-ed1.txt">
|
||||
<!ENTITY txt.install.disklabel-ed2 SYSTEM "install/disklabel-ed2.txt">
|
||||
<!ENTITY txt.install.disklabel-fs SYSTEM "install/disklabel-fs.txt">
|
||||
<!ENTITY txt.install.disklabel-root1 SYSTEM "install/disklabel-root1.txt">
|
||||
<!ENTITY txt.install.disklabel-root2 SYSTEM "install/disklabel-root2.txt">
|
||||
<!ENTITY txt.install.disklabel-root3 SYSTEM "install/disklabel-root3.txt">
|
||||
<!ENTITY txt.install.dist-set SYSTEM "install/dist-set.txt">
|
||||
<!ENTITY txt.install.dist-set2 SYSTEM "install/dist-set2.txt">
|
||||
<!ENTITY txt.install.docmenu1 SYSTEM "install/docmenu1.txt">
|
||||
<!ENTITY txt.install.ed0-conf SYSTEM "install/ed0-conf.txt">
|
||||
<!ENTITY txt.install.ed0-conf2 SYSTEM "install/ed0-conf2.txt">
|
||||
<!ENTITY txt.install.edit-inetd-conf SYSTEM "install/edit-inetd-conf.txt">
|
||||
<!ENTITY txt.install.fdisk-drive1 SYSTEM "install/fdisk-drive1.txt">
|
||||
<!ENTITY txt.install.fdisk-drive2 SYSTEM "install/fdisk-drive2.txt">
|
||||
<!ENTITY txt.install.fdisk-edit1 SYSTEM "install/fdisk-edit1.txt">
|
||||
<!ENTITY txt.install.fdisk-edit2 SYSTEM "install/fdisk-edit2.txt">
|
||||
<!ENTITY txt.install.ftp-anon1 SYSTEM "install/ftp-anon1.txt">
|
||||
<!ENTITY txt.install.ftp-anon2 SYSTEM "install/ftp-anon2.txt">
|
||||
<!ENTITY txt.install.hdwrconf SYSTEM "install/hdwrconf.txt">
|
||||
<!ENTITY txt.install.keymap SYSTEM "install/keymap.txt">
|
||||
<!ENTITY txt.install.main-doc SYSTEM "install/main-doc.txt">
|
||||
<!ENTITY txt.install.main-keymap SYSTEM "install/main-keymap.txt">
|
||||
<!ENTITY txt.install.main-options SYSTEM "install/main-options.txt">
|
||||
<!ENTITY txt.install.main-std SYSTEM "install/main-std.txt">
|
||||
<!ENTITY txt.install.main1 SYSTEM "install/main1.txt">
|
||||
<!ENTITY txt.install.mainexit SYSTEM "install/mainexit.txt">
|
||||
<!ENTITY txt.install.media SYSTEM "install/media.txt">
|
||||
<!ENTITY txt.install.mouse1 SYSTEM "install/mouse1.txt">
|
||||
<!ENTITY txt.install.mouse2 SYSTEM "install/mouse2.txt">
|
||||
<!ENTITY txt.install.mouse3 SYSTEM "install/mouse3.txt">
|
||||
<!ENTITY txt.install.mouse4 SYSTEM "install/mouse4.txt">
|
||||
<!ENTITY txt.install.mouse5 SYSTEM "install/mouse5.txt">
|
||||
<!ENTITY txt.install.mouse6 SYSTEM "install/mouse6.txt">
|
||||
<!ENTITY txt.install.nfs-server-edit SYSTEM "install/nfs-server-edit.txt">
|
||||
<!ENTITY txt.install.options SYSTEM "install/options.txt">
|
||||
<!ENTITY txt.install.pkg-cat SYSTEM "install/pkg-cat.txt">
|
||||
<!ENTITY txt.install.pkg-confirm SYSTEM "install/pkg-confirm.txt">
|
||||
<!ENTITY txt.install.pkg-install SYSTEM "install/pkg-install.txt">
|
||||
<!ENTITY txt.install.pkg-sel SYSTEM "install/pkg-sel.txt">
|
||||
<!ENTITY txt.install.probstart SYSTEM "install/probstart.txt">
|
||||
<!ENTITY txt.install.security SYSTEM "install/security.txt">
|
||||
<!ENTITY txt.install.sysinstall-exit SYSTEM "install/sysinstall-exit.txt">
|
||||
<!ENTITY txt.install.timezone1 SYSTEM "install/timezone1.txt">
|
||||
<!ENTITY txt.install.timezone2 SYSTEM "install/timezone2.txt">
|
||||
<!ENTITY txt.install.timezone3 SYSTEM "install/timezone3.txt">
|
||||
<!ENTITY txt.install.userconfig SYSTEM "../../../share/images/books/handbook/install/userconfig.txt">
|
||||
<!ENTITY txt.install.userconfig2 SYSTEM "../../../share/images/books/handbook/install/userconfig2.txt">
|
||||
<!ENTITY txt.install.xf86setup SYSTEM "install/xf86setup.txt">
|
1035
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/users/chapter.sgml
Normal file
1035
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/users/chapter.sgml
Normal file
File diff suppressed because it is too large
Load diff
1449
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/vinum/chapter.sgml
Normal file
1449
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/vinum/chapter.sgml
Normal file
File diff suppressed because it is too large
Load diff
598
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/virtualization/chapter.sgml
Normal file
598
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/virtualization/chapter.sgml
Normal file
|
@ -0,0 +1,598 @@
|
|||
<!--
|
||||
The FreeBSD Documentation Project
|
||||
|
||||
$FreeBSD$
|
||||
-->
|
||||
|
||||
<chapter id="virtualization">
|
||||
<chapterinfo>
|
||||
<authorgroup>
|
||||
<author>
|
||||
<firstname>Murray</firstname>
|
||||
<surname>Stokely</surname>
|
||||
<contrib>ÓõíåéóöïñÜ áðü ôïí </contrib>
|
||||
</author>
|
||||
</authorgroup>
|
||||
<!-- Mar 2007 -->
|
||||
</chapterinfo>
|
||||
|
||||
<title>Åéêïíéêïðïßçóç</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect1 id="virtualization-synopsis">
|
||||
<title>Óýíïøç</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Ôï ëïãéóìéêü åéêïíéêïðïßçóçò åðéôñÝðåé óå ðïëëáðëÜ ëåéôïõñãéêÜ
|
||||
óõóôÞìáôá íá åêôåëïýíôáé ôáõôü÷ñïíá óôïí ßäéï õðïëïãéóôÞ. Óå
|
||||
õðïëïãéóôÝò PC ôï ëïãéóìéêü áõôü ôõðéêÜ ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß Ýíá ëåéôïõñãéêü
|
||||
ùò îåíéóôÞ (host) óôï ïðïßï êáé åêôåëåßôáé, êáé ôï ïðïßï õðïóôçñßæåé
|
||||
Ýíá ïðïéïäÞðïôå áñéèìü áðü öéëïîåíïýìåíá (guest) ëåéôïõñãéêÜ.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Áöïý äéáâÜóåôå áõôü ôï êåöÜëáéï, èá îÝñåôå:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Ôç äéáöïñÜ ìåôáîý åíüò îåíéóôÞ (host) êáé åíüò öéëïîåíïýìåíïõ
|
||||
(guest) ëåéôïõñãéêïý.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Ðùò íá åãêáôáóôÞóåôå ôï &os; óôï Linux ìå ôç âïÞèåéá ôïõ
|
||||
<application>&xen;</application>.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Ðùò íá åãêáôáóôÞóåôå ôï &os; óå Ýíá &apple; &macintosh;
|
||||
õðïëïãéóôÞ ðïõ âáóßæåôáé óå &intel; áñ÷éôåêôïíéêÞ.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Ðùò íá âåëôéóôïðïéÞóåôå Ýíá &os; óýóôçìá ãéá ôçí êáëýôåñç
|
||||
áðüäïóç óå ðåñéâÜëëïí åéêïíéêïý ìç÷áíÞìáôïò.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Ðñéí äéáâÜóåôå áõôü ôï êåöÜëáéï, èá ðñÝðåé:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Íá êáôáíïåßôå ôéò âáóéêÝò Ýííïéåò ôïõ &unix; êáé ôïõ &os; (<xref
|
||||
linkend="basics">).</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem><para>Íá ãíùñßæåôå ðùò èá åãêáôáóôÞóåôå ôï &os; (<xref
|
||||
linkend="install">).</para></listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem><para>Íá ãíùñßæåôå ðùò èá ñõèìßóåôå ôç óýíäåóç óáò óôï äßêôõï
|
||||
(<xref linkend="advanced-networking">).</para></listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem><para>Íá ãíùñßæåôå ðùò íá åãêáôáóôÞóåôå ðñüóèåôï ëïãéóìéêü
|
||||
ôñßôïõ êáôáóêåõáóôÞ (<xref linkend="ports">).</para></listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
|
||||
</sect1>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<sect1 id="virtualization-guest">
|
||||
<title>FreeBSD as a Guest OS</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect2 id="virtualization-guest-parallels">
|
||||
<title>Parallels on MacOS</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para><application>Parallels Desktop</application> for &mac; is a
|
||||
commercial software product available for &intel; based &apple;
|
||||
&mac; computers running &macos; 10.4.6 or higher. FreeBSD is a
|
||||
fully supported guest operating system.
|
||||
Once <application>Parallels</application> has been installed on &macos;
|
||||
X, the user must configure a virtual machine and then install
|
||||
the desired guest operating system.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect3 id="virtualization-guest-parallels-install">
|
||||
<title>Installing FreeBSD on Parallels/&macos; X</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>The first step in installing FreeBSD on &macos;
|
||||
X/<application>Parallels</application> is to create a new virtual
|
||||
machine for installing FreeBSD. Select <guimenuitem>FreeBSD</guimenuitem>
|
||||
as the <guimenu>Guest OS Type</guimenu> when prompted:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<mediaobject>
|
||||
<imageobject>
|
||||
<imagedata fileref="virtualization/parallels-freebsd1">
|
||||
</imageobject>
|
||||
</mediaobject>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>And choose a reasonable amount of disk and
|
||||
memory depending on your plans for this virtual FreeBSD
|
||||
instance. 4GB and 512MB of RAM work well for most uses of
|
||||
FreeBSD under <application>Parallels</application>:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<mediaobject>
|
||||
<imageobject>
|
||||
<imagedata fileref="virtualization/parallels-freebsd2">
|
||||
</imageobject>
|
||||
</mediaobject>
|
||||
|
||||
<mediaobject>
|
||||
<imageobject>
|
||||
<imagedata fileref="virtualization/parallels-freebsd3">
|
||||
</imageobject>
|
||||
</mediaobject>
|
||||
|
||||
<mediaobject>
|
||||
<imageobject>
|
||||
<imagedata fileref="virtualization/parallels-freebsd4">
|
||||
</imageobject>
|
||||
</mediaobject>
|
||||
|
||||
<mediaobject>
|
||||
<imageobject>
|
||||
<imagedata fileref="virtualization/parallels-freebsd5">
|
||||
</imageobject>
|
||||
</mediaobject>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Select the type of networking and a network
|
||||
interface:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<mediaobject>
|
||||
<imageobject>
|
||||
<imagedata fileref="virtualization/parallels-freebsd6">
|
||||
</imageobject>
|
||||
</mediaobject>
|
||||
|
||||
<mediaobject>
|
||||
<imageobject>
|
||||
<imagedata fileref="virtualization/parallels-freebsd7">
|
||||
</imageobject>
|
||||
</mediaobject>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Save and finish the configuration:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<mediaobject>
|
||||
<imageobject>
|
||||
<imagedata fileref="virtualization/parallels-freebsd8">
|
||||
</imageobject>
|
||||
</mediaobject>
|
||||
|
||||
<mediaobject>
|
||||
<imageobject>
|
||||
<imagedata fileref="virtualization/parallels-freebsd9">
|
||||
</imageobject>
|
||||
</mediaobject>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>After your FreeBSD virtual machine has been created,
|
||||
you will need to install FreeBSD on it. This is best done
|
||||
with an official FreeBSD CDROM or with an ISO image
|
||||
downloaded from an official FTP site. When you have the
|
||||
appropriate ISO image on your local &mac; filesystem or a
|
||||
CDROM in your &mac;'s CD drive, click on the disc icon in the
|
||||
bottom right corner of your FreeBSD
|
||||
<application>Parallels</application> window. This
|
||||
will bring up a window that allows you to associate the
|
||||
CDROM drive in your virtual machine with an ISO file on
|
||||
disk or with your real CDROM drive.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<mediaobject>
|
||||
<imageobject>
|
||||
<imagedata fileref="virtualization/parallels-freebsd11">
|
||||
</imageobject>
|
||||
</mediaobject>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Once you have made this association with your CDROM
|
||||
source, reboot your FreeBSD virtual machine as normal by
|
||||
clicking the reboot icon.
|
||||
<application>Parallels</application> will reboot with a
|
||||
special BIOS that first checks if you have a CDROM just as a
|
||||
normal BIOS would do.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<mediaobject>
|
||||
<imageobject>
|
||||
<imagedata fileref="virtualization/parallels-freebsd10">
|
||||
</imageobject>
|
||||
</mediaobject>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>In this case it will find the FreeBSD installation media
|
||||
and begin a normal <application>sysinstall</application> based
|
||||
installation as described in <xref linkend="install">. You
|
||||
may install, but do not attempt to configure X11 at
|
||||
this time.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<mediaobject>
|
||||
<imageobject>
|
||||
<imagedata fileref="virtualization/parallels-freebsd12">
|
||||
</imageobject>
|
||||
</mediaobject>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>When you have finished the installation, reboot
|
||||
into your newly installed FreeBSD virtual machine.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<mediaobject>
|
||||
<imageobject>
|
||||
<imagedata fileref="virtualization/parallels-freebsd13">
|
||||
</imageobject>
|
||||
</mediaobject>
|
||||
</sect3>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect3 id="virtualization-guest-parallels-configure">
|
||||
<title>Configuring FreeBSD on &macos; X/Parallels</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>After FreeBSD has been successfully installed on &macos;
|
||||
X with <application>Parallels</application>, there are a number
|
||||
of configuration steps that can be taken to optimize the system
|
||||
for virtualized operation.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<procedure>
|
||||
<step>
|
||||
<title>Set boot loader variables</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>The most important step is to reduce the
|
||||
<option>kern.hz</option> tunable to reduce the CPU utilization
|
||||
of FreeBSD under the <application>Parallels</application>
|
||||
environment. This is accomplished by adding the following
|
||||
line to <filename>/boot/loader.conf</filename>:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<programlisting>kern.hz=100</programlisting>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Without this setting, an idle FreeBSD
|
||||
<application>Parallels</application> guest
|
||||
OS will use roughly 15% of the CPU of a single
|
||||
processor &imac;. After this change the usage will be
|
||||
closer to a mere 5%.</para>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
|
||||
<step>
|
||||
<title>Create a new kernel configuration file</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>You can remove all of the SCSI, FireWire, and USB
|
||||
device drivers. <application>Parallels</application>
|
||||
provides a virtual network
|
||||
adapter used by the &man.ed.4; driver, so
|
||||
all other network devices except for
|
||||
&man.ed.4; and &man.miibus.4; can be
|
||||
removed from the kernel.</para>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
|
||||
<step>
|
||||
<title>Setup networking</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>The most basic networking setup involves simply
|
||||
using DHCP to connect your virtual machine to the same
|
||||
local area network as your host &mac;. This can be
|
||||
accomplished by adding
|
||||
<literal>ifconfig_ed0="DHCP"</literal> to
|
||||
<filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>. More advanced
|
||||
networking setups are described in <xref
|
||||
linkend="advanced-networking">.</para>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
</procedure>
|
||||
|
||||
</sect3>
|
||||
|
||||
</sect2>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect2 id="virtualization-guest-xen">
|
||||
<sect2info>
|
||||
<authorgroup>
|
||||
<author>
|
||||
<firstname>Fukang</firstname>
|
||||
<surname>Chen (Loader)</surname>
|
||||
<contrib>Contributed by </contrib>
|
||||
</author>
|
||||
</authorgroup>
|
||||
<!-- Mar/Apr 2007 -->
|
||||
</sect2info>
|
||||
|
||||
<title>FreeBSD with &xen; on Linux</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>The <application>&xen;</application> hypervisor is an open
|
||||
source paravirtualization product which is now supported by the
|
||||
commercial XenSource company. Guest operating systems are known
|
||||
as domU domains, and the host operating system is known as dom0.
|
||||
The first step in running a virtual FreeBSD instance under Linux
|
||||
is to install <application>&xen;</application> for Linux dom0.
|
||||
The host operating system will be a Slackware Linux
|
||||
distribution.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect3 id="xen-slackware-dom0">
|
||||
<title>Setup &xen; 3 on Linux dom0</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<procedure>
|
||||
<step>
|
||||
<title>Download &xen; 3.0 from XenSource</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Download <ulink
|
||||
url="http://bits.xensource.com/oss-xen/release/3.0.4-1/src.tgz/xen-3.0.4_1-src.tgz">xen-3.0.4_1-src.tgz</ulink>
|
||||
from <ulink url="http://www.xensource.com/"></ulink>.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
|
||||
<step>
|
||||
<title>Unpack the tarball</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cd xen-3.0.4_1-src</userinput>
|
||||
&prompt.root; <userinput>KERNELS="linux-2.6-xen0 linux-2.6-xenU" make world</userinput>
|
||||
&prompt.root; <userinput>make install</userinput></screen>
|
||||
|
||||
<note>
|
||||
<para>To re-compile the kernel for dom0:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cd xen-3.0.4_1-src/linux-2.6.16.33-xen0</userinput>
|
||||
&prompt.root; <userinput>make menuconfig</userinput>
|
||||
&prompt.root; <userinput>make</userinput>
|
||||
&prompt.root; <userinput>make install</userinput></screen>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Older version of <application>&xen;</application> may need to specify
|
||||
<command>make ARCH=xen menuconfig</command></para>
|
||||
</note>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
|
||||
<step>
|
||||
<title>Add a menu entry into Grub menu.lst</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Edit <filename>/boot/grub/menu.lst</filename> and
|
||||
add the following lines:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<programlisting>title Xen-3.0.4
|
||||
root (hd0,0)
|
||||
kernel /boot/xen-3.0.4-1.gz dom0_mem=262144
|
||||
module /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.16.33-xen0 root=/dev/hda1 ro</programlisting>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
|
||||
<step>
|
||||
<title>Reboot your computer into &xen;</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>First, edit
|
||||
<filename>/etc/xen/xend-config.sxp</filename>, and add
|
||||
the following line:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<programlisting>(network-script 'network-bridge netdev=eth0')</programlisting>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Then, we can launch
|
||||
<application>&xen;</application>:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>/etc/init.d/xend start</userinput>
|
||||
&prompt.root; <userinput>/etc/init.d/xendomains start</userinput></screen>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Our dom0 is running:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>xm list</userinput>
|
||||
Name ID Mem VCPUs State Time(s)
|
||||
Domain-0 0 256 1 r----- 54452.9</screen>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
</procedure>
|
||||
</sect3>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect3>
|
||||
<title>FreeBSD 7-CURRENT domU</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Download the FreeBSD domU kernel for <application>&xen; 3.0</application> and
|
||||
disk image from <ulink
|
||||
url="http://www.fsmware.com/">http://www.fsmware.com/</ulink></para>
|
||||
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><ulink url="http://www.fsmware.com/xenofreebsd/7.0/download/kernel-current">kernel-current</ulink></para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><ulink url="http://www.fsmware.com/xenofreebsd/7.0/download/mdroot-7.0.bz2">mdroot-7.0.bz2</ulink></para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><ulink url="http://www.fsmware.com/xenofreebsd/7.0/download/config/xmexample1.bsd">xmexample1.bsd</ulink></para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Put the configuration file <filename>xmexample1.bsd</filename>
|
||||
into <filename>/etc/xen/</filename> and modify the related
|
||||
entries about where the kernel and the disk image are stored.
|
||||
It should look like the following:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<programlisting>kernel = "/opt/kernel-current"
|
||||
memory = 256
|
||||
name = "freebsd"
|
||||
vif = [ '' ]
|
||||
disk = [ 'file:/opt/mdroot-7.0,hda1,w' ]
|
||||
#on_crash = 'preserve'
|
||||
extra = "boot_verbose"
|
||||
extra += ",boot_single"
|
||||
extra += ",kern.hz=100"
|
||||
extra += ",vfs.root.mountfrom=ufs:/dev/xbd769a"</programlisting>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>The <filename>mdroot-7.0.bz2</filename> file should be
|
||||
uncompressed.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Next, the __xen_guest section in <filename>kernel-current</filename>
|
||||
needs to be altered to add the VIRT_BASE that
|
||||
<application>&xen; 3.0.3</application> requires:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>objcopy kernel-current -R __xen_guest</userinput>
|
||||
&prompt.root; <userinput>perl -e 'print "LOADER=generic,GUEST_OS=freebsd,GUEST_VER=7.0,XEN_VER=xen-3.0,BSD_SYMTAB,VIRT_BASE=0xC0000000\x00"' > tmp</userinput>
|
||||
&prompt.root; <userinput>objcopy kernel-current --add-section __xen_guest=tmp</userinput></screen>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>objdump -j __xen_guest -s kernel-current</userinput>
|
||||
|
||||
kernel-current: file format elf32-i386
|
||||
|
||||
Contents of section __xen_guest:
|
||||
0000 4c4f4144 45523d67 656e6572 69632c47 LOADER=generic,G
|
||||
0010 55455354 5f4f533d 66726565 6273642c UEST_OS=freebsd,
|
||||
0020 47554553 545f5645 523d372e 302c5845 GUEST_VER=7.0,XE
|
||||
0030 4e5f5645 523d7865 6e2d332e 302c4253 N_VER=xen-3.0,BS
|
||||
0040 445f5359 4d544142 2c564952 545f4241 D_SYMTAB,VIRT_BA
|
||||
0050 53453d30 78433030 30303030 3000 SE=0xC0000000. </screen>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>We are, now, ready to create and launch our domU:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>xm create /etc/xen/xmexample1.bsd -c</userinput>
|
||||
Using config file "/etc/xen/xmexample1.bsd".
|
||||
Started domain freebsd
|
||||
WARNING: loader(8) metadata is missing!
|
||||
Copyright (c) 1992-2006 The FreeBSD Project.
|
||||
Copyright (c) 1979, 1980, 1983, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994
|
||||
The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
|
||||
FreeBSD 7.0-CURRENT #113: Wed Jan 4 06:25:43 UTC 2006
|
||||
kmacy@freebsd7.gateway.2wire.net:/usr/home/kmacy/p4/freebsd7_xen3/src/sys/i386-xen/compile/XENCONF
|
||||
WARNING: DIAGNOSTIC option enabled, expect reduced performance.
|
||||
Xen reported: 1796.927 MHz processor.
|
||||
Timecounter "ixen" frequency 1796927000 Hz quality 0
|
||||
CPU: Intel(R) Pentium(R) 4 CPU 1.80GHz (1796.93-MHz 686-class CPU)
|
||||
Origin = "GenuineIntel" Id = 0xf29 Stepping = 9
|
||||
Features=0xbfebfbff<FPU,VME,DE,PSE,TSC,MSR,PAE,MCE,CX8,APIC,SEP,MTRR,PGE,MCA,CMOV,PAT,PSE36,CLFLUSH,
|
||||
DTS,ACPI,MMX,FXSR,SSE,SSE2,SS,HTT,TM,PBE>
|
||||
Features2=0x4400<CNTX-ID,<b14>>
|
||||
real memory = 265244672 (252 MB)
|
||||
avail memory = 255963136 (244 MB)
|
||||
xc0: <Xen Console> on motherboard
|
||||
cpu0 on motherboard
|
||||
Timecounters tick every 10.000 msec
|
||||
[XEN] Initialising virtual ethernet driver.
|
||||
xn0: Ethernet address: 00:16:3e:6b:de:3a
|
||||
[XEN]
|
||||
Trying to mount root from ufs:/dev/xbd769a
|
||||
WARNING: / was not properly dismounted
|
||||
Loading configuration files.
|
||||
No suitable dump device was found.
|
||||
Entropy harvesting: interrupts ethernet point_to_point kickstart.
|
||||
Starting file system checks:
|
||||
/dev/xbd769a: 18859 files, 140370 used, 113473 free (10769 frags, 12838 blocks, 4.2% fragmentation)
|
||||
Setting hostname: demo.freebsd.org.
|
||||
lo0: flags=8049<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 16384
|
||||
inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128
|
||||
inet6 fe80::1%lo0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x2
|
||||
inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 0xff000000
|
||||
Additional routing options:.
|
||||
Mounting NFS file systems:.
|
||||
Starting syslogd.
|
||||
/etc/rc: WARNING: Dump device does not exist. Savecore not run.
|
||||
ELF ldconfig path: /lib /usr/lib /usr/lib/compat /usr/X11R6/lib /usr/local/lib
|
||||
a.out ldconfig path: /usr/lib/aout /usr/lib/compat/aout /usr/X11R6/lib/aout
|
||||
Starting usbd.
|
||||
usb: Kernel module not available: No such file or directory
|
||||
Starting local daemons:.
|
||||
Updating motd.
|
||||
Starting sshd.
|
||||
Initial i386 initialization:.
|
||||
Additional ABI support: linux.
|
||||
Starting cron.
|
||||
Local package initialization:.
|
||||
Additional TCP options:.
|
||||
Starting background file system checks in 60 seconds.
|
||||
|
||||
Sun Apr 1 02:11:43 UTC 2007
|
||||
|
||||
FreeBSD/i386 (demo.freebsd.org) (xc0)
|
||||
|
||||
login: </screen>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>The domU should run the &os; 7.0-CURRENT
|
||||
kernel:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>uname -a</userinput>
|
||||
FreeBSD demo.freebsd.org 7.0-CURRENT FreeBSD 7.0-CURRENT #113: Wed Jan 4 06:25:43 UTC 2006
|
||||
kmacy@freebsd7.gateway.2wire.net:/usr/home/kmacy/p4/freebsd7_xen3/src/sys/i386-xen/compile/XENCONF i386</screen>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>The network can now be configured on the domU. The &os;
|
||||
domU will use a specific interface called
|
||||
<devicename>xn0</devicename>:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>ifconfig xn0 10.10.10.200 netmask 255.0.0.0</userinput>
|
||||
&prompt.root; <userinput>ifconfig</userinput>
|
||||
xn0: flags=843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX> mtu 1500
|
||||
inet 10.10.10.200 netmask 0xff000000 broadcast 10.255.255.255
|
||||
ether 00:16:3e:6b:de:3a
|
||||
lo0: flags=8049<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 16384
|
||||
inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128
|
||||
inet6 fe80::1%lo0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x2
|
||||
inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 0xff000000 </screen>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>On dom0 Slackware, some <application>&xen;</application>
|
||||
dependant network interfaces should show up:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>ifconfig</userinput>
|
||||
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:07:E9:A0:02:C2
|
||||
inet addr:10.10.10.130 Bcast:0.0.0.0 Mask:255.0.0.0
|
||||
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
|
||||
RX packets:815 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
|
||||
TX packets:1400 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
|
||||
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
|
||||
RX bytes:204857 (200.0 KiB) TX bytes:129915 (126.8 KiB)
|
||||
|
||||
lo Link encap:Local Loopback
|
||||
inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0
|
||||
UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1
|
||||
RX packets:99 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
|
||||
TX packets:99 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
|
||||
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
|
||||
RX bytes:9744 (9.5 KiB) TX bytes:9744 (9.5 KiB)
|
||||
|
||||
peth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr FE:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF
|
||||
UP BROADCAST RUNNING NOARP MTU:1500 Metric:1
|
||||
RX packets:1853349 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
|
||||
TX packets:952923 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
|
||||
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
|
||||
RX bytes:2432115831 (2.2 GiB) TX bytes:86528526 (82.5 MiB)
|
||||
Base address:0xc000 Memory:ef020000-ef040000
|
||||
|
||||
vif0.1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr FE:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF
|
||||
UP BROADCAST RUNNING NOARP MTU:1500 Metric:1
|
||||
RX packets:1400 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
|
||||
TX packets:815 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
|
||||
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
|
||||
RX bytes:129915 (126.8 KiB) TX bytes:204857 (200.0 KiB)
|
||||
|
||||
vif1.0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr FE:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF
|
||||
UP BROADCAST RUNNING NOARP MTU:1500 Metric:1
|
||||
RX packets:3 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
|
||||
TX packets:2 errors:0 dropped:157 overruns:0 carrier:0
|
||||
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1
|
||||
RX bytes:140 (140.0 b) TX bytes:158 (158.0 b)
|
||||
|
||||
xenbr1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr FE:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF
|
||||
UP BROADCAST RUNNING NOARP MTU:1500 Metric:1
|
||||
RX packets:4 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
|
||||
TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
|
||||
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
|
||||
RX bytes:112 (112.0 b) TX bytes:0 (0.0 b)</screen>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>brctl show</userinput>
|
||||
bridge name bridge id STP enabled interfaces
|
||||
xenbr1 8000.feffffffffff no vif0.1
|
||||
peth0
|
||||
vif1.0</screen>
|
||||
</sect3>
|
||||
|
||||
</sect2>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect2 id="virtualization-guest-vmware">
|
||||
<title>VMware on &windows;/&mac;/&linux;</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>This section has yet to be written.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
</sect2>
|
||||
|
||||
</sect1>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect1 id="virtualization-host">
|
||||
<title>FreeBSD as a Host OS</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>FreeBSD is not officially supported by any virtualization
|
||||
package as a host operating system at this time, but many people
|
||||
use older versions of <application>VMware</application> in this capacity.
|
||||
Work is also ongoing in getting <application>&xen;</application> to
|
||||
work as a host environment on FreeBSD.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
</sect1>
|
||||
|
||||
</chapter>
|
||||
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
Local Variables:
|
||||
mode: sgml
|
||||
sgml-declaration: "../chapter.decl"
|
||||
sgml-indent-data: t
|
||||
sgml-omittag: nil
|
||||
sgml-always-quote-attributes: t
|
||||
sgml-parent-document: ("../book.sgml" "part" "chapter")
|
||||
End:
|
||||
-->
|
1633
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/x11/chapter.sgml
Normal file
1633
el_GR.ISO8859-7/books/handbook/x11/chapter.sgml
Normal file
File diff suppressed because it is too large
Load diff
58
el_GR.ISO8859-7/share/sgml/books.ent
Normal file
58
el_GR.ISO8859-7/share/sgml/books.ent
Normal file
|
@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
|
|||
<!--
|
||||
|
||||
Ïñéóìïß áðü entities ðïõ åßíáé ÷ñÞóéìïé óå üëá ôá âéâëßá ôïõ êáôáëüãïõ
|
||||
doc/el_GR.ISO8859-7/...
|
||||
|
||||
Original revision: 1.2
|
||||
|
||||
$FreeBSD$
|
||||
|
||||
-->
|
||||
|
||||
<!ENTITY % l10n PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//ENTITIES DocBook Language Specific Entities//EN">
|
||||
%l10n;
|
||||
<!ENTITY % l10n-common PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//ENTITIES DocBook Language Neutral Entities//EN">
|
||||
%l10n-common;
|
||||
<!ENTITY % bookinfo PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//ENTITIES DocBook BookInfo Entities//EL">
|
||||
%bookinfo;
|
||||
<!ENTITY % translators PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//ENTITIES DocBook Translator Entities//EL">
|
||||
%translators;
|
||||
<!ENTITY % mailing-lists PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//ENTITIES DocBook Mailing List Entities//EL">
|
||||
%mailing-lists;
|
||||
<!ENTITY % teams PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//ENTITIES DocBook Team Entities//EL">
|
||||
%teams;
|
||||
<!ENTITY % newsgroups PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//ENTITIES DocBook Newsgroup Entities//EL">
|
||||
%newsgroups;
|
||||
<!ENTITY % man PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//ENTITIES DocBook Manual Page Entities//EN">
|
||||
%man;
|
||||
<!ENTITY % bookinfo PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//ENTITIES DocBook BookInfo Entities//EL">
|
||||
%bookinfo;
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- Ç óåéñÜ ôùí %freebsd; êáé %freebsd.el; åßíáé óçìáíôéêÞ.
|
||||
Ðñþôá áöÞíïõìå ôçí ÁããëéêÞ Ýêäïóç íá ïñßóåé üôé ÷ñåéÜæåôáé êáé ÌÏÍÏ
|
||||
ÌÅÔÁ êÜíïõìå åìåßò override êÜðïéá entities (ü÷é üëá) ìå ôçí
|
||||
áíôßóôïé÷ç ÅëëçíéêÞ Ýêäïóç. -->
|
||||
<!ENTITY % freebsd PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//ENTITIES DocBook Miscellaneous FreeBSD Entities//EN">
|
||||
%freebsd;
|
||||
<!ENTITY % freebsd.el PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//ENTITIES DocBook Miscellaneous FreeBSD Entities//EL">
|
||||
%freebsd.el;
|
||||
|
||||
<!ENTITY % authors PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//ENTITIES DocBook Author Entities//EN">
|
||||
%authors;
|
||||
<!ENTITY % teams PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//ENTITIES DocBook Team Entities//EL">
|
||||
%teams;
|
||||
<!ENTITY % mailing-lists PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//ENTITIES DocBook Mailing List Entities//EL">
|
||||
%mailing-lists;
|
||||
<!ENTITY % newsgroups PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//ENTITIES DocBook Newsgroup Entities//EL">
|
||||
%newsgroups;
|
||||
<!ENTITY % trademarks PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//ENTITIES DocBook Trademark Entities//EL">
|
||||
%trademarks;
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- Ç óåéñÜ ôùí %urls; êáé %urls.el; åßíáé óçìáíôéêÞ.
|
||||
Ðñþôá áöÞíïõìå ôçí ÁããëéêÞ Ýêäïóç íá ïñßóåé üôé ÷ñåéÜæåôáé êáé ÌÏÍÏ
|
||||
ÌÅÔÁ êÜíïõìå åìåßò override êÜðïéá entities (ü÷é üëá) ìå ôçí
|
||||
áíôßóôïé÷ç ÅëëçíéêÞ Ýêäïóç. -->
|
||||
<!ENTITY % urls PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//ENTITIES DocBook URL Entities//EN">
|
||||
%urls;
|
||||
<!ENTITY % urls.el PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//ENTITIES DocBook URL Entities//EL">
|
||||
%urls.el;
|
|
@ -11,20 +11,38 @@
|
|||
PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//ENTITIES DocBook FreeBSD Articles Entity Set//EL"
|
||||
"articles.ent"
|
||||
|
||||
PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//ENTITIES DocBook FreeBSD Books Entity Set//EL"
|
||||
"books.ent"
|
||||
|
||||
PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//DOCUMENT DocBook Stylesheet//EN"
|
||||
"freebsd.dsl"
|
||||
|
||||
PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//ENTITIES DocBook Miscellaneous FreeBSD Entities//EN"
|
||||
"../../../share/sgml/freebsd.ent"
|
||||
|
||||
PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//ENTITIES DocBook Miscellaneous FreeBSD Entities//EL"
|
||||
"freebsd.ent"
|
||||
|
||||
PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//ENTITIES DocBook Mailing List Entities//EL"
|
||||
"mailing-lists.ent"
|
||||
|
||||
PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//ENTITIES DocBook BookInfo Entities//EL"
|
||||
PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//ENTITIES DocBook BookInfo Entities//EL"
|
||||
"bookinfo.ent"
|
||||
|
||||
PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//ENTITIES DocBook Newsgroup Entities//EL"
|
||||
"newsgroups.ent"
|
||||
|
||||
PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//ENTITIES DocBook Team Entities//EL"
|
||||
"teams.ent"
|
||||
|
||||
PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//ENTITIES DocBook Trademark Entities//EL"
|
||||
"trademarks.ent"
|
||||
|
||||
PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//ENTITIES DocBook Translator Entities//EL"
|
||||
"translators.ent"
|
||||
|
||||
PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//ENTITIES DocBook Language Specific Entities//EN"
|
||||
"l10n.ent"
|
||||
|
||||
PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//ENTITIES DocBook URL Entities//EL"
|
||||
"urls.ent"
|
||||
|
|
23
el_GR.ISO8859-7/share/sgml/freebsd.ent
Normal file
23
el_GR.ISO8859-7/share/sgml/freebsd.ent
Normal file
|
@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
|
|||
<!-- -*- sgml -*-
|
||||
Διάφορα DocBook Entities για το FreeBSD Project.
|
||||
|
||||
$FreeBSD$
|
||||
|
||||
Αυτό το αρχείο είναι έγκυρο και ως XML και ως SGML. Σας παρακαλώ μη
|
||||
χρησιμοποιείτε CDATA attributes ή οτιδήποτε άλλο μπορεί να εμποδίσει
|
||||
τη χρήση του σε οποιοδήποτε από τα δύο περιβάλλοντα.
|
||||
|
||||
-->
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- Παρακάτω ορίζονται ΜΟΝΟ τα entities που χρειάζονται οπωσδήποτε ως
|
||||
αντικατάσταση των αντίστοιχων Αγγλικών entities (π.χ. επειδή το κείμενό
|
||||
τους πρέπει να μεταφραστεί στα Ελληνικά).
|
||||
|
||||
Αν δεν υπάρχει κάποιος ΚΑΛΟΣ λόγος, μην αντιγράφετε τυφλά σε αυτό το
|
||||
αρχείο όλα τα entities της Αγγλικής έκδοσης του 'freebsd.ent' -->
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- Η ημερομηνία της τελευταίας επίσημης έκδοσης -->
|
||||
<!ENTITY rel.current.date "Ιαν 2007">
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- Entities για διάφορες επίσημες εκδόσεις -->
|
||||
<!ENTITY rel2.current.date "Μαϊ 2006">
|
|
@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
|
|||
Group (CSRG) στο
|
||||
<ulink url="http://www.berkeley.edu">Πανεπιστήμιο της
|
||||
Καλιφόρνια στο Berkeley</ulink> στις βελτιώσεις και μεταβολές
|
||||
που έκανε στο &unix; 32V της A&&smp;T. Το &os; είναι ένας
|
||||
που έκανε στο &unix; 32V της A&T. Το &os; είναι ένας
|
||||
απόγονος της δουλειάς του CSRG.</para>
|
||||
</glossdef>
|
||||
</glossentry>
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,11 @@
|
|||
<!-- $FreeBSD$ -->
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- docformat navi -->
|
||||
<!ENTITY docnavi.single-html "HTML óå Ýíá ôìÞìá">
|
||||
<!ENTITY docnavi.split-html "HTML óå ôìÞìáôá">
|
||||
|
||||
<!ENTITY doc.langcode.el "el_GR.ISO8859-7">
|
||||
<!ENTITY doc.langcode "&doc.langcode.el;">
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- charset for HTML output -->
|
||||
<!ENTITY doc.html.charset "iso-8859-7">
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -39,6 +39,10 @@
|
|||
<!ENTITY a.announce "<ulink url='&a.announce.url;'>çëåêôñïíéêÞ ëßóôá áíáêïéíþóåùí ôïõ FreeBSD</ulink>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.announce.name "<ulink url='&a.announce.url;'>freebsd-announce</ulink>">
|
||||
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.apache.url "&a.mailman.listinfo;/freebsd-apache">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.apache "<ulink url='&a.apache.url;'>çëåêôñïíéêÞ ëßóôá ôïõ FreeBSD ãéá ôï Apache</ulink>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.apache.name "<ulink url='&a.apache.url;'>freebsd-apache</ulink>">
|
||||
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.arch.url "&a.mailman.listinfo;/freebsd-arch">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.arch "<ulink url='&a.arch.url;'>çëåêôñïíéêÞ ëßóôá áñ÷éôåêôïíéêÞò êáé ó÷åäéáóìïý ôïõ FreeBSD</ulink>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.arch.name "<ulink url='&a.arch.url;'>freebsd-arch</ulink>">
|
||||
|
@ -59,6 +63,10 @@
|
|||
<!ENTITY a.binup "<ulink url='&a.binup.url;'>çëåêôñïíéêÞ ëßóôá áíáâÜèìéóçò ôïõ FreeBSD ìå åêôåëÝóéìá áñ÷åßá</ulink>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.binup.name "<ulink url='&a.binup.url;'>freebsd-binup</ulink>">
|
||||
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.bluetooth.url "&a.mailman.listinfo;/freebsd-bluetooth">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.bluetooth "<ulink url='&a.bluetooth.url;'>çëåêôñïíéêÞ ëßóôá ôïõ FreeBSD ãéá Bluetooth</ulink>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.bluetooth.name "<ulink url='&a.bluetooth.url;'>freebsd-bluetooth</ulink>">
|
||||
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.bugbusters.url "&a.mailman.listinfo;/freebsd-bugbusters">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.bugbusters "<ulink url='&a.bugbusters.url;'>çëåêôñïíéêÞ ëßóôá ôçò ïìÜäáò bugbusters ôïõ FreeBSD</ulink>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.bugbusters.name "<ulink url='&a.bugbusters.url;'>freebsd-bugbusters</ulink>">
|
||||
|
@ -78,13 +86,8 @@
|
|||
<!ENTITY a.committers "çëåêôñïíéêÞ ëßóôá ôùí committers ôïõ FreeBSD">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.committers.name "cvs-committers">
|
||||
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.config.url "&a.mailman.listinfo;/freebsd-config">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.config "<ulink url='&a.config.url;'>çëåêôñïíéêÞ ëßóôá åñãáëåßùí åãêáôÜóôáóçò êáé ñýèìéóçò ôïõ FreeBSD</ulink>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.config.name "<ulink url='&a.config.url;'>freebsd-config</ulink>">
|
||||
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.core "ïìÜäá core ôïõ FreeBSD">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.core.name
|
||||
"freebsd-core">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.core.name "freebsd-core">
|
||||
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.current.url "&a.mailman.listinfo;/freebsd-current">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.current "<ulink url='&a.current.url;'>çëåêôñïíéêÞ ëßóôá ôçò Ýêäïóçò &os.current;</ulink>">
|
||||
|
@ -151,10 +154,26 @@
|
|||
<!ENTITY a.doc-developers "çëåêôñïíéêÞ ëßóôá ôçò ïìÜäáò ôåêìçñßùóçò ôïõ FreeBSD">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.doc-developers.name "doc-developers">
|
||||
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.drivers.url "&a.mailman.listinfo;/freebsd-drivers">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.drivers "<ulink url='&a.drivers.url;'>çëåêôñïíéêÞ ëßóôá ãéá ôçí áíÜðôõîç ïäçãþí óõóêåõþí ôïõ FreeBSD</ulink>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.drivers.name "<ulink url='&a.drivers.url;'>freebsd-drivers</ulink>">
|
||||
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.eclipse.url "&a.mailman.listinfo;/freebsd-eclipse">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.eclipse "<ulink url='&a.eclipse.url;'>çëåêôñïíéêÞ ëßóôá ôïõ FreeBSD ãéá ôïõò ÷ñÞóôåò ôïõ Eclipse IDE</ulink>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.eclipse.name "<ulink url='&a.eclipse.url;'>freebsd-eclipse</ulink>">
|
||||
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.embedded.url "&a.mailman.listinfo;/freebsd-embedded">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.embedded "<ulink url='&a.embedded.url;'>çëåêôñïíéêÞ ëßóôá ôïõ FreeBSD ãéá ôéò embedded ðëáôöüñìåò</ulink>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.embedded.name "<ulink url='&a.embedded.url;'>freebsd-embedded</ulink>">
|
||||
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.emulation.url "&a.mailman.listinfo;/freebsd-emulation">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.emulation "<ulink url='&a.emulation.url;'>çëåêôñïíéêÞ ëßóôá ôïõ FreeBSD ãéá åîïìïßùóç-åîïìïéùôÝò</ulink>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.emulation.name "<ulink url='&a.emulation.url;'>freebsd-emulation</ulink>">
|
||||
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.eol.url "&a.mailman.listinfo;/freebsd-eol">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.eol "<ulink url='&a.eol.url;'>çëåêôñïíéêÞ ëßóôá FreeBSD-eol</ulink>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.eol.name "<ulink url='&a.eol.url;'>freebsd-eol</ulink>">
|
||||
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.firewire.url "&a.mailman.listinfo;/freebsd-firewire">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.firewire "<ulink url='&a.firewire.url;'>çëåêôñïíéêÞ ëßóôá óõæçôÞóåùí ãéá FireWire (IEEE 1394) ôïõ FreeBSD</ulink>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.firewire.name "<ulink url='&a.firewire.url;'>freebsd-firewire</ulink>">
|
||||
|
@ -211,6 +230,10 @@
|
|||
<!ENTITY a.isp "<ulink url='&a.isp.url;'>çëåêôñïíéêÞ ëßóôá ôïõ FreeBSD ãéá ôïõò ðáñï÷åßò õðçñåóéþí Internet</ulink>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.isp.name "<ulink url='&a.isp.url;'>freebsd-isp</ulink>">
|
||||
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.jail.url "&a.mailman.listinfo;/freebsd-jail">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.jail "<ulink url='&a.jail.url;'>çëåêôñïíéêÞ ëßóôá ôïõ FreeBSD ãéá ôá jails</ulink>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.jail.name "<ulink url='&a.jail.url;'>freebsd-jail</ulink>">
|
||||
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.java.url "&a.mailman.listinfo;/freebsd-java">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.java "<ulink url='&a.java.url;'>çëåêôñïíéêÞ ëßóôá ôïõ FreeBSD ãéá ôç ãëþóóá Java</ulink>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.java.name "<ulink url='&a.java.url;'>freebsd-java</ulink>">
|
||||
|
@ -275,6 +298,10 @@
|
|||
<!ENTITY a.perl "<ulink url='&a.perl.url;'>çëåêôñïíéêÞ ëßóôá ôïõ FreeBSD ãéá ôç ãëþóóá Perl</ulink>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.perl.name "<ulink url='&a.perl.url;'>freebsd-perl</ulink>">
|
||||
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.pf.url "&a.mailman.listinfo;/freebsd-pf">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.pf "<ulink url='&a.pf.url;'>çëåêôñïíéêÞ ëßóôá ôïõ FreeBSD ãéá ôï packet filter firewall</ulink>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.pf.name "<ulink url='&a.pf.url;'>freebsd-pf</ulink>">
|
||||
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.platforms.url "&a.mailman.listinfo;/freebsd-platforms">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.platforms "<ulink url='&a.platforms.url;'>çëåêôñïíéêÞ ëßóôá ôïõ FreeBSD ãéá ôéò ìç-Intel ðëáôöüñìåò</ulink>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.platforms.name "<ulink url='&a.platforms.url;'>freebsd-platforms</ulink>">
|
||||
|
@ -301,6 +328,14 @@
|
|||
<!ENTITY a.ppc "<ulink url='&a.ppc.url;'>çëåêôñïíéêÞ ëßóôá ôïõ FreeBSD ãéá ôçí ðëáôöüñìá PowerPC</ulink>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.ppc.name "<ulink url='&a.ppc.url;'>freebsd-ppc</ulink>">
|
||||
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.proliant.url "&a.mailman.listinfo;/freebsd-proliant">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.proliant "<ulink url='&a.proliant.url;'>çëåêôñïíéêÞ ëßóôá ôïõ FreeBSD ãéá ôéò ðëáôöüñìåò åîõðçñåôçôþí HP ProLiant</ulink>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.proliant.name "<ulink url='&a.proliant.url;'>freebsd-proliant</ulink>">
|
||||
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.python.url "&a.mailman.listinfo;/freebsd-python">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.python "<ulink url='&a.python.url;'>çëåêôñïíéêÞ ëßóôá ôïõ FreeBSD ãéá ôç ãëþóóá Python</ulink>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.python.name "<ulink url='&a.python.url;'>freebsd-python</ulink>">
|
||||
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.qa.url "&a.mailman.listinfo;/freebsd-qa">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.qa "<ulink url='&a.qa.url;'>çëåêôñïíéêÞ ëßóôá ÅëÝã÷ïõ êáé ÅîáóöÜëéóçò Ðïéüôçôáò ôïõ FreeBSD</ulink>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.qa.name "<ulink url='&a.qa.url;'>freebsd-qa</ulink>">
|
||||
|
@ -309,6 +344,10 @@
|
|||
<!ENTITY a.questions "<ulink url='&a.questions.url;'>çëåêôñïíéêÞ ëßóôá ãåíéêþí åñùôÞóåùí ôïõ FreeBSD</ulink>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.questions.name "<ulink url='&a.questions.url;'>freebsd-questions</ulink>">
|
||||
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.rc.url "&a.mailman.listinfo;/freebsd-rc">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.rc "<ulink url='&a.rc.url;'>çëåêôñïíéêÞ ëßóôá ôïõ FreeBSD ãéá ôï óýóôçìá ôùí boot script</ulink>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.rc.name "<ulink url='&a.rc.url;'>freebsd-rc</ulink>">
|
||||
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.realtime.url "&a.mailman.listinfo;/freebsd-realtime">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.realtime "<ulink url='&a.realtime.url;'>çëåêôñïíéêÞ ëßóôá åðåêôÜóåùí ðñáãìáôéêïý-÷ñüíïõ ôïõ FreeBSD</ulink>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.realtime.name "<ulink url='&a.realtime.url;'>freebsd-realtime</ulink>">
|
||||
|
@ -351,6 +390,10 @@
|
|||
<!ENTITY a.standards "<ulink url='&a.standards.url;'>çëåêôñïíéêÞ ëßóôá ôïõ FreeBSD ãéá ôç óõìâáôüôçôá ìå ôá ðñüôõðá C99 êáé POSIX</ulink>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.standards.name "<ulink url='&a.standards.url;'>freebsd-standards</ulink>">
|
||||
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.sun4v.url "&a.mailman.listinfo;/freebsd-sun4v">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.sun4v "<ulink url='&a.sun4v.url;'>çëåêôñïíéêÞ ëßóôá ôïõ FreeBSD ãéá ôçí ðëáôöüñìá sun4v</ulink>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.sun4v.name "<ulink url='&a.sun4v.url;'>freebsd-sun4v</ulink>">
|
||||
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.test.url "&a.mailman.listinfo;/freebsd-test">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.test "<ulink url='&a.test.url;'>çëåêôñïíéêÞ ëßóôá ôïõ FreeBSD ãéá äïêéìáóôéêÜ ìçíýìáôá</ulink>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.test.name "<ulink url='&a.test.url;'>freebsd-test</ulink>">
|
||||
|
@ -367,6 +410,10 @@
|
|||
<!ENTITY a.tokenring "<ulink url='&a.tokenring.url;'>çëåêôñïíéêÞ ëßóôá ôïõ FreeBSD ãéá ôï õðïóýóôçìá tokenring</ulink>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.tokenring.name "<ulink url='&a.tokenring.url;'>freebsd-tokenring</ulink>">
|
||||
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.usb.url "&a.mailman.listinfo;/freebsd-usb">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.usb "<ulink url='&a.usb.url;'>çëåêôñïíéêÞ ëßóôá ôïõ FreeBSD ãéá ôç äéáóýíäåóç ìå óõóêåõÝò USB</ulink>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.usb.name "<ulink url='&a.usb.url;'>freebsd-usb</ulink>">
|
||||
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.usergroups.url "&a.mailman.listinfo;/freebsd-user-groups">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.usergroups "<ulink url='&a.usergroups.url;'>çëåêôñïíéêÞ ëßóôá ïñãÜíùóçò ôùí ïìÜäùí ÷ñçóôþí ôïõ FreeBSD</ulink>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.usergroups.name "<ulink url='&a.usergroups.url;'>freebsd-user-groups</ulink>">
|
||||
|
@ -375,6 +422,10 @@
|
|||
<!ENTITY a.vendors "<ulink url='&a.vendors.url;'>çëåêôñïíéêÞ ëßóôá ðñïóõííåíüçóçò ôùí ðñïìçèåõôþí ôïõ FreeBSD</ulink>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.vendors.name "<ulink url='&a.vendors.url;'>freebsd-vendors</ulink>">
|
||||
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.vuxml.url "&a.mailman.listinfo;/freebsd-vuxml">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.vuxml "<unlink url='&a.vuxml.url;'>çëåêôñïíéêÞ ëßóôá ãéá ôçí ðëáôöüñìá VuXML</ulink>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.vuxml.name "<ulink url='&a.vuxml.url;'>freebsd-vuxml</ulink>">
|
||||
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.www.url "&a.mailman.listinfo;/freebsd-www">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.www "<ulink url='&a.www.url;'>çëåêôñïíéêÞ ëßóôá ôïõ Webmaster ôïõ FreeBSD</ulink>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.www.name "<ulink url='&a.www.url;'>freebsd-www</ulink>">
|
||||
|
@ -383,4 +434,9 @@
|
|||
<!ENTITY a.x11 "<ulink url='&a.x11.url;'>çëåêôñïíéêÞ ëßóôá ôïõ FreeBSD ãéá ôï ãñáöéêü ðåñéâÜëëïí X11</ulink>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.x11.name "<ulink url='&a.x11.url;'>freebsd-x11</ulink>">
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- Ôá ðáñáêÜôù entities äåí åßíáé ðñáãìáôéêÝò mailing lists -->
|
||||
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.bugfollowup "<email>bug-followup@FreeBSD.org</email>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.bugsubmit "&a.bugfollowup;">
|
||||
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.majordomo "<email>majordomo@FreeBSD.org</email>">
|
||||
|
|
10
el_GR.ISO8859-7/share/sgml/newsgroups.ent
Normal file
10
el_GR.ISO8859-7/share/sgml/newsgroups.ent
Normal file
|
@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
|
|||
<!--
|
||||
Ονόματα Ομάδων Συζητήσεων για το FreeBSD
|
||||
|
||||
Original revision: 1.2
|
||||
|
||||
$FreeBSD$
|
||||
-->
|
||||
|
||||
<!ENTITY ng.misc "ομάδα συζητήσεων
|
||||
<ulink url='news:comp.unix.bsd.freebsd.misc'>comp.unix.bsd.freebsd.misc</ulink>">
|
|
@ -16,14 +16,20 @@
|
|||
ευκαιρία να σας κάνω ρόμπα δημοσίως.
|
||||
|
||||
$FreeBSD$
|
||||
Original version: 1.12
|
||||
Original version: 1.18
|
||||
-->
|
||||
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.admins "Διαχειριστές Συστημάτων του FreeBSD <email>admins@FreeBSD.org</email>">
|
||||
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.core-secretary "ÃñáììáôÝáò ôçò ÊåíôñéêÞò ÏìÜäáò <email>core-secretary@FreeBSD.org</email>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.bugmeister "Äéá÷åéñéóôÝò ôçò ÂÜóçò Áíáöïñþí ÐñïâëçìÜôùí <email>bugmeister@FreeBSD.org</email>">
|
||||
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.cvs "Äéá÷åéñéóôÝò ôïõ CVS <email>cvs@FreeBSD.org</email>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.core-secretary "ÃñáììáôÝáò ôçò ÏìÜäáò Core <email>core-secretary@FreeBSD.org</email>">
|
||||
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.cvsadm "Äéá÷åéñéóôÝò ôïõ CVS Repository <email>cvsadm@FreeBSD.org</email>">
|
||||
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.cvsup-master "ÓõíôïíéóôÞò Åîõðçñåôçôþí CVSup <email>cvs@FreeBSD.org</email>">
|
||||
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.dcvs "Äéá÷åéñéóôÝò ôïõ CVS doc Repository <email>dcvs@FreeBSD.org</email>">
|
||||
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.cvsup-master "Συντονιστής Εξυπηρετητών CVSup <email>cvs@FreeBSD.org</email>">
|
||||
|
||||
|
@ -37,10 +43,18 @@
|
|||
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.mirror-admin "Συντονιστής Εξυπηρετητών FTP/WWW <email>mirror-admin@FreeBSD.org</email>">
|
||||
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.ncvs "Äéá÷åéñéóôÝò ôïõ CVS src Repository <email>ncvs@FreeBSD.org</email>">
|
||||
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.perforce-admin "Äéá÷åéñéóôÝò ôïõ Perforce Repository <email>perforce-admin@FreeBSD.org</email>">
|
||||
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.pcvs "Äéá÷åéñéóôÝò ôïõ CVS ports Repository <email>pcvs@FreeBSD.org</email>">
|
||||
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.portmgr "Ομάδα Διαχείρισης των Ports <email>portmgr@FreeBSD.org</email>">
|
||||
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.portmgr-secretary "ÃñáììáôÝáò ÏìÜäáò Äéá÷åßñéóçò ôùí Ports <email>portmgr-secretary@FreeBSD.org</email>">
|
||||
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.projcvs "Äéá÷åéñéóôÝò ôïõ CVS Third-Party Projects Repository <email>projcvs@FreeBSD.org</email>">
|
||||
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.re "Ομάδα Οργάνωσης των Εκδόσεων <email>re@FreeBSD.org</email>">
|
||||
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.security-officer "Ομάδα Ασφάλειας <email>security-officer@FreeBSD.org</email>">
|
||||
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.www "ëßóôá çëåêôñïíéêïý ôá÷õäñïìåßïõ ôùí FreeBSD Webmasters <email>www@FreeBSD.org</email>">
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
|
|||
|
||||
Please keep this file sorted.
|
||||
|
||||
Original version: 1.19
|
||||
Original version: 1.40
|
||||
|
||||
$FreeBSD$
|
||||
-->
|
||||
|
@ -46,14 +46,21 @@
|
|||
<!ENTITY amd.athlon "<trademark>AMD Athlon</trademark>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY amd.duron "<trademark>AMD Duron</trademark>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY amd.k6 "<trademark class='registered'>AMD-K6</trademark>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY amd.opteron "<trademark>AMD Operon</trademark>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY amd.opteron "<trademark>AMD Opteron</trademark>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY amd.sempron "<trademark>AMD Sempron</trademark>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY amd.turion "<trademark>AMD Turion</trademark>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY athlon "<trademark>Athlon</trademark>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY elan "<trademark>Élan</trademark>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY opteron "<trademark>Opteron</trademark>">
|
||||
|
||||
<!ENTITY tm-attrib.apple "<para>Ïé ëÝîåéò Þ öñÜóåéò Apple, FireWire, Mac,
|
||||
Macintosh, Mac OS, Quicktime, êáé TrueType åßíáé åìðïñéêÜ óýìâïëá ôçò Apple
|
||||
Computer, Inc., êáôï÷õñùìÝíá óôéò ÇíùìÝíåò Ðïëéôåßåò êáé óå Üëëåò
|
||||
÷þñåò.</para>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY airport "<trademark class='registered'>AirPort</trademark>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY apple "<trademark class='registered'>Apple</trademark>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY firewire "<trademark class='registered'>FireWire</trademark>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY imac "<trademark class='registered'>iMac</trademark>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY mac "<trademark class='registered'>Mac</trademark>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY macintosh "<trademark class='registered'>Macintosh</trademark>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY macos "<trademark class='registered'>Mac OS</trademark>">
|
||||
|
@ -106,9 +113,15 @@
|
|||
<!ENTITY dell "<trademark>Dell</trademark>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY poweredge "<trademark>PowerEdge</trademark>">
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- http://www.epson.com/cgi-bin/Store/AboutTrademarkInfo.jsp -->
|
||||
<!ENTITY tm-attrib.epson "<para>Ïé ëÝîåéò Þ öñÜóåéò EPSON, EPSON Perfection
|
||||
åßíáé êáôï÷õñùìÝíá åìðïñéêÜ óýìâïëá ôçò Seiko Epson Corporation.</para>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY epson "<trademark class='registered'>EPSON</trademark>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY epson.perfection "<trademark class='registered'>EPSON
|
||||
Perfection</trademark>">
|
||||
|
||||
<!ENTITY tm-attrib.freebsd "<para>Ôï FreeBSD åßíáé Ýíá êáôï÷õñùìÝíï åìðïñéêü
|
||||
óýìâïëï ôçò Wind River Systems, Inc. Áõôü åßíáé ðéèáíü íá áëëÜîåé
|
||||
óýíôïìá.</para>">
|
||||
óýìâïëï ôïõ FreeBSD Foundation.</para>">
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- http://www.heidelberg.com/hq/eng/small_print/trademarks.asp -->
|
||||
<!ENTITY tm-attrib.heidelberger "<para>Ïé ëÝîåéò Þ öñÜóåéò Heidelberg,
|
||||
|
@ -145,6 +158,7 @@
|
|||
<!ENTITY intel "<trademark class='registered'>Intel</trademark>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY itanium "<trademark class='registered'>Itanium</trademark>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY pentium "<trademark class='registered'>Pentium</trademark>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY core "<trademark>Core</trademark>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY xeon "<trademark>Xeon</trademark>">
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- http://www.quicken.com/support/trademark/ -->
|
||||
|
@ -163,11 +177,12 @@
|
|||
åìðïñéêÜ óýìâïëá ôçò Lantronix Corporation.</para>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY easyio "<trademark>EasyIO</trademark>">
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- http://www.linuxmark.org/ -->
|
||||
<!ENTITY tm-attrib.linux "<para>Ôï Linux åßíáé Ýíá êáôï÷õñùìÝíá åìðïñéêü
|
||||
óýìâïëï ôïõ Linus Torvalds óôéò ÇíùìÝíåò Ðïëéôåßåò.</para>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY linux "<trademark class='registered'>Linux</trademark>">
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- http://www.lsilogic.com/trademrk.html -->
|
||||
|
||||
<!ENTITY tm-attrib.lsilogic "<para>Ïé ëÝîåéò LSI Logic, AcceleRAID,
|
||||
eXtremeRAID, MegaRAID êáé Mylex åßíáé åìðïñéêÜ óýìâïëá Þ êáôï÷õñùìÝíá
|
||||
åìðïñéêÜ óýìâïëá ôçò LSI Logic Corp.</para>">
|
||||
|
@ -186,13 +201,16 @@
|
|||
Outlook, Windows, Windows Media, êáé Windows NT åßíáé åßôå êáôï÷õñùìÝíá
|
||||
åìðïñéêÜ óýìâïëá Þ åìðïñéêÜ óýìâïëá ôçò Microsoft Corporation óôéò ÇíùìÝíåò
|
||||
Ðïëéôåßåò êáé/Þ óå Üëëåò ÷þñåò.</para>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY intellimouse "<trademark class='registered'>IntelliMouse</trademark>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY microsoft "<trademark class='registered'>Microsoft</trademark>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY microsoft.windows "µsoft; &windows;">
|
||||
<!ENTITY ms-dos "<trademark class='registered'>MS-DOS</trademark>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY outlook "<trademark class='registered'>Outlook</trademark>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY windows "<trademark class='registered'>Windows</trademark>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY windows.media "<trademark class='registered'>Windows Media</trademark>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY windows2k "&windows; 2000">
|
||||
<!ENTITY windowsnt "<trademark class='registered'>Windows NT</trademark>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY windowsxp "&windows; XP">
|
||||
|
||||
<!ENTITY tm-attrib.mips "<para>Ïé ëÝîåéò MIPS êáé R4000 åßíáé êáôï÷õñùìÝíá
|
||||
åìðïñéêÜ óýìâïëá ôçò MIPS Technologies, Inc. óôéò ÇíùìÝíåò Ðïëéôåßåò êáé óå
|
||||
|
@ -211,6 +229,10 @@
|
|||
Pioneers, Ltd.</para>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY diskonchip "<trademark class='registered'>DiskOnChip</trademark>">
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- http://www.netbsd.org/Misc/about.html, ack'd by http://www.uspto.gov/ -->
|
||||
<!ENTITY tm-attrib.netbsd "<para>Ç ëÝîç NetBSD åßíáé Ýíá êáôï÷õñùìÝíï åìðïñéêü
|
||||
óýìâïëï ôïõ NetBSD Foundation.</para>">
|
||||
|
||||
<!ENTITY tm-attrib.netscape "<para>Ïé ëÝîåéò Netscape êáé Netscape Navigator
|
||||
åßíáé êáôï÷õñùìÝíá åìðïñéêÜ óýìâïëá ôçò Netscape Communications Corporation
|
||||
óôéò Ç.Ð.Á êáé Üëëåò ÷þñåò.</para>">
|
||||
|
@ -241,6 +263,9 @@
|
|||
åìðïñéêü óýìâïëï ôçò Oracle Corporation.</para>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY oracle "<trademark class='registered'>Oracle</trademark>">
|
||||
|
||||
<!ENTITY tm-attrib.parallels "<para>Ç ëÝîç Parallels åßíáé Ýíá êáôï÷õñùìÝíï
|
||||
åìðïñéêü óýìâïëï ôçò Parallels Software International Inc.</para>">
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- http://www.powerquest.com/legal/ -->
|
||||
<!ENTITY tm-attrib.powerquest "<para>Ïé ëÝîåéò PowerQuest êáé PartitionMagic
|
||||
åßíáé êáôï÷õñùìÝíá åìðïñéêÜ óýìâïëá ôçò PowerQuest Corporation óôéò ÇíùìÝíåò
|
||||
|
@ -275,6 +300,10 @@
|
|||
ÇíùìÝíåò Ðïëéôåßåò êáé/Þ óå Üëëåò ÷þñåò óôïí êüóìï.</para>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY opengl "<trademark class='registered'>OpenGL</trademark>">
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- http://slackware.com/trademark/trademark.php -->
|
||||
<!ENTITY tm-attrib.slackware "<para>Ç ëÝîç Slackware åßíáé Ýíá êáôï÷õñùìÝíï
|
||||
åìðïñéêü óýìâïëï ôïõ Patrick Volkerding êáé ôçò Slackware Linux, Inc.</para>">
|
||||
|
||||
<!ENTITY tm-attrib.sparc "<para>Ïé ëÝîåéò Þ öñÜóåéò Sparc, Sparc64,
|
||||
SPARCEngine, êáé UltraSPARC åßíáé åìðïñéêÜ óýìâïëá ôçò SPARC International,
|
||||
Inc. óôéò ÇíùìÝíåò Ðïëéôåßåò êáé óå Üëëåò ÷þñåò. Ôá ðñïúüíôá ðïõ öÝñïõí ôá
|
||||
|
@ -285,6 +314,8 @@
|
|||
<!ENTITY sparcengine "<trademark class='registered'>SPARCEngine</trademark>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY ultrasparc "<trademark class='registered'>UltraSPARC</trademark>">
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- http://www.sun.com/suntrademarks/ -->
|
||||
|
||||
<!ENTITY tm-attrib.sun "<para>Ïé ëÝîåéò Þ öñÜóåéò Sun, Sun Microsystems, Java,
|
||||
Java Virtual Machine, JavaServer Pages, JDK, JSP, JVM, Netra, Solaris,
|
||||
StarOffice, Sun Blade, Sun Enterprise, Sun Fire, SunOS, êáé Ultra åßíáé
|
||||
|
@ -294,6 +325,7 @@
|
|||
<!ENTITY java.virtual.machine "<trademark>Java Virtual Machine</trademark>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY javaserver.pages "<trademark>JavaServer Pages</trademark>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY jdk "<trademark>JDK</trademark>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY jre "<trademark>JRE</trademark>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY jsp "<trademark>JSP</trademark>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY jvm "<trademark>JVM</trademark>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY netra "<trademark>Netra</trademark>">
|
||||
|
@ -349,6 +381,11 @@
|
|||
<!ENTITY tm-attrib.vmware "<para>Ç ëÝîç VMware åßíáé åìðïñéêü óýìâïëï ôçò
|
||||
VMware, Inc.</para>">
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- http://www.xensource.com/xen-tm-faq.html -->
|
||||
<!ENTITY tm-attrib.xen "<para>Ç ëÝîç Xen åßíáé Ýíá êáôï÷õñùìÝíï åìðïñéêü
|
||||
óýìâïëï ôçò XenSource, Inc. sôéò ÇÐÁ êáé Üëëåò ÷þñåò.</para>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY xen "<trademark>Xen</trademark>">
|
||||
|
||||
<!ENTITY tm-attrib.xfree86 "<para>Ç ëÝîç XFree86 åßíáé Ýíá åìðïñéêü óýìâïëï
|
||||
ôïõ The XFree86 Project, Inc.</para>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY xfree86 "<trademark>XFree86</trademark>">
|
||||
|
|
16
el_GR.ISO8859-7/share/sgml/translators.ent
Normal file
16
el_GR.ISO8859-7/share/sgml/translators.ent
Normal file
|
@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
|
|||
<!--
|
||||
The FreeBSD Documentation Project
|
||||
The FreeBSD Greek Documentation Project
|
||||
|
||||
Ïíüìáôá êáé äéåõèýíóåéò çëåêôñïíéêÞò áëëçëïãñáößáò ôùí ìåëþí
|
||||
ôçò ÅëëçíéêÞò ÏìÜäáò ÌåôÜöñáóçò.
|
||||
|
||||
$FreeBSD$
|
||||
-->
|
||||
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.el.iordanou "Ãéþñãïò ÉïñäÜíïõ <email>george@iordanou.org</email>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.el.keramida "Ãéþñãïò Êåñáìßäáò <email>keramida@FreeBSD.org</email>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.el.kiagias "Ìáíþëçò ÊéáãéÜò <email>sonicy@otenet.gr</email>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.el.kokkalis "Nikos Kokkalis <email>nickkokkalis@gmail.com</email>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.el.tsampros "Ëåùíßäáò Ôóáìðñüò <email>ltsampros@upnet.gr</email>">
|
||||
<!ENTITY a.el.typaldos "ÂáããÝëçò ÔõðÜëäïò <email>frances@mylannet.gr</email>">
|
14
el_GR.ISO8859-7/share/sgml/urls.ent
Normal file
14
el_GR.ISO8859-7/share/sgml/urls.ent
Normal file
|
@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
|
|||
<!--
|
||||
Ελληνική Ομάδα Τεκμηρίωσης του FreeBSD
|
||||
|
||||
URLs που έχουν σχέση μόνο με την Ελληνική Τεκμηρίωση.
|
||||
|
||||
Σε αυτό το αρχείο ορίζονται ΜΟΝΟ τα εντελώς απαραίτητα URL entities για να
|
||||
δουλεύει σωστά η Ελληνική μετάφραση της τεκμηρίωσης του FreeBSD.
|
||||
Όσα entities είναι ήδη ορισμένα σωστά στην 'κοινή' λίστα από urls.ent στο
|
||||
toplevel doc/share/sgml/... directory δεν χρειάζεται να ξαναοριστούν εδώ.
|
||||
|
||||
$FreeBSD$
|
||||
-->
|
||||
|
||||
<!ENTITY doc.langcode.default "el_GR.ISO8859-7">
|
Loading…
Reference in a new issue