This chapter finishes up the DHCP section. It does the following:
- moves the bpf warning higher as it applies to both - reduces some headings - removes redundancy and does general tightening - clarifies some sections - modernizes the server config file and expands on the descriptions This chapter would benefit from extra callouts describing declarations and multiple subnets. A subsequent patch will fix the white space.
This commit is contained in:
parent
595b89c09e
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Notes:
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2020-12-08 03:00:23 +00:00
svn path=/head/; revision=42978
1 changed files with 139 additions and 195 deletions
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@ -2646,14 +2646,29 @@ result: 0 Success
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<para>This section describes how to use the built-in
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<acronym>DHCP</acronym> client. It then describes how to
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install and configure a <acronym>DHCP</acronym> server.</para>
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<note>
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<para>In &os;, the &man.bpf.4; device is needed by both the
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<acronym>DHCP</acronym> server and <acronym>DHCP</acronym> client.
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This device is included in the <filename>GENERIC</filename>
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kernel that is installed with &os;. Users who prefer to create
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a custom kernel need to keep this device if
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<acronym>DHCP</acronym> is used.</para>
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<para>Those who are security conscious should
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note that <devicename>bpf</devicename> also
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allows packet sniffers to function correctly.</para>
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</note>
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<sect2>
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<title>Configuring a <acronym>DHCP</acronym> Client</title>
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<para><acronym>DHCP</acronym> client support is included in the
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&os; installer, making it easy to configure a system to
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&os; installer, making it easy to configure a newly installed system to
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automatically receive its networking addressing information
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from an existing <acronym>DHCP</acronym> server.</para>
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from an existing <acronym>DHCP</acronym> server. Refer to
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<xref linkend="bsdinstall-post"/> for examples of network
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configuration.</para>
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<indexterm><primary><acronym>UDP</acronym></primary></indexterm>
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<para>When <command>dhclient</command> is executed on the client
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@ -2668,78 +2683,48 @@ result: 0 Success
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<quote>lease</quote> and is valid for a configurable time.
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This allows stale <acronym>IP</acronym> addresses for clients
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no longer connected to the network to automatically be
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reused.</para>
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<para><acronym>DHCP</acronym> clients can obtain a great deal of
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reused. <acronym>DHCP</acronym> clients can obtain a great deal of
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information from the server. An exhaustive list may be found
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in &man.dhcp-options.5;.</para>
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<para>The <devicename>bpf</devicename> device is already
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part of the <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel that is
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supplied with &os;, thus there is no need to build a
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custom kernel for <acronym>DHCP</acronym>. In the case of
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a custom kernel configuration file, this device must be
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present for <acronym>DHCP</acronym> to function
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properly.</para>
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<note>
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<para>For those who are particularly security conscious,
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take note that <devicename>bpf</devicename> is also the
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device that allows packet sniffers to work correctly
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(although they still have to be run as
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<username>root</username>).
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<devicename>bpf</devicename> <emphasis>is</emphasis>
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required to use <acronym>DHCP</acronym>; however, the
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security sensitive types should probably not add
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<devicename>bpf</devicename> to the kernel in the
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expectation that at some point in the future the system
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will be using <acronym>DHCP</acronym>.</para>
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</note>
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<para>By default, <acronym>DHCP</acronym> configuration on &os;
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<para>By default, when a &os; system boots, its <acronym>DHCP</acronym> client
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runs in the background, or
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<firstterm>asynchronously</firstterm>. Other startup scripts
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continue to run while <acronym>DHCP</acronym> completes,
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speeding up system startup.</para>
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continue to run while the <acronym>DHCP</acronym> process completes,
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which speeds up system startup.</para>
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<para>Background <acronym>DHCP</acronym> works well when the
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<acronym>DHCP</acronym> server responds quickly to requests
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and the <acronym>DHCP</acronym> configuration process goes
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quickly. However, <acronym>DHCP</acronym> may take a long
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<acronym>DHCP</acronym> server responds quickly to the client's requests.
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However, <acronym>DHCP</acronym> may take a long
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time to complete on some systems. If network services attempt
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to run before <acronym>DHCP</acronym> has completed, they will
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to run before <acronym>DHCP</acronym> has assigned the network addressing information, they will
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fail. Using <acronym>DHCP</acronym> in
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<firstterm>synchronous</firstterm> mode prevents the problem,
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pausing startup until <acronym>DHCP</acronym> configuration
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<firstterm>synchronous</firstterm> mode prevents this problem as it
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pauses startup until the <acronym>DHCP</acronym> configuration
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has completed.</para>
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<para>To connect to a <acronym>DHCP</acronym> server in the
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background while other startup continues (asynchronous mode),
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use the <quote><literal>DHCP</literal></quote> value in
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<filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>:</para>
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<para>This line in <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename> is used to
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configure
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background or asynchronous mode:</para>
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<programlisting>ifconfig_<replaceable>fxp0</replaceable>="DHCP"</programlisting>
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<para>To pause startup while <acronym>DHCP</acronym> completes,
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use synchronous mode with the
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<quote><literal>SYNCDHCP</literal></quote> value:</para>
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<para>This line may already exist if the system was configured
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to use <acronym>DHCP</acronym> during installation. Replace
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the <replaceable>fxp0</replaceable> shown
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in these examples with the name of the interface to be
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dynamically configured, as described in
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<xref linkend="config-network-setup"/>.</para>
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<para>To instead configure the system to use synchronous mode,
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and to pause during startup while <acronym>DHCP</acronym> completes,
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use
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<quote><literal>SYNCDHCP</literal></quote>:</para>
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<programlisting>ifconfig_<replaceable>fxp0</replaceable>="SYNCDHCP"</programlisting>
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<note>
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<para>Replace the <replaceable>fxp0</replaceable> shown
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in these examples with the name of the interface to be
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dynamically configured, as described in
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<xref linkend="config-network-setup"/>.</para>
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</note>
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<para>When using a different file system location for
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<command>dhclient</command>, or if additional flags must
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be passed to <command>dhclient</command>, include (editing
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as necessary):</para>
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<programlisting>dhclient_program="/sbin/dhclient"
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dhclient_flags=""</programlisting>
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<para>Additional client options are available. Search for
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<literal>dhclient</literal> in &man.rc.conf.5; for details.</para>
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<indexterm>
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<primary><acronym>DHCP</acronym></primary>
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@ -2753,24 +2738,23 @@ dhclient_flags=""</programlisting>
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<listitem>
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<para><filename>/etc/dhclient.conf</filename></para>
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<para><command>dhclient</command> requires a configuration
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file, <filename>/etc/dhclient.conf</filename>. Typically
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the file contains only comments, the defaults being
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reasonably sane. This configuration file is described in
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<para>The configuration file used by <command>dhclient</command>. Typically,
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this file contains only comments as the defaults are suitable for most clients.
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This configuration file is described in
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&man.dhclient.conf.5;.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para><filename>/sbin/dhclient</filename></para>
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<para>More information about <command>dhclient</command> can
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<para>More information about the command itself can
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be found in &man.dhclient.8;.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para><filename>/sbin/dhclient-script</filename></para>
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<para><command>dhclient-script</command> is the
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<para>The
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&os;-specific <acronym>DHCP</acronym> client configuration
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script. It is described in &man.dhclient-script.8;, but
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should not need any user modification to function
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@ -2781,12 +2765,8 @@ dhclient_flags=""</programlisting>
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<para><filename>/var/db/dhclient.leases.<replaceable>interface</replaceable></filename></para>
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<para>The <acronym>DHCP</acronym> client keeps a database of
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valid leases in this file, which is written as a log.
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&man.dhclient.leases.5; gives a slightly longer
|
||||
description. Refer to &man.dhclient.8;,
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&man.dhcp-options.5;, and &man.dhclient.conf.5;, in
|
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addition to the references below, for more
|
||||
information.</para>
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valid leases in this file, which is written as a log and is described in
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&man.dhclient.leases.5;.</para>
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</listitem>
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||||
</itemizedlist>
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</sect2>
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@ -2795,195 +2775,166 @@ dhclient_flags=""</programlisting>
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<title>Installing and Configuring a <acronym>DHCP</acronym>
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Server</title>
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<para>This section provides information on how to configure a
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<para>This section demonstrates how to configure a
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&os; system to act as a <acronym>DHCP</acronym> server using
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||||
the ISC (Internet Systems Consortium) implementation of the
|
||||
<acronym>DHCP</acronym> server.</para>
|
||||
the Internet Systems Consortium (<acronym>ISC</acronym>) implementation of the
|
||||
<acronym>DHCP</acronym> server. This implementation and its documentation can be
|
||||
installed using the <filename
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||||
role="package">net/isc-dhcp42-server</filename> package or
|
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port.</para>
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||||
|
||||
<indexterm>
|
||||
<primary><acronym>DHCP</acronym></primary>
|
||||
<secondary>server</secondary>
|
||||
</indexterm>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>The <acronym>DHCP</acronym> server,
|
||||
<application>dhcpd</application>, is included as part of the
|
||||
<filename role="package">net/isc-dhcp42-server</filename> port
|
||||
in the ports collection. This port contains the ISC
|
||||
<acronym>DHCP</acronym> server and documentation.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>The server is not provided as part of &os;, and so the
|
||||
<filename role="package">net/isc-dhcp42-server</filename>
|
||||
port must be installed to provide this service. See
|
||||
<xref linkend="ports"/> for more information on using the
|
||||
Ports Collection.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm>
|
||||
<primary><acronym>DHCP</acronym></primary>
|
||||
<secondary>installation</secondary>
|
||||
</indexterm>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>In order to configure the &os; system as a
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||||
<acronym>DHCP</acronym> server, first ensure that the
|
||||
&man.bpf.4; device is compiled into the kernel. To do this,
|
||||
add <literal>device bpf</literal> to the kernel configuration
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||||
file, and rebuild the kernel. For more information about
|
||||
building kernels, see <xref linkend="kernelconfig"/>.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>The <devicename>bpf</devicename> device is already part
|
||||
of the <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel that is supplied
|
||||
with &os;, so there is no need to create a custom kernel in
|
||||
order to get <acronym>DHCP</acronym> working.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<note>
|
||||
<para>Those who are particularly security conscious should
|
||||
note that <devicename>bpf</devicename> is also the device
|
||||
that allows packet sniffers to function correctly
|
||||
(although such programs still need privileged access).
|
||||
The <devicename>bpf</devicename> device
|
||||
<emphasis>is</emphasis> required to use
|
||||
<acronym>DHCP</acronym>, but if the sensitivity of the
|
||||
system's security is high, this device should not be
|
||||
included in the kernel purely because the use of
|
||||
<acronym>DHCP</acronym> may, at some point in the future, be
|
||||
desired.</para>
|
||||
</note>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>An example configuration file is installed by the
|
||||
<para>The installation of
|
||||
<filename role="package">net/isc-dhcp42-server</filename>
|
||||
port. Copy the example
|
||||
installs a sample configuration file. Copy
|
||||
<filename>/usr/local/etc/dhcpd.conf.example</filename>
|
||||
to the actual configuration file,
|
||||
<filename>/usr/local/etc/dhcpd.conf</filename>. Edits
|
||||
will be made to this new file.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect3>
|
||||
<title>Configuring the <acronym>DHCP</acronym> Server</title>
|
||||
to
|
||||
<filename>/usr/local/etc/dhcpd.conf</filename> and make any edits
|
||||
to this new file.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm>
|
||||
<primary><acronym>DHCP</acronym></primary>
|
||||
<secondary>dhcpd.conf</secondary>
|
||||
</indexterm>
|
||||
<para><filename>dhcpd.conf</filename> is comprised of
|
||||
declarations regarding subnets and hosts, and is perhaps
|
||||
most easily explained using an example :</para>
|
||||
<para>The configuration file is comprised of
|
||||
declarations for subnets and hosts which define the
|
||||
information that is provided to <acronym>DHCP</acronym>
|
||||
clients. For example, these
|
||||
lines configure the following:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<programlisting>option domain-name "example.com";<co id="domain-name"/>
|
||||
option domain-name-servers 192.168.4.100;<co id="domain-name-servers"/>
|
||||
<programlisting>option domain-name "example.org";<co id="domain-name"/>
|
||||
option domain-name-servers ns1.example.org;<co id="domain-name-servers"/>
|
||||
option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0;<co id="subnet-mask"/>
|
||||
|
||||
default-lease-time 3600;<co id="default-lease-time"/>
|
||||
max-lease-time 86400;<co id="max-lease-time"/>
|
||||
default-lease-time 600;<co id="default-lease-time"/>
|
||||
max-lease-time 72400;<co id="max-lease-time"/>
|
||||
ddns-update-style none;<co id="ddns-update-style"/>
|
||||
|
||||
subnet 192.168.4.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
|
||||
range 192.168.4.129 192.168.4.254;<co id="range"/>
|
||||
option routers 192.168.4.1;<co id="routers"/>
|
||||
subnet 10.254.239.0 netmask 255.255.255.224 {
|
||||
range 10.254.239.10 10.254.239.20;<co id="range"/>
|
||||
option routers rtr-239-0-1.example.org, rtr-239-0-2.example.org;<co id="routers"/>
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
host mailhost {
|
||||
hardware ethernet 02:03:04:05:06:07;<co id="hardware"/>
|
||||
fixed-address mailhost.example.com;<co id="fixed-address"/>
|
||||
host fantasia {
|
||||
hardware ethernet 08:00:07:26:c0:a5;<co id="hardware"/>
|
||||
fixed-address fantasia.fugue.com;<co id="fixed-address"/>
|
||||
}</programlisting>
|
||||
|
||||
<calloutlist>
|
||||
<callout arearefs="domain-name">
|
||||
<para>This option specifies the domain that will be
|
||||
provided to clients as the default search domain. See
|
||||
&man.resolv.conf.5; for more information on what this
|
||||
means.</para>
|
||||
<para>This option specifies the default search domain that will be
|
||||
provided to clients. Refer to
|
||||
&man.resolv.conf.5; for more information.</para>
|
||||
</callout>
|
||||
|
||||
<callout arearefs="domain-name-servers">
|
||||
<para>This option specifies a comma separated list of
|
||||
<acronym>DNS</acronym> servers that the client should
|
||||
use.</para>
|
||||
use. They can be listed by their Fully Qualified Domain
|
||||
Names (<acronym>FQDN</acronym>), as seen in the example,
|
||||
or by their <acronym>IP</acronym> addresses.</para>
|
||||
</callout>
|
||||
|
||||
<callout arearefs="subnet-mask">
|
||||
<para>The netmask that will be provided to
|
||||
<para>The subnet mask that will be provided to
|
||||
clients.</para>
|
||||
</callout>
|
||||
|
||||
<callout arearefs="default-lease-time">
|
||||
<para>A client may request a specific length of time
|
||||
that a lease will be valid. Otherwise the server will
|
||||
assign a lease with this expiry value (in
|
||||
seconds).</para>
|
||||
<para>The default
|
||||
lease expiry time in
|
||||
seconds. A client can be configured to override this
|
||||
value. </para>
|
||||
</callout>
|
||||
|
||||
<callout arearefs="max-lease-time">
|
||||
<para>This is the maximum length of time that the server
|
||||
will lease for. Should a client request a longer
|
||||
lease, a lease will be issued, although it will only
|
||||
be valid for <literal>max-lease-time</literal>
|
||||
seconds.</para>
|
||||
<para>The maximum allowed length of time, in seconds, for a
|
||||
lease. Should a client request a longer
|
||||
lease, a lease will still be issued, but it will only
|
||||
be valid for <literal>max-lease-time</literal>.</para>
|
||||
</callout>
|
||||
|
||||
<callout arearefs="ddns-update-style">
|
||||
<para>This option specifies whether the
|
||||
<acronym>DHCP</acronym> server should attempt to update
|
||||
<acronym>DNS</acronym> when a lease is accepted or
|
||||
released. In the ISC implementation, this option is
|
||||
<emphasis>required</emphasis>.</para>
|
||||
<para>The default of <option>none</option> disables dynamic DNS updates.
|
||||
Changing this to <option>interim</option> configures the
|
||||
<acronym>DHCP</acronym> server to update a
|
||||
<acronym>DNS</acronym> server whenever it hands out a
|
||||
lease so that the <acronym>DNS</acronym> server knows
|
||||
which <acronym>IP</acronym> addresses are associated
|
||||
with which computers in the network. Do not change the default
|
||||
setting unless the <acronym>DNS</acronym> server has
|
||||
been configured to support dynamic
|
||||
<acronym>DNS</acronym>.</para>
|
||||
</callout>
|
||||
|
||||
<callout arearefs="range">
|
||||
<para>This denotes which <acronym>IP</acronym> addresses
|
||||
should be used in the pool reserved for allocating to
|
||||
clients. <acronym>IP</acronym> addresses between, and
|
||||
including, the ones stated are handed out to
|
||||
clients.</para>
|
||||
<para>This line creates a pool of available <acronym>IP</acronym> addresses
|
||||
which are reserved for allocation to <acronym>DHCP</acronym>
|
||||
clients. The range of addresses must be valid for the
|
||||
network or subnet specified in the previous line.</para>
|
||||
</callout>
|
||||
|
||||
<callout arearefs="routers">
|
||||
<para>Declares the default gateway that will be provided
|
||||
to clients.</para>
|
||||
<para>Declares the default gateway that is valid for the
|
||||
network or subnet specified before the opening
|
||||
<literal>{</literal> bracket.</para>
|
||||
</callout>
|
||||
|
||||
<callout arearefs="hardware">
|
||||
<para>The hardware MAC address of a host (so that the
|
||||
<acronym>DHCP</acronym> server can recognize a host when
|
||||
it makes a request).</para>
|
||||
<para>Specifies the hardware <acronym>MAC</acronym> address of a client so that the
|
||||
<acronym>DHCP</acronym> server can recognize the client when
|
||||
it makes a request.</para>
|
||||
</callout>
|
||||
|
||||
<callout arearefs="fixed-address">
|
||||
<para>Specifies that the host should always be given the
|
||||
same <acronym>IP</acronym> address. Note that using a
|
||||
hostname is correct here, since the
|
||||
<para>Specifies that this host should always be given the
|
||||
same <acronym>IP</acronym> address. Using the
|
||||
hostname is correct, since the
|
||||
<acronym>DHCP</acronym> server will resolve the
|
||||
hostname itself before returning the lease
|
||||
hostname before returning the lease
|
||||
information.</para>
|
||||
</callout>
|
||||
</calloutlist>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>This configuration file supports many more options. Refer
|
||||
to dhcpd.conf(5), installed with the server, for details and
|
||||
examples.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Once the configuration of
|
||||
<filename>dhcpd.conf</filename> has been completed,
|
||||
<filename>dhcpd.conf</filename> is complete,
|
||||
enable the <acronym>DHCP</acronym> server in
|
||||
<filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>, i.e., by adding:</para>
|
||||
<filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<programlisting>dhcpd_enable="YES"
|
||||
dhcpd_ifaces="dc0"</programlisting>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Replace the <literal>dc0</literal> interface name with
|
||||
<para>Replace the <literal>dc0</literal> with
|
||||
the interface (or interfaces, separated by whitespace)
|
||||
that the <acronym>DHCP</acronym> server should listen on for
|
||||
<acronym>DHCP</acronym> client requests.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Proceed to start the server by issuing
|
||||
<para>Start the server by issuing
|
||||
the following command:</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>service isc-dhcpd start</userinput></screen>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Any future changes to the configuration of the server
|
||||
will require the sending of a <literal>SIGTERM</literal>
|
||||
signal to <application>dhcpd</application> rather than a
|
||||
<literal>SIGHUP</literal>. It is definitely more simple to
|
||||
use &man.service.8; to completely restart the
|
||||
service.</para>
|
||||
</sect3>
|
||||
will require the
|
||||
<application>dhcpd</application> service to be stopped and then started using
|
||||
&man.service.8;.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect3>
|
||||
<title>Files</title>
|
||||
<para>The <acronym>DHCP</acronym> server uses the following
|
||||
files. Note that the manual pages are installed with the
|
||||
server software.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<indexterm>
|
||||
<primary><acronym>DHCP</acronym></primary>
|
||||
|
@ -2993,27 +2944,21 @@ dhcpd_ifaces="dc0"</programlisting>
|
|||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><filename>/usr/local/sbin/dhcpd</filename></para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para><application>dhcpd</application> is statically
|
||||
linked and resides in
|
||||
<filename>/usr/local/sbin</filename>. More
|
||||
information about
|
||||
<application>dhcpd</application> can be found in
|
||||
&man.dhcpd.8;.</para>
|
||||
<para>More
|
||||
information about the
|
||||
<application>dhcpd</application> server can be found in
|
||||
dhcpd(8).</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><filename>/usr/local/etc/dhcpd.conf</filename></para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para><application>dhcpd</application> requires a
|
||||
configuration file,
|
||||
<filename>/usr/local/etc/dhcpd.conf</filename> before it
|
||||
will start providing service to clients. This file
|
||||
<para>The server configuration file
|
||||
needs to contain all the information that should be
|
||||
provided to clients that are being serviced, along with
|
||||
provided to clients, along with
|
||||
information regarding the operation of the server. This
|
||||
configuration file is described in
|
||||
&man.dhcpd.conf.5;, which is installed by the
|
||||
port.</para>
|
||||
dhcpd.conf(5).</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
|
@ -3021,24 +2966,23 @@ dhcpd_ifaces="dc0"</programlisting>
|
|||
|
||||
<para>The <acronym>DHCP</acronym> server keeps a database
|
||||
of leases it has issued in this file, which is written
|
||||
as a log. The port installs &man.dhcpd.leases.5;, which
|
||||
as a log. Refer to dhcpd.leases(5), which
|
||||
gives a slightly longer description.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><filename>/usr/local/sbin/dhcrelay</filename></para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para><application>dhcrelay</application> is used in
|
||||
<para>This daemon is used in
|
||||
advanced environments where one <acronym>DHCP</acronym>
|
||||
server forwards a request from a client to another
|
||||
<acronym>DHCP</acronym> server on a separate network.
|
||||
If this functionality is required, then install the
|
||||
If this functionality is required, install the
|
||||
<filename role="package">net/isc-dhcp42-relay</filename>
|
||||
port. The port installs &man.dhcrelay.8;, which
|
||||
package or port. The installation includes dhcrelay(8) which
|
||||
provides more detail.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
</sect3>
|
||||
</sect2>
|
||||
</sect1>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
Loading…
Reference in a new issue