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en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/basics/chapter.xml
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<indexterm><primary>shells</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>command line</primary></indexterm>
<para>A <firstterm>shell</firstterm> provides a command line interface for interacting with the operating system. A
shell receives commands from the input channel and executes
them. Many shells provide built in functions to help with
everyday tasks such as file management, file globbing, command
line editing, command macros, and environment variables. &os;
comes with several shells, including the Bourne shell
(&man.sh.1;) and the extended C shell (&man.tcsh.1;). Other
shells are available from the &os; Ports Collection, such as
<para>A <firstterm>shell</firstterm> provides a command line
interface for interacting with the operating system. A shell
receives commands from the input channel and executes them.
Many shells provide built in functions to help with everyday
tasks such as file management, file globbing, command line
editing, command macros, and environment variables. &os; comes
with several shells, including the Bourne shell (&man.sh.1;) and
the extended C shell (&man.tcsh.1;). Other shells are available
from the &os; Ports Collection, such as
<command>zsh</command> and <command>bash</command>.</para>
<para>The shell that is used is really a matter of taste. A C
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<para>One common shell feature is filename completion. After a
user types the first few letters of a command or filename and
presses <keycap>Tab</keycap>, the shell automatically
completes the rest of the command or filename. Consider two
files called <filename>foobar</filename> and
<filename>foo.bar</filename>. To delete
<filename>foo.bar</filename>, type <command>rm
presses <keycap>Tab</keycap>, the shell automatically completes
the rest of the command or filename. Consider two files called
<filename>foobar</filename> and <filename>foo.bar</filename>.
To delete <filename>foo.bar</filename>, type <command>rm
fo[<keycap>Tab</keycap>].[<keycap>Tab</keycap>]</command>.</para>
<para>The shell should print out
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is more than one match. Both <filename>foobar</filename> and
<filename>foo.bar</filename> start with <literal>fo</literal>.
By typing <literal>.</literal>, then pressing
<keycap>Tab</keycap> again, the shell is able to fill in
the rest of the filename.</para>
<keycap>Tab</keycap> again, the shell is able to fill in the
rest of the filename.</para>
<indexterm><primary>environment variables</primary></indexterm>
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variables. Environment variables are a variable/key pair stored
in the shell's environment. This environment can be read by any
program invoked by the shell, and thus contains a lot of program
configuration. Table 4.3 provides a list of common environment variables
and their meanings. Note that the names of environment
variables are always in uppercase.</para>
configuration. Table 4.3 provides a list of common environment
variables and their meanings. Note that the names of
environment variables are always in uppercase.</para>
<table frame="none" pgwide="1">
<title>Common Environment Variables</title>
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<para>Shells treat special characters, known as meta-characters,
as special representations of data. The most common
meta-character is <literal>*</literal>, which represents any
number of characters in a filename. Meta-characters can be
used to perform filename globbing. For example,
<command>echo *</command> is equivalent to <command>ls</command> because
number of characters in a filename. Meta-characters can be used
to perform filename globbing. For example, <command>echo
*</command> is equivalent to <command>ls</command> because
the shell takes all the files that match <literal>*</literal>
and <command>echo</command> lists them on the command line.</para>
and <command>echo</command> lists them on the command
line.</para>
<para>To prevent the shell from interpreting a special character,
escape it from the shell by starting it with a backslash
(<literal>\</literal>). For example,
<command>echo $TERM</command> prints the terminal setting
whereas <command>echo \$TERM</command> literally prints the
string <literal>$TERM</literal>.</para>
(<literal>\</literal>). For example, <command>echo
$TERM</command> prints the terminal setting whereas
<command>echo \$TERM</command> literally prints the string
<literal>$TERM</literal>.</para>
<sect2 id="changing-shells">
<title>Changing the Shell</title>
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to use <command>chsh</command>. Running this command will
open the editor that is configured in the
<envar>EDITOR</envar> environment variable, which by default
is set to &man.vi.1;. Change the <literal>Shell:</literal> line
to the full path of the new shell.</para>
is set to &man.vi.1;. Change the <literal>Shell:</literal>
line to the full path of the new shell.</para>
<para>Alternately, use <command>chsh -s</command> which will set
the specified shell without opening an editor. For example,
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<filename>/etc/shells</filename>. If the shell was
installed from the &os; Ports Collection as described in
<xref linkend="ports"/>, it should be automatically added
to this file. If it is missing, add it using this
command, replacing the path with the path of the
shell:</para>
to this file. If it is missing, add it using this command,
replacing the path with the path of the shell:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>echo <replaceable>/usr/local/bin/bash</replaceable> &gt;&gt; /etc/shells</userinput></screen>
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<sect1 id="basics-more-information">
<title>Manual Pages</title>
<indexterm><primary>manual pages</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>manual pages</primary></indexterm>
<para>The most comprehensive documentation on &os; is in the
form of manual pages. Nearly every program on the system
comes with a short reference manual explaining the basic
operation and available arguments. These manuals can be
viewed using <command>man</command>:</para>
<para>The most comprehensive documentation on &os; is in the form
of manual pages. Nearly every program on the system comes with
a short reference manual explaining the basic operation and
available arguments. These manuals can be viewed using
<command>man</command>:</para>
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>man <replaceable>command</replaceable></userinput></screen>
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>man <replaceable>command</replaceable></userinput></screen>
<para>where <replaceable>command</replaceable> is the name of
the command to learn about. For example, to learn more about
&man.ls.1;, type:</para>
<para>where <replaceable>command</replaceable> is the name of the
command to learn about. For example, to learn more about
&man.ls.1;, type:</para>
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>man ls</userinput></screen>
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>man ls</userinput></screen>
<para>Manual pages are divided into sections which represent the type of topic. In &os;,
the following
sections are available:</para>
<para>Manual pages are divided into sections which represent the
type of topic. In &os;, the following sections are
available:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>User commands.</para>
</listitem>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>User commands.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>System calls and error numbers.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>System calls and error numbers.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Functions in the C libraries.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Functions in the C libraries.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Device drivers.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Device drivers.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>File formats.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>File formats.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Games and other diversions.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Games and other diversions.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Miscellaneous information.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Miscellaneous information.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>System maintenance and operation commands.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>System maintenance and operation commands.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>System kernel interfaces.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>System kernel interfaces.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para>In some cases, the same topic may appear in more than one
section of the online manual. For example, there is a
<command>chmod</command> user command and a
<function>chmod()</function> system call. To tell &man.man.1;
which section to display, specify the section number:</para>
<para>In some cases, the same topic may appear in more than one
section of the online manual. For example, there is a
<command>chmod</command> user command and a
<function>chmod()</function> system call. To tell &man.man.1;
which section to display, specify the section number:</para>
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>man 1 chmod</userinput></screen>
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>man 1 chmod</userinput></screen>
<para>This will display the manual page for the user command
&man.chmod.1;. References to a particular section of the
online manual are traditionally placed in parenthesis in
written documentation, so &man.chmod.1; refers to the user
command and &man.chmod.2; refers to the system call.</para>
<para>This will display the manual page for the user command
&man.chmod.1;. References to a particular section of the
online manual are traditionally placed in parenthesis in
written documentation, so &man.chmod.1; refers to the user
command and &man.chmod.2; refers to the system call.</para>
<para>If the name of the manual page is unknown, use <command>man
-k</command> to search for keywords in the manual page
descriptions:</para>
<para>If the name of the manual page is unknown, use <command>man
-k</command> to search for keywords in the manual page
descriptions:</para>
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>man -k <replaceable>mail</replaceable></userinput></screen>
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>man -k <replaceable>mail</replaceable></userinput></screen>
<para>This command displays a list of commands that have the
keyword <quote>mail</quote> in their descriptions. This is
equivalent to using &man.apropos.1;.</para>
<para>This command displays a list of commands that have the
keyword <quote>mail</quote> in their descriptions. This is
equivalent to using &man.apropos.1;.</para>
<para>To read the descriptions for the commands in
<filename class="directory">/usr/bin</filename>,
type:</para>
<para>To read the descriptions for the commands in <filename
class="directory">/usr/bin</filename>, type:</para>
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>cd /usr/bin</userinput>
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>cd /usr/bin</userinput>
&prompt.user; <userinput>man -f * | more</userinput></screen>
<para>or</para>
<para>or</para>
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>cd /usr/bin</userinput>
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>cd /usr/bin</userinput>
&prompt.user; <userinput>whatis * |more</userinput></screen>
<sect2 id="basics-info">
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<primary>Free Software Foundation</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>&os; includes many applications and utilities produced
by the Free Software Foundation (FSF). In addition to manual
<para>&os; includes many applications and utilities produced by
the Free Software Foundation (FSF). In addition to manual
pages, these programs may include hypertext documents called
<literal>info</literal> files. These can be viewed using
&man.info.1; or, if
<filename role="package">editors/emacs</filename> is
installed, the info mode of
<application>emacs</application>.</para>
&man.info.1; or, if <filename
role="package">editors/emacs</filename> is installed, the
info mode of <application>emacs</application>.</para>
<para>To use &man.info.1;, type:</para>