diff --git a/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/l10n/chapter.xml b/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/l10n/chapter.xml index a3f47526a3..c6c929d3a4 100644 --- a/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/l10n/chapter.xml +++ b/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/l10n/chapter.xml @@ -27,9 +27,9 @@ &os; is a distributed project with users and contributors located all over the world. As such, &os; supports localization - into many languages. This allows a user to view, input, or - process data in non-English languages. Currently, one can - choose from most of the major languages, including but not + into many languages, allowing users to view, input, or + process data in non-English languages. One can + choose from most of the major languages, including, but not limited to: Chinese, German, Japanese, Korean, French, Russian, and Vietnamese. @@ -41,30 +41,20 @@ The term internationalization has been shortened to i18n, which represents the number of letters - between the first and the last letters of internationalization. - L10n uses the same naming scheme, coming from - localization. Combined together, + between the first and the last letters of internationalization. + L10n uses the same naming scheme, but from + localization. The i18n/L10n methods, protocols, and applications allow users to use languages of their choice. - i18n applications are programmed using - i18n kits under libraries. These allow - developers to write a simple file and translate displayed menus - and texts to each language. - This chapter discusses the internationalization and - localization features of &os;. Since there are many aspects of - the i18n implementation at both the system - and application levels, more specific sources of documentation - are referred to, where applicable. - - After reading this chapter, you will know: + localization features of &os;. After reading this chapter, you + will know: - How different languages and locales are encoded on - modern operating systems. + How locale names are constructed. @@ -77,13 +67,17 @@ - How to use Xorg effectively - with different languages. + How to configure Xorg for + different languages. - Where to find more information about writing - i18n-compliant applications. + How to find i18n-compliant applications. + + + + Where to find more information for configuring specific + languages. @@ -146,22 +140,6 @@ - encodings - ASCII - - Some languages, such as Chinese or Japanese, cannot be - represented using ASCII characters and require an extended - language encoding using either wide or multibyte characters. - Older applications may mistake these encodings for control - characters while newer applications usually recognize 8-bit - characters. Depending on the implementation, users may be - required to compile an application with wide or multibyte - character support, or configure it correctly. The rest of - this section describes the various methods for configuring the - locale on a &os; system. The next section will discuss the - considerations for finding or compiling applications with i18n - support. - A complete listing of available locales can be found by typing: @@ -170,6 +148,34 @@ To determine the current locale setting: &prompt.user; locale + encodings + ASCII + + Language specific character sets, such as + ISO8859-1, ISO8859-15, KOI8-R, and CP437, are + described in &man.multibyte.3;. The active list of character sets can be found at the IANA + Registry. + + Some languages, such as Chinese or Japanese, cannot be + represented using ASCII characters and require an extended + language encoding using either wide or multibyte characters. + Examples of wide or multibyte encodings include EUC and Big5. + Older applications may mistake these encodings for control + characters while newer applications usually recognize these + characters. Depending on the implementation, users may be + required to compile an application with wide or multibyte + character support, or to configure it correctly. + + + &os; uses Xorg-compatible locale encodings. + + + The rest of + this section describes the various methods for configuring the + locale on a &os; system. The next section will discuss the + considerations for finding and compiling applications with i18n + support. Setting Locale for Login Shell @@ -193,7 +199,7 @@ MIME - MM_CHARSET which sets the MIME + MM_CHARSET, which sets the MIME character set used by applications @@ -218,7 +224,7 @@ This first method is the recommended method as it assigns the required environment variables for locale name - and MIME character sets for every possible shell. This + and MIME character sets for every possible shell. This setup can either be performed by each user or it can be configured for all users by the superuser. @@ -257,7 +263,7 @@ me:\ Alternately, the superuser can configure all users of the system for localization. The following variables in /etc/login.conf are used to set the - locale and MIME character sete: + locale and MIME character set: language_name|Account Type Description:\ :charset=MIME_charset:\ @@ -336,7 +342,7 @@ me:\ Shell Startup File Method - This method is not recommended as each shell that is + This second method is not recommended as each shell that is used requires manual configuration, where each shell has a different configuration file and differing syntax. As an example, to set the German language for the @@ -407,11 +413,11 @@ keychange="fkey_number sequence" area if the screen font uses a bit 8 column. To see the list of available keymaps, type - ls /usr/share/syscons/keymaps. When + ls /usr/share/syscons/keymaps. When specifying the keymap_name, do not - include the .kbd suffix. When uncertain - as to which keymap to use, &man.kbdmap.1; can be used to test - keymaps without rebooting. + include the .kbd suffix. To test + keymaps without rebooting, + use &man.kbdmap.1;. The keychange entry is usually needed to program function keys to match the selected terminal type @@ -507,13 +513,13 @@ keychange="fkey_number sequence" - Japanese - chinese/kon2 + Chinese/Japanese/Korean + chinese/zhcon - Chinese/Japanese/Korean - chinese/zhcon + Japanese + chinese/kon2 @@ -535,7 +541,7 @@ keychange="fkey_number sequence" &man.syscons.4; driver occupies the 0xd0-0xd3 range in the character set. If the language uses this range, move the - cursor's range. To enable this workaround for &os;, add the + cursor's range by adding the following line to /etc/rc.conf: mousechar_start=3 @@ -751,7 +757,7 @@ Comment out for now. If needed, can be added as note in new Printing chapter. converted to &postscript; or PDF formats using language specific converters. - --> +Not sure where to put this section, perhaps as a note in the File system chapter? Kernel and File Systems @@ -773,62 +779,32 @@ Comment out for now. If needed, can be added as note in new Printing chapter. character sets, and chosen &os; filesystem character sets. Refer to &man.mount.msdosfs.8; for details. + --> - Compiling <acronym>i18n</acronym> Programs + Finding <acronym>i18n</acronym> Applications - The &os; &os; - Ports Collection contains programs which provide - application support for wide or multibyte characters for several - languages. Refer to the i18n documentation - in the respective &os; port for more information on how to - configure the application correctly or to determine which - compile options to use when building the port. - - Some things to keep in mind are: - - - - Language specific single C chars character sets such as - ISO8859-1, ISO8859-15, KOI8-R, and CP437. These are - described in &man.multibyte.3;. - - - - Wide or multibyte encodings such as EUC and Big5. - - - - The active list of character sets can be found at the IANA - Registry. - - - &os; uses Xorg-compatible locale encodings instead. - - - In the &os; Ports Collection, i18n - applications include i18n in their names for + i18n applications are programmed using + i18n kits under libraries. These allow + developers to write a simple file and translate displayed menus + and texts to each language. + The &os; + Ports Collection contains many + applications with built-in support for wide or multibyte characters for several + languages. Such applications include i18n in their names for easy identification. However, they do not always support the language needed. - Many applications in the &os; Ports Collection have been - ported with i18n support. Some of these - include -i18n in the port name. These - and many other programs have built in support for - i18n and need no special - consideration. - - - MySQL - - However, some applications such as - MySQL need to have their - Makefile configured with the specific + Some applications can be compiled + with the specific charset. This is usually done in the port's Makefile or by passing a value to - configure in the source. + configure. Refer to the i18n documentation + in the respective &os; port's source for more information on how to + determine the needed configure value + or the port's Makefile to determine which + compile options to use when building the port. @@ -853,8 +829,13 @@ Comment out for now. If needed, can be added as note in new Printing chapter. Russian + This section shows the specific settings needed to + localize a &os; system for the Russian language. Refer to + Using Localization for + a more complete description of each type of setting. + To set this locale for the login shell, add the following - lines into each user's + lines to each user's ~/.login_conf: me:My Account:\ @@ -944,25 +925,23 @@ Option "XkbOptions" "grp:toggle" The Russian XKB keyboard may not work with - non-localized applications. - - - Minimally localized applications should call a + non-localized applications. Minimally localized applications should call a XtSetLanguageProc (NULL, NULL, NULL); function early in the program. + - See - KOI8-R for X Window for more instructions on + See http://koi8.pp.ru/xwin.html + for more instructions on localizing Xorg applications. For more general information about KOI8-R encoding, refer to - KOI8-R - - Russian Net Character Set. + http://koi8.pp.ru/. Additional Language-Specific Resources - Some intro text here... + This section lists some additional resources for + configuring other locales. localization @@ -992,11 +971,7 @@ Option "XkbOptions" "grp:toggle" The &os;-Taiwan Project has a Chinese HOWTO for &os; at http://netlab.cse.yzu.edu.tw/~statue/freebsd/zh-tut/ - using many Chinese ports. The current editor for the - &os; Chinese HOWTO is Shen - Chuan-Hsing - statue@freebsd.sinica.edu.tw. + xlink:href="http://netlab.cse.yzu.edu.tw/~statue/freebsd/zh-tut/">http://netlab.cse.yzu.edu.tw/~statue/freebsd/zh-tut/. @@ -1005,9 +980,9 @@ Option "XkbOptions" "grp:toggle" Languages - Slaven eserte@cs.tu-berlin.de wrote a - tutorial on using umlauts on &os;. The tutorial is - written in German and is available at A + tutorial on using umlauts on &os; is + available in German at http://user.cs.tu-berlin.de/~eserte/FreeBSD/doc/umlaute/umlaute.html. @@ -1016,9 +991,8 @@ Option "XkbOptions" "grp:toggle" Greek Language Localization - Nikos Kokkalis nickkokkalis@gmail.com - has written a complete article on Greek support in &os;. - It is available A complete article on Greek support in &os; + is available here, in Greek only, as part of the official &os; Greek documentation. @@ -1043,7 +1017,7 @@ Option "XkbOptions" "grp:toggle" Some &os; contributors have translated parts of the &os; documentation to other languages. They are available through links on the main site or + xlink:href="&url.base;/index.html">&os; web site or in /usr/share/doc.