Contribution to the FAQ about how to add a second disk manually.
Submitted by: iyengar@grunthos.pscwa.psca.com (Manu Iyengar)
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Joerg Wunsch
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FAQ/FAQ.sgml
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FAQ/FAQ.sgml
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@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
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<title>Frequently Asked Questions for FreeBSD 2.X
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<author>The FreeBSD FAQ Team, <tt/FAQ@FreeBSD.ORG/
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<date> $Id: FAQ.sgml,v 1.1 1996-09-28 22:20:13 jfieber Exp $
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<date> $Id: FAQ.sgml,v 1.2 1996-09-29 17:11:59 joerg Exp $
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<abstract>
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This is the FAQ for FreeBSD systems version 2.X All entries are
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assumed to be relevant to FreeBSD 2.0.5+, unless otherwise noted.
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@ -761,11 +761,9 @@ Any entries with a <XXX> are under construction.
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<sect1>
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<heading>How can I add my new hard disk to my FreeBSD system?</heading>
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<p>
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The easiest way to do this is from the installation program. You can
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start the installation program by running /stand/sysinstall as root
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(note however that this will require kernel support for running
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gzipped executables - the one shipped with FreeBSD does <tt /not/
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support this).
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The easiest way to do this is from the installation program. You
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can start the installation program by running
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<tt>/stand/sysinstall</tt> as root.
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<p>
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Alternatively, if you still have the install floppy, you can just
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reboot from that.
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@ -776,6 +774,10 @@ Any entries with a <XXX> are under construction.
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your changes to the disk. Say ``No'' when asked if you want to
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remain compatible with other operating systems, and ``Yes'' when
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asked if you know what you're doing.
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<p>
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<bf>NOTE: <tt /sysinstall/ is slightly broken in 2.1.0-RELEASE
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and will not run disklabel properly. See
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<ref id="2.1-disklabel-fix" name="below"> for a workaround.</bf>
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<p>
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Pressing `q' to quit will transfer you to the disklabel editor.
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Divide up your FreeBSD slice according to taste and press `w' when
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@ -783,7 +785,7 @@ Any entries with a <XXX> are under construction.
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for confirmation, and press `q' to quit.
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<p>
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At this point, you will be asked if you wish to commit your changes.
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Do <tt /not/ do this! Instead, keep pressing the `escape' key until
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Do <em /not/ do this! Instead, keep pressing the `escape' key until
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you exit the installation program. If you booted from the install
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floppy, the system will reboot at this point. Remember to remove the
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floppy from the drive first!
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@ -805,6 +807,149 @@ Any entries with a <XXX> are under construction.
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<p>
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If that sentence did not make any sense to you, you definitely do not
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need to worry about tuning your filesystem! :-)
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<p>
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<label id="2.1-disklabel-fix">
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<bf>Using disklabel(8) manually with 2.1.0-RELEASE</bf>
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<p>
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<em>WARNING: There is no substitute for reading carefully
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& understanding what you are doing! Things described here may
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DESTROY your system. Proceed with caution! Remember, a BACKUP is your
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friend!</em>
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<p>
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<tt /sysinstall/ is broken with 2.1.0-RELEASE and will
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insist on mounting something at / in the disklabel editor. You will
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have to manually run <tt /disklabel(8)/ before you can run
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<tt /newfs(8)/. This means doing the math for partitions
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yourself. This is rumoured to be easy :-) See if you can obtain a
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skeletal label with ''<tt>disklabel -r <diskname></tt>''
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<em>(eg. </em>''<tt>disklabel -r /dev/rwd0s2</tt>''<em>, assuming
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that your new disk is wd0, the first IDE drive, and the FreeBSD
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slice is the second one, s2)</em>. You should see something
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like:-
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<verb>
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# /dev/rwd0s2:
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type: ESDI
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disk: wd0s2
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label:
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flags:
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bytes/sector: 512
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sectors/track: 63
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tracks/cylinder: 64
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sectors/cylinder: 4032
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cylinders: 610
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sectors/unit: 2459520
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rpm: 3600
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interleave: 1
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trackskew: 0
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cylinderskew: 0
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headswitch: 0 # milliseconds
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track-to-track seek: 0 # milliseconds
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drivedata: 0
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8 partitions:
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# size offset fstype [fsize bsize bps/cpg]
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c: 2459520 0 unused 0 0 # (Cyl. 0 - 609)
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e: 2459520 0 4.2BSD 0 0 0 # (Cyl. 0 - 609)
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</verb>
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Make sure that the size is correct, in this case, 2459520
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sectors/unit x 512 bytes/sector / 2**20 (1 Megabyte) = 1200
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Megabytes. The rest of the stuff (b/s, t/c, s/c, interleave, etc.)
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should get suitable defaults from <tt /disklabel/, but see
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<ref id="ESDI" name="this note"> for older disks. 'fsize' is the
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<ref id="fsize" name="Fragment size"> for the filesystem,
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and 'bsize' is the <ref id="bsize" name="Block size">. 'c' is
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the partition covering the entire slice (or entire disk for a
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non-sliced disk), and must remain as it is. <em>It should not be
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used for a filesystem</em>. The 'c' partition is magic in that it
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is faked by the kernel even if no disklabel exists.
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<p>
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In the trivial case, where you want a single filesystem spanning
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the whole slice, the entry for 'e' has to be corrected. Setting fsize
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to 1024 and bsize to 8192 (8 fragments/block), which are reasonable
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values for a filesystem, the correct entry for 'e' would be:-
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<verb>
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e: 2459520 0 4.2BSD 1024 8192
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</verb>
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<p>
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Now, the (slightly) harder case, where we want 2 partitions for 2
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filesystems. Following the <ref id="fsname" name="BSD naming
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conventions">, the partitions will be <tt /wd0s2e/ &
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<tt /wd0s2f/. Suppose we split up the 1200 MB into 300 MB for
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'e' and the remaining 900 MB for 'f'. The partition entries would
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be:-
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<verb>
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8 partitions:
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# size offset fstype [fsize bsize bps/cpg]
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c: 2459520 0 unused 0 0 # (Cyl. 0 - 609)
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e: 614400 0 4.2BSD 1024 8192
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f: 1843200 614400 4.2BSD 1024 8192
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</verb>
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<p>
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<bf /Note:/ You can directly edit the disklabel with
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''<tt>disklabel -e wd0s2</tt>''. See <tt /disklabel(8)/.
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<p>
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You're done! Time to initialise the filesystems with something
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like:-
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<verb>
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newfs -d0 /dev/rwd0s2e
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newfs -d0 /dev/rwd0s2f
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</verb>
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Depending on the disk name and slice number, it might be
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required that you run the script <tt>/dev/MAKEDEV</tt>
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before in order to create the desired device nodes.
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And mount your new filesystems (See <tt /mount(8)/):-
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<verb>
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mount /dev/wd0s2e /mnt/foo
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mount /dev/wd0s2f /mnt/bar
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</verb>
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You may wish to edit <tt>/etc/fstab</tt> to automatically mount
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the filesystems at boot time.
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<p>
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<bf /Glossary:/
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<descrip>
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<tag><label id="fsize"><bf>Fragment Size (fsize)</bf></tag>
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The basic unit of storage for <tt /ffs/. See
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M. McKusick, W. Joy, S. Leffler, and R. Fabry,
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"A Fast File System for UNIX",
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ACM Transactions on Computer Systems 2, 3, pp 181-197, August
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1984, (reprinted in the BSD System Manager's Manual, SMM:5) or
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<url url="file:/usr/share/doc/smm/05.fastfs/paper.ascii.gz"
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name="/usr/share/doc/smm/05.fastfs/paper.ascii.gz">
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on your system.
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<tag><label id="bsize"><bf>Block Size (bsize)</bf></tag>
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A block comprises one or more fragments. See the
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reference above and
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<url url="file:/usr/include/sys/disklabel.h"
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name="<sys/disklabel.h>">
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<tag><label id="ESDI">
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<bf>Disklabel Characteristics for Older Disks (ESDI)</bf></tag>
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You may need to provide more information to <tt /disklabel/
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if you happen to own a ``true disk'', i.e. one with a
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uniform geometry, real heads, sectors, and cylinders,
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such as an old ESDI drive. All of this should be easily
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obtainable from the drive case, owner's manual, fellow
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sufferers, etc. :-)
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<tag><label id="fsname">
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<bf>BSD Filesystem Naming Conventions</bf></tag>
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Partition 'a' is by convention reserved for a bootable
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partition, and partition 'b' for swap space. Regular
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partition names should start with 'd'. ('d' used to be
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magic in 386BSD 0.1 through FreeBSD 2.0, thus partition
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'e' is often used for the first non-bootable partition
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containing a filesystem.)
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</descrip>
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<sect1>
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<heading>I have bad blocks on my hard drive!</heading>
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