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Add a DVD burning section. This section covers DVD+R, DVD+RW, DVD-R and

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DVD-RW (data, DVD-Video, multisession and how to grow an existing ISO
file system).
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en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/disks/chapter.sgml
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<!-- Apr 2001 -->
</sect1info>
<title>Creating and Using Optical Media (CDs &amp; DVDs)</title>
<title>Creating and Using Optical Media (CDs)</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>CDROMs</primary>
<secondary>creating</secondary>
@ -1211,7 +1211,335 @@ cd0: Attempt to query device size failed: NOT READY, Medium not present - tray c
pages.</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="creating-dvds">
<sect1info>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<firstname>Marc</firstname>
<surname>Fonvieille</surname>
<contrib>Contributed by </contrib>
</author>
</authorgroup>
<!-- Feb 2004 -->
</sect1info>
<title>Creating and Using Optical Media (DVDs)</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>DVD</primary>
<secondary>burning</secondary>
</indexterm>
<sect2>
<title>Introduction</title>
<para>Compared to the CD, the DVD is the next generation of
optical media storage technology. The DVD can hold more data
than any CD and is nowadays the standard for video
publishing.</para>
<para>Five physical recordable formats can be defined for what
we will call a recordable DVD:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>DVD-R: This was the first DVD recordable format
available. The DVD-R standard is defined by the <ulink
url="http://www.dvdforum.com/forum.shtml">DVD Forum</ulink>.
This format is write once.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>DVD-RW: This is the rewriteable version of
the DVD-R standard. A DVD-RW can be rewritten about 1000
times.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>DVD-RAM: This is also a rewriteable format
supported by the DVD Forum. A DVD-RAM can be seen as a
removable hard drive. However, this media is not
compatible with most DVD-ROM drives and DVD-Video players;
only few DVD writers will support the DVD-RAM.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>DVD+RW: This is a rewriteable format defined by
the <ulink url="http://www.dvdrw.com/">DVD+RW
Alliance</ulink>. A DVD+RW can be rewritten about 1000
times.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>DVD+R: This format is the write once variation
of the DVD+RW format.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>A single layer recordable DVD can hold up to
4,700,000,000&nbsp;bytes which is actually 4.38&nbsp;GB or
4485&nbsp;MB (1 kilobyte is 1024 bytes).</para>
<note>
<para>A difference must be done between the physical media and
the application. For example a DVD-Video is a specific
file system that can be written on any recordable DVD
physical media: DVD-R, DVD+R, DVD-RW etc. Before choosing
the type of media, you just must be sure the burner and the
DVD-Video player (a standalone player or a DVD-ROM drive on
a computer) are compatible with the media.</para></note>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Configuration</title>
<para>The program &man.growisofs.1; will be used to perform DVD
recording. This command is part of the
<application>dvd+rw-tools</application> utilities (<filename
role="package">sysutils/dvd+rw-tools</filename>). The
<application>dvd+rw-tools</application> support all DVD media
types.</para>
<para>These tools use the SCSI subsystem to access to the
devices, therefore the <link linkend="atapicam">ATAPI/CAM
support</link> must be added to your kernel.</para>
<para>Before attempting to use the
<application>dvd+rw-tools</application> you should consult the
<ulink
url="http://fy.chalmers.se/~appro/linux/DVD+RW/hcn.html">dvd+rw-tools'
hardware compatibility notes</ulink> for any information
related to your DVD burner.</para>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Burning Data DVDs</title>
<para>The &man.growisofs.1; command is a frontend to <link
linkend="mkisofs">mkisofs</link>, it will invokes
&man.mkisofs.8; to create the file system layout and will
perform the write on the DVD. This means you do not need to
create an image of the data before the burning process.</para>
<para>To burn onto a DVD+R or a DVD-R the data from the <filename
role="directory">/path/to/data</filename> directory, use the
following command:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>growisofs -dvd-compat -Z <replaceable>/dev/cd0</replaceable> -J -R <replaceable>/path/to/data</replaceable></userinput></screen>
<para>The options <option>-J -R</option> are passed to
&man.mkisofs.8; for the file system creation (in this case: an
ISO 9660 file system with Joliet and Rock Ridge extensions),
consult the &man.mkisofs.8; manual page for more
details.</para>
<para>The option <option>-Z</option> is used for the initial
session recording in any case: multiple sessions or not. The
DVD device, <replaceable>/dev/cd0</replaceable>, must be
changed according to your configuration. The
<option>-dvd-compat</option> parameter will close the disk,
the recording will be unappendable. This should provide more
media compatibility with DVD-ROM drives.</para>
<para>It is also possible to burn a pre-mastered image, for
example to burn the image
<replaceable>imagefile.iso</replaceable>, we will run:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>growisofs -dvd-compat -Z <replaceable>/dev/cd0</replaceable>=<replaceable>imagefile.iso</replaceable></userinput></screen>
<para>The write speed should be detected and automatically set
according to the media and the drive being used. If you want
to force the write speed, use the <option>-speed=</option>
parameter. For more information, read the &man.growisofs.1;
manual page.</para>
</sect2>
<indexterm>
<primary>DVD</primary>
<secondary>DVD-Video</secondary>
</indexterm>
<sect2>
<title>Burning a DVD-Video</title>
<para>A DVD-Video is a specific file system based on ISO 9660
and the micro-UDF (M-UDF) specifications. The DVD-Video also
presents a specific file structure hierarchy, it is the reason
why you need a particular program such as <filename
role="package">sysutils/dvdauthor</filename> to author the
DVD.</para>
<para>If you already have an image of the DVD-Video file system,
just burn it in the same way as for any image, see the
previous section for an example. If you have made the DVD
authoring and the result is in, for example, the directory
<filename role="directory">/path/to/video</filename>, the
following command should be used to burn the DVD-Video:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>growisofs -Z <replaceable>/dev/cd0</replaceable> -dvd-video <replaceable>/path/to/video</replaceable></userinput></screen>
<para>The <option>-dvd-video</option> option will tell
&man.mkisofs.8; to create a DVD-Video file system
layout.</para>
</sect2>
<indexterm>
<primary>DVD</primary>
<secondary>DVD+RW</secondary>
</indexterm>
<sect2>
<title>Using a DVD+RW</title>
<para>Unlike CD-RW, a virgin DVD+RW needs to be formatted before
first use. To format the DVD+RW, use the following:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>dvd+rw-format <replaceable>/dev/cd0</replaceable></userinput></screen>
<para>You need to perform this operation just once, keep in mind
that only virgin DVD+RW medias need to be formatted. Then you
can burn the DVD+RW in the way seen in previous
sections.</para>
<para>If you want to burn new data (burn a totally new file
system not append some data) onto a DVD+RW, you do not need to
blank it, you just have to write over the previous recording
(in performing a new initial session), like this:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>growisofs -Z <replaceable>/dev/cd0</replaceable> -J -R <replaceable>/path/to/newdata</replaceable></userinput></screen>
<para>DVD+RW format offers the possibility to easily append data
to a previous recording. The operation consists in merging a
new session to the existing one, it is not multisession
writing, &man.growisofs.1; will <emphasis>grow</emphasis> the
ISO 9660 file system present on the media.</para>
<para>For example, if we want to append data to our previous
DVD+RW, we have to use the following:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>growisofs -M <replaceable>/dev/cd0</replaceable> -J -R <replaceable>/path/to/nextdata</replaceable></userinput></screen>
<para>The same &man.mkisofs.8; options we used to burn the
initial session should be used during next writes.</para>
<note>
<para>You must not use the <option>-dvd-compat</option> option
during the initial session if you want to be able to append
any data, or you will have to rewrite a new initial
session.</para>
</note>
<para>If for any reason you really want to blank the media, do
the following:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>growisofs -Z <replaceable>/dev/cd0</replaceable>=<replaceable>/dev/zero</replaceable></userinput></screen>
</sect2>
<indexterm>
<primary>DVD</primary>
<secondary>DVD-RW</secondary>
</indexterm>
<sect2>
<title>Using a DVD-RW</title>
<para>A DVD-RW accepts two disc formats: the incremental
sequential one and the restricted overwrite. By default
DVD-RW discs are in sequential format.</para>
<para>A virgin DVD-RW can be directly written without the need
of a formatting operation, however a non-virgin DVD-RW in
sequential format needs to be blanked before to be able to
write a new initial session.</para>
<para>To blank a DVD-RW in sequential mode, run:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>dvd+rw-format -blank=full <replaceable>/dev/cd0</replaceable></userinput></screen>
<note>
<para>A full blanking (<option>-blank=full</option>) will take
about one hour on a 1x media. A fast blanking can be
performed using the <option>-blank</option> option if the
DVD-RW will be recorded in Disk-At-Once (DAO) mode. To burn
the DVD-RW in DAO mode, use the command:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>growisofs -Z -use-the-force-luke=dao <replaceable>/dev/cd0</replaceable>=<replaceable>/dev/zero</replaceable></userinput></screen>
<para>The <option>-use-the-force-luke=dao</option> option
should not be required since &man.growisofs.1; attempts to
detect minimally (fast blanked) media and engage DAO
write.</para>
<para>In fact one should use restricted overwrite mode with
any DVD-RW, this format is more flexible than the default
incremental sequential one.</para>
</note>
<para>To write data on a sequential DVD-RW, use the same
instructions as for the other DVD formats:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>growisofs -Z <replaceable>/dev/cd0</replaceable> -J -R <replaceable>/path/to/data</replaceable></userinput></screen>
<para>If you want to append some data to your previous
recording, you will have to use the &man.growisofs.1;
<option>-M</option> option. However, if you perform data
addition on a DVD-RW in incremental sequential mode, a new
session will be created on the disc and the result will be a
multi-session disc.</para>
<para>A DVD-RW in restricted overwrite format does not need to
be blanked before a new initial session, you just have to
overwrite the disc with the <option>-Z</option> option, this
is similar to the DVD+RW case. It is also possible to grow an
existing ISO 9660 file system written on the disc in a same
way as for a DVD+RW with the <option>-M</option> option. The
result will be a one-session DVD.</para>
<para>To put a DVD-RW in the restricted overwrite format, the
following command must be used:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>dvd+rw-format <replaceable>/dev/cd0</replaceable></userinput></screen>
<para>To change back to the sequential format use:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>dvd+rw-format -blank=full <replaceable>/dev/cd0</replaceable></userinput></screen>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Multisession</title>
<para>Very few DVD-ROM and DVD-Video players support
multisession DVDs, they will most of time, hopefully, only read
the first session. DVD+R, DVD-R and DVD-RW in sequential
format can accept multiple sessions, the notion of multiple
sessions does not exist for the DVD+RW and the DVD-RW
restricted overwrite formats.</para>
<para>Using the following command after an initial (non-closed)
session on a DVD+R, DVD-R, or DVD-RW in sequential format,
will add a new session to the disc:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>growisofs -M <replaceable>/dev/cd0</replaceable> -J -R <replaceable>/path/to/nextdata</replaceable></userinput></screen>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>For more information</title>
<para>To obtain more information about a DVD, the
<command>dvd+rw-mediainfo
<replaceable>/dev/cd0</replaceable></command> command can be
ran with the disc in the drive.</para>
<para>More information about the
<application>dvd+rw-tools</application> can be found in
the &man.growisofs.1; manual page, on the <ulink
url="http://fy.chalmers.se/~appro/linux/DVD+RW/">dvd+rw-tools
web site</ulink> and in the <ulink
url="http://lists.debian.org/cdwrite/">cdwrite mailing
list</ulink> archives.</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="floppies">
<sect1info>
<authorgroup>