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<article lang="el">
<articleinfo>
<title>Ãéá ×ñÞóôåò ÍÝïõò ôüóï óôï FreeBSD üóï êáé óôï &unix;</title>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<firstname>Annelise</firstname>
<surname>Anderson</surname>
<affiliation>
<address><email>andrsn@andrsn.stanford.edu</email></address>
</affiliation>
</author>
</authorgroup>
<pubdate>15 Áõãïýóôïõ, 1997</pubdate>
<legalnotice id="trademarks" role="trademarks">
&tm-attrib.freebsd;
&tm-attrib.ibm;
&tm-attrib.microsoft;
&tm-attrib.netscape;
&tm-attrib.opengroup;
&tm-attrib.general;
</legalnotice>
<releaseinfo>$FreeBSD$</releaseinfo>
<abstract>
<para>Óõã÷áñçôÞñéá ðïõ åãêáôáóôÞóáôå ôï FreeBSD! ÁõôÞ ç åéóáãùãÞ åßíáé
ãéá ÷ñÞóôåò íÝïõò ôüóï óôï FreeBSD üóï <emphasis>êáé</emphasis> óôï
Un*x—ãé áõôü îåêéíÜ ìå ôá âáóéêÜ. ÕðïèÝôù üôé ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå
ôçí Ýêäïóç 2.0.5 ôïõ FreeBSD Þ êÜðïéá íåüôåñç, üðùò áõôÝò äéáíÝìïíôáé
áðü ôçí BSDi Þ ôï FreeBSD.org, üôé ôï óýóôçìÜ óáò (ðñïò ôï ðáñüí) Ý÷åé
Ýíá êáé ìüíï ÷ñÞóôç êé üôé ðéèáíüí íá åßóôå áñêåôÜ êáëüò óôçí ÷ñÞóç
ôùí DOS/&windows; Þ ôïõ &os2;.</para>
</abstract>
</articleinfo>
<sect1 id="in-and-out">
<title>Óýíäåóç (Login) êáé Áðïóýíäåóç (Logout)</title>
<para>Óõíäåèåßôå (üôáí äåßôå ôçí ðñïôñïðÞ <prompt>login:</prompt>) óáí ôïí
÷ñÞóôç ðïõ äçìéïõñãÞóáôå êáôÜ ôçí åãêáôÜóôáóç Þ óáí
<username>root</username>. (Ç åãêáôÜóôáóç ôïõ FreeBSD Þäç 8á Ý÷åé Ýíá
ëïãáñéáóìü ãéá ôïí <username>root</username>. Ï <username>root</username> ìðïñåß íá ðÜåé ðáíôïý êáé íá êÜíåé ôá
ðÜíôá, áêüìç êáé íá óâÞóåé êÜðïéá áðáñáßôçôá áñ÷åßá, ãé áõôü íá åßóôå
ðñïóåêôéêïß!) Ôá óýìâïëá &prompt.user; êáé &prompt.root; ðáñáêÜôù
óõìâïëßæïõí ôï prompt (ôï äéêü óáò ìðïñåß íá äéáöÝñåé), ìå ôï
&prompt.user; íá åßíáé åíüò áðëïý ÷ñÞóôç êáé ôï &prompt.root; íá åßíáé
ôïõ <username>root</username>.</para>
<para>Ãéá íá âãåßôå (êáé íá äåßôå Ýíá êáéíïýñéï <prompt>login:</prompt>
prompt) ãñÜøôå</para>
<informalexample>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>exit</userinput></screen>
</informalexample>
<para>üóåò öïñÝò ÷ñåéáóôåß. Íáé, ðáôÞóôå <keysym>enter</keysym> ìåôÜ ôéò
åíôïëÝò, êáé íá èõìÜóôå üôé óôï &unix; ôá ìéêñÜ åßíáé äéáöïñåôéêÜ áðü ôá
êåöáëáßá—<command>exit</command>, êé ü÷é
<command>EXIT</command>.</para>
<para>Ãéá íá êëåßóåôå ôï ìç÷ÜíçìÜ óáò ãñÜøôå</para>
<informalexample>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>/sbin/shutdown -h now</userinput></screen>
</informalexample>
<para>Ãéá íá ôï åðáíåêêéíÞóåôå</para>
<informalexample>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>/sbin/shutdown -r now</userinput></screen>
</informalexample>
<para>Þ</para>
<informalexample>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>/sbin/reboot</userinput></screen>
</informalexample>
<para>Ìðïñåßôå åðßóçò íá åðáíåêêéíÞóåôå ôï ìç÷Üíçìá ðáôþíôáò
<keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>Delete</keycap></keycombo>.
Äþóôå ôïõ ëßãï ÷ñüíï ãéá íá êÜíåé ôç äïõëåéÜ ðïõ ðñÝðåé. Áõôü åßíáé
éóïäýíáìï ìå ôçí åíôïëÞ <command>/sbin/reboot</command> óå ðñüóöáôåò
åêäüóåéò ôïõ FreeBSD êáé åßíáé Ýíáò ðÜñá ðïëý ðéï áóöáëÞò ôñüðïò, óå
ó÷Ýóç ìå ôï ðÜôçìá ôïõ reset êïõìðéïý. Äåí èÝëåôå íá áíáãêáóôåßôå íá ôá
îáíáóôÞóåôå üëá, óùóôÜ;</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="adding-a-user">
<title>ÐñïóèÝôïíôáò Ýíá Ëïãáñéáóìü ×ñÞóôç</title>
<para>Áí äåí öôéÜîáôå êáíÝíá ëïãáñéáóìü ÷ñÞóôç üôáí åãêáôáóôÞóáôå ôï
óýóôçìá, êáé ôþñá Ý÷åôå êÜíåé login óáí <username>root</username>, ìÜëëïí åßíáé ç êáôÜëëçëç
þñá íá öôéÜîåôå Ýíá ëïãáñéáóìü ÷ñÞóôç ìå ôçí åíôïëÞ</para>
<informalexample>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>adduser</userinput></screen>
</informalexample>
<para>Ôçí ðñþôç öïñÜ ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå ôçí åíôïëÞ <command>adduser</command>, ìðïñåß íá óáò ñùôÞóåé
ãéá êÜðïéåò ðñïêáèïñéóìÝíåò ñõèìßóåéò ðïõ èá óþóåé. Ìðïñåß ãéá
ðáñÜäåéãìá íá èÝëåôå íá âÜëåôå ôïí ðñïêáèïñéóìÝíï öëïéü (shell) íá åßíáé
&man.csh.1; áíôß ãéá &man.sh.1;, áí óáò ðñïôåßíåé ôï <command>sh</command> óáí ðñïêáèïñéóìÝíï öëïéü.
Áëëéþò ðáôÞóôå áðëÜ enter ãéá íá äå÷ôåßôå êÜèå ðñïåðéëåãìÝíç ôéìÞ.
ÁõôÝò ïé ðñïêáèïñéóìÝíåò ôéìÝò óþæïíôáé óôï áñ÷åßï
<filename>/etc/adduser.conf</filename>, ðïõ ìðïñåßôå íá ôéò áëëÜîåôå
áñãüôåñá.</para>
<para>¸óôù ïôé äçìéïõñãåßôå Ýíá ëïãáñéáóìü ÷ñÞóôç ìå üíïìá
<username>jack</username> êáé ðëÞñåò üíïìá <emphasis>Jack
Benimble</emphasis>. Ïñßóôå ãéá ôïí <username>jack</username> êé Ýíá êùäéêü ÷ñÞóôç
(password) áí ç áóöÜëåéá óáò åíäéáöÝñåé (áêüìá êáé ðáéäéÜ ðïõ ðáßæïõí ìå
ôï ðëçêôñïëüãéï ìðïñåß íá åßíáé åðéêßíäõíá). ¼ôáí óáò ñùôÞóåé áí èÝëåôå
íá âÜëåôå ôïí <username>jack</username> êáé óå Üëëåò ïìÜäåò (groups), ãñÜøôå
<groupname>wheel</groupname></para>
<informalexample>
<screen>Login group is ``jack''. Invite jack into other groups: <userinput>wheel</userinput></screen>
</informalexample>
<para>Áõôü èá óáò äþóåé ôç äõíáôüôçôá üôáí Ý÷åôå óõíäåèåß óôï óýóôçìá óáí
<username>jack</username> êáé ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå ôçí åíôïëÞ
&man.su.1; íá ìðïñåßôå íá ãßíåôå <username>root</username>. ¸ôóé, äåí èá óáò
ðåéñÜîåé ðïôÝ êÜðïéïò åðåéäÞ êÜíåôå login óáí <username>root</username>.</para>
<para>Ìðïñåßôå íá óôáìáôÞóåôå ôçí <command>adduser</command> ïðïéáäÞðïôå
óôéãìÞ ðáôþíôáò
<keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>C</keycap></keycombo>, êáé óôï
ôÝëïò èá Ý÷åôå ìéá åõêáéñßá íá åãêñßíåôå ôçí äçìéïõñãßá ôïõ íÝïõ ÷ñÞóôç
Þ íá áñíçèåßôå ðáôþíôáò <keycap>n</keycap>. Ìéá êáëÞ éäÝá åßíáé åðßóçò
íá öôéÜîåôå Ýíá äåýôåñï ëïãáñéáóìü ÷ñÞóôç, Ýôóé þóôå üôáí êÜíåôå
áëëáãÝò óå êÜðïéá áñ÷åßá ñõèìßóåùí ôïõ <username>jack</username>, íá Ý÷åôå Ýíá ëïãáñéáóìü ðïõ
ìðïñåßôå íá ôïí ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå åýêïëá óå ðåñßðôùóç ðïõ êÜôé ðÜåé
óôñáâÜ.</para>
<para>Áöïý ôï êÜíåôå áõôü, ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßóôå ôçí åíôïëÞ <command>exit</command> ãéá
íá åðéóôñÝøåôå óôï login prompt êáé óõíäåèåßôå óáí
<username>jack</username>. ÃåíéêÜ, åßíáé ìéá êáëÞ éäÝá íá êÜíåôå üóï ôï
äõíáôüí ðåñéóóüôåñåò áðü ôéò äïõëåéÝò óáò óáí Ýíáò áðëüò ÷ñÞóôçò ðïõ äåí
Ý÷åé ôçí äýíáìç—êáé ôï ñßóêï—ôïõ <username>root</username>.</para>
<para>Áí Ý÷åôå Þäç äçìéïõñãÞóåé Ýíá ëïãáñéáóìü ÷ñÞóôç êáé èÝëåôå áõôüò ï
÷ñÞóôçò íá ìðïñåß íá êÜíåé <command>su</command> óå <username>root</username>, ìðïñåßôå íá
ìðåßôå óáí <username>root</username> êáé íá áëëÜîåôå ôï áñ÷åßï
<filename>/etc/group</filename>, ðñïóèÝôïíôáò ôïí <username>jack</username> óôçí ðñþôç ãñáììÞ
(ôï group ìå üíïìá <groupname>wheel</groupname>). ÁëëÜ ðñþôá ðñÝðåé íá åîáóêçèåßôå óôçí ÷ñÞóç
ôïõ &man.vi.1;, ôïõ åðåîåñãáóôÞ êåéìÝíïõ—Þ íá
÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôïí ðéï áðëü åðåîåñãáóôÞ êåéìÝíïõ, ôïí
&man.ee.1;, ðïõ åãêáèßóôáôáé óå ðñüóöáôåò åêäüóåéò ôïõ
FreeBSD.</para>
<para>Ãéá íá óâÞóåôå Ýíá ÷ñÞóôç, ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóôå ôçí åíôïëÞ
<command>rmuser</command>.</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="looking-around">
<title>ÄïêéìÜæïíôáò ÄéÜöïñåò ÅíôïëÝò</title>
<para>ÊÜðïéá óôéãìÞ ðïõ èá åßóôå logged in óáí áðëüò ÷ñÞóôçò, øÜîôå
ôñéãýñù êáé äïêéìÜóôå êÜðïéåò áðü ôéò åíôïëÝò ðïõ èá óáò âïçèÞóïõí íá
âñåßôå âïÞèåéá êáé ðëçñïöïñßåò ìÝóá áðü ôï ßäéï ôï FreeBSD.</para>
<para>ÐáñáêÜôù èá äåßôå êÜðïéåò åíôïëÝò êáé ôé áõôÝò êÜíïõí:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>id</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Óáò äåß÷íåé ðïéïò åßóôå!</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>pwd</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Óáò äåß÷íåé ðïõ åßóôå—ôïí ôñÝ÷ïíôá êáôÜëïãï.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>ls</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Äåß÷íåé ôá áñ÷åßá ðïõ ðåñéÝ÷ïíôáé óôïí ôñÝ÷ïíôá
êáôÜëïãï.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>ls <option>-F</option></command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Äåß÷íåé ôá áñ÷åßá ðïõ ðåñéÝ÷åé ï ôñÝ÷ïíôáò êáôÜëïãïò
ôõðþíïíôáò ìåôÜ ôï üíïìá <literal>*</literal> ãéá ôá åêôåëÝóéìá
<literal>/</literal> ãéá ôïõò êáôáëüãïõò, êáé <literal>@</literal>
ìåôÜ ôá symbolic links.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>ls <option>-l</option></command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Ôõðþíåé ôá áñ÷åßá ôïõ ôñÝ÷ïíôïò êáôáëüãïõ ìå
ëåðôïìÝñåéåò—ìÝãåèïò, çìåñïìçíßá, Üäåéåò.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>ls <option>-a</option></command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Äåß÷íåé åêôüò áðü ôá êáíïíéêÜ áñ÷åßá êáé ôá êñõöÜ
<quote>dot</quote> áñ÷åßá. Áí åßóôå <username>root</username>, ôá <quote>dot</quote>
áñ÷åßá ôá äåß÷íåé Ýôóé êé áëëéþò, êáé ÷ùñßò ôçí åðéëïãÞ
<option>-a</option>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>cd</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>ÁëëÜæåé ôïí ôñÝ÷ïíôá êáôÜëïãï. Ç åíôïëÞ <command>cd
<parameter>..</parameter></command> áíåâáßíåé óôïí ðñïçãïýìåíï
êáôÜëïãï (óçìåéþóôå ôï êåíü ìåôÜ ôçí <command>cd</command>). Ç
åíôïëÞ <command>cd <parameter>/usr/local</parameter></command>
áëëÜæåé ôïí ôñÝ÷ïíôá êáôÜëïãï óå áõôüí. Ç åíôïëÞ <command>cd
<parameter>~</parameter></command> ðçãáßíåé óôïí áñ÷éêü êáôÜëïãï
ôïõ ÷ñÞóôç ðïõ Ý÷åé êÜíåé login—ð.÷. óôïí
<filename>/usr/home/jack</filename>. ÄïêéìÜóôå ôçí åíôïëÞ
<command>cd <parameter>/cdrom</parameter></command>, êáé ìåôÜ ôçí
<command>ls</command>, ãéá íá äåßôå áí ôï CDROM óáò åßíáé åíåñãü
êáé äïõëåýåé.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>view
<replaceable>filename</replaceable></command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Áò äïýìå ôá ðåñéå÷üìåíá åíüò áñ÷åßïõ (ìå üíïìá
<replaceable>filename</replaceable>) ÷ùñßò íá ôï áëëÜîïõìå.
ÄïêéìÜóôå ôçí åíôïëÞ <command>view
<parameter>/etc/fstab</parameter></command>. Äþóôå
<command>:q</command> ãéá íá âãåßôå.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>cat
<replaceable>filename</replaceable></command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Äåß÷íåé ôá ðåñéå÷üìåíá ôïõ <replaceable>filename</replaceable>
óôçí ïèüíç. Áí ôï áñ÷åßï åßíáé ðïëý ìåãÜëï, èá ìðïñåßôå íá äåßôå
ìüíï ôï ôÝëïò ôïõ. ÐáôÞóôå <keycap>ScrollLock</keycap> êáé
÷ñçóéìïðïéåßóôå <keycap>up-arrow</keycap> ãéá íá ìåôáêéíçèåßôå
ðñïò ôá ðßóù; ôï <keycap>ScrollLock</keycap> ìðïñåß íá
÷ñçóéìïðïéçèåß êáé ìå ôéò óåëßäåò man. ÐáôÞóôå
<keycap>ScrollLock</keycap> ðÜëé ãéá íá óôáìáôÞóåôå íá
ìåôáêéíåßóôå ðÜíù/êÜôù. ÅíäéáöÝñïí åßíáé íá äïêéìÜóåôå ôçí åíôïëÞ
<command>cat</command> óå êÜðïéá áðü ôá dot áñ÷åßá óôïí áñ÷éêü óáò
êáôÜëïãï— <command>cat
<parameter>.cshrc</parameter></command>, <command>cat
<parameter>.login</parameter></command>, <command>cat
<parameter>.profile</parameter></command>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>Èá ðáñáôçñÞóåôå óôï <filename>.cshrc</filename> óõíôïìåýóåéò ãéá
êÜðïéåò áðü ôéò åðéëïãÝò ôçò åíôïëÞò <command>ls</command> (åßíáé ðïëý
âïëéêÝò). Ìðïñåßôå íá öôéÜîåôå êé Üëëåò óõíôïìåýóåéò áëëÜæïíôáò ôï
áñ÷åßï <filename>.cshrc</filename>. Ìðïñåßôå íá êÜíåôå áõôÝò ôéò
óõíôïìåýóåéò äéáèÝóéìåò óå üëïõò ôïõò ÷ñÞóôåò ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò áí ôéò
âÜëåôå óôï áñ÷åßï ìå ôéò ñõèìßóåéò óõóôÞìáôïò ôïõ <command>csh</command>, ôï
<filename>/etc/csh.cshrc</filename>.</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="getting-help">
<title>Áíáæçôþíôáò ÂïÞèåéá êáé Ðëçñïöïñßåò</title>
<para>Áò äïýìå üìùò ìåñéêÝò ÷ñÞóéìåò ðçãÝò âïÞèåéáò. Óôï ðáñáêÜôù ç ëÝîç
<replaceable>êåßìåíï</replaceable> áíôéóôïé÷åß óå êÜôé ðïõ åóåßò Ý÷åôå
åðéëÝîåé íá ãñÜøåôå—óõíÞèùò ôï üíïìá ìéáò åíôïëÞò Þ åíüò
áñ÷åßïõ.</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>apropos
<replaceable>êåßìåíï</replaceable></command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Ôõðþíåé óôçí ïèüíç üëåò ôéò ãñáììÝò ðïõ ðåñéÝ÷ïõí ôï
<replaceable>êåßìåíï</replaceable> áðü ôçí <database>âÜóç
whatis</database>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>man
<replaceable>êåßìåíï</replaceable></command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Ôõðþíåé óôçí ïèüíç ôçí óåëßäá man ãéá ôï
<replaceable>êåßìåíï</replaceable>. Ç êõñéüôåñç ðçãÞ ôåêìçñßùóçò
ãéá ôá óõóôÞìáôá &unix;. Ç åíôïëÞ <command>man
<parameter>ls</parameter></command> èá óáò äåßîåé üëïõò ôïõò
ôñüðïõò íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôçí åíôïëÞ <command>ls</command>.
ÐáôÞóôå ôï <keycap>Enter</keycap> ãéá íá ìåôáêéíçèåßôå óôï
êåßìåíï,
<keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>B</keycap></keycombo> ãéá
íá ðÜôå ìéá óåëßäá ðßóù,
<keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>F</keycap></keycombo> ãéá
íá ðÜôå ìðñïóôÜ, <keycap>q</keycap> Þ
<keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>C</keycap></keycombo> ãéá
íá ôåñìáôßóåôå ôçí <command>man</command>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>which
<replaceable>êåßìåíï</replaceable></command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Óáò ëÝåé áðü ðïéïí êáôÜëïãï ôïõ PATH ç åíôïëÞ
<replaceable>êåßìåíï</replaceable> åêôåëåßôáé.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>locate
<replaceable>êåßìåíï</replaceable></command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Ôõðþíåé üëá ôá áñ÷åßá ôïõ äßóêïõ ðïõ ôï üíïìÜ ôïõò ðåñéÝ÷åé ôï
<replaceable>êåßìåíï</replaceable>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>whatis
<replaceable>êåßìåíï</replaceable></command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Óáò ëÝåé ôé êÜíåé ç åíôïëÞ <replaceable>êåßìåíï</replaceable>
êáé ðïéá åßíáé ç óåëßäá man ôçò. ÃñÜöïíôáò <command>whatis
*</command> èá óáò äþóåé áíôßóôïé÷åò ðëçñïöïñßåò ãéá üëá ôá
åêôåëÝóéìá ôïõ ôñÝ÷ïíôïò êáôáëüãïõ.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>whereis
<replaceable>êåßìåíï</replaceable></command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Âñßóêåé ôï áñ÷åßï <replaceable>êåßìåíï</replaceable>, êáé
ôõðþíåé ôï ðëÞñåò üíïìá êáôáëüãïõ ôïõ.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>ÌÜëëïí èá åßíáé åíäéáöÝñïí íá äïêéìÜóåôå ôçí åíôïëÞ
<command>whatis</command> ãéá êÜðïéåò êïéíÝò êáé ÷ñÞóéìåò åíôïëÝò üðùò
ïé <command>cat</command>, <command>more</command>,
<command>grep</command>, <command>mv</command>, <command>find</command>,
<command>tar</command>, <command>chmod</command>,
<command>chown</command>, <command>date</command>, êáé
<command>script</command>. Ç åíôïëÞ <command>more</command> óáò äßíåé
ôç äõíáôüôçôá íá äéáâÜóåôå ìéá óåëßäá êÜèå öïñÜ üðùò êáé óôï DOS,
ð.÷. ãñÜöïíôáò <command>ls -l | more</command> Þ <command>more
<replaceable>filename</replaceable></command>. Ï ÷áñáêôÞñáò
<literal>*</literal> äïõëåýåé óáí ìåôá÷áñáêôÞñáò—ð.÷., ç åíôïëÞ
<command>ls w*</command> èá óáò äåßîåé üëá ôá áñ÷åßá ðïõ ôï üíïìÜ ôïõò
îåêéíÜåé ìå <literal>w</literal>.</para>
<para>ÌÞðùò êÜðïéá áðü áõôÜ ðïõ åßðáìå äåí äïõëåýïõí êáëÜ; Ôüóï ç åíôïëÞ
&man.locate.1; üóï êáé ç &man.whatis.1; åîáñôþíôáé
áðü ìéá âÜóç ðïõ îáíáöôéÜ÷íåôáé ìéá öïñÜ ôç âäïìÜäá. Áí ôï ìç÷ÜíçìÜ óáò
äåí ðáñáìåßíåé áíïé÷ôü ôï óáââáôïêýñéáêï (ôñÝ÷ïíôáò ôï FreeBSD), ìðïñåß
íá èÝëåôå íá ôñÝîåôå åóåßò ôéò åíôïëÝò ãéá êáèçìåñéíÞ, åâäïìáäéáßá êáé
ìçíéáßá óõíôÞñçóç ðïõ êáé ðïõ. ÔñÝîôå ôéò óáí <username>root</username> êáé äþóôå ôïõò ÷ñüíï
íá ôåëåéþóåé ç êáèåìéá ðñéí îåêéíÞóåôå ôçí åðüìåíç.</para>
<informalexample>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>periodic daily</userinput>
<lineannotation>ðáñáëåßðåôáé ç Ýîïäïò ôçò åíôïëÞò</lineannotation>
&prompt.root; <userinput>periodic weekly</userinput>
<lineannotation>ðáñáëåßðåôáé ç Ýîïäïò ôçò åíôïëÞò</lineannotation>
&prompt.root; <userinput>periodic monthly</userinput>
<lineannotation>ðáñáëåßðåôáé ç Ýîïäïò ôçò åíôïëÞò</lineannotation></screen>
</informalexample>
<para>Áí âáñåèåßôå íá ðåñéìÝíåôå, ðáôÞóôå
<keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F2</keycap></keycombo> ãéá íá
âãåßôå óå Ýíá äåýôåñï <firstterm>åéêïíéêü ôåñìáôéêü</firstterm>, êáé íá
êÜíåôå ðÜëé login. ¸ôóé êé áëëéþò, åßíáé Ýíá ðïëõ÷ñçóôéêü,
ðïëõäéåñãáóéáêü ëåéôïõñãéêü óýóôçìá. Ìðïñåß ðÜíôùò áõôÝò ïé åíôïëÝò íá
óôåßëïõí êÜðïéá ìçíýìáôá óôçí ïèüíç óáò üóï ôñÝ÷ïõí. Ìðïñåßôå íá
ãñÜøåôå <command>clear</command> óôï prompt ãéá íá êáèáñßóåôå ôçí
ïèüíç. Ìüëéò ôåëåéþóïõí, ìðïñåß íá èÝëåôå íá êïéôÜîåôå ôá áñ÷åßá
<filename>/var/mail/root</filename> êáé
<filename>/var/log/messages</filename>.</para>
<para>Ôï íá ôñÝ÷åé êáíåßò ôÝôïéåò åíôïëÝò åßíáé ìÝñïò ôçò äéá÷åßñéóçò åíüò
óõóôÞìáôïò—êáé óáí ï ìïíáäéêüò ÷ñÞóôçò åíüò &unix; óõóôÞìáôïò, åßóôå
ï äéá÷åéñéóôÞò óõóôÞìáôïò ôïõ åáõôïý óáò. ÃåíéêÜ ïôéäÞðïôå áðáéôåß íá
åßóôå <username>root</username> ãéá íá ôï êÜíåôå åßíáé äéá÷åßñéóç ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò. ÔÝôïéåò
õðï÷ñåþóåéò äåí êáëýðôïíôáé áñêåôÜ êáëÜ óå åêåßíá ôá ôåñÜóôéá âéâëßá ðïõ
õðüó÷ïíôáé íá óáò ìÜèïõí &unix;, êáèþò áõôÜ áöéåñþíïõí óõíÞèùò ðïëý ÷þñï
óôï ðùò èá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå êÜðïéï óõãêåêñéìÝíï ãñáöéêü ðåñéâÜëëïí.
Êáëýôåñá íá ðÜñåôå êÜðïéï áðü ôá äýï ðéï óçìáíôéêÜ âéâëßá ãéá äéá÷åßñéóç
óõóôçìÜôùí, åßôå ôï <citetitle>&unix; System Administration
Handbook</citetitle> ôïõ Evi Nemeth (åêäüóåéò Prentice-Hall, 1995, ISBN
0-13-15051-7)—ôçí äåýôåñç Ýêäïóç, ìå ôï êüêêéíï åîþöõëï, Þ ôï
<citetitle>Essential System Administration</citetitle> ôïõ Æleen
Frisch's (åêäüóåéò O'Reilly & Associates, 2002, ISBN 0-596-00343-9).
Åãþ (ÓÔÌ: ç Annelise Anderson) ÷ñçóéìïðïßçóá ôï âéâëßï ôïõ
Nemeth.</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="editing-text">
<title>Åðåîåñãáóßá ÊåéìÝíïõ</title>
<para>Ãéá íá ñõèìßóåôå ôï óýóôçìÜ óáò, ðñÝðåé íá êÜíåôå áëëáãÝò óå áñ÷åßá
êåéìÝíïõ. Ôá ðéï ðïëëÜ áðü áõôÜ èá åßíáé óôïí êáôÜëïãï
<filename>/etc</filename>. Åðßóçò èá ÷ñåéáóôåß íá êÜíåôå
<command>su</command> óå <username>root</username> ãéá íá ìðïñÝóåôå íá ôá áëëÜîåôå. Ìðïñåßôå
íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôï åýêïëï ðñüãñáììá <command>ee</command>, áëëÜ
ôåëéêÜ èá ðñÝðåé êÜðïéá óôéãìÞ íá ìÜèåôå êáé ôïí åðåîåñãáóôÞ êåéìÝíïõ
<command>vi</command>. ÕðÜñ÷åé Ýíáò õðÝñï÷ïò ïäçãüò ãéá ôç ÷ñÞóç ôïõ vi
óôï áñ÷åßï <filename>/usr/src/contrib/nvi/docs/tutorial</filename> áí ôï
Ý÷åôå åãêáôáóôÞóåé.</para>
<para>Ðñéí êÜíåôå áëëáãÝò óå áñ÷åßá ñõèìßóåùí, ìÜëëïí åßíáé êáëÞ éäÝá íá
ðÜñåôå êÜðïéï áíôßãñáöï áóöáëåßáò. ¸óôù üôé èÝëåôå íá êÜíåôå áëëáãÝò
óôï <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>. Ìðïñåßôå íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôçí
åíôïëÞ <command>cd /etc</command> ãéá íá ðÜôå óôïí êáôÜëïãï
<filename>/etc</filename> êáé íá ãñÜøåôå:</para>
<informalexample>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cp rc.conf rc.conf.orig</userinput></screen>
</informalexample>
<para>åðåéäÞ ç åíôïëÞ <command>mv</command> äéáôçñåß ôçí áñ÷éêÞ çìåñïìçíßá
êáé ôïí éäéïêôÞôç åíüò áñ÷åßïõ. Ôþñá ìðïñåßôå íá êÜíåôå üôé áëëáãÝò
èÝëåôå óôï <filename>rc.conf</filename>. Áí èÝëåôå ôï áñ÷éêü ðÜëé, ôüôå
èá åêôåëÝóåôå <userinput>mv rc.conf rc.conf.myedit</userinput>
(õðïèÝôïíôáò üôé èÝëåôå íá êñáôÞóåôå ôçí áëëáãìÝíç Ýêäïóç) êáé
ôüôå</para>
<informalexample>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mv rc.conf.orig rc.conf</userinput></screen>
</informalexample>
<para>ãéá íá åðáíáöÝñåôå ôá ðñÜãìáôá óôçí ðñïçãïýìåíç ôïõò
êáôÜóôáóç.</para>
<para>Ãéá íá åðåîåñãáóôåßôå Ýíá áñ÷åßï, äþóôå</para>
<informalexample>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>vi <replaceable>filename</replaceable></userinput></screen>
</informalexample>
<para>Ìåôáêéíçèåßôå óôï êåßìåíï ìå ôá âåëÜêéá. Ôï <keycap>Esc</keycap>
(escape ðëÞêôñï) âÜæåé ôï <command>vi</command> óå êáôÜóôáóç åíôïëþí.
Ïñßóôå êáé ìåñéêÝò âáóéêÝò åíôïëÝò:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>x</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>óâÞíåé ôïí ÷áñáêôÞñá ðïõ ðÜíù ôïõ åßíáé ï äåßêôçò
(cursor)</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>dd</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>óâÞíåé ïëüêëçñç ôçí ãñáììÞ (áêüìá êé áí áíáäéðëþíåé óôï ôÝëïò
ôçò ïèüíçò)</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>i</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>åéóÜãåé êåßìåíï óôï óçìåßï ðïõ åßíáé ï äåßêôçò</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>a</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>åéóÜãåé êåßìåíï ìåôÜ ôïí äåßêôç</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>¼ôáí ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôçí åíôïëÞ <command>i</command> Þ ôçí
<command>a</command>, ìðïñåßôå íá åéóÜãåôå êåßìåíï. ÐáôÞóôå
<command>Esc</command> ãéá íá åðéóôñÝøåôå óå êáôÜóôáóç åíôïëþí, üðïõ
ìðïñåßôå íá äþóåôå åíôïëÝò üðùò</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>:w</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>ãéá íá ãñÜøåôå ôéò áëëáãÝò óáò óôï äßóêï êáé íá óõíå÷ßóåôå íá
åðåîåñãÜæåóôå ôï áñ÷åßï</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>:wq</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>ãéá íá ãñÜøåôå ôéò áëëáãÝò êáé íá âãåßôå áðü ôï vi</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>:q!</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>ãéá íá âãåßôå ÷ùñßò íá óþóåôå ôéò áëëáãÝò</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>/<replaceable>êåßìåíï</replaceable></command></term>
<listitem>
<para>ãéá íá ìåôáêéíçèåßôå óôçí ðñþôç ãñáììÞ ðïõ åìöáíßæåôáé ôï
<replaceable>êåßìåíï</replaceable>—ìåôÜ ìðïñåßôå íá ðáôÞóåôå
<command>/<keycap>Enter</keycap></command> (ôï ðëÞêôñï enter) ãéá
íá âñåßôå ôçí åðüìåíç ãñáììÞ ðïõ åìöáíßæåôáé ôï
<replaceable>êåßìåíï</replaceable>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>G</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>ãéá íá ðÜôå óôï ôÝëïò ôïõ áñ÷åßïõ</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command><replaceable>n</replaceable>G</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>ãéá íá ðÜôå óôçí ãñáììÞ <replaceable>n</replaceable> ôïõ
áñ÷åßïõ, üðïõ <replaceable>n</replaceable> åßíáé áñéèìüò</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>L</keycap></keycombo></term>
<listitem>
<para>ãéá íá îáíáæùãñáöéóôåß ç ïèüíç</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>b</keycap></keycombo> and
<keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>f</keycap></keycombo></term>
<listitem>
<para>ãéá íá ìåôáêéíçèåßôå ìéá ïèüíç ðßóù Þ ìéá ïèüíç ìðñïóôÜ, üðùò
êáé óôá ðñïãñÜììáôá <command>more</command> êáé
<command>view</command>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>Åîáóêçèåßôå ìå ôï <command>vi</command> óôïí áñ÷éêü óáò êáôÜëïãï,
äçìéïõñãþíôáò Ýíá êáéíïýñéï áñ÷åßï ìå ôçí åíôïëÞ <command>vi
<replaceable>filename</replaceable></command>, ðñïóèÝôïíôáò êáé
áöáéñþíôáò êåßìåíï, óþæïíôáò ôï áñ÷åßï, êáé öïñôþíïíôÜò ôï ðÜëé. Ôï
<command>vi</command> ìåñéêÝò öïñÝò åðéöõëëÜóåé åêðëÞîåéò, åðåéäÞ åßíáé
áñêåôÜ ðåñßðëïêï ðñüãñáììá, ïðüôå êÜðïéá
óôéãìÞ èá êÜíåôå êÜôé ðïõ èá êÜíåé êÜôé áíáðÜíôå÷ï. (Óå êÜðïéïõò
ðñáãìáôéêÜ áñÝóåé ôï <command>vi</command>—åßíáé ðéï åõÝëéêôï áðü
ôï EDIT ôïõ DOS—äïêéìÜóôå íá âñåßôå âïÞèåéá ð.÷. ãéá ôçí åíôïëÞ
<command>:r</command>.) ×ñçóéìïðïéÞóôå ôï <keycap>Esc</keycap>
ìéá Þ ðåñéóóüôåñåò öïñÝò ãéá íá åßóôå óßãïõñïé üôé åßóôå óå êáôÜóôáóç
åíôïëþí êáé óõíå÷ßóôå áðü åêåß áí êÜôé äåí óáò ðÜåé êáëÜ, íá óþæåôå
óõ÷íÜ ìå ôçí <command>:w</command> åíôïëÞ, êáé ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóôå ôçí åíôïëÞ
<command>:q!</command> ãéá íá âãåßôå êáé íá áñ÷ßóåôå ðÜëé áðü ôçí áñ÷Þ
(áðü åêåß ðïõ óáò Üöçóå ç ôåëåõôáßá <command>:w</command> åíôïëÞ) üôáí
áõôü ÷ñåéáóôåß.</para>
<para>Ôþñá ìðïñåßôå íá êÜíåôå <command>cd</command> óôïí êáôÜëïãï
<filename>/etc</filename>, íá ãßíåôå <username>root</username> ìå ôçí <command>su</command>,
íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôï <command>vi</command> ãéá íá áëëÜîåôå ôï áñ÷åßï
<filename>/etc/group</filename>, êáé íá ðñïóèÝóåôå Ýíá ÷ñÞóôç óôçí ïìÜäá
<groupname>wheel</groupname> Ýôóé þóôå íá Ý÷åé äéêáéþìáôá <username>root</username>.
ÁðëÜ ðñïóèÝóôå Ýíá êüììá êáé ôï
üíïìá ôïõ ÷ñÞóôç ìåôÜ ôï ôÝëïò ôçò ðñþôçò ãñáììÞò ôïõ áñ÷åßïõ, ðáôÞóôå
<keycap>Esc</keycap>, êáé ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóôå <command>:wq</command> ãéá íá
óþóåôå ôï áñ÷åßï óôï äßóêï êáé íá âãåßôå. Éó÷ýåé áìÝóùò. (Äåí âÜëáôå
êÜðïéï êåíü ìåôÜ ôï êüììá, óùóôÜ;)</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="printing-files-from-dos">
<title>Åêôõðþíïíôáò áñ÷åßá áðü ôï DOS</title>
<para>Óå áõôü ôï óçìåßï ìÜëëïí äåí Ý÷åôå âÜëåé êÜðïéï åêôõðùôÞ íá
äïõëåýåé, ïðüôå áò äïýìå Ýíá ôñüðï íá äçìéïõñãÞóåôå Ýíá áñ÷åßï áðü ìéá
óåëßäá man, íá ôï áíôéãñÜøåôå óå ìéá äéóêÝôôá, êáé ôüôå íá ôï ôõðþóåôå
áðü ôï DOS. ¸óôù üôé èÝëåôå íá äéáâÜóåôå ðñïóåêôéêÜ ãéá ôï ðùò áëëÜæïõí
ïé Üäåéåò åíüò áñ÷åßïõ (Ýíá áñêåôÜ óçìáíôéêü èÝìá). Ìðïñåßôå íá
÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôçí åíôïëÞ <command>man chmod</command> ãéá íá äéáâÜóåôå
ãé áõôü ôï èÝìá. Ç åíôïëÞ</para>
<informalexample>
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>man chmod | col -b > chmod.txt</userinput></screen>
</informalexample>
<para>èá áöáéñÝóåé ôïõò êùäéêïýò ìïñöïðïßçóçò êáé èá óôåßëåé ôçí man
óåëßäá óôï áñ÷åßï <filename>chmod.txt</filename> áíôß íá ôçí äåßîåé óôçí
ïèüíç óáò. Ôþñá âÜëôå ìéá äéóêÝôôá äéáìïñöùìÝíç áðü DOS óôïí ïäçãü
äéóêÝôôáò <devicename>a</devicename>, ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóôå
ôçí åíôïëÞ <command>su</command> ãéá íá ãßíåôå <username>root</username>,
êáé äþóôå</para>
<informalexample>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>/sbin/mount -t msdosfs /dev/fd0 /mnt</userinput></screen>
</informalexample>
<para>ãéá íá óõíäÝóåôå (mount) ôçí äéóêÝôôá ìå ôïí êáôÜëïãï
<filename>/mnt</filename>.</para>
<para>Ôþñá (äåí ÷ñåéÜæåôáé ðëÝïí íá åßóôå <username>root</username>, êáé ìðïñåßôå íá äþóåôå
<command>exit</command> ãéá íá åðéóôñÝøåôå óôá äéêáéþìáôá ôïõ ÷ñÞóôç
<username>jack</username>) ìðïñåßôå íá ðÜôå óôïí êáôÜëïãï ðïõ äçìéïõñãÞóáôå ôï
<filename>chmod.txt</filename> êáé íá ôï áíôéãñÜøåôå óôç äéóêÝôá
ãñÜöïíôáò:</para>
<informalexample>
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>cp chmod.txt /mnt</userinput></screen>
</informalexample>
<para>Õóôåñá, ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôçí åíôïëÞ <command>ls /mnt</command> ãéá íá
äåßôå ôá ðåñéå÷üìåíá ôïõ êáôáëüãïõ <filename>/mnt</filename>, èá ðñÝðåé
íá äåßôå êáé ôï áñ÷åßï <filename>chmod.txt</filename>.</para>
<para>Óßãïõñá èá ðñÝðåé íá öôéÜîåôå êé Ýíá áñ÷åßï áðü ôï
<filename>/sbin/dmesg</filename> ãñÜöïíôáò</para>
<informalexample>
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>/sbin/dmesg > dmesg.txt</userinput></screen>
</informalexample>
<para>êáé áíôéãñÜöïíôáò ôï <filename>dmesg.txt</filename> óôç äéóêÝôá. Ç
åíôïëÞ <command>/sbin/dmesg</command> ôõðþíåé ôá ìçíýìáôá åêêßíçóçò, êáé
åßíáé ÷ñÞóéìï íá êáôáëÜâåôå ôé ôõðþíåé, áöïý äåß÷íåé ôé áíáãíþñéóå ôï
FreeBSD üôáí îåêßíçóå. Áí ñùôÞóåôå êÜôé óôçí
<email>freebsd-questions@FreeBSD.org</email> Þ óå êÜðïéá ïìÜäá óõæÞôçóçò
ôïõ USENET—üðùò ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá <quote>ôï FreeBSD äåí âñßóêåé ôï
tape drive ìïõ, ôé íá êÜíù;</quote>—èá óáò æçôÞóïõí óßãïõñá ôçí
Ýîïäï ôçò åíôïëÞò <command>dmesg</command>.</para>
<para>Ìðïñåßôå ôþñá íá áðïðñïóáñôÞóåôå ôïí ïäçãü äéóêÝôôáò (óáí <username>root</username>) ãéá íá
âãÜëåôå ôç äéóêÝôôá ìå ôçí åíôïëÞ</para>
<informalexample>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>/sbin/umount /mnt</userinput></screen>
</informalexample>
<para>êáé íá åðáíåêêéíÞóåôå ôï óýóôçìÜ óáò óå DOS. ÁíôéãñÜøôå áõôÜ ôá
áñ÷åßá óå Ýíá DOS êáôÜëïãï, áíïßîôå ôá ìå ôï DOS EDIT, ôï &windows;
Notepad Þ ôï Wordpad, Þ Ýíá åðåîåñãáóôÞ êåéìÝíïõ, êÜíôå ìéá ìéêñÞ áëëáãÞ
Ýôóé þóôå íá ðñÝðåé ôï áñ÷åßï íá óùèåß, êáé ôõðþóôå üðùò óõíÞèùò áðü ôï
DOS Þ ôá &windows;. Åëðßæù íá äïõëÝøåé! Ïé óåëßäåò man ôõðþíïíôáé ðïëý
üìïñöá áí ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôçí åíôïëÞ <command>print</command> ôïõ
DOS. (Ç áíôéãñáöÞ áñ÷åßùí áðü ôï FreeBSD óå Ýíá mounted DOS ôìÞìá äßóêïõ
åßíáé óå ìåñéêÝò ðåñéðôþóåéò åðéêßíäõíï ðñÜãìá.)</para>
<para>Ôï íá êÜíåôå Ýíá åêôõðùôÞ óôï FreeBSD íá ôõðþóåé áðáéôåß íá öôéÜîåôå
ìéá êáôÜëëçëç åããñáöÞ óôï áñ÷åßï <filename>/etc/printcap</filename> êáé
íá äçìéïõñãÞóåôå Ýíá spool êáôÜëïãï óôï
<filename>/var/spool/output</filename>. Áí ï åêôõðùôÞò óáò åßíáé óôçí
èýñá <hardware>lpt0</hardware> (áõôÞ ðïõ ôï DOS áðïêáëåß
<hardware>LPT1</hardware>), ìðïñåß áðëÜ íá ÷ñåéÜæåôáé íá ðÜôå óôïí
êáôÜëïãï <filename>/var/spool/output</filename> êáé (óáí <username>root</username>) íá
äçìéïõñãÞóåôå Ýíá õðïêáôÜëïãï <filename>lpd</filename> ãñÜöïíôáò:
<command>mkdir lpd</command>, áí äåí õðÜñ÷åé Þäç. Ôüôå ï åêôõðùôÞò èá
ðñÝðåé íá áðáíôÜåé áí åßíáé áíïé÷ôüò üôáí ôï óýóôçìá îåêéíÜåé, êáé ïé
åíôïëÝò <command>lp</command> êáé <command>lpr</command> èá ðñÝðåé íá
óôÝëíïõí Ýíá áñ÷åßï óôïí åêôõðùôÞ. Áí ôï áñ÷åßï èá ôõðùèåß Þ ü÷é,
åîáñôÜôáé áðü ôï áí ï åêôõðùôÞò Ý÷åé ñõèìéóôåß óùóôÜ, êÜôé ðïõ êáëýðôåé
ôï <ulink url="&url.books.handbook;/index.html">handbook ôïõ
FreeBSD.</ulink></para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="other-useful-commands">
<title>¶ëëåò ×ñÞóéìåò ÅíôïëÝò</title>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>df</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Äåß÷íåé ðïéåò óõóêåõÝò Ý÷ïõí ãßíåé mount êáé ôï ÷þñï
ôïõò.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>ps aux</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Äåß÷íåé ôéò äéåñãáóßåò ðïõ ôñÝ÷ïõí.
Ç åíôïëÞ <command>ps ax</command> ôõðþíåé ðéï óõìðáãÞ
Ýîïäï.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>rm <replaceable>áñ÷åßï</replaceable></command></term>
<listitem>
<para>ÓâÞíåé ôï <replaceable>áñ÷åßï</replaceable>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>rm -R <replaceable>dir</replaceable></command></term>
<listitem>
<para>ÓâÞíåé ôïí êáôÜëïãï <replaceable>dir</replaceable> êáé üëïõò
ôïõò õðïêáôáëüãïõò ôïõ—ðñïóï÷Þ!</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>ls -R</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Äåß÷íåé ôç ëßóôá ôùí áñ÷åßùí ôïõ ôñÝ÷ïíôïò êáôáëüãïõ, êáé üëùí
ôùí õðïêáôáëüãùí ôïõ. Åãþ ðáëéüôåñá ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýóá ìéá ðáñáëëáãÞ,
ôçí <command>ls -AFR > where.txt</command>, ãéá íá ðáßñíù ìéá
ëßóôá áðü üëá ôá áñ÷åßá óôï <filename>/</filename> êáé (îå÷ùñéóôÜ)
óôï <filename>/usr</filename> ðñéí áíáêáëýøù êáëýôåñïõò ôñüðïõò íá
âñßóêù áñ÷åßá.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>passwd</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>ÁëëÜæåé ôïí êùäéêü ÷ñÞóôç óáò (Þ ôïí êùäéêü ÷ñÞóôç ôïõ
<username>root</username>)</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>man hier</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Ç óåëßäá man ãéá ôçí éåñáñ÷ßá áñ÷åßùí ôïõ &unix;.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>×ñçóéìïðïéÞóôå ôçí <command>find</command> ãéá íá âñåßôå ôï
<filename>filename</filename> óôï <filename>/usr</filename> Þ óå êÜðïéï
õðïêáôÜëïãü ôïõ ìå ôçí åíôïëÞ</para>
<informalexample>
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>find /usr -name "<replaceable>filename</replaceable>"</userinput></screen>
</informalexample>
<para>Ìðïñåßôå íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå Ýíá ÷áñáêôÞñá <literal>*</literal> óáí
ìåôá÷áñáêôÞñá óôï
<parameter>"<replaceable>filename</replaceable>"</parameter> (ôï ïðïßï
èá ðñÝðåé íá åßíáé ìÝóá óå äéðëÜ åéóáãùãéêÜ) Áí ðåßôå óôçí
<command>find</command> íá øÜîåé óôï <filename>/</filename> áíôß ãéá ôï
<filename>/usr</filename> èá øÜîåé ãéá ôï áñ÷åßï (Þ ôá áñ÷åßá) óå üëá ôá
åíåñãÜ óõóôÞìáôá áñ÷åßùí, óõìðåñéëáìâáíïìÝíïõ êáé ôïõ CDROM Þ ôïõ DOS
partition.</para>
<para>¸íá ðïëý êáëü âéâëßï ðïõ åîçãåß ôéò åíôïëÝò êáé ôá åñãáëåßá ôïõ &unix;
åßíáé ôï <citetitle>&unix; for the Impatient</citetitle> ôùí Abrahams
& Larson (2nd ed., Addison-Wesley, 1996). ÕðÜñ÷ïõí åðßóçò ðÜñá
ðïëëÝò ðëçñïöïñßåò ãéá ôï &unix; óôï Äéáäßêôõï.</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="next-steps">
<title>Åðüìåíá ÂÞìáôá</title>
<para>Ôþñá ðëÝïí èá ðñÝðåé íá Ý÷åôå ôá åñãáëåßá ãéá íá ìðïñåßôå íá ôá
âãÜæåôå ðÝñá êáé íá áëëÜæåôå áñ÷åßá êåéìÝíïõ, þóôå íá ìðïñåßôå íá
ñõèìßóåôå ôá ðÜíôá êáé íá äïõëåýïõí üðùò èÝëåôå. ÕðÜñ÷ïõí ðÜñá ðïëëÜ
÷ñÞóéìá ðñÜãìáôá óôï handbook ôïõ FreeBSD (ðïõ õðÜñ÷åé ðéèáíüí êáé óôïí
äßóêï óáò) êáé óôçí <ulink url="&url.base;/index.html">êåíôñéêÞ óåëßäá
ôïõ FreeBSD</ulink>. Ìéá ìåãÜëç ðëçèþñá ðáêÝôùí êáé ports õðÜñ÷ïõí óôï
CDROM êáé óôçí web óåëßäá. Ôï handbook åîçãåß êáëýôåñá ðùò ìðïñåßôå íá
ôá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå (íá ðÜñåôå ôï ðáêÝôï áí õðÜñ÷åé, ìå ôçí åíôïëÞ
<command>pkg_add
/cdrom/packages/All/<replaceable>packagename</replaceable></command>,
üðïõ <replaceable>packagename</replaceable> åßíáé ôï üíïìá áñ÷åßïõ ôïõ
ðáêÝôïõ). Ôï CDROM Ý÷åé ëßóôåò üëùí ôùí ðáêÝôùí êáé ôùí ports ìå
óýíôïìåò ðåñéãñáöÝò óôá áñ÷åßá
<filename>cdrom/packages/index</filename>,
<filename>cdrom/packages/index.txt</filename>, êáé
<filename>cdrom/ports/index</filename>, ìå ðéï ëåðôïìåñåßò ðåñéãñáöÝò
óôá áñ÷åßá <filename>/cdrom/ports/*/*/pkg/DESCR</filename>, üðïõ ïé
÷áñáêôÞñåò <literal>*</literal> áíôéðñïóùðåýïõí õðïêáôáëüãïõò áðü
êáôçãïñßåò ðñïãñáììÜôùí êáé ïíüìáôá ðñïãñáììÜôùí áíôßóôïé÷á.</para>
<para>Áí âñßóêåôå ôï handbook êÜðùò ðïëýðëïêï (ìå üëá åêåßíá ôá
<command>lndir</command> êáé ôá Üëëá) ãéá ôï ðùò ìðïñåß êÜðïéïò íá
åãêáôáóôÞóåé ports áðü ôï CDROM, áò äïýìå êÜôé ðïõ äïõëåýåé:</para>
<informalexample>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cp -R /cdrom/ports/comm/kermit /usr/local</userinput></screen>
</informalexample>
<para>ÌåôÜ áðü áõôü èá ðñÝðåé Ýíáò êáôÜëïãïò
<filename>/usr/local/kermit</filename> íá Ý÷åé ôá ßäéá áñ÷åßá ðïõ Ý÷åé ï
êáôÜëïãïò <command>kermit</command> óôï CDROM.</para>
<para>Õóôåñá, äçìéïõñãÞóôå Ýíá êáôÜëïãï
<filename>/usr/ports/distfiles</filename> áí äåí õðÜñ÷åé Þäç,
÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôçí åíôïëÞ <command>mkdir</command>. ÌåôÜ åëÝãîôå ôïí
êáôÜëïãï <filename>/cdrom/ports/distfiles</filename> ãéá Ýíá áñ÷åßï ìå
üíïìá ðïõ íá äåß÷íåé üôé åßíáé ôï port ðïõ èÝëåôå. ÁíôéãñÜøôå áõôü ôï
áñ÷åßï óôïí êáôÜëïãï <filename>/usr/ports/distfiles</filename> (óå
ðñüóöáôåò åêäüóåéò ìðïñåßôå íá ðáñáëåßøåôå áõôü ôï âÞìá, áöïý ôï FreeBSD
èá ôï êÜíåé ãéá åóÜò). Óôçí ðåñßðôùóç ôïõ <command>kermit</command>,
äåí õðÜñ÷åé êÜðïéï distfile.</para>
<para>Êáôüðéí áëëÜîôå ìå <command>cd</command> óôïí êáôÜëïãï
<filename>/usr/local/kermit</filename> ðïõ Ý÷åé ôï áñ÷åßï
<filename>Makefile</filename>. ÔñÝîôå ôçí åíôïëÞ</para>
<informalexample>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>make all install</userinput></screen>
</informalexample>
<para>ÊáôÜ ôç äéÜñêåéá áõôÞò ôçò äéáäéêáóßáò, ôï port èá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåé
FTP ãéá íá ðÜñåé ïðïéáäÞðïôå óõìðéåóìÝíá áñ÷åßá ôïõ ÷ñåéÜæïíôáé êáé äåí
ôá âñßóêåé óôï CDROM Þ óôïí êáôÜëïãï
<filename>/usr/ports/distfiles</filename>. Áí äåí Ý÷åôå ñõèìßóåé êÜðïéá
óýíäåóç ìå äßêôõï áêüìá êáé äåí õðÜñ÷åé êÜðïéï áñ÷åßï ðïõ ôï port
÷ñåéÜæåôáé óôï <filename>/cdrom/ports/distfiles</filename>, èá ðñÝðåé íá
ðÜñåôå ôï áñ÷åßï ðïõ ëåßðåé ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò êÜðïéï Üëëï ìç÷Üíçìá êáé íá
ôï áíôéãñÜøåôå óôïí êáôÜëïãï <filename>/usr/ports/distfiles</filename>
ìå êÜðïéá äéóêÝôôá Þ ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôï DOS partition óáò. ÄéáâÜóôå ôï
<filename>Makefile</filename> (ìå ôçí åíôïëÞ <command>cat</command> Þ ôçí
<command>more</command> Þ ôçí <command>view</command>) ãéá íá âñåßôå ðïõ
íá ðÜôå (ôï êõñßùò ìÝñïò äéáíïìÞò) ãéá íá ðÜñåôå ôï áñ÷åßï êáé ðïéï
üíïìá Ý÷åé. Ôï üíïìÜ ôïõ èá ôï áëëÜîïõí óõíÞèùò ôá ðñïãñÜììáôá ôïõ DOS,
êáé ìåôÜ èá ðñÝðåé üôáí ôï áíôéãñÜøåôå óôï
<filename>/usr/ports/distfiles</filename> íá ôï ìåôïíïìÜóåôå (ìå ôçí
åíôïëÞ <command>mv</command>) óôï áñ÷éêü ôïõ üíïìá þóôå íá ìðïñåß íá
âñåèåß. (×ñçóéìïðïéÞóôå binary ìåôáöïñÝò!) Ôüôå åðéóôñÝøôå óôïí
êáôÜëïãï <filename>/usr/local/kermit</filename>, âñåßôå ôïí êáôÜëïãï ìå
ôï <filename>Makefile</filename>, êáé äþóôå <command>make all
install</command> ðÜëé.</para>
<para>ÊÜôé Üëëï ðïõ ãßíåôáé ìå ôá ports êáé ôá ðáêÝôá åãêáèßóôáíôáé åßíáé
üôé êÜðïéï Üëëï ðñüãñáììá ÷ñåéÜæåôáé. Áí ç åãêáôÜóôáóç óôáìáôÞóåé ìå
Ýíá ìÞíõìá <errorname>can't find unzip</errorname> Þ ïôéäÞðïôå, èá
ðñÝðåé íá åãêáôáóôÞóåôå ôï ðáêÝôï Þ ôï port ôïõ unzip ðñéí
óõíå÷ßóåôå.</para>
<para>Áöïý åãêáôáóôáèåß, äþóôå ôçí åíôïëÞ <command>rehash</command> ãéá íá
êÜíåôå ôï FreeBSD íá îáíáøÜîåé ãéá ôá ðñïãñÜììáôá ðïõ åßíáé óôï path êáé
íá îÝñåé üôé õðÜñ÷åé êÜðïõ åêåß. (Áí ãéá ðïëëÜ ðñïãñÜììáôá ðïõ êÜíåôå
<command>whereis</command> Þ <command>which</command>, ãéá íá âñåßôå óå ðïéï êáôÜëïãï ôïõ path
åßíáé, âëÝðåôå ìçíýìáôá ëÜèïõò <errorname>path not found</errorname>,
åßíáé êáëÞ éäÝá íá ðñïóèÝóåôå ôïõò áíôßóôïé÷ïõò êáôáëüãïõò óôï path ðïõ
ðåñéÝ÷åé ôï <filename>.cshrc</filename> óôïí áñ÷éêü óáò êáôÜëïãï. Ôï
path óôï &unix; êÜíåé ôçí ßäéá äïõëåéÜ ðïõ êÜíåé êáé óôï DOS, ìüíï ðïõ ï
ôñÝ÷ïí êáôÜëïãïò äåí åßíáé (óõíÞèùò) óôï path ãéá ëüãïõò áóöÜëåéáò. Áí
ç åíôïëÞ ðïõ èÝëåôå íá ôñÝîåôå åßíáé óôïí ôñÝ÷ïíôá êáôÜëïãï, ðñÝðåé íá
ãñÜøåôå <filename>./</filename> ãéá íá äïõëÝøåé—÷ùñßò êåíü ìåôÜ
ôçí ðáýëá.)</para>
<para>×ñÞóéìï åðßóçò åßíáé êáé ôï &netscape;. Ìðïñåßôå íá ðÜñåôå ôçí
ôåëåõôáßá ôïõ Ýêäïóç áðü ôïí <ulink
url="ftp://ftp.netscape.com">åîõðçñÝôç FTP</ulink> ôïõ. (Ôï Netscape
áðáéôåß ôï X Window Óýóôçìá.) ÕðÜñ÷åé ðëÝïí êáé ìéá Ýêäïóç ãéá ôï
FreeBSD, ãé áõôü øÜîôå êáëÜ, èá ôçí âñåßôå. ÁðëÜ ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóôå ôçí
åíôïëÞ <command>gunzip <replaceable>filename</replaceable></command> êáé
ôçí <command>tar xvf <replaceable>filename</replaceable></command> óôï
áñ÷åßï, ìåôáêéíåßóôå ôï åêôåëÝóéìï óôïí êáôÜëïãï
<filename>/usr/local/bin</filename> Þ êÜðïéï Üëëï ìÝñïò ðïõ âÜæåôå ôá
åêôåëÝóéìÜ óáò, ôñÝîôå <command>rehash</command>, êáé ôüôå âÜëôå ôéò
åîÞò åíôïëÝò óôï <filename>.cshrc</filename> áñ÷åßï óôïí áñ÷éêü êáôÜëïãï
êÜèå ÷ñÞóôç Þ (ðéï áðëÜ) óôï áñ÷åßï <filename>/etc/csh.cshrc</filename>,
ôï áñ÷åßï ñõèìßóåùí óõóôÞìáôïò ôïõ csh:</para>
<informalexample>
<programlisting>setenv XKEYSYMDB /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/XKeysymDB
setenv XNLSPATH /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/nls</programlisting>
</informalexample>
<para>Áõôü õðïèÝôåé üôé ôï áñ÷åßï <filename>XKeysymDB</filename> êáé ï
êáôÜëïãïò <filename>nls</filename> õðÜñ÷ïõí óôï
<filename>/usr/X11R6/lib/X11</filename>. Áí äåí õðÜñ÷ïõí, âñåßôå ôïõò
êáé âÜëôå ôïõò åêåß.</para>
<para>Áí áñ÷éêÜ åãêáôáóôÞóáôå ôï &netscape; óáí port ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôï
CDROM (Þ ðÞñáôå ôï ðáêÝôï ìÝóù FTP), ìçí áíôéêáôáóôÞóåôå ôï áñ÷åßï
<filename>/usr/local/bin/netscape</filename> ìå ôï íÝï åêôåëÝóéìï ôïõ
Netscape. Ôï áñ÷åßï áõôü åßíáé Ýíá áñ÷åßï öëïéïý (shell script) ðïõ
ñõèìßæåé ôéò ìåôáâëçôÝò ðåñéâÜëëïíôïò ðñéí ôñÝîåé ôï Netscape. Áíôß íá
ôï áíôéêáôáóôÞóåôå, ìåôïíïìÜóôå ôï íÝï åêôåëÝóéìï óå
<filename>netscape.bin</filename> êáé áíôéêáôáóôÞóôå ôï ðáëéü
åêôåëÝóéìï, ðïõ âñßóêåôáé óôï
<filename>/usr/local/netscape/netscape</filename>.</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="your-working-environment">
<title>Ôï ÐåñéâÜëëïí óôï Ïðïßï Äïõëåýåôå</title>
<para>Ï öëïéüò (shell) åßíáé ôï ðéï óçìáíôéêü ìÝñïò ôïõ ðåñéâÜëëïíôïò
åñãáóßáò óáò. Óôï DOS ï óõíçèéóìÝíïò öëïéüò åßíáé ôï command.com. Ï
öëïéüò åßíáé áõôüò ðïõ ìåôáöñÜæåé ôéò åíôïëÝò ðïõ ãñÜöåôå óôçí ãñáììÞ
åíôïëþí, êáé åðéêïéíùíåß ìå ôï õðüëïéðï ëåéôïõñãéêü óýóôçìá. Ìðïñåßôå
íá ãñÜøåôå áñ÷åßá äÝóìçò, óáí ôá áñ÷åßá äÝóìçò ôïõ DOS: ìéá óåéñÜ áðü
åíôïëÝò ðïõ èá ôñÝîïõí ÷ùñßò ôçí äéêÞ óáò ðáñåìâïëÞ.</para>
<para>Óôï FreeBSD õðÜñ÷ïõí äýï ðñïåãêáôåóôçìÝíïé öëïéïß:
ôï <command>csh</command> êáé ôï <command>sh</command>.
Ôï <command>csh</command> åßíáé êáëü ãéá íá êÜíåôå äïõëåéÜ óôçí ãñáììÞ åíôïëþí, áëëÜ ãéá
áñ÷åßá äÝóìçò ðñïôéìÞóôå ôï <command>sh</command> (Þ ôï <command>bash</command>). Ìðïñåßôå íá âñåßôå ðïéï
öëïéü ôñÝ÷åôå ãñÜöïíôáò <command>echo $SHELL</command>.</para>
<para>Ï öëïéüò <command>csh</command> åßíáé áñêåôÜ êáëüò, áëëÜ ï
öëïéüò <command>tcsh</command> ìðïñåß íá êÜíåé üôé êáé
ôï <command>csh</command> êé áêüìá ðåñéóóüôåñá. Õðïóôçñßæåé, ãéá
ðáñÜäåéãìá, ôçí áíÜêëçóç åíôïëþí áðü ôï éóôïñéêü ìå ôá âåëÜêéá êáé
åðåîåñãáóßá ôùí åíôïëþí ðñéí ôñÝîïõí. Õðïóôçñßæåé ôçí áõôüìáôç
óõìðëÞñùóç ôùí åíôïëþí êáé ôùí ïíïìÜôùí ôùí áñ÷åßùí ìå ÷ñÞóç ôïõ
ðëÞêôñïõ <keycap>TAB</keycap> (ôï <command>csh</command>
÷ñçóéìïðïéåß ôï <keycap>Esc</keycap> ãéá ôïí ßäéï óêïðü), êáé
õðïóôçñßæåé ôçí ãñÞãïñç åíáëëáãÞ ìåôáîý äýï êáôáëüãùí ìå ôçí
åíôïëÞ <command>cd -</command>. Åßíáé, åðßóçò, ðïëý ðéï åýêïëï íá
ñõèìßóåôå ôçí ðñïôñïðÞ ôïõ öëïéïý ìå ôï <command>tcsh</command>.
Ôï <command>tcsh</command> Ý÷åé êé Üëëá ÷ñÞóéìá ÷áñáêôçñéóôéêÜ,
ðïõ èá êÜíïõí ôç æùÞ óáò áñêåôÜ ðéï åýêïëç.</para>
<para>Åßíáé åýêïëï íá åãêáôáóôÞóåôå Ýíá êáéíïýñéï öëïéü óå ôñßá
âÞìáôá:</para>
<procedure>
<step>
<para>ÅãêáôáóôÞóôå ôï öëïéü óáí port Þ ðáêÝôï, üðùò èá êÜíáôå êáé ãéá
êÜèå Üëëï ðáêÝôï. ×ñçóéìïðïéÞóôå ôçí åíôïëÞ
<command>rehash</command> êáé ôçí <command>which tcsh</command>
(õðïèÝôïíôáò üôé óôÞíåôå ôï <command>tcsh</command>) ãéá íá óéãïõñåõôåßôå üôé
åãêáôáóôÞèçêå.</para>
</step>
<step>
<para>Óáí <username>root</username>, áëëÜîôå ôï áñ÷åßï <filename>/etc/shells</filename>,
ðñïóèÝôïíôáò ìéá ãñáììÞ óôï áñ÷åßï ìå ôïí êáéíïýñéï öëïéü. Óå áõôÞ
ôçí ðåñßðôùóç áðëÜ ðñïóèÝóôå ìéá ãñáììÞ ðïõ ëÝåé <filename>/usr/local/bin/tcsh</filename> êáé óþóôå ôï áñ÷åßï. (ÊÜðïéá
ports ìðïñåß íá ôï êÜíïõí áõôüìáôá áõôü ãéá óáò.)</para>
</step>
<step>
<para>×ñçóéìïðïéÞóôå ôçí <command>chsh</command> åíôïëÞ ãéá íá áëëÜîåôå
ôï öëïéü óáò óôï <command>tcsh</command> ìüíéìá, Þ ãñÜøôå <command>tcsh</command> óôï
prompt ãéá íá áëëÜîåôå ðñïóùñéíÜ ôï öëïéü óáò ÷ùñßò íá êÜíåôå login
îáíÜ.</para>
</step>
</procedure>
<note>
<para>Ìðïñåß íá åßíáé åðéêßíäõíï íá áëëÜîåôå ôï öëïéü ôïõ <username>root</username> óå êÜôé
äéáöïñåôéêü áðü <command>sh</command> Þ <command>csh</command> óå êÜðùò ðáëéüôåñåò åêäüóåéò ôïõ FreeBSD êáé
óå ðïëëÝò Üëëåò åêäüóåéò ôïõ &unix;. Ìðïñåß íá ìçí Ý÷åôå Ýíá öëïéü ðïõ
íá äïõëåýåé üôáí ôï óýóôçìá îåêéíÞóåé óå êáôÜóôáóç åíüò ÷ñÞóôç (single
user mode). Ç ëýóç åßíáé íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå ôçí åíôïëÞ <command>su
-m</command> ãéá íá ãßíåôå <username>root</username>, ðïõ èá óáò äþóåé Ýíá <command>tcsh</command> öëïéü óáí
<username>root</username>, áöïý ôï ðïéïò åßíáé ï öëïéüò åßíáé ìÝñïò ôïõ ðåñéâÜëëïíôïò.
Ìðïñåßôå íá êÜíåôå ìüíéìç ìéá ôÝôïéá áëëáãÞ ðñïóèÝôïíôáò óôï
<filename>.tcshrc</filename> óáò ìéá óõíôüìåõóç</para>
<programlisting>alias su su -m</programlisting>
</note>
<para>¼ôáí ôï <command>tcsh</command> îåêéíÜåé, äéáâÜæåé ôï áñ÷åßï
<filename>/etc/csh.cshrc</filename> êáé ýóôåñá ôï
<filename>/etc/csh.login</filename>, üðùò êÜíåé êáé ôï <command>csh</command>. Åðßóçò
äéáâÜæåé áðü ôïí áñ÷éêü óáò êáôÜëïãï ôï áñ÷åßï
<filename>.login</filename> êáèþò êáé ôï áñ÷åßï
<filename>.cshrc</filename> åðßóçò, åêôüò êé áí õðÜñ÷åé ôï áñ÷åßï
<filename>.tcshrc</filename>. Áõôü ìðïñåßôå íá ôï öôéÜîåôå,
áíôéãñÜöïíôáò ôï áñ÷åßï <filename>.cshrc</filename> óôï
<filename>.tcshrc</filename>.</para>
<para>Ôþñá ðïõ åãêáôáóôÞóáôå ôï <command>tcsh</command>, ìðïñåßôå íá áëëÜîåôå êáé ôï prompt
óáò. Ìðïñåßôå íá âñåßôå ðéï ðïëëÝò ëåðôïìÝñåéåò óôçí man óåëßäá ôïõ
<command>tcsh</command>, áëëÜ áò äïýìå ìéá ãñáììÞ ðïõ ìðïñåßôå íá âÜëåôå óôï
<filename>.tcshrc</filename> áñ÷åßï óáò ðïõ èá óáò ëÝåé ðüóåò åíôïëÝò
Ý÷åôå ãñÜøåé, ôé þñá åßíáé, êáé óå ðïéïí êáôÜëïãï åßóôå. Åðßóçò
ðåñéÝ÷åé Ýíá ÷áñáêôÞñá <literal>></literal> áí åßóôå áðëüò ÷ñÞóôçò, Þ
Ýíá ÷áñáêôÞñá <literal>#</literal> áí åßóôå <username>root</username>, êÜôé ðïõ Ýôóé êé
áëëéþò ôï êÜíåé ôï <command>tsch</command>.</para>
<para>set prompt = "%h %t %~ %# "</para>
<para>Áõôü ìðïñåß íá ðÜåé óôï ßäéï ìÝñïò ðïõ õðÜñ÷åé ç ðáëéÜ set prompt
ãñáììÞ áí õðÜñ÷åé, Þ êÜôù áðü ôçí "if($?prompt) then" áí äåí õðÜñ÷åé.
ÌåôáôñÝøôå ôçí ðáëéÜ óå ó÷üëéï, þóôå íá ìðïñåßôå íá åðéóôñÝøåôå óôï
ðáëéü óáò prompt áí ôï ðñïôéìÜôå. Ìçí îå÷Üóåôå óôçí êáéíïýñéá ãñáììÞ ôá
êåíÜ êáé ôá åéóáãùãéêÜ. Ìðïñåßôå íá êÜíåôå ôï tcsh íá îáíáäéáâÜóåé ôï
<filename>.tcshrc</filename> ãñÜöïíôáò <command>source
.tcshrc</command>.</para>
<para>Ìðïñåßôå íá äåßôå ìéá ëßóôá ìå ôéò ìåôáâëçôÝò ðåñéâÜëëïíôïò ðïõ
õðÜñ÷ïõí ãñÜöïíôáò <command>env</command> óôï prompt óáò. Ôï áðïôÝëåóìá
ðåñéÝ÷åé ôïí ðñïêáèïñéóìÝíï åðåîåñãáóôÞ êåéìÝíïõ óáò, ôïí pager, êáé ôïí
ôýðï ôïõ ôåñìáôéêïý óáò, áíÜìåóá óå ðïëëÜ Üëëá ðñÜãìáôá. Ìéá ÷ñÞóéìç
åíôïëÞ áí Ý÷åôå óõíäåèåß áðü ìáêñéÜ êáé äåí ìðïñåßôå íá ôñÝîåôå êÜðïéï
ðñüãñáììá, åðåéäÞ ï ôýðïò ôåñìáôéêïý äåí ôï åðéôñÝðåé, åßíáé ç åíôïëÞ
<command>setenv TERM vt100</command>.</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="other">
<title>ÄéÜöïñá</title>
<para>Óáí <username>root</username>, ìðïñåßôå íá áðïóõíäÝóåôå ôï CDROM ìå ôçí åíôïëÞ
<command>/sbin/umount /cdrom</command>, íá âãÜëåôå ôï äßóêï áðü ôïí
ïäçãü, íá âÜëåôå Ýíá êáéíïýñéï êáé íá ôï óõíäÝóåôå ìå ôçí åíôïëÞ
<command>/sbin/mount_cd9660 /dev/cd0a /cdrom</command> õðïèÝôïíôáò üôé
<hardware>cd0a</hardware> åßíáé ôï üíïìá ôçò óõóêåõÞò ôïõ ïäçãïý CDROM.
Ïé ðéï ðñüóöáôåò åêäüóåéò ôïõ FreeBSD óáò áöÞíïõí íá óõíäÝóåôå ôï CDROM
ãñÜöïíôáò áðëÜ <command>/sbin/mount /cdrom</command>.</para>
<para>Ôï live óýóôçìá—ôï äåýôåñï CDROM áðü ôïõò äßóêïõò åãêáôÜóôáóçò
ôïõ FreeBSD— ìðïñåß íá öáíåß ÷ñÞóéìï áí Ý÷åôå ðåñéïñéóìÝíï ÷þñï.
Ôï ôé õðÜñ÷åé óôï live óýóôçìá äéáöÝñåé áðü Ýêäïóç óå Ýêäïóç. Ìðïñåßôå
íá äïêéìÜóåôå íá ðáßîåôå áêüìá êáé ðáé÷íßäéá áðü ôï CDROM. Áõôü áðáéôåß
íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôçí åíôïëÞ <command>lndir</command>, ðïõ åãêáèßóôáôáé
ìå ôï óýóôçìá X Window, ãéá íá ðåßôå óôá ðñïãñÜììáôá ðïõ íá âñïõí ôá
áðáñáßôçôá áñ÷åßá, ãéáôß âñßóêïíôáé óôï óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí ôïõ
<filename>/cdrom</filename> áíôß ãéá ôï <filename>/usr</filename> êáé
ôïõò õðïêáôáëüãïõò ôïõ, ðïõ óõíÞèùò âñßóêïíôáé. ÄéáâÜóôå ôçí man óåëßäá
ôçò lndir ìå <command>man lndir</command>.</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="comments-welcome">
<title>Ôá Ó÷üëéÜ Óáò</title>
<para>Áí ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå áõôü ôïí ïäçãü èá ìå åíäéÝöåñå íá îÝñù ðïõ äåí
Þôáí áñêåôÜ óáöÞò êáé ôé ðáñÝëåéøá ôï ïðïßï ðéóôåýåôå üôé èá Ýðñåðå íá
ðåñéÝ÷åé, êé áêüìç ðüóï óáò âïÞèçóå. Íá åõ÷áñéóôÞóù ôïí Eugene W.
Stark, êáèçãçôÞ ôçò åðéóôÞìçò ôçò ðëçñïöïñéêÞò óôï SUNY-Stony Brook, êáé
ôïí John Fieber ãéá ôá ó÷üëéÜ ôïõò ðïõ ìå âïÞèçóáí ðïëý.</para>
<para>Annelise Anderson,
<email>andrsn@andrsn.stanford.edu</email></para>
</sect1>
</article>