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Ôï Åã÷åéñßäéï ôïõ FreeBSD: Ñõèìßæïíôáò ôïí ÐõñÞíá ôïõ FreeBSD
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%SOURCE% en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/kernelconfig/chapter.sgml
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<chapter id="kernelconfig">
<chapterinfo>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<firstname>Jim</firstname>
<surname>Mock</surname>
<contrib>Áíáíåþèçêå êáé áíáäïìÞèçêå áðü ôïí </contrib>
<!-- Mar 2000 -->
</author>
</authorgroup>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<firstname>Jake</firstname>
<surname>Hamby</surname>
<contrib>Áñ÷éêÞ óõíåéóöïñÜ áðü ôïí </contrib>
<!-- 6 Oct 1995 -->
</author>
</authorgroup>
</chapterinfo>
<title>Ñõèìßæïíôáò ôïí ÐõñÞíá ôïõ &os;</title>
<sect1 id="kernelconfig-synopsis">
<title>Óýíïøç</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>ðõñÞíáò</primary>
<secondary>äçìéïõñãßá ðñïóáñìïóìÝíïõ ðõñÞíá</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>Ï ðõñÞíáò åßíáé ç êáñäéÜ ôïõ ëåéôïõñãéêïý óõóôÞìáôïò &os;. Åßíáé
õðåýèõíïò ãéá ôç äéá÷åßñéóç ôçò ìíÞìçò, ôçí åðéâïëÞ ôùí ñõèìßóåùí
áóöáëåßáò, ôç äéêôýùóç, ôçí ðñüóâáóç óôï äßóêï, êáé ðïëëÜ Üëëá. ¸íá
óõíå÷þò áõîáíüìåíï ìÝñïò ôïõ &os; ìðïñåß íá ñõèìéóôåß äõíáìéêÜ, áëëÜ
õðÜñ÷ïõí áêüìá ðåñéðôþóåéò ïé ïðïßåò áðáéôïýí ñõèìßóåéò êáé ìåôáãëþôôéóç
ôïõ ðõñÞíá ôïõ &os; ìå ðñïóáñìïóìÝíåò ðáñáìÝôñïõò.</para>
<para>Áöïý äéáâÜóåôå áõôü ôï êåöÜëáéï, èá îÝñåôå:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Ãéá ðïéïõò ëüãïõò ìðïñåß íá ÷ñåéáóôåß íá öôéÜîåôå Ýíá
ðñïóáñìïóìÝíï ðõñÞíá.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Ðùò íá ãñÜøåôå Ýíá áñ÷åßï ñõèìßóåùí ðõñÞíá, Þ íá áëëÜîåôå Ýíá
õðÜñ÷ïí áñ÷åßï ñõèìßóåùí.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Ðùò íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôï áñ÷åßï ñõèìßóåùí ôïõ ðõñÞíá ãéá íá
öôéÜîåôå êáé íá ìåôáãëùôôßóåôå Ýíá íÝï ðõñÞíá.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Ðùò íá åãêáôáóôÞóåôå ôï íÝï ðõñÞíá.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Ðùò íá åðéëýóåôå ôõ÷üí ðñïâëÞìáôá ìå ôï íÝï ðõñÞíá.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>¼ëåò ïé åíôïëÝò ðïõ åìöáíßæïíôáé óå áõôü ôï êåöÜëáéï ùò ðáñáäåßãìáôá
ðñÝðåé íá åêôåëåóôïýí ùò <username>root</username> ãéá íá åßíáé
åðéôõ÷åßò.</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="kernelconfig-custom-kernel">
<title>Ãéáôß íá ÖôéÜîåôå ÐñïóáñìïóìÝíï ÐõñÞíá;</title>
<para>ÊáôÜ ðáñÜäïóç, ôï &os; åß÷å áõôü ðïõ áðïêáëïýìå
<quote>ìïíïëéèéêü</quote> ðõñÞíá. Áõôü óçìáßíåé üôé ï ðõñÞíáò Þôáí Ýíá
ìåãÜëï ðñüãñáììá, õðïóôÞñéæå Ýíá óôáèåñü áñéèìü óõóêåõþí, êáé áí èÝëáôå
íá áëëÜîåôå ôç óõìðåñéöïñÜ ôïõ, èá Ýðñåðå íá ìåôáãëùôôßóåôå êáéíïýñéï
êáé íá åðáíåêêéíÞóåôå ôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ óáò ìå áõôüí.</para>
<para>ÓÞìåñá, ôï &os; êéíåßôáé ôá÷ýôáôá ðñïò Ýíá ìïíôÝëï üðïõ ïé
ðåñéóóüôåñåò ëåéôïõñãßåò ôïõ ðõñÞíá ðåñéÝ÷ïíôáé óå modules (áñèñþìáôá)
ôá ïðïßá ìðïñïýí íá öïñôùèïýí êáé íá áðïöïñôùèïýí êáôÜ áðáßôçóç,
äõíáìéêÜ óôïí ðõñÞíá. Áõôü åðéôñÝðåé óôïí ðõñÞíá íá ðñïóáñìüæåôáé
óå õëéêü ôï ïðïßï åíåñãïðïéåßôáé ôç äåäïìÝíç óôéãìÞ (üðùò ãéá
ðáñÜäåéãìá üôáí åéóÝñ÷åôáé ìéá êÜñôá PCMCIA óå Ýíá öïñçôü õðïëïãéóôÞ).
Åðßóçò åðéôñÝðåé óôïí ðõñÞíá íá åðåêôåßíåé äõíáìéêÜ ôç ëåéôïõñãéêüôçôÜ
ôïõ, ðñïóèÝôïíôáò ÷áñáêôçñéóôéêÜ ôá ïðïßá äåí Þôáí áðáñáßôçôá üôáí
åß÷å ìåôáãëùôôéóôåß áñ÷éêÜ. Áõôïý ôïõ åßäïõò ï ðõñÞíáò åßíáé ãíùóôüò ùò
modular (áñèñùôüò).</para>
<para>Ðáñ' üëá áõôÜ, åßíáé áêüìá áðáñáßôçôï íá ãßíïõí êÜðïéåò óôáôéêÝò
ñõèìßóåéò óôïí ðõñÞíá. Óå ïñéóìÝíåò ðåñéðôþóåéò, áõôü óõìâáßíåé åðåéäÞ
ç óõãêåêñéìÝíç ëåéôïõñãßá åßíáé ôüóï óôåíÜ óõíäåìÝíç ìå ôïí ðõñÞíá
þóôå äåí ìðïñåß íá öïñôùèåß äõíáìéêÜ. Óå Üëëåò, óõìâáßíåé åðåéäÞ áðëÜ
êáíåßò äåí Ý÷åé áêüìá áó÷ïëçèåß íá ãñÜøåé Ýíá äõíáìéêü module ðïõ íá
ðáñÝ÷åé áõôÞ ôç ëåéôïõñãéêüôçôá.</para>
<para>Ç äçìéïõñãßá ðñïóáñìïóìÝíïõ ðõñÞíá åßíáé áðü ôéò ðëÝïí óçìáíôéêÝò
ôåëåôïõñãßåò êÜèå ðñï÷ùñçìÝíïõ ÷ñÞóôç ôïõ BSD. Ç äéáäéêáóßá
áõôÞ, áí êáé ÷ñïíïâüñá, èá áðïâåß éäéáßôåñá ùöÝëéìç ãéá ôï &os; óýóôçìá
óáò. Óå áíôßèåóç ìå ôïí ðõñÞíá <filename>GENERIC</filename>, ï ïðïßïò
ðñÝðåé íá õðïóôçñßîåé ìåãÜëï åýñïò óõóêåõþí, Ýíáò ðñïóáñìïóìÝíïò ðõñÞíáò
ðåñéÝ÷åé õðïóôÞñéîç ìüíï ãéá ôï õëéêü ôïõ <emphasis>äéêïý óáò</emphasis>
õðïëïãéóôÞ. ¸ôóé Ý÷åôå êÜðïéá ïöÝëç, üðùò:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Ôá÷ýôåñç åêêßíçóç. Êáèþò ï ðõñÞíáò èá áíé÷íåýåé ìüíï ôï õëéêü
ðïõ Ý÷åôå óôï óýóôçìá óáò, ï ÷ñüíïò ðïõ ÷ñåéÜæåôáé ãéá ôçí åêêßíçóç
ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò óáò èá ìåéùèåß äñáìáôéêÜ.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>×áìçëüôåñç êáôáíÜëùóç ìíÞìçò. ¸íáò ðñïóáñìïóìÝíïò ðõñÞíáò,
óõ÷íÜ ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß ëéãüôåñç ìíÞìç áðü ôïí
ðõñÞíá <filename>GENERIC</filename>, áöïý áðïõóéÜæïõí áðü áõôüí
óõóêåõÝò êáé ÷áñáêôçñéóôéêÜ ðïõ äåí ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýíôáé. Áõôü åßíáé
óçìáíôéêü, êáèþò ï ðõñÞíáò âñßóêåôáé ðÜíôá öïñôùìÝíïò óôç öõóéêÞ
ìíÞìç, ìåéþíïíôáò Ýôóé ôç ìíÞìç ðïõ åßíáé äéáèÝóéìç ãéá åöáñìïãÝò.
Ãéá ôï ëüãï áõôü, ï ðñïóáñìïóìÝíïò ðõñÞíáò åßíáé éäéáßôåñá ÷ñÞóéìïò
óå óõóôÞìáôá ìå ìéêñü ìÝãåèïò öõóéêÞò ìíÞìçò (RAM).</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Åðéðñüóèåôç õðïóôÞñéîç óõóêåõþí. Ï ðñïóáñìïóìÝíïò ðõñÞíáò óáò
åðéôñÝðåé íá ðñïóèÝóåôå õðïóôÞñéîç ãéá óõóêåõÝò ïé ïðïßåò äåí
õðÜñ÷ïõí óôïí <filename>GENERIC</filename> ðõñÞíá, üðùò ãéá
ðáñÜäåéãìá ãéá êÜñôåò Þ÷ïõ.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="kernelconfig-devices">
<sect1info>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<firstname>Tom</firstname>
<surname>Rhodes</surname>
<contrib>ÃñÜöçêå áðü ôïí </contrib>
</author>
</authorgroup>
</sect1info>
<title>Áíáêáëýðôïíôáò ôéò ÓõóêåõÝò ôïõ ÓõóôÞìáôïò óáò</title>
<para>Ðñéí îåêéíÞóåôå ìå ôç ñýèìéóç ôïõ ðõñÞíá óáò, èá Þôáí óêüðéìï íá
êÜíåôå ìéá áðïãñáöÞ õëéêïý ôïõ õðïëïãéóôÞ óáò. Óå ðåñéðôþóåéò ðïõ ôï
&os; äåí åßíáé ôï âáóéêü óáò ëåéôïõñãéêü óýóôçìá, ìðïñåßôå åýêïëá íá
äçìéïõñãÞóåôå áõôÞ ôç ëßóôá, åîåôÜæïíôáò ôéò ñõèìßóåéò ôïõ ôñÝ÷ïíôïò
ëåéôïõñãéêïý óõóôÞìáôïò. Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, ç
<application>Äéá÷åßñéóç Óõóêåõþí (Device Manager)</application> ôçò
µsoft; äåß÷íåé óõíÞèùò óçìáíôéêÝò ðëçñïöïñßåò ó÷åôéêÜ ìå ôéò
åãêáôåóôçìÝíåò óõóêåõÝò. Ìðïñåßôå íá âñåßôå ôçí
<application>Äéá÷åßñéóç Óõóêåõþí</application>
óôïí ðßíáêá åëÝã÷ïõ.</para>
<note>
<para>ÌåñéêÝò åêäüóåéò ôùí µsoft.windows; äéáèÝôïõí Ýíá åéêïíßäéï
ìå ôßôëï <application>Óýóôçìá (System)</application>. Áðü ôçí ïèüíç
ðïõ åìöáíßæåôáé ìðïñåßôå íá åðéëÝîåôå ôçí
<application>Äéá÷åßñéóç Óõóêåõþí</application>.</para>
</note>
<para>Áí äåí õðÜñ÷åé Üëëï ëåéôïõñãéêü óýóôçìá óôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ,
ï äéá÷åéñéóôÞò èá ðñÝðåé íá âñåé áõôÝò ôéò ðëçñïöïñßåò ÷åéñïêßíçôá. Ìéá
ìÝèïäïò åßíáé ìå ôç ÷ñÞóç ôïõ âïçèçôéêïý ðñïãñÜììáôïò &man.dmesg.8; êáé
ôçò åíôïëÞò &man.man.1;. Ôá ðåñéóóüôåñá ðñïãñÜììáôá ïäÞãçóçò ôïõ &os;
äéáèÝôïõí óåëßäá manual, ç ïðïßá äåß÷íåé ôï õðïóôçñéæüìåíï õëéêü. ÊáôÜ
ôç äéÜñêåéá ôçò åêêßíçóçò, åìöáíßæåôáé ìéá ëßóôá ìå ôéò óõóêåõÝò ðïõ
áíé÷íåýèçêáí. Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, ïé ðáñáêÜôù ãñáììÝò äåß÷íïõí üôé ôï
ðñüãñáììá ïäÞãçóçò <devicename>psm</devicename> åíôüðéóå Ýíá
ðïíôßêé:</para>
<programlisting>psm0: <PS/2 Mouse> irq 12 on atkbdc0
psm0: [GIANT-LOCKED]
psm0: [ITHREAD]
psm0: model Generic PS/2 mouse, device ID 0</programlisting>
<para>Áõôü ôï ðñüãñáììá ïäÞãçóçò èá ðñÝðåé íá ðåñéëçöèåß óôï áñ÷åßï
ñõèìßóåùí ôïõ ðñïóáñìïóìÝíïõ ðõñÞíá óáò, Þ íá öïñôùèåß äõíáìéêÜ ìÝóù
ôïõ &man.loader.conf.5;.</para>
<para>Óå ïñéóìÝíåò ðåñéðôþóåéò, ç Ýîïäïò ôçò <command>dmesg</command>
ìðïñåß íá äåß÷íåé ìüíï ôá ìçíýìáôá ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò êáé ü÷é ôá
áðïôåëÝóìáôá ôçò áíß÷íåõóçò óõóêåõþí. Óôéò ðåñéðôþóåéò áõôÝò, ìðïñåßôå
íá äåßôå ôçí åðéèõìçôÞ Ýîïäï óôá ðåñéå÷üìåíá ôïõ áñ÷åßïõ
<filename>/var/run/dmesg.boot</filename>.</para>
<para>Ìéá Üëëç ìÝèïäïò ãéá ôçí áíß÷íåõóç ôïõ õëéêïý, åßíáé ìÝóù ôïõ
âïçèçôéêïý ðñïãñÜììáôïò &man.pciconf.8;, ôï ïðïßï ðáñÝ÷åé ðéï áíáëõôéêÞ
ðåñéãñáöÞ. Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá:</para>
<programlisting>ath0@pci0:3:0:0: class=0x020000 card=0x058a1014 chip=0x1014168c rev=0x01 hdr=0x00
vendor = 'Atheros Communications Inc.'
device = 'AR5212 Atheros AR5212 802.11abg wireless'
class = network
subclass = ethernet</programlisting>
<para>Ç ðáñáðÜíù Ýîïäïò, ðïõ ëÞöèçêå ìÝóù ôçò åíôïëÞò
<command>pciconf <option>-lv</option></command>, äåß÷íåé üôé ôï
ðñüãñáììá ïäÞãçóçò <devicename>ath</devicename> åíôüðéóå ìéá óõóêåõÞ
áóýñìáôïõ Ethernet. Ìðïñåßôå íá äåßôå ôçí áíôßóôïé÷ç óåëßäá manual
ôïõ ðñïãñÜììáôïò &man.ath.4;, ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôçí åíôïëÞ
<command>man <replaceable>ath</replaceable></command>.</para>
<para>Ìðïñåßôå åðßóçò íá ðÜñåôå ÷ñÞóéìåò ðëçñïöïñßåò áðü ôçí åíôïëÞ
&man.man.1;, áí äþóåôå ôçí åðéëïãÞ <option>-k</option>. Óôï ðáñáðÜíù
ðáñÜäåéãìá, äßíïíôáò:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; man -k <replaceable>Atheros</replaceable></screen>
<para>Èá äåßôå ìéá ëßóôá áðü óåëßäåò manual ðïõ ðåñéÝ÷ïõí ôç
óõãêåêñéìÝíç ëÝîç:</para>
<programlisting>ath(4) - Atheros IEEE 802.11 wireless network driver
ath_hal(4) - Atheros Hardware Access Layer (HAL)</programlisting>
<para>¸÷ïíôáò äéáèÝóéìç ôçí áðïãñáöÞ õëéêïý ôïõ õðïëïãéóôÞ óáò,
ç äéáäéêáóßá äçìéïõñãßáò ðñïóáñìïóìÝíïõ ðõñÞíá óßãïõñá öáßíåôáé
ëéãüôåñï áðïèáññõíôéêÞ.</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="kernelconfig-modules">
<title>ÐñïãñÜììáôá ÏäÞãçóçò, ÕðïóõóôÞìáôá êáé Áñèñþìáôá (modules)</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>kernel</primary>
<secondary>drivers / modules / subsystems</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>Ðñéí äçìéïõñãÞóåôå Ýíá ðñïóáñìïóìÝíï ðõñÞíá, èá ðñÝðåé ðñþôá íá
óêåöôåßôå ãéá ðïéïõò ëüãïõò ôïí ÷ñåéÜæåóôå. Óå ðïëëÝò ðåñéðôþóåéò,
ç õðïóôÞñéîç êÜðïéáò óõãêåêñéìÝíçò óõóêåõÞò ìðïñåß íá åðéôåõ÷èåß ìå ôçí
÷ñÞóç êÜðïéïõ áñèñþìáôïò (module).</para>
<para>Ôá áñèñþìáôá ôïõ ðõñÞíá âñßóêïíôáé óôïí êáôÜëïãï
<filename class="directory">/boot/kernel/</filename> êáé ìðïñïýí íá
öïñôùèïýí äõíáìéêÜ óôïí ðõñÞíá ðïõ åêôåëåßôáé ôç äåäïìÝíç óôéãìÞ, ìå
ôç ÷ñÞóç ôçò åíôïëÞò &man.kldload.8;. Ôá ðåñéóóüôåñá, áí êáé ü÷é üëá,
ôá ðñïãñÜììáôá ïäÞãçóçò óôïí ðõñÞíá, äéáôßèåíôáé êáé óå ìïñöÞ
áñèñþìáôïò· Ý÷ïõí åðßóçò ôç äéêÞ ôïõ óåëßäá âïÞèåéáò ôï êáèÝíá. Ãéá
ðáñÜäåéãìá, óôçí ðñïçãïýìåíç åíüôçôá, åßäáìå ôï ðñüãñáììá ïäÞãçóçò
áóýñìáôïõ Ethernet <devicename>ath</devicename>. Ç óåëßäá âïÞèåéáò
ãéá áõôÞ ôç óõóêåõÞ áíáöÝñåé:</para>
<programlisting>Alternatively, to load the driver as a module at boot time, place the
following line in &man.loader.conf.5;:
if_ath_load="YES"</programlisting>
<para>¼ðùò áíáöÝñåôáé óôéò ïäçãßåò, áí âÜëåôå ôçí ãñáììÞ
<literal>if_ath_load="YES"</literal> óôï áñ÷åßï
<filename>/boot/loader.conf</filename>, ôï Üñèñùìá èá öïñôùèåß äõíáìéêÜ
êáôÜ ôçí åêêßíçóç ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò óáò.</para>
<para>Óå ìåñéêÝò ðåñéðôþóåéò ùóôüóï, äåí õðÜñ÷åé Üñèñùìá ðïõ íá ó÷åôßæåôáé
ìå êÜðïéï ðñüãñáììá ïäÞãçóçò. Áõôü éó÷ýåé ðåñéóóüôåñï ãéá êÜðïéá
éäéáßôåñá õðïóõóôÞìáôá êáé ðïëý óçìáíôéêÜ ðñïãñÜììáôá ïäÞãçóçò. Ãéá
ðáñÜäåéãìá, ôï ðñüãñáììá ïäÞãçóçò ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò áñ÷åßùí fast file
system (<acronym>FFS</acronym>) áðáéôåßôáé íá åßíáé åíóùìáôùìÝíï óôïí
ðõñÞíá. Ôï ßäéï óõìâáßíåé êáé ìå ôçí õðïóôÞñéîç äéêôýïõ (INET).
Äõóôõ÷þò, ï ìüíïò ôñüðïò ãéá íá äåßôå áí Ýíá ðñüãñáììá ïäÞãçóçò ðñÝðåé
íá åßíáé õðï÷ñåùôéêÜ åíóùìáôùìÝíï óôïí ðõñÞíá, åßíáé íá åëÝãîåôå áí
õðÜñ÷åé ôï áíôßóôïé÷ï Üñèñùìá.</para>
<warning>
<para>Åßíáé áñêåôÜ åýêïëï íá áöáéñÝóåôå ôçí õðïóôÞñéîç ãéá êÜðïéá
óõóêåõÞ Þ Üëëç åðéëïãÞ, êáé íá êáôáëÞîåôå ìå Ýíá ðõñÞíá ðïõ äåí ìðïñåß
íá îåêéíÞóåé. Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, áí âãÜëåôå ôï ðñüãñáììá ïäÞãçóçò
&man.ata.4; áðü ôï áñ÷åßï ñõèìßóåùí ôïõ ðõñÞíá óáò, áí ôï óýóôçìá óáò
÷ñçóéìïðïéåß äßóêïõò <acronym>ATA</acronym> äåí èá ìðïñåß íá
îåêéíÞóåé. Óôçí ðåñßðôùóç áõôÞ èá ðñÝðåé íá âÜëåôå ôçí áíôßóôïé÷ç
ãñáììÞ óôï áñ÷åßï <filename>loader.conf</filename> ãéá íá öïñôþóåôå
ôï ó÷åôéêü Üñèñùìá. Áí äåí åßóôå óßãïõñïé, åëÝãîôå ãéá ôçí ýðáñîç
ôïõ áñèñþìáôïò êáé áðëþò áöÞóôå ôçí õðïóôÞñéîç åíóùìáôùìÝíç óôïí
ðõñÞíá.</para>
</warning>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="kernelconfig-building">
<title>Äçìéïõñãßá êáé ÅãêáôÜóôáóç ÐñïóáñìïóìÝíïõ ÐõñÞíá</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>kernel</primary>
<secondary>building / installing</secondary>
</indexterm>
<note>
<para>×ñåéÜæåôáé íá Ý÷åôå åãêáôáóôÞóåé üëï ôïí ðçãáßï êþäéêá ôïõ
&os; ãéá íá ìåôáãëùôôßóåôå ôïí ðõñÞíá.</para>
</note>
<para>Áñ÷éêÜ, èá êÜíïõìå ìéá ãñÞãïñç ðáñïõóßáóç ôïõ êáôáëüãïõ óôïí ïðïßï
ãßíåôáé ç ìåôáãëþôôéóç ôïõ ðõñÞíá. ¼ëïé ïé êáôÜëïãïé ðïõ èá áíáöÝñïõìå
âñßóêïíôáé êÜôù áðü ôïí êáôÜëïãï <filename>/usr/src/sys</filename> ï
ïðïßïò åßíáé åðßóçò ðñïóâÜóéìïò ìÝóù ôçò äéáäñïìÞò
<filename>/sys</filename>. ÕðÜñ÷åé åäþ Ýíáò áñéèìüò õðïêáôáëüãùí ï
ïðïßïò áíôéðñïóùðåýåé äéáöïñåôéêÜ ôìÞìáôá ôïõ ðõñÞíá, áëëÜ ïé ðëÝïí
óçìáíôéêïß ãéá ôï óêïðü ìáò åßíáé ïé
<filename><replaceable>arch</replaceable>/conf</filename>, üðïõ èá
åðåîåñãáóôåßôå ôéò ñõèìßóåéò ãéá ôïí ðñïóáñìïóìÝíï ðõñÞíá óáò, êáé ï
<filename>compile</filename>, ðïõ åßíáé ï ÷þñïò åñãáóßáò óôïí ïðïßï èá
ãßíåé ç ìåôáãëþôôéóç ôïõ. Ï <replaceable>arch</replaceable>
áíôéðñïóùðåýåé Ýíá áðü ôá <filename>i386</filename>,
<filename>amd64</filename>,
<filename>ia64</filename>, <filename>powerpc</filename>,
<filename>sparc64</filename>, Þ <filename>pc98</filename>
(Ýíáò åíáëëáêôéêüò ôýðïò PC, äéáäåäïìÝíïò óôçí Éáðùíßá). ÏôéäÞðïôå
âñßóêåôáé ìÝóá óôïí óõãêåêñéìÝíï êáôÜëïãï ìéáò áñ÷éôåêôïíéêÞò,
ó÷åôßæåôáé ìüíï ìå ôçí áñ÷éôåêôïíéêÞ áõôÞ. Ôï õðüëïéðï ôïõ êþäéêá,
åßíáé áíåîÜñôçôï áðü ôçí áñ÷éôåêôïíéêÞ êáé êïéíü óå êÜèå ðëáôöüñìá üðïõ
èá ìðïñïýóå íá ìåôáãëùôôéóôåß ôï &os;. ÐáñáôçñÞóôå ôç ëïãéêÞ ïñãÜíùóç
ôçò äïìÞò ôùí êáôáëüãùí, üðïõ êÜèå õðïóôçñéæüìåíç óõóêåõÞ, óýóôçìá
áñ÷åßùí êáé åðéëïãÞ âñßóêåôáé óôï äéêü ôçò êáôÜëïãï.</para>
<para>Óôá ðáñáäåßãìáôá áõôïý ôïõ êåöáëáßïõ õðïèÝôïõìå üôé ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå
ôçí áñ÷éôåêôïíéêÞ i386. Áí ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå äéáöïñåôéêÞ áñ÷éôåêôïíéêÞ,
èá ÷ñåéáóôåß íá áëëÜîåôå ôá ïíüìáôá ôùí êáôáëüãùí êáé äéáäñïìþí þóôå
íá óõìâáäßæïõí ìå áõôÞ.</para>
<note>
<para>Áí äåí õðÜñ÷åé ï êáôÜëïãïò
<filename class="directory">/usr/src/</filename> óôï óýóôçìá óáò
(Þ áí åßíáé Üäåéïò), ôüôå äåí Ý÷åôå
åãêáôáóôÞóåé ôïí ðçãáßï êþäéêá. Ï åõêïëüôåñïò ôñüðïò ãéá
íá åãêáôáóôÞóåôå ôïí ðëÞñç ðçãáßï êþäéêá, åßíáé íá ìÝóù ôïõ
&man.csup.1; üðùò ðåñéãñÜöåôáé óôï <xref linkend="synching"/>.
Èá ðñÝðåé åðßóçò íá äçìéïõñãÞóåôå Ýíá óõìâïëéêü äåóìü ðñïò
ôïí êáôÜëïãï <filename
class="directory">/usr/src/sys/</filename>:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>ln -s /usr/src/sys /sys</userinput></screen>
</note>
<para>¸ðåéôá, ìåôáêéíçèåßôå óôïí êáôÜëïãï
<filename><replaceable>arch</replaceable>/conf</filename>
êáé áíôéãñÜøôå ôï áñ÷åßï ñõèìßóåùí <filename>GENERIC</filename> óôï
üíïìá ôï ïðïßï èÝëåôå íá äþóåôå óôï íÝï óáò ðõñÞíá. Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá:
</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /usr/src/sys/<replaceable>i386</replaceable>/conf</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>cp GENERIC <replaceable>MYKERNEL</replaceable></userinput></screen>
<para>ÊáôÜ ðáñÜäïóç, ôï üíïìá áõôü ãñÜöåôáé åî' ïëïêëÞñïõ ìå êåöáëáßá
ãñÜììáôá êáé áí Ý÷åôå ðïëëÜ ìç÷áíÞìáôá &os; ìå äéáöïñåôéêü õëéêü,
åßíáé êáëÞ éäÝá íá ôïõ äþóåôå ôï üíïìá ôïõ ìç÷áíÞìáôïò. Ãéá ôï
ðáñÜäåéãìá ìáò, èá ôï áðïêáëïýìå
<filename><replaceable>MYKERNEL</replaceable></filename>.</para>
<tip>
<para>Äåí åßíáé ãåíéêÜ êáëÞ éäÝá íá áðïèçêåýóåôå ôï áñ÷åßï ñõèìßóåùí óáò
áðåõèåßáò óôïí êáôÜëïãï <filename>/usr/src</filename>. Áí
áíôéìåôùðßóåôå ðñïâëÞìáôá, ßóùò ìðåßôå óôïí ðåéñáóìü íá äéáãñÜøåôå
áðëþò ôïí êáôÜëïãï <filename>/usr/src</filename> êáé íá îåêéíÞóåôå
áðü ôçí áñ÷Þ. ÓõíÞèùò ëßãá äåõôåñüëåðôá ìåôÜ áðü áõôü èá
óõíåéäçôïðïéÞóåôå üôé Ý÷åôå åðßóçò äéáãñÜøåé ôï áñ÷åßï ñõèìßóåùí
ôïõ ðõñÞíá óáò. Åðßóçò, ìçí åðåîåñãÜæåóôå áðåõèåßáò ôï áñ÷åßï
<filename>GENERIC</filename>, êáèþò ìðïñåß ïé áëëáãÝò óáò íá ÷áèïýí
ôçí åðüìåíç öïñÜ ðïõ èá
<link linkend="updating-upgrading">áíáíåþóåôå ôïí ðçãáßï óáò êþäéêá</link>.
</para>
<para>Êáëü èá åßíáé íá áðïèçêåýóåôå ôï áñ÷åßï ñõèìßóåùí óå Üëëï êáôÜëïãï
êáé íá äçìéïõñãÞóåôå Ýíá óõìâïëéêü äåóìü ðñïò ôï áñ÷åßï, óôïí êáôÜëïãï
<filename><replaceable>i386</replaceable></filename>.</para>
<para>Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /usr/src/sys/<replaceable>i386</replaceable>/conf</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>mkdir /root/kernels</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>cp GENERIC /root/kernels/<replaceable>MYKERNEL</replaceable></userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>ln -s /root/kernels/<replaceable>MYKERNEL</replaceable></userinput></screen>
</tip>
<para>Ôþñá, ôñïðïðïéÞóôå ôï áñ÷åßï
<filename><replaceable>MYKERNEL</replaceable></filename> ìå ôïí
åðåîåñãáóôÞ êåéìÝíïõ ðïõ ðñïôéìÜôå. Áí îåêéíÜôå ìüëéò ôþñá, ðéèáíüí ï
ìüíïò äéáèÝóéìïò åðåîåñãáóôÞò êåéìÝíïõ íá åßíáé ôï
<application>vi</application>, ï ïðïßïò åßíáé áñêåôÜ ðïëýðëïêïò ãéá íá
ôïí åîçãÞóïõìå åäþ, áëëÜ êáëýðôåôáé áñêåôÜ êáëÜ áðü ðëÞèïò âéâëßùí óôçí
<link linkend="bibliography">âéâëéïãñáößá</link>. Ùóôüóï, ôï &os;
äéáèÝôåé åðßóçò Ýíá åõêïëüôåñï åðåîåñãáóôÞ êåéìÝíïõ, ôïí
<application>ee</application> ï ïðïßïò åßíáé ç êáôÜëëçëç åðéëïãÞ áí
åßóôå áñ÷Üñéïò. ÁëëÜîôå êáôÜ âïýëçóç ôá ó÷üëéá óôçí áñ÷Þ ôïõ áñ÷åßïõ
ñõèìßóåùí þóôå íá áíôáíáêëïýí ôéò áëëáãÝò ðïõ Ý÷åôå êÜíåé êáé ïé ïðïßåò
ôï äéá÷ùñßæïõí áðü ôï <filename>GENERIC</filename>.</para>
<indexterm><primary>SunOS</primary></indexterm>
<para>Áí Ý÷åôå äçìéïõñãÞóåé ðõñÞíá óôï &sunos; Þ óå êÜðïéï Üëëï
ëåéôïõñãéêü óýóôçìá ôýðïõ BSD, ôï ìåãáëýôåñï ìÝñïò áõôïý ôïõ áñ÷åßïõ
èá óáò öáíåß ãíùóôü. Áðü ôçí Üëëç, áí Ýñ÷åóôå áðü êÜðïéï Üëëï
ëåéôïõñãéêü, üðùò ôï DOS ôï áñ÷åßï ñõèìßóåùí
<filename>GENERIC</filename> ßóùò íá óáò åßíáé äýóêïëï óôçí êáôáíüçóç,
ãéá ôï ëüãï áõôü áêïëïõèÞóôå áñãÜ êáé ðñïóåêôéêÜ ôéò ðåñéãñáöÝò ôïõ
ôìÞìáôïò
<link linkend="kernelconfig-config">Áñ÷åßï Ñõèìßóåùí</link>.</para>
<note>
<para>Áí <link
linkend="updating-upgrading">óõã÷ñïíßóåôå ôïí ðçãáßï êþäéêá</link>
ìå ôéò ôåëåõôáßåò áëëáãÝò ôïõ &os; project, íá äéáâÜóåôå ôï áñ÷åßï
<filename>/usr/src/UPDATING</filename> ðñéí ðñï÷ùñÞóåôå óå ïðïéïäÞðïôå
âÞìá áíáâÜèìéóçò. Ôï áñ÷åßï áõôü ðåñéãñÜöåé ðéèáíÜ óçìáíôéêÜ
ðñïâëÞìáôá Þ ðåñéï÷Ýò ðïõ ÷ñåéÜæïíôáé éäéáßôåñç ðñïóï÷Þ üóï áöïñÜ ôïí
áíáíåùìÝíï ðçãáßï êþäéêá. Ôï áñ÷åßï
<filename>/usr/src/UPDATING</filename> ôáéñéÜæåé ðÜíôá ìå ôçí Ýêäïóç
ôïõ ðçãáßïõ êþäéêá ôïõ &os; ðïõ Ý÷åôå, êáé åßíáé ãéá áõôü ôï ëüãï
ðéï åíçìåñùìÝíï óå ó÷Ýóç ìå üôé äéáâÜóåôå óôï ðáñüí âéâëßï.</para>
</note>
<para>Èá ðñÝðåé ôþñá íá ìåôáãëùôôßóåôå ôïí ðçãáßï êþäéêá ôïõ ðõñÞíá.
</para>
<procedure>
<title>Ìåôáãëþôôéóç ôïõ ÐõñÞíá</title>
<note>
<para>×ñåéÜæåôáé íá Ý÷åôå åãêáôáóôÞóåé üëï ôïí ðçãáßï êþäéêá ôïõ
&os; ãéá íá ìåôáãëùôôßóåôå ôïí ðõñÞíá.</para>
</note>
<step>
<para>Ìåôáêéíçèåßôå óôïí êáôÜëïãï <filename
class="directory">/usr/src</filename>:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /usr/src</userinput></screen>
</step>
<step>
<para>Ìåôáãëùôôßóôå ôïí ðõñÞíá:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>make buildkernel KERNCONF=<replaceable>MYKERNEL</replaceable></userinput></screen>
</step>
<step>
<para>ÅãêáôáóôÞóôå ôï íÝï ðõñÞíá:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>make installkernel KERNCONF=<replaceable>MYKERNEL</replaceable></userinput></screen>
</step>
</procedure>
<tip>
<para>Áðü ðñïåðéëïãÞ, üôáí äçìéïõñãåßôå Ýíá ðñïóáñìïóìÝíï ðõñÞíá,
äçìéïõñãïýíôáé åðßóçò êáé <emphasis>üëá</emphasis> ôá modules
(áñèñþìáôá) ðõñÞíá. Áí èÝëåôå íá êÜíåôå ðéï ãñÞãïñç áíáíÝùóç ôïõ
ðõñÞíá Þ íá äçìéïõñãÞóåôå ìüíï óõãêåêñéìÝíá modules, èá ðñÝðåé íá
ôñïðïðïéÞóåôå ôï áñ÷åßï <filename>/etc/make.conf</filename> ðñéí
îåêéíÞóåôå ôç äçìéïõñãßá ôïõ ðõñÞíá:</para>
<programlisting>MODULES_OVERRIDE = linux acpi sound/sound sound/driver/ds1 ntfs</programlisting>
<para>Óôç ìåôáâëçôÞ áõôÞ äßíåôå ìéá ëßóôá ôùí modules ðïõ èÝëåôå íá
äçìéïõñãçèïýí, áíôß íá äçìéïõñãçèïýí üëá.</para>
<programlisting>WITHOUT_MODULES = linux acpi sound ntfs</programlisting>
<para>Óôç ìåôáâëçôÞ áõôÞ äßíåôå ìéá ëßóôá âáóéêþí (top level) modules
ðïõ èÝëåôå íá ðáñáëåßøåôå êáôÜ ôç äéáäéêáóßá äçìéïõñãßáò. Ãéá Üëëåò
ìåôáâëçôÝò ðïõ ßóùò åßíáé ÷ñÞóéìåò óôç äéáäéêáóßá äçìéïõñãßáò ðõñÞíá,
äåßôå ôç óåëßäá manual ôïõ &man.make.conf.5;.</para>
</tip>
<indexterm>
<primary><filename class="directory">/boot/kernel.old</filename></primary>
</indexterm>
<para>Ï íÝïò ðõñÞíáò èá áíôéãñáöåß óôïí êáôÜëïãï
<filename class="directory">/boot/kernel</filename> ìå ôï üíïìá
<filename>/boot/kernel/kernel</filename> åíþ ï ðáëéüò ðõñÞíáò èá
ìåôáêéíçèåß óôï <filename>/boot/kernel.old/kernel</filename>. Ôåñìáôßóôå
ôþñá ôï óýóôçìá óáò êáé åðáíåêêéíÞóôå ãéá íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôï íÝï
ðõñÞíá. Áí êÜôé ðÜåé óôñáâÜ, õðÜñ÷ïõí êÜðïéåò ðëçñïöïñßåò ãéá
<link linkend="kernelconfig-trouble">Áíôéìåôþðéóç ÐñïâëçìÜôùí</link> ðïõ
ßóùò óáò öáíïýí ÷ñÞóéìåò, óôï ôÝëïò áõôïý ôïõ êåöáëáßïõ. Âåâáéùèåßôå üôé
äéáâÜóáôå ôï ôìÞìá ðïõ åîçãåß ðùò íá åðáíáöÝñåôå ôï óýóôçìá óáò óå
ðåñßðôùóç ðïõ ï íÝïò ðõñÞíáò
<link linkend="kernelconfig-noboot">äåí åêêéíåß</link>.</para>
<note>
<para>¶ëëá áñ÷åßá ðïõ ó÷åôßæïíôáé ìå ôç äéáäéêáóßá åêêßíçóçò, üðùò ï
&man.loader.8; êáé ïé ñõèìßóåéò ôïõ, âñßóêïíôáé óôïí êáôÜëïãï
<filename>/boot</filename>. ÅîåéäéêåõìÝíá modules Þ modules ôñßôùí
êáôáóêåõáóôþí ìðïñïýí íá ôïðïèåôçèïýí óôïí êáôÜëïãï
<filename class="directory">/boot/kernel</filename>, áí êáé ïé ÷ñÞóôåò
èá ðñÝðåé íá ãíùñßæïõí üôé åßíáé óçìáíôéêü ôá modules íá åßíáé óå
óõã÷ñïíéóìü ìå ôïí ðõñÞíá. Modules ôá ïðïßá äåí ðñïïñßæïíôáé ãéá
åêôÝëåóç ìå ôïí ôñÝ÷ïíôá ðõñÞíá, ìðïñïýí íá ðñïêáëÝóïõí áóôÜèåéá
Þ åóöáëìÝíç ëåéôïõñãßá ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò óáò.</para>
</note>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="kernelconfig-config">
<sect1info>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<firstname>Joel</firstname>
<surname>Dahl</surname>
<contrib>Áíáíåþèçêå ãéá ôï &os; </contrib>
</author>
</authorgroup>
</sect1info>
<title>Ôï Áñ÷åßï Ñõèìßóåùí</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>kernel</primary>
<secondary>NOTES</secondary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>NOTES</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>kernel</primary>
<secondary>configuration file</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>Ç ãåíéêÞ ìïñöÞ åíüò áñ÷åßïõ ñõèìßóåùí ðõñÞíá, åßíáé áñêåôÜ áðëÞ.
ÊÜèå ãñáììÞ ðåñéÝ÷åé ìéá ëÝîç-êëåéäß êáé Ýíá Þ ðåñéóóüôåñá ïñßóìáôá. Ãéá
ëüãïõò áðëüôçôáò, ïé ðåñéóóüôåñåò ãñáììÝò ðåñéÝ÷ïõí ìüíï Ýíá üñéóìá.
ÏôéäÞðïôå âñßóêåôáé ìåôÜ ôï óýìâïëï <literal>#</literal> èåùñåßôáé
ó÷üëéï êáé áãíïåßôáé. Óôá åðüìåíá ôìÞìáôá èá âñåßôå ðåñéãñáöÞ ãéá ôéò
ëÝîåéò-êëåéäéÜ, ìå ôç óåéñÜ ðïõ åìöáíßæïíôáé óôï áñ÷åßï ñõèìßóåùí
<filename>GENERIC</filename>.
<anchor
id="kernelconfig-options"/> Ãéá åîáíôëçôéêÞ ëßóôá ôùí ðáñáìÝôñùí êáé
óõóêåõþí ðïõ åîáñôþíôáé áðü ôçí áñ÷éôåêôïíéêÞ, äåßôå ôï áñ÷åßï
<filename>NOTES</filename> ôï ïðïßï âñßóêåôáé óôïí ßäéï êáôÜëïãï ìå ôï
áñ÷åßï <filename>GENERIC</filename>. Ãéá åðéëïãÝò êáé ñõèìßóåéò ðïõ
åßíáé áíåîÜñôçôåò áðü ôçí áñ÷éôåêôïíéêÞ, äåßôå ôï áñ÷åßï
<filename>/usr/src/sys/conf/NOTES</filename>.</para>
<para>Ìðïñåßôå íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôçí ïäçãßá
<literal>include</literal> óôá áñ÷åßá ñõèìßóåùí. Ç ïäçãßá áõôÞ
åðéôñÝðåé ôçí ëïãéêÞ óõìðåñßëçøç åíüò Üëëïõ áñ÷åßïõ ñõèìßóåùí ìÝóá óôï
ôñÝ÷ïí, êÜíïíôáò ðéï åýêïëç ôç óõíôÞñçóç ôïõ üôáí ïé áëëáãÝò ðïõ
÷ñåéÜæïíôáé åßíáé ëßãåò óå ó÷Ýóç ìå ôï áñ÷éêü áñ÷åßï. Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá,
áí ÷ñåéÜæåóôå Ýíá ðõñÞíá <filename>GENERIC</filename> ìå ëßãåò ìüíï
ðáñáðÜíù åðéëïãÝò Þ ðñïãñÜììáôá ïäÞãçóçò, ìðïñåßôå íá äçìéïõñãÞóåôå Ýíá
ìéêñü áñ÷åßï äéáöïñþí óå ó÷Ýóç ìå ôïí
<filename>GENERIC</filename>:</para>
<programlisting>include GENERIC
ident MYKERNEL
options IPFIREWALL
options DUMMYNET
options IPFIREWALL_DEFAULT_TO_ACCEPT
options IPDIVERT</programlisting>
<para>Ðïëëïß äéá÷åéñéóôÝò âñßóêïõí üôé áõôü ôï ìïíôÝëï ðñïóöÝñåé óçìáíôéêÜ
ðëåïíåêôÞìáôá óå ó÷Ýóç ìå ôïí ðáñáäïóéáêü ôñüðï óõããñáöÞò áñ÷åßùí
ñõèìßóåùí áðü ôï ìçäÝí: ôï ôïðéêü áñ÷åßï ñõèìßóåùí ðåñéÝ÷åé ìüíï ôéò
äéáöïñÝò áðü Ýíá ðõñÞíá <filename>GENERIC</filename>. Êáèþò ãßíïíôáé
áíáâáèìßóåéò óôï óýóôçìá, ôá íÝá ÷áñáêôçñéóôéêÜ êáé äõíáôüôçôåò ðïõ
ðñïóôßèåíôáé óôïí <filename>GENERIC</filename> èá ðñïóôåèïýí êáé
óôïí ðñïóáñìïóìÝíï ðõñÞíá, åêôüò áí ôï áðïôñÝøåôå ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôï
<literal>nooptions</literal> Þ ôï <literal>nodevice</literal>.
Ôï õðüëïéðï áõôïý ôïõ êåöáëáßïõ, åîçãåß ôï ðåñéå÷üìåíï åíüò ôõðéêïý
áñ÷åßïõ ñõèìßóåùí êáé ôï ñüëï ðïõ Ý÷ïõí ïé äéÜöïñåò åðéëïãÝò êáé ôá
ðñïãñÜììáôá ïäÞãçóçò ðïõ åìöáíßæïíôáé óå áõôü.</para>
<note>
<para>Ãéá íá äçìéïõñãÞóåôå Ýíá áñ÷åßï ôï ïðïßï íá ðåñéÝ÷åé üëåò ôéò
äéáèÝóéìåò åðéëïãÝò, üðùò ãßíåôáé óõíÞèùò ãéá äïêéìÝò, åêôåëÝóôå ôçí
áêüëïõèç åíôïëÞ ùò <username>root</username>:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /usr/src/sys/<replaceable>i386</replaceable>/conf && make LINT</userinput></screen>
</note>
<indexterm>
<primary>kernel</primary>
<secondary>configuration file</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>Ôï ðáñáêÜôù åßíáé Ýíá ðáñÜäåéãìá ôïõ áñ÷åßïõ ñõèìßóåùí
<filename>GENERIC</filename> ìå åðéðñüóèåôá äéåõêñéíéóôéêÜ ó÷üëéá üðïõ
åßíáé áðáñáßôçôï. Ôï ðáñÜäåéãìá èá ðñÝðåé íá ôáéñéÜæåé áñêåôÜ êáëÜ
ìå ôï áíôßãñáöï ôïõ áñ÷åßïõ ðïý Ý÷åôå óôï
<filename>/usr/src/sys/<replaceable>i386</replaceable>/conf/GENERIC</filename>.</para>
<indexterm>
<primary>kernel options</primary>
<secondary>machine</secondary>
</indexterm>
<programlisting>machine i386</programlisting>
<para>Ðñüêåéôáé ãéá ôçí áñ÷éôåêôïíéêÞ ôïõ ìç÷áíÞìáôïò. ÐñÝðåé íá åßíáé
<literal>amd64</literal>,
<literal>i386</literal>, <literal>ia64</literal>,
<literal>pc98</literal>, <literal>powerpc</literal>, Þ
<literal>sparc64</literal>.</para>
<indexterm>
<primary>kernel options</primary>
<secondary>cpu</secondary>
</indexterm>
<programlisting>cpu I486_CPU
cpu I586_CPU
cpu I686_CPU</programlisting>
<para>Ç ðáñáðÜíù åðéëïãÞ êáèïñßæåé ôïí ôýðï ôçò CPU ðïõ Ý÷åôå óôï óýóôçìá
óáò. Ìðïñåß íá Ý÷åôå ðáñáðÜíù áðü ìéá ôÝôïéåò ãñáììÝò (áí ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá
äåí åßóôå óßãïõñïò áí èá ðñÝðåé íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå
<literal>I586_CPU</literal> Þ <literal>I686_CPU</literal>),
áëëÜ ãéá Ýíá ðñïóáñìïóìÝíï ðõñÞíá åßíáé êáëýôåñá íá êáèïñßóåôå ìüíï ôç
CPU ðïõ Ý÷åôå. Áí äåí åßóôå óßãïõñïò ãéá ôïí ôýðï ôçò CPU ìðïñåßôå íá
åëÝãîåôå ôï áñ÷åßï <filename>/var/run/dmesg.boot</filename> ãéá íá äåßôå
ôá ìçíýìáôá åêêßíçóçò ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò óáò.</para>
<indexterm>
<primary>kernel options</primary>
<secondary>ident</secondary>
</indexterm>
<programlisting>ident GENERIC</programlisting>
<para>Áõôü åßíáé ôï áíáãíùñéóôéêü üíïìá ôïõ ðõñÞíá. Èá ðñÝðåé íá ôï
áëëÜîåôå óôï üíïìá ðïõ äþóáôå óôïí ðõñÞíá óáò, ð.÷.
<literal>MYKERNEL</literal> áí Ý÷åôå áêïëïõèÞóåé ôéò ïäçãßåò áðü ôï
ðñïçãïýìåíï ìáò ðáñÜäåéãìá. Ç ôéìÞ ðïõ èá âÜëåôå óôï áëöáñéèìçôéêü
<literal>ident</literal> èá åêôõðþíåôáé üôáí åêêéíåßôå ìå ôïí
óõãêåêñéìÝíï ðõñÞíá, êáé Ýôóé åßíáé ÷ñÞóéìï íá äþóåôå óôï íÝï ðõñÞíá Ýíá
äéáöïñåôéêü üíïìá áí èÝëåôå íá ôï îå÷ùñßæåôå áðü ôï óõíçèéóìÝíï ðõñÞíá
óáò (áí ð.÷. èÝëåôå íá öôéÜîåôå Ýíá ðåéñáìáôéêü ðõñÞíá).</para>
<programlisting>#To statically compile in device wiring instead of /boot/device.hints
#hints "GENERIC.hints" # Default places to look for devices.</programlisting>
<para>Ôï áñ÷åßï &man.device.hints.5; ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé ãéá ôïí êáèïñéóìü
åðéëïãþí ðïõ ó÷åôßæïíôáé ìå ôïõò ïäçãïýò óõóêåõþí. Ç ðñïåðéëåãìÝíç èÝóç
ôçí ïðïßá åëÝã÷åé ï &man.loader.8; êáôÜ ôçí åêêßíçóç åßíáé ôï
<filename>/boot/device.hints</filename>. ×ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôçí åðéëïãÞ
<literal>hints</literal> ìðïñåßôå íá åíóùìáôþóåôå óôáôéêÜ ôéò ïäçãßåò
áõôÝò ìÝóá óôïí ðõñÞíá. Óôçí ðåñßðôùóç áõôÞ äåí õðÜñ÷åé ëüãïò íá
äçìéïõñãÞóåôå ôï áñ÷åßï <filename>device.hints</filename> óôïí êáôÜëïãï
<filename>/boot</filename>.</para>
<!-- XXX: Add a comment here that explains when compiling hints into
the kernel is a good idea and why. -->
<programlisting>makeoptions DEBUG=-g # Build kernel with gdb(1) debug symbols</programlisting>
<para>Ç öõóéïëïãéêÞ äéáäéêáóßá äçìéïõñãßáò ôïõ &os; ðåñéëáìâÜíåé
ðëçñïöïñßåò åêóöáëìÜôùóçò (debugging) üôáí ï ðõñÞíáò äçìéïõñãåßôáé ìå
ôçí åðéëïãÞ <option>-g</option>, åðéôñÝðïíôáò Ýôóé ôçí ÷ñÞóç ôïõò üôáí
äïèïýí óôï &man.gcc.1;.</para>
<programlisting>options SCHED_ULE # ULE scheduler</programlisting>
<para>Ï ðñïåðéëåãìÝíïò scheduler ôïõ &os;. ÊñáôÞóôå ôçí åðéëïãÞ
áõôÞ.</para>
<programlisting>options PREEMPTION # Enable kernel thread preemption</programlisting>
<para>ÅðéôñÝðåé óå íÞìáôá ôïõ ðõñÞíá íá ðñïóðåñáóôïýí áðü Üëëá,
õøçëüôåñçò ðñïôåñáéüôçôáò. ÂïçèÜåé óôçí áýîçóç áðüêñéóçò ôïõ
óõóôÞìáôïò êáé åðéôñÝðåé óå íÞìáôá äéáêïðþí (interrupts) íá åêôåëåóôïýí
ðéï ãñÞãïñá, áíôß íá ìÝíïõí óå áíáìïíÞ.</para>
<programlisting>options INET # InterNETworking</programlisting>
<para>ÕðïóôÞñéîç äéêôýïõ. ÁöÞóôå ôçí åðéëïãÞ áõôÞ åíåñãïðïéçìÝíç, áêüìá
êáé áí äåí óêïðåýåôå íá óõíäåèåßôå óå êÜðïéï äßêôõï. Ôá ðåñéóóüôåñá
ðñïãñÜììáôá ÷ñåéÜæïíôáé Ýóôù êáé ôçí åóùôåñéêÞ (loopback) äéêôýùóç
(ôç äõíáôüôçôá äçë. íá êÜíïõí óõíäÝóåéò äéêôýïõ ìÝóá óôï ßäéï óáò ôï
ìç÷Üíçìá), êáèéóôþíôáò ôçí åðéëïãÞ áõôÞ ïõóéáóôéêÜ õðï÷ñåùôéêÞ.</para>
<programlisting>options INET6 # IPv6 communications protocols</programlisting>
<para>Ç åðéëïãÞ áõôÞ åíåñãïðïéåß ôá ðñùôüêïëëá åðéêïéíùíßáò IPv6.</para>
<programlisting>options FFS # Berkeley Fast Filesystem</programlisting>
<para>Ðñüêåéôáé ãéá ôï âáóéêü óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí ôïõ óêëçñïý äßóêïõ. ÁöÞóôå
ôçí åðéëïãÞ áõôÞ åíåñãïðïéçìÝíç, áí îåêéíÜôå áðü ôï óêëçñü äßóêï.
</para>
<programlisting>options SOFTUPDATES # Enable FFS Soft Updates support</programlisting>
<para>Ç åðéëïãÞ áõôÞ åíåñãïðïéåß ôá Soft Updates óôïí ðõñÞíá, ôï ïðïßï
âïçèÜåé ôçí åðéôÜ÷õíóç ôçò åããñáöÞò óôïõò äßóêïõò. Áêüìá êáé áí ç
ëåéôïõñãßá áõôÞ ðáñÝ÷åôáé áðü ôïí ðõñÞíá, èá ðñÝðåé åðßóçò íá
åíåñãïðïéçèåß ãéá óõãêåêñéìÝíïõò äßóêïõò. Äåßôå ôçí Ýîïäï ôçò åíôïëÞò
&man.mount.8; ãéá íá äåßôå áí åßíáé åíåñãïðïéçìÝíá ôá Soft Updates
óôïõò äßóêïõò ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò óáò. Áí äåí äåßôå ôçí åðéëïãÞ
<literal>soft-updates</literal> èá ÷ñåéáóôåß íá ôçí åíåñãïðïéÞóåôå ìå
ôçí åíôïëÞ &man.tunefs.8; (ãéá õðÜñ÷ïíôá óõóôÞìáôá áñ÷åßùí) Þ
&man.newfs.8; (ãéá íÝá óõóôÞìáôá áñ÷åßùí).</para>
<programlisting>options UFS_ACL # Support for access control lists</programlisting>
<para>Ìå ôçí åðéëïãÞ áõôÞ, åíåñãïðïéåßôáé ç õðïóôÞñéîç ôïõ ðõñÞíá ãéá
ëßóôåò åëÝã÷ïõ ðñüóâáóçò (access control lists). Ôá
<acronym>ACL</acronym>s åîáñôéïýíôáé áðü ôç ÷ñÞóç åêôåôáìÝíùí éäéïôÞôùí
êáé áðü ôï óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí <acronym>UFS2</acronym>, êáé ðåñéãñÜöïíôáé
ìå ëåðôïìÝñåéá óôï <xref linkend="fs-acl"/>. Ôá <acronym>ACL</acronym>s
åßíáé åíåñãïðïéçìÝíá áðü ðñïåðéëïãÞ, êáé äåí èá ðñÝðåé íá ôá
áðåíåñãïðïéÞóåôå áðü ôïí ðõñÞíá áí Ý÷ïõí ÷ñçóéìïðïéçèåß óôï ðáñåëèüí óå
êÜðïéï óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí, êáèþò áõôü èá ôá áöáéñÝóåé áðü ôá áñ÷åßá,
áëëÜæïíôáò Ýôóé ôïí ôñüðï ðñïóôáóßáò ôïõò ìå áðñüâëåðôïõò ôñüðïõò.
</para>
<programlisting>options UFS_DIRHASH # Improve performance on big directories</programlisting>
<para>Ìå ôçí åðéëïãÞ áõôÞ, ðåñéëáìâÜíïíôáé ëåéôïõñãßåò ðïõ áõîÜíïõí ôçí
ôá÷ýôçôá ðñüóâáóçò ôïõ äßóêïõ óå ìåãÜëïõò êáôáëüãïõò, ìå êüóôïò ôç ÷ñÞóç
åðéðñüóèåôçò ìíÞìçò. ÖõóéïëïãéêÜ, èá èÝëåôå íá êñáôÞóåôå ôçí åðéëïãÞ
áõôÞ óå Ýíá ìåãÜëï åîõðçñåôçôÞ Þ óôáèìü åñãáóßáò, êáé íá ôçí áöáéñÝóåôå
üôáí ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå ôï &os; óå Ýíá ìéêñü óýóôçìá üðïõ ç ìíÞìç åßíáé
ðåñéïñéóìÝíç êáé ç ôá÷ýôçôá ðñüóâáóçò óôï äßóêï åßíáé ëéãüôåñï
óçìáíôéêÞ, üðùò ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá óå Ýíá firewall.</para>
<programlisting>options MD_ROOT # MD is a potential root device</programlisting>
<para>Ìå ôçí åðéëïãÞ áõôÞ åíåñãïðïéåßôáé ç õðïóôÞñéîç ÷ñÞóçò åíüò
åéêïíéêïý äßóêïõ óôç ìíÞìç RAM (ramdrive) ãéá ÷ñÞóç ùò óõóêåõÞ root.
</para>
<indexterm>
<primary>kernel options</primary>
<secondary>NFS</secondary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>kernel options</primary>
<secondary>NFS_ROOT</secondary>
</indexterm>
<programlisting>options NFSCLIENT # Network Filesystem Client
options NFSSERVER # Network Filesystem Server
options NFS_ROOT # NFS usable as /, requires NFSCLIENT</programlisting>
<para>Ôï äéêôõáêü óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí. Áí äåí Ý÷åôå óêïðü íá ðñïóáñôÞóåôå
óõóôÞìáôá áñ÷åßùí áðü Üëëï åîõðçñåôçôÞ áñ÷åßùí &unix; ìÝóù TCP/IP,
ìðïñåßôå íá ìåôáôñÝøåôå áõôÝò ôéò ãñáììÝò óå ó÷üëéá.</para>
<indexterm>
<primary>kernel options</primary>
<secondary>MSDOSFS</secondary>
</indexterm>
<programlisting>options MSDOSFS # MSDOS Filesystem</programlisting>
<para>Ôï óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí ôïõ &ms-dos;. Áí äåí óêïðåýåôå íá ðñïóáñôÞóåôå
äßóêï DOS êáôÜ ôçí åêêßíçóç, ìðïñåßôå ìå áóöÜëåéá íá ìåôáôñÝøåôå ôçí
åðéëïãÞ áõôÞ óå ó÷üëéï. Ç õðïóôÞñéîç èá öïñôùèåß áõôüìáôá ôçí ðñþôç
öïñÜ ðïõ èá ðñïóáñôÞóåôå êáôÜôìçóç DOS üðùò ðåñéãñÜøáìå ðáñáðÜíù.
Åðßóçò, ôï åîáéñåôéêü ðñüãñáììá
<filename role="package">emulators/mtools</filename> óáò åðéôñÝðåé íá
Ý÷åôå ðñüóâáóç óå äéóêÝôåò DOS ÷ùñßò íá ÷ñåéÜæåôáé íá ôéò ðñïóáñôÞóåôå
êáé íá áðïðñïóáñôÞóåôå (êáé åðßóçò äåí áðáéôåß ôç ÷ñÞóç ôïõ
<literal>MSDOSFS</literal>).</para>
<programlisting>options CD9660 # ISO 9660 Filesystem</programlisting>
<para>Ôï óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí ISO 9660 ãéá CDROM. ÌåôáôñÝøôå ôï óå ó÷üëéï áí
äåí Ý÷åôå ïäçãü CDROM Þ áí óðÜíéá ðñïóáñôÜôå CD äåäïìÝíùí (êáèþò èá
öïñôùèåß äõíáìéêÜ ôçí ðñþôç öïñÜ ðïõ èá ðñïóáñôÞóåôå ôÝôïéï CD ). Ôá
ìïõóéêÜ CD äåí ÷ñåéÜæïíôáé áõôü ôï óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí.</para>
<programlisting>options PROCFS # Process filesystem (requires PSEUDOFS)</programlisting>
<para>Áõôü ôï óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí ðåñéÝ÷åé ôéò äéåñãáóßåò ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò.
Ðñüêåéôáé ãéá Ýíá <quote>åéêïíéêü</quote> óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí ôï ïðïßï
ðñïóáñôÜôáé óôïí êáôÜëïãï <filename>/proc</filename> êáé åðéôñÝðåé óå
ðñïãñÜììáôá üðùò ôï &man.ps.1; íá äßíïõí ðåñéóóüôåñåò ðëçñïöïñßåò ãéá
ôéò äéåñãáóßåò ðïõ åêôåëïýíôáé. Ç ÷ñÞóç ôïõ <literal>PROCFS</literal>
äåí áðáéôåßôáé óôéò ðåñéóóüôåñåò ðåñéðôþóåéò, êáèþò ôá ðåñéóóüôåñá
åñãáëåßá ðáñáêïëïýèçóçò êáé åêóöáëìÜôùóçò Ý÷ïõí ðñïóáñìïóôåß íá
åêôåëïýíôáé ÷ùñßò ôï <literal>PROCFS</literal>. Óôéò íÝåò åãêáôáóôÜóåéò,
áõôü ôï óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí äåí ðñïóáñôÜôáé áðü ðñïåðéëïãÞ.</para>
<programlisting>options PSEUDOFS # Pseudo-filesystem framework</programlisting>
<para>ÐõñÞíåò ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýí ôï
<literal>PROCFS</literal> ðñÝðåé åðßóçò íá ðáñÝ÷ïõí õðïóôÞñéîç ãéá ôï
<literal>PSEUDOFS</literal>.</para>
<programlisting>options GEOM_PART_GPT # GUID Partition Tables.</programlisting>
<para>ÐñïóèÝôåé õðïóôÞñéîç ãéá <ulink
url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUID_Partition_Table">Ðßíáêá
ÊáôáôìÞóåùí GUID</ulink>. Ôï GPT äßíåé äõíáôüôçôá ýðáñîçò ìåãÜëïõ
áñéèìïý êáôáôìÞóåùí óôï äßóêï, ìÝ÷ñé 128 ìå ôéò ôõðéêÝò
ñõèìßóåéò.</para>
<programlisting>options COMPAT_43 # Compatible with BSD 4.3 [KEEP THIS!]</programlisting>
<para>Óõìâáôüôçôá ìå ôï 4.3BSD. ÁöÞóôå ôçí åðéëïãÞ áõôÞ åíåñãÞ: êÜðïéá
ðñïãñÜììáôá èá óõìðåñéöÝñïíôáé ðáñÜîåíá áí ôçí áðåíåñãïðïéÞóåôå.</para>
<programlisting>options COMPAT_FREEBSD4 # Compatible with &os;4</programlisting>
<para>Ç åðéëïãÞ áõôÞ áðáéôåßôáé
ãéá ôçí õðïóôÞñéîç åöáñìïãþí ðïõ Ý÷ïõí ìåôáãëùôôéóôåß óå
ðáëéüôåñåò åêäüóåéò ôïõ &os; êáé ïé ïðïßåò ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýí ðáëéÝò
äéåðáöÝò êáé êëÞóåéò óõóôÞìáôïò. Óõíßóôáôáé íá õðÜñ÷åé áõôÞ ç åðéëïãÞ
óå üëá ôá óõóôÞìáôá &i386; ôá ïðïßá åêôåëïýí ðáëéüôåñåò
åöáñìïãÝò. Áñ÷éôåêôïíéêÝò üðùò ç ia64 êáé ç &sparc64; ðïõ Üñ÷éóáí íá
õðïóôçñßæïíôáé áðü ôçí Ýêäïóç 5.× êáé ìåôÜ äåí ÷ñåéÜæïíôáé áõôÞ ôçí
åðéëïãÞ.</para>
<programlisting>options COMPAT_FREEBSD5 # Compatible with &os;5</programlisting>
<para>Ç åðéëïãÞ áõôÞ áðáéôåßôáé óôï ãéá ôçí
õðïóôÞñéîç åöáñìïãþí ðïõ Ý÷ïõí ìåôáãëùôôéóôåß óôï &os; 5.X êáé
÷ñçóéìïðïéïýí ôéò áíôßóôïé÷åò êëÞóåéò áõôïý ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò.</para>
<programlisting>options COMPAT_FREEBSD6 # Compatible with &os;6</programlisting>
<para>Ç åðéëïãÞ áõôÞ áðáéôåßôáé óôï ãéá ôçí
õðïóôÞñéîç åöáñìïãþí ðïõ Ý÷ïõí ìåôáãëùôôéóôåß óôï &os; 6.X êáé
÷ñçóéìïðïéïýí ôéò áíôßóôïé÷åò êëÞóåéò áõôïý ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò.</para>
<programlisting>options COMPAT_FREEBSD7 # Compatible with &os;75</programlisting>
<para>Ç åðéëïãÞ áõôÞ áðáéôåßôáé óôï ãéá ôçí
õðïóôÞñéîç åöáñìïãþí ðïõ Ý÷ïõí ìåôáãëùôôéóôåß óôï &os; 7.X êáé
÷ñçóéìïðïéïýí ôéò áíôßóôïé÷åò êëÞóåéò áõôïý ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò.</para>
<programlisting>options SCSI_DELAY=5000 # Delay (in ms) before probing SCSI</programlisting>
<para>Ìå ôçí åðéëïãÞ áõôÞ ï ðõñÞíáò ðåñéìÝíåé 5 äåõôåñüëåðôá ðñéí
áíé÷íåýóåé êÜèå óõóêåõÞ SCSI óôï óýóôçìá óáò. Áí Ý÷åôå ìüíï IDE äßóêïõò
ìðïñåßôå íá ôçí áãíïÞóåôå, äéáöïñåôéêÜ ìðïñåßôå íá äïêéìÜóåôå íá
ìåéþóåôå ôïí áñéèìü áõôü, ãéá íá åðéôá÷ýíåôå ôçí åêêßíçóç. ÖõóéêÜ, áí ôï
êÜíåôå áõôü êáé áíáêáëýøåôå üôé ôï &os; Ý÷åé ðñüâëçìá óôçí áíáãíþñéóç
ôùí óõóêåõþí óáò, èá ðñÝðåé íá ôçí áíåâÜóåôå îáíÜ.</para>
<programlisting>options KTRACE # ktrace(1) support</programlisting>
<para>Ç åðéëïãÞ áõôÞ åíåñãïðïéåß ôï tracing ôùí äéåñãáóéþí ôïõ ðõñÞíá, ôï
ïðïßï åßíáé ÷ñÞóéìï óôçí åêóöáëìÜôùóç.</para>
<programlisting>options SYSVSHM # SYSV-style shared memory</programlisting>
<para>Ç åðéëïãÞ áõôÞ åíåñãïðïéåß ôçí êïéíü÷ñçóôç ìíÞìç óýìöùíá ìå ôï
ðñüôõðï ôïõ System V. Ç ðëÝïí êïéíÞ ÷ñÞóç ôçò, åßíáé ç
åðÝêôáóç XSHM óôá × ç ïðïßá ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé áõôüìáôá áðü ðïëëÝò âáñéÝò
åöáñìïãÝò ãñáöéêþí ãéá êáëýôåñç ôá÷ýôçôá. Áí ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå ×,
óßãïõñá èÝëåôå íá ðåñéëÜâåôå áõôÞ ôçí åðéëïãÞ.</para>
<programlisting>options SYSVMSG # SYSV-style message queues</programlisting>
<para>ÕðïóôÞñéîç ãéá ìçíýìáôá ôïõ System V. Ç åðéëïãÞ áõôÞ ðñïóèÝôåé
ìüíï ìåñéêÝò åêáôïíôÜäåò bytes óôïí ðõñÞíá.</para>
<programlisting>options SYSVSEM # SYSV-style semaphores</programlisting>
<para>ÕðïóôÞñéîç óçìáôïöïñÝùí ôïõ System V. ×ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé ëéãüôåñï
óõ÷íÜ, áëëÜ ðñïóèÝôåé ìüíï ìåñéêÝò åêáôïíôÜäåò bytes óôïí ðõñÞíá.
</para>
<note>
<para>Ç åðéëïãÞ <option>-p</option> ôçò åíôïëÞò &man.ipcs.1; èá óáò
äåßîåé ðïéåò äéåñãáóßåò ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýí êÜèå ìéá áðü áõôÝò ôéò
ëåéôïõñãßåò ôïõ System V.</para>
</note>
<programlisting>options _KPOSIX_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING # POSIX P1003_1B real-time extensions</programlisting>
<para>ÅðåêôÜóåéò ðñáãìáôéêïý ÷ñüíïõ (Real-time) ðïõ ðñïóôÝèçêáí óôï
&posix; ôï 1993. ×ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé áðü êÜðïéåò åöáñìïãÝò óôç óõëëïãÞ ôùí
ports (üðùò ôï <application>&staroffice;</application>).</para>
<programlisting>options KBD_INSTALL_CDEV # install a CDEV entry in /dev</programlisting>
<para>Ç åðéëïãÞ áõôÞ åßíáé áðáñáßôçôç ãéá ôç äçìéïõñãßá ôïõ áñ÷åßïõ
óõóêåõÞò ðëçêôñïëïãßïõ óôïí êáôÜëïãï <filename>/dev</filename>.</para>
<programlisting>options ADAPTIVE_GIANT # Giant mutex is adaptive.</programlisting>
<para>Ôï Giant åßíáé ôï üíïìá åíüò óõóôÞìáôïò áìïéâáßïõ áðïêëåéóìïý
(sleep mutex) ôï ïðïßï ðñïóôáôåýåé Ýíá ìåãÜëï áñéèìü ðüñùí ôïõ ðõñÞíá.
Óôéò ìÝñåò ìáò, áõôü èåùñåßôáé áíåðßôñåðôï áðü ðëåõñÜò áðüäïóçò êáé
áíôéêáèßóôáôáé ìå êëåéäþìáôá ôá ïðïßá ðñïóôáôåýïõí óõãêåêñéìÝíïõò
ðüñïõò. Ç åðéëïãÞ <literal>ADAPTIVE_GIANT</literal> åðéôñÝðåé óôï Giant
íá óõìðåñéëçöèåß óôï óåô ôùí mutexes ðïõ ìðïñïýí íá åêôåëåóôïýí
åðéëåêôéêÜ. ¸ôóé, áí Ýíá íÞìá èÝëåé íá êëåéäþóåé ôï Giant mutex, áëëÜ
áõôü åßíáé Þäç êëåéäùìÝíï áðü Ýíá íÞìá óå ìéá Üëëç CPU, ôï ðñþôï íÞìá
èá óõíå÷ßóåé íá åêôåëåßôáé, êáé èá ðåñéìÝíåé ãéá ôçí áðåëåõèÝñùóç ôïõ
êëåéäþìáôïò. ÖõóéïëïãéêÜ, ôï íÞìá èá åðÝóôñåöå óôçí êáôÜóôáóç ýðíïõ
(sleep) êáé èá ðåñßìåíå ãéá ôçí åðüìåíç åõêáéñßá åêôÝëåóçò ôïõ. Áí äåí
åßóôå óßãïõñïò, áöÞóôå áõôÞ ôçí åðéëïãÞ åíåñãÞ.</para>
<note>
<para>Óçìåéþóôå üôé áðü ôï &os; 8.0-RELEASE êáé ôéò åðüìåíåò åêäüóåéò,
üëá ôá mutexes Ý÷ïõí áðü ðñïåðéëïãÞ ôç äõíáôüôçôá ðñïóáñìïãÞò, åêôüò
áí Ý÷åé åðßôçäåò ãßíåé äéáöïñåôéêÞ ñýèìéóç, ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôçí
åðéëïãÞ <literal>NO_ADAPTIVE_MUTEXES</literal> êáôÜ ôç ìåôáãëþôôéóç.
Ôï Giant Ý÷åé åðßóçò äõíáôüôçôá ðñïóáñìïãÞò ðëÝïí, êáé Ýôóé ç
åðéëïãÞ <literal>ADAPTIVE_GIANT</literal> Ý÷åé áöáéñåèåß áðü ôï
áñ÷åßï ñõèìßóåùí ðõñÞíá.</para>
</note>
<indexterm>
<primary>kernel options</primary>
<secondary>SMP</secondary>
</indexterm>
<programlisting>device apic # I/O APIC</programlisting>
<para>Ç óõóêåõÞ apic åðéôñÝðåé ôç ÷ñÞóç ôïõ I/O APIC ãéá ôçí ðáñÜäïóç ôùí
interrupts (äéáêïðþí). Ç óõóêåõÞ apic ìðïñåß íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéçèåß ôüóï óå
ðõñÞíåò ãéá Ýíá åðåîåñãáóôÞ (UP) üóï êáé ãéá ðïëëáðëïýò (SMP), áëëÜ óôç
äåýôåñç ðåñßðôùóç åßíáé áðáñáßôçôç. ÐñïóèÝóôå ôçí åðéëïãÞ
<literal>options SMP</literal> ãéá íá Ý÷åôå õðïóôÞñéîç ðïëëáðëþí
åðåîåñãáóôþí.</para>
<note>
<para>Ç óõóêåõÞ apic õðÜñ÷åé ìüíï óôçí áñ÷éôåêôïíéêÞ i386, ç ãñáììÞ áõôÞ
äåí èá ðñÝðåé íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéçèåß óå Üëëåò áñ÷éôåêôïíéêÝò.</para>
</note>
<programlisting>device eisa</programlisting>
<para>Èá ðñÝðåé íá óõìðåñéëÜâåôå ôçí åðéëïãÞ áõôÞ áí Ý÷åôå ìçôñéêÞ ìå
äßáõëï ôýðïõ EISA. Åíåñãïðïéåßôáé Ýôóé ç áõôüìáôç áíß÷íåõóç êáé ñýèìéóç
üëùí ôùí óõóêåõþí óôï äßáõëï EISA.</para>
<programlisting>device pci</programlisting>
<para>Èá ðñÝðåé íá óõìðåñéëÜâåôå áõôÞ ôçí åðéëïãÞ áí Ý÷åôå ìçôñéêÞ ìå
äßáõëï PCI. Åíåñãïðïéåßôáé Ýôóé ç áõôüìáôç áíß÷íåõóç ôùí êáñôþí PCI êáé
ç åðéêïéíùíßá ìåôáîý ôùí äéáýëùí PCI êáé ISA.</para>
<programlisting># Floppy drives
device fdc</programlisting>
<para>Ðñüêåéôáé ãéá ôïí åëåãêôÞ ìïíÜäáò äéóêÝôáò.</para>
<programlisting># ATA and ATAPI devices
device ata</programlisting>
<para>Áõôüò ï ïäçãüò õðïóôçñßæåé üëåò ôéò óõóêåõÝò ôýðïõ ATA êáé ATAPI.
×ñåéÜæåóôå ìüíï ìéá êáôá÷þñçóç <literal>device ata</literal> ãéá íá
áíé÷íåýóåé ï ðõñÞíáò üëåò ôéò óõóêåõÝò ATA/ATAPI ôýðïõ PCI óôá óýã÷ñïíá
ìç÷áíÞìáôá.</para>
<programlisting>device atadisk # ATA disk drives</programlisting>
<para>Ç åðéëïãÞ áõôÞ áðáéôåßôáé ìáæß ìå ôï <literal>device ata</literal>
ãéá ôçí õðïóôÞñéîç äßóêùí ATA.</para>
<programlisting>device ataraid # ATA RAID drives</programlisting>
<para>Ç åðéëïãÞ áõôÞ áðáéôåßôáé ìáæß ìå ôï<literal>device ata</literal>
ãéá ôçí õðïóôÞñéîç äßóêùí ATA RAID.</para>
<programlisting><anchor id="kernelconfig-atapi"/>
device atapicd # ATAPI CDROM drives</programlisting>
<para>Ç åðéëïãÞ áõôÞ áðáéôåßôáé ìáæß ìå ôï <literal>device ata</literal>
ãéá ôçí õðïóôÞñéîç ïäçãþí ATAPI CDROM.</para>
<programlisting>device atapifd # ATAPI floppy drives</programlisting>
<para>Ç åðéëïãÞ áõôÞ áðáéôåßôáé ìáæß ìå ôï <literal>device ata</literal>
ãéá ôçí õðïóôÞñéîç ïäçãþí äéóêÝôáò ATAPI.</para>
<programlisting>device atapist # ATAPI tape drives</programlisting>
<para>Ç åðéëïãÞ áõôÞ áðáéôåßôáé ìáæß ìå ôï <literal>device ata</literal>
ãéá ôçí õðïóôÞñéîç ìïíÜäùí ôáéíßáò ATAPI.</para>
<programlisting>options ATA_STATIC_ID # Static device numbering</programlisting>
<para>Ìå ôçí åðéëïãÞ áõôÞ, ï áñéèìüò ôïõ åëåãêôÞ ãßíåôáé óôáôéêüò. ×ùñßò
áõôÞ, ïé áñéèìïß óõóêåõþí áðïäßäïíôáé äõíáìéêÜ.</para>
<programlisting># SCSI Controllers
device ahb # EISA AHA1742 family
device ahc # AHA2940 and onboard AIC7xxx devices
options AHC_REG_PRETTY_PRINT # Print register bitfields in debug
# output. Adds ~128k to driver.
device ahd # AHA39320/29320 and onboard AIC79xx devices
options AHD_REG_PRETTY_PRINT # Print register bitfields in debug
# output. Adds ~215k to driver.
device amd # AMD 53C974 (Teckram DC-390(T))
device isp # Qlogic family
#device ispfw # Firmware for QLogic HBAs- normally a module
device mpt # LSI-Logic MPT-Fusion
#device ncr # NCR/Symbios Logic
device sym # NCR/Symbios Logic (newer chipsets + those of `ncr')
device trm # Tekram DC395U/UW/F DC315U adapters
device adv # Advansys SCSI adapters
device adw # Advansys wide SCSI adapters
device aha # Adaptec 154x SCSI adapters
device aic # Adaptec 15[012]x SCSI adapters, AIC-6[23]60.
device bt # Buslogic/Mylex MultiMaster SCSI adapters
device ncv # NCR 53C500
device nsp # Workbit Ninja SCSI-3
device stg # TMC 18C30/18C50</programlisting>
<para>ÅëåãêôÝò SCSI. Ìðïñåßôå íá ìåôáôñÝøåôå óå ó÷üëéï ïðïéïíäÞðïôå äåí
Ý÷åôå óôï óýóôçìá óáò. Áí ôï óýóôçìá óáò Ý÷åé ìüíï óõóêåõÝò IDE,
ìðïñåßôå íá áöáéñÝóåôå üëåò ôéò ãñáììÝò. Ïé ãñáììÝò ôýðïõ
<literal>*_REG_PRETTY_PRINT</literal> ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýíôáé ãéá íá äßíïõí
ðåñéóóüôåñåò äéáãíùóôéêÝò ðëçñïöïñßåò ãéá ôïõò áíôßóôïé÷ïõò ïäçãïýò.
</para>
<programlisting># SCSI peripherals
device scbus # SCSI bus (required for SCSI)
device ch # SCSI media changers
device da # Direct Access (disks)
device sa # Sequential Access (tape etc)
device cd # CD
device pass # Passthrough device (direct SCSI access)
device ses # SCSI Environmental Services (and SAF-TE)</programlisting>
<para>ÐåñéöåñåéáêÜ SCSI. Ìðïñåßôå êáé ðÜëé íá ìåôáôñÝøåôå óå ó÷üëéï üóåò
óõóêåõÝò äåí Ý÷åôå, Þ áí Ý÷åôå ìüíï óõóêåõÝò IDE, ìðïñåßôå íá
áöáéñÝóåôå åíôåëþò áõôÝò ôéò ãñáììÝò.</para>
<note>
<para>Ï ïäçãüò USB &man.umass.4; êáé êÜðïéïé Üëëïé ïäçãïß ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýí
ôï õðïóýóôçìá SCSI áí êáé äåí åßíáé ðñáãìáôéêÝò SCSI óõóêåõÝò. Ãéá ôï
ëüãï áõôü, óéãïõñåõôåßôå üôé äåí áöáéñÝóáôå ôçí õðïóôÞñéîç SCSI áí
ðåñéëáìâÜíïíôáé ôÝôïéïé ïäçãïß óôï áñ÷åßï ñýèìéóçò ôïõ ðõñÞíá óáò.
</para>
</note>
<programlisting># RAID controllers interfaced to the SCSI subsystem
device amr # AMI MegaRAID
device arcmsr # Areca SATA II RAID
device asr # DPT SmartRAID V, VI and Adaptec SCSI RAID
device ciss # Compaq Smart RAID 5*
device dpt # DPT Smartcache III, IV - See NOTES for options
device hptmv # Highpoint RocketRAID 182x
device hptrr # Highpoint RocketRAID 17xx, 22xx, 23xx, 25xx
device iir # Intel Integrated RAID
device ips # IBM (Adaptec) ServeRAID
device mly # Mylex AcceleRAID/eXtremeRAID
device twa # 3ware 9000 series PATA/SATA RAID
# RAID controllers
device aac # Adaptec FSA RAID
device aacp # SCSI passthrough for aac (requires CAM)
device ida # Compaq Smart RAID
device mfi # LSI MegaRAID SAS
device mlx # Mylex DAC960 family
device pst # Promise Supertrak SX6000
device twe # 3ware ATA RAID</programlisting>
<para>Õðïóôçñéæüìåíïé åëåãêôÝò RAID. Áí äåí Ý÷åôå êáíÝíá áðü áõôïýò,
ìðïñåßôå íá ôïõò ìåôáôñÝøåôå óå ó÷üëéá Þ íá ôïõò áöáéñÝóåôå åíôåëþò.
</para>
<programlisting># atkbdc0 controls both the keyboard and the PS/2 mouse
device atkbdc # AT keyboard controller</programlisting>
<para>Ï åëåãêôÞò ðëçêôñïëïãßïõ (<literal>atkbdc</literal>) ðáñÝ÷åé
õðçñåóßåò I/O ãéá ðëçêôñïëüãéá ôýðïõ AT êáé óõóêåõÝò êáôÜäåéîçò
(ðïíôßêéá) ôýðïõ PS/2. Ï åëåãêôÞò áðáéôåßôáé ãéá ôç ëåéôïõñãßá ôïõ
ïäçãïý ðëçêôñïëïãßïõ (<literal>atkbd</literal>) êáé ôïõ ïäçãïý
óõóêåõÞò êáôÜäåéîçò PS/2 (<literal>psm</literal>).</para>
<programlisting>device atkbd # AT keyboard</programlisting>
<para>Ï ïäçãüò <literal>atkbd</literal>, ìáæß ìå ôïí åëåãêôÞ
<literal>atkbdc</literal>, ðáñÝ÷åé ðñüóâáóç óå ðëçêôñïëüãéï ôýðïõ AT 84
Þ åêôåôáìÝíïõ AT ôï ïðïßï óõíäÝåôáé óôïí åëåãêôÞ ðëçêôñïëïãßïõ.</para>
<programlisting>device psm # PS/2 mouse</programlisting>
<para>×ñçóéìïðïéÞóôå áõôÞ ôç óõóêåõÞ áí ôï ðïíôßêé óáò óõíäÝåôáé óôçí
èýñá PS/2.</para>
<programlisting>device kbdmux # keyboard multiplexer</programlisting>
<para>ÂáóéêÞ õðïóôÞñéîç ðïëõðëåîßáò ðëçêôñïëïãßùí. Áí äå óêïðåýåôå íá
÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ðåñéóóüôåñá áðü Ýíá ðëçêôñïëüãéá óôï óýóôçìá óáò,
ìðïñåßôå ìå áóöÜëåéá íá áöáéñÝóåôå áõôÞ ôç ãñáììÞ.</para>
<programlisting>device vga # VGA video card driver</programlisting>
<para>Ôï ðñüãñáììá ïäÞãçóçò ôçò êÜñôáò ãñáöéêþí.</para>
<programlisting>
device splash # Splash screen and screen saver support</programlisting>
<para>ÃñáöéêÞ ïèüíç (splash) êáôÜ ôçí åêêßíçóç! Ç óõóêåõÞ áõôÞ
÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé åðßóçò áðü ôá ðñïãñÜììáôá ðñïöýëáîçò ïèüíçò (êïíóüëáò).
</para>
<programlisting># syscons is the default console driver, resembling an SCO console
device sc</programlisting>
<para>Ï ïäçãüò <literal>sc</literal> åßíáé ï ðñïåðéëåãìÝíïò ïäçãüò
êïíóüëáò êáé ðñïóïìïéþíåé êïíóüëá ôýðïõ SCO. Êáèþò ôá ðåñéóóüôåñá
ðñïãñÜììáôá ðëÞñïõò ïèüíçò áðïêôïýí ðñüóâáóç óôçí êïíóüëá ìÝóù êÜðïéáò
âéâëéïèÞêçò âÜóçò äåäïìÝíùí ôåñìáôéêþí üðùò ôï
<filename>termcap</filename>, äåí èá ðñÝðåé íá Ý÷åé óçìáóßá áí
÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå áõôüí ôïí ïäçãü Þ ôïí <literal>vt</literal> ï ïðïßïò
åßíáé óõìâáôüò ìå êïíóüëá <literal>VT220</literal>. ÌåôÜ ôçí åßóïäï óáò
óôï óýóôçìá, èÝóôå ôçí ìåôáâëçôÞ <envar>TERM</envar> óôçí ôéìÞ
<literal>scoansi</literal> áí êÜðïéá ðñïãñÜììáôá ðëÞñïõò ïèüíçò Ý÷ïõí
ðñüâëçìá üôáí ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé áõôÞ ç êïíóüëá.</para>
<programlisting># Enable this for the pcvt (VT220 compatible) console driver
#device vt
#options XSERVER # support for X server on a vt console
#options FAT_CURSOR # start with block cursor</programlisting>
<para>Ðñüêåéôáé ãéá Ýíá ïäçãü êïíóüëáò óõìâáôü ìå VT220, êáé ìå ðñïò ôá
ðßóù óõìâáôüôçôá ìå VT100/102. Ëåéôïõñãåß êáëÜ óå êÜðïéïõò öïñçôïýò
õðïëïãéóôÝò ðïõ Ý÷ïõí áóõìâáôüôçôá õëéêïý ìå ôïí <literal>sc</literal>.
ÌåôÜ ôçí åßóïäï óáò óôï óýóôçìá, èÝóôå ôçí ìåôáâëçôÞ <envar>TERM</envar>
óå <literal>vt100</literal> Þ <literal>vt220</literal>. Ï ïäçãüò ìðïñåß
åðßóçò íá áðïäåé÷èåß ÷ñÞóéìïò üôáí óõíäÝåóôå óå ìåãÜëï áñéèìü áðü
äéáöïñåôéêÜ ìç÷áíÞìáôá ìÝóù äéêôýïõ, üðïõ äåí õðÜñ÷ïõí êáôá÷ùñÞóåéò ãéá
ôç óõóêåõÞ <literal>sc</literal> óôï <filename>termcap</filename> Þ
<filename>terminfo</filename> — ôï <literal>vt100</literal>
èá ðñÝðåé íá åßíáé äéáèÝóéìï ðñáêôéêÜ óå êÜèå ðëáôöüñìá.</para>
<programlisting>device agp</programlisting>
<para>ÓõìðåñéëÜâåôå ôç óõóêåõÞ áõôÞ áí Ý÷åôå AGP êÜñôá óôï óýóôçìá óáò.
Èá åíåñãïðïéÞóåôå ìå áõôü ôïí ôñüðï ôçí õðïóôÞñéîç ãéá AGP êáé AGP GART
ãéá ìçôñéêÝò ðïõ õðïóôçñßæïõí áõôÝò ôéò ëåéôïõñãßåò.</para>
<indexterm>
<primary>APM</primary>
</indexterm>
<programlisting># Power management support (see NOTES for more options)
#device apm</programlisting>
<para>ÕðïóôÞñéîç Advanced Power Management (ðñï÷ùñçìÝíçò äéá÷åßñéóçò
éó÷ýïò). ×ñÞóéìï ãéá öïñçôÜ, áí êáé ç åðéëïãÞ áõôÞ, áðü ðñïåðéëïãÞ,
åßíáé áíåíåñãÞ óôïí ðõñÞíá <filename>GENERIC</filename>.</para>
<programlisting># Add suspend/resume support for the i8254.
device pmtimer</programlisting>
<para>Ðñüãñáììá ïäÞãçóçò ìåôñçôÞ ÷ñüíïõ (Timer) ãéá óõìâÜíôá ðïõ
ó÷åôßæïíôáé ìå äéá÷åßñéóç åíÝñãåéáò üðùò ôï APM êáé ôï ACPI.</para>
<programlisting># PCCARD (PCMCIA) support
# PCMCIA and cardbus bridge support
device cbb # cardbus (yenta) bridge
device pccard # PC Card (16-bit) bus
device cardbus # CardBus (32-bit) bus</programlisting>
<para>ÕðïóôÞñéîç PCMCIA. Ôçí ÷ñåéÜæåóôå áí ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå öïñçôü
õðïëïãéóôÞ.</para>
<programlisting># Serial (COM) ports
device sio # 8250, 16[45]50 based serial ports</programlisting>
<para>Ðñüêåéôáé ãéá ôéò óåéñéáêÝò èýñåò ïé ïðïßåò åßíáé ãíùóôÝò óôïí êüóìï
ôïõ &ms-dos;/&windows; ùò èýñåò <devicename>COM</devicename>.</para>
<note>
<para>Áí Ý÷åôå åóùôåñéêü ìüíôåì óôç èýñá <devicename>COM4</devicename>
êáé Ý÷åôå êáé óåéñéáêÞ èýñá <devicename>COM2</devicename>, èá ðñÝðåé
íá áëëÜîåôå ôï IRQ ôïõ ìüíôåì óôï 2 (ãéá ðåñßåñãïõò ôå÷íéêïýò ëüãïõò,
IRQ2 = IRQ 9) ãéá íá ìðïñÝóåôå íá ôï ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå áðü ôï &os;. Áí
Ý÷åôå êÜñôá ðïëëáðëþí óåéñéáêþí åîüäùí, åëÝãîôå ôç óåëßäá manual ôïõ
&man.sio.4; ãéá ðåñéóóüôåñåò ðëçñïöïñßåò ó÷åôéêÜ ìå ôéò óùóôÝò ôéìÝò
ðïõ ðñÝðåé íá ðñïóèÝóåôå óôï <filename>/boot/device.hints</filename>.
ÊÜðïéåò êÜñôåò ãñáöéêþí (åéäéêÜ áõôÝò ðïõ âáóßæïíôáé óå ïëïêëçñùìÝíá
S3) ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýí äéåõèýíóåéò IO ìïñöÞò <literal>0x*2e8</literal>,
êáé êáèþò ðïëëÝò öôçíÝò óåéñéáêÝò êÜñôåò äåí áðïêùäéêïðïéïýí ðëÞñùò
ôç 16 bit ðåñéï÷Þ äéåõèýíóåùí, óõãêñïýïíôáé ìå ôéò êÜñôåò áõôÝò,
êáèéóôþíôáò Ýôóé ðñáêôéêÜ Ü÷ñçóôç ôç èýñá
<devicename>COM4</devicename>.</para>
<para>ÊÜèå óåéñéáêÞ ðüñôá ÷ñåéÜæåôáé íá Ý÷åé ìéá ìïíáäéêÞ IRQ (åêôüò
áí ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå êÜñôá ðïëëáðëþí óåéñéáêþí ðïõ õðïóôçñßæåé
êïéíÞ ÷ñÞóç interrupts), êáé Ýôóé äåí ìðïñïýí íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéçèïýí ôá
ðñïåðéëåãìÝíá interrupts ãéá ôçí <devicename>COM3</devicename> êáé ôçí
<devicename>COM4</devicename>.</para>
</note>
<programlisting># Parallel port
device ppc</programlisting>
<para>Ðñüêåéôáé ãéá ôçí ðáñÜëëçëç èýñá óôï äßáõëï ISA.</para>
<programlisting>device ppbus # Parallel port bus (required)</programlisting>
<para>ÐáñÝ÷åé õðïóôÞñéîç ãéá ôï äßáõëï ôçò ðáñÜëëçëçò èýñáò.</para>
<programlisting>device lpt # Printer</programlisting>
<para>ÐáñÝ÷åé õðïóôÞñéîç ãéá åêôõðùôÝò ðáñÜëëçëçò èýñáò.</para>
<note>
<para>×ñåéÜæåóôå êáé ôá ôñßá ðáñáðÜíù ãéá íá åíåñãïðïéÞóåôå ôçí
õðïóôÞñéîç åêôõðùôÞ ðáñÜëëçëçò èýñáò.</para>
</note>
<programlisting>device plip # TCP/IP over parallel</programlisting>
<para>Ðñüêåéôáé ãéá ôï ðñüãñáììá ïäÞãçóçò äéêôýïõ ìÝóù ðáñÜëëçëçò èýñáò.
</para>
<programlisting>device ppi # Parallel port interface device</programlisting>
<para>Ðñüãñáììá I/O ãåíéêÞò ÷ñÞóçò (<quote>geek port</quote>) + IEEE1284
I/O.</para>
<programlisting>#device vpo # Requires scbus and da</programlisting>
<indexterm><primary>zip drive</primary></indexterm>
<para>×ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé ãéá ìïíÜäá äéóêÝôáò Iomega Zip. Áðáéôåß õðïóôÞñéîç
áðü ôïõò ïäçãïýò <literal>scbus</literal> êáé <literal>da</literal>.
Ç êáëýôåñç áðüäïóç åðéôõã÷Üíåôáé ìå èýñá óå êáôÜóôáóç ëåéôïõñãßáò
EPP 1.9.</para>
<programlisting>#device puc</programlisting>
<para>ÅíåñãïðïéÞóôå áõôÞ ôç óõóêåõÞ áí Ý÷åôå ìéá <quote>÷áæÞ</quote>
óåéñéáêÞ Þ ðáñÜëëçëç PCI êÜñôá ç ïðïßá õðïóôçñßæåôáé áðü ôï ðñüãñáììá
ïäÞãçóçò &man.puc.4; (glue driver).</para>
<programlisting># PCI Ethernet NICs.
device de # DEC/Intel DC21x4x (<quote>Tulip</quote>)
device em # Intel PRO/1000 adapter Gigabit Ethernet Card
device ixgb # Intel PRO/10GbE Ethernet Card
device txp # 3Com 3cR990 (<quote>Typhoon</quote>)
device vx # 3Com 3c590, 3c595 (<quote>Vortex</quote>)</programlisting>
<para>ÄéÜöïñá ðñïãñÜììáôá ïäÞãçóçò ãéá PCI êÜñôåò äéêôýïõ. ÌåôáôñÝøôå óå
ó÷üëéï Þ áöáéñÝóôå ôåëåßùò üóåò äåí õðÜñ÷ïõí óôï óýóôçìá óáò.</para>
<programlisting># PCI Ethernet NICs that use the common MII bus controller code.
# NOTE: Be sure to keep the 'device miibus' line in order to use these NICs!
device miibus # MII bus support</programlisting>
<para>Ç õðïóôÞñéîç äéáýëïõ MII áðáéôåßôáé ãéá êÜðïéåò êÜñôåò äéêôýïõ
Ethernet PCI 10/100, åéäéêÜ ãéá áõôÝò ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýí ðïìðïäÝêôç
óõìâáôü ìå MII Þ Ý÷ïõí äéåðáöÞ åëÝã÷ïõ ðïõ ëåéôïõñãåß ðáñüìïéá ìå ôïí
MII. ÐñïóèÝôïíôáò <literal>device miibus</literal> óôï áñ÷åßï ñýèìéóçò
ôïõ ðõñÞíá, èá Ý÷åôå õðïóôÞñéîç ãéá ôï ãåíéêü API ôïõ miibus êáé ãéá
üëïõò ôïõò ïäçãïýò PHY, óõìðåñéëáìâáíïìÝíïõ êáé åíüò ãåíéêïý ãéá PHYs
ðïõ äåí õðïóôçñßæïíôáé áðü êÜðïéï óõãêåêñéìÝíï ïäçãü.</para>
<programlisting>device bce # Broadcom BCM5706/BCM5708 Gigabit Ethernet
device bfe # Broadcom BCM440x 10/100 Ethernet
device bge # Broadcom BCM570xx Gigabit Ethernet
device dc # DEC/Intel 21143 and various workalikes
device fxp # Intel EtherExpress PRO/100B (82557, 82558)
device lge # Level 1 LXT1001 gigabit ethernet
device msk # Marvell/SysKonnect Yukon II Gigabit Ethernet
device nge # NatSemi DP83820 gigabit ethernet
device nve # nVidia nForce MCP on-board Ethernet Networking
device pcn # AMD Am79C97x PCI 10/100 (precedence over 'lnc')
device re # RealTek 8139C+/8169/8169S/8110S
device rl # RealTek 8129/8139
device sf # Adaptec AIC-6915 (<quote>Starfire</quote>)
device sis # Silicon Integrated Systems SiS 900/SiS 7016
device sk # SysKonnect SK-984x & SK-982x gigabit Ethernet
device ste # Sundance ST201 (D-Link DFE-550TX)
device stge # Sundance/Tamarack TC9021 gigabit Ethernet
device ti # Alteon Networks Tigon I/II gigabit Ethernet
device tl # Texas Instruments ThunderLAN
device tx # SMC EtherPower II (83c170 <quote>EPIC</quote>)
device vge # VIA VT612x gigabit ethernet
device vr # VIA Rhine, Rhine II
device wb # Winbond W89C840F
device xl # 3Com 3c90x (<quote>Boomerang</quote>, <quote>Cyclone</quote>)</programlisting>
<para>ÐñïãñÜììáôá ïäÞãçóçò ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýí ôïí êþäéêá ôïõ äéáýëïõ
åëÝã÷ïõ MII.</para>
<programlisting># ISA Ethernet NICs. pccard NICs included.
device cs # Crystal Semiconductor CS89x0 NIC
# 'device ed' requires 'device miibus'
device ed # NE[12]000, SMC Ultra, 3c503, DS8390 cards
device ex # Intel EtherExpress Pro/10 and Pro/10+
device ep # Etherlink III based cards
device fe # Fujitsu MB8696x based cards
device ie # EtherExpress 8/16, 3C507, StarLAN 10 etc.
device lnc # NE2100, NE32-VL Lance Ethernet cards
device sn # SMC's 9000 series of Ethernet chips
device xe # Xircom pccard Ethernet
# ISA devices that use the old ISA shims
#device le</programlisting>
<para>ÐñïãñÜììáôá ïäÞãçóçò êáñôþí Ethernet ôýðïõ ISA. Äåßôå ôï áñ÷åßï
<filename>/usr/src/sys/<replaceable>i386</replaceable>/conf/NOTES</filename>
ãéá ëåðôïìÝñåéåò ó÷åôéêÜ ìå ôï ðïéåò êÜñôåò õðïóôçñßæïíôáé áðü ðïéïí
ïäçãü.</para>
<programlisting># Wireless NIC cards
device wlan # 802.11 support</programlisting>
<para>ÃåíéêÞ õðïóôÞñéîç ôïõ 802.11. Ç ãñáììÞ áõôÞ áðáéôåßôáé ãéá áóýñìáôç
äéêôýùóç.</para>
<programlisting>device wlan_wep # 802.11 WEP support
device wlan_ccmp # 802.11 CCMP support
device wlan_tkip # 802.11 TKIP support</programlisting>
<para>ÕðïóôÞñéîç êñõðôïãñÜöçóçò ãéá óõóêåõÝò 802.11. Ïé ãñáììÝò áõôÝò
÷ñåéÜæïíôáé áí óêïðåýåôå íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå êñõðôïãñÜöçóç êáé ðñùôüêïëëá
áóöáëåßáò 802.11i.</para>
<programlisting>device an # Aironet 4500/4800 802.11 wireless NICs.
device ath # Atheros pci/cardbus NIC's
device ath_hal # Atheros HAL (Hardware Access Layer)
device ath_rate_sample # SampleRate tx rate control for ath
device awi # BayStack 660 and others
device ral # Ralink Technology RT2500 wireless NICs.
device wi # WaveLAN/Intersil/Symbol 802.11 wireless NICs.
#device wl # Older non 802.11 Wavelan wireless NIC.</programlisting>
<para>ÕðïóôÞñéîç ãéá äéÜöïñåò áóýñìáôåò êÜñôåò.</para>
<programlisting># Pseudo devices
device loop # Network loopback</programlisting>
<para>Ðñüêåéôáé ãéá ôç ãåíéêÞ óõóêåõÞ åóùôåñéêïý äéêôýïõ (loopback) ôïõ
TCP/IP. Ç óýíäåóç ìÝóù telnet Þ FTP óôï <hostid>localhost</hostid>
(ãíùóôü åðßóçò êáé ùò <hostid role="ipaddr">127.0.0.1</hostid>)
ðñáãìáôïðïéåßôáé ìÝóù áõôÞò ôçò óõóêåõÞò. Ç ýðáñîç áõôÞò ôçò óõóêåõÞò
åßíáé <emphasis>õðï÷ñåùôéêÞ</emphasis>.</para>
<programlisting>device random # Entropy device</programlisting>
<para>ÊñõðôïãñáöéêÜ áóöáëÞò ãåííÞôñéá ôõ÷áßùí áñéèìþí.</para>
<programlisting>device ether # Ethernet support</programlisting>
<para>Ç ãñáììÞ <literal>ether</literal> áðáéôåßôáé ìüíï áí Ý÷åôå êÜñôá
äéêôýïõ Ethernet. ÐåñéÝ÷åé ãåíéêü êþäéêá ãéá ôï ðñùôüêïëëï Ethernet.
</para>
<programlisting>device sl # Kernel SLIP</programlisting>
<para>Ç ãñáììÞ <literal>sl</literal> ðáñÝ÷åé õðïóôÞñéîç SLIP. Ç õðïóôÞñéîç
áõôÞ Ý÷åé ó÷åäüí ïëïêëçñùôéêÜ îåðåñáóôåß áðü ôï PPP, ôï ïðïßï åßíáé
åõêïëüôåñï óôç ñýèìéóç, õðïóôçñßæåé êáëýôåñá ôéò óõíäÝóåéò ìÝóù ìüíôåì,
êáé ðáñÝ÷åé êáëýôåñåò äõíáôüôçôåò.</para>
<programlisting>device ppp # Kernel PPP</programlisting>
<para>Ç ãñáììÞ áõôÞ åßíáé ãéá õðïóôÞñéîç PPP ìÝóù ôïõ ðõñÞíá ãéá
åðéëïãéêÝò (dial-up) óõíäÝóåéò. ÕðÜñ÷åé åðßóçò ìéá Ýêäïóç PPP ç ïðïßá
õëïðïéåßôáé ùò åöáñìïãÞ ÷ñÞóôç (userland), ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß ôï
<literal>tun</literal> êáé ðñïóöÝñåé ðåñéóóüôåñç åõåëéîßá êáé
ëåéôïõñãßåò üðùò êëÞóç êáôÜ áðáßôçóç (demand dialing).</para>
<programlisting>device tun # Packet tunnel.</programlisting>
<para>Ç óõóêåõÞ áõôÞ ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé áðü ôï ðñüãñáììá PPP ÷ñÞóôç
(userland). Äåßôå ôï ôìÞìá <link linkend="userppp">PPP</link>
áõôïý ôïõ âéâëßïõ ãéá ðåñéóóüôåñåò ðëçñïöïñßåò.</para>
<programlisting><anchor id="kernelconfig-ptys"/>
device pty # Pseudo-ttys (telnet etc)</programlisting>
<para>Ðñüêåéôáé ãéá óõóêåõÞ <quote>øåõäü-ôåñìáôéêïý</quote> Þ ðñïóïìïßùóçò
èýñáò login. ×ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé ãéá åéóåñ÷üìåíåò óõíäÝóåéò
<command>telnet</command> êáé <command>rlogin</command>, áðü ôï
<application>xterm</application>, êáé áðü êÜðïéåò Üëëåò åöáñìïãÝò üðùò
ôï <application>Emacs</application>.</para>
<programlisting>device md # Memory <quote>disks</quote></programlisting>
<para>Øåõôü-óõóêåõÝò äßóêïõ ìå ÷ñÞóç ìíÞìçò (ramdrives).</para>
<programlisting>device gif # IPv6 and IPv4 tunneling</programlisting>
<para>Ç óõóêåõÞ áõôÞ õëïðïéåß IPv6 óå IPv4 tunneling, IPv4 óå IPv6
tunneling, IPv4 óå IPv4 tunneling, êáé IPv6 óå IPv6 tunneling. Ç óõóêåõÞ
<literal>gif</literal> <quote>áõôü-êëùíïðïéåßôáé</quote>, êáé äçìéïõñãåß
ôá áíôßóôïé÷á áñ÷åßá óõóêåõþí üðùò áðáéôïýíôáé.</para>
<programlisting>device faith # IPv6-to-IPv4 relaying (translation)</programlisting>
<para>ÁõôÞ ç øåýäï-óõóêåõÞ óõëëáìâÜíåé ðáêÝôá ðïõ óôÝëíïíôáé ðñïò áõôÞí
êáé ôá áíáêáôåõèýíåé ðñïò ôï äáßìïíá ìåôÜöñáóçò ôïõ IPv4/IPv6.</para>
<programlisting># The `bpf' device enables the Berkeley Packet Filter.
# Be aware of the administrative consequences of enabling this!
# Note that 'bpf' is required for DHCP.
device bpf # Berkeley packet filter</programlisting>
<para>Ðñüêåéôáé ãéá ôï ößëôñï ðáêÝôùí Berkeley. ÁõôÞ ç øåýäï-óõóêåõÞ
åðéôñÝðåé óå êÜñôåò äéêôýïõ íá ëåéôïõñãïýí óå êáôÜóôáóç promiscuous
(ðëÞñïõò áêñüáóçò), óõëëáìâÜíïíôáò ìå áõôü ôïí ôñüðï êÜèå ðáêÝôï åíüò
äéêôýïõ (ð.÷. Ethernet). Ôá ðáêÝôá áõôÜ ìðïñåß íá áðïèçêåýïíôáé óôï
äßóêï Þ íá åîåôÜæïíôáé ìå ôç âïÞèåéá ôïõ ðñïãñÜììáôïò &man.tcpdump.1;.
</para>
<note>
<para>Ç óõóêåõÞ &man.bpf.4; ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé åðßóçò áðü ôï
&man.dhclient.8; ãéá ôçí áíÜêôçóç ôçò äéåýèõíóçò IP ôçò ðñïåðéëåãìÝíçò
ðýëçò ê.ï.ê. Áí ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå DHCP, áöÞóôå áõôÞ ôçí åðéëïãÞ
åíåñãïðïéçìÝíç.</para>
</note>
<programlisting># USB support
device uhci # UHCI PCI->USB interface
device ohci # OHCI PCI->USB interface
device ehci # EHCI PCI->USB interface (USB 2.0)
device usb # USB Bus (required)
#device udbp # USB Double Bulk Pipe devices
device ugen # Generic
device uhid # <quote>Human Interface Devices</quote>
device ukbd # Keyboard
device ulpt # Printer
device umass # Disks/Mass storage - Requires scbus and da
device ums # Mouse
device ural # Ralink Technology RT2500USB wireless NICs
device urio # Diamond Rio 500 MP3 player
device uscanner # Scanners
# USB Ethernet, requires mii
device aue # ADMtek USB Ethernet
device axe # ASIX Electronics USB Ethernet
device cdce # Generic USB over Ethernet
device cue # CATC USB Ethernet
device kue # Kawasaki LSI USB Ethernet
device rue # RealTek RTL8150 USB Ethernet</programlisting>
<para>ÕðïóôÞñéîç ãéá äéÜöïñåò óõóêåõÝò USB.</para>
<programlisting># FireWire support
device firewire # FireWire bus code
device sbp # SCSI over FireWire (Requires scbus and da)
device fwe # Ethernet over FireWire (non-standard!)</programlisting>
<para>ÕðïóôÞñéîç ãéá äéÜöïñåò óõóêåõÝò Firewire.</para>
<para>Ãéá ðåñéóóüôåñåò ðëçñïöïñßåò êáé åðéðëÝïí óõóêåõÝò ðïõ
õðïóôçñßæïíôáé áðü ôï &os;, äåßôå ôï áñ÷åßï
<filename>/usr/src/sys/<replaceable>i386</replaceable>/conf/NOTES
</filename>.</para>
<sect2>
<title>Ëåéôïõñãßá ìå ÌåãÜëç Ðïóüôçôá ÌíÞìçò (<acronym>PAE</acronym>)</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Physical Address Extensions
(<acronym>PAE</acronym>)</primary>
<secondary>large memory</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>Ìç÷áíÞìáôá ìå ìåãÜëç ðïóüôçôá ìíÞìçò, ÷ñåéÜæïíôáé ðñüóâáóç óå
ìíÞìç ðïõ õðåñâáßíåé ôï üñéï ôùí 4 gigabytes ôùí Åéêïíéêþí
Äéåõèýíóåùí ×ñÞóôç+ÐõñÞíá (User+Kernel Virtual Address,
<acronym>KVA</acronym>). Åîáéôßáò áõôïý ôïõ ðåñéïñéóìïý, ç Intel
ðñüóèåóå õðïóôÞñéîç ãéá 36bit öõóéêþí äéåõèýíóåùí, áðü ôïí
åðåîåñãáóôÞ &pentium; Pro êáé ìåôÜ.</para>
<para>Ç äõíáôüôçôá ÅðÝêôáóçò Öõóéêþí Äéåõèýíóåùí, (Physical Address
Extension, <acronym>PAE</acronym>) ôùí &intel; &pentium; Pro êáé
ìåôáãåíÝóôåñùí CPU, åðéôñÝðåé ÷ñÞóç ìíÞìçò ùò 64 gigabytes. To &os;
ðáñÝ÷åé õðïóôÞñéîç ãéá ôç äõíáôüôçôá áõôÞ ìÝóù ôçò ñýèìéóçò ðõñÞíá
<option>PAE</option>, ç ïðïßá äéáôßèåôáé ãéá üëåò ôéò ôñÝ÷ïõóåò
óôáèåñÝò åêäüóåéò ôïõ &os;. Ëüãù ðåñéïñéóìþí óôçí áñ÷éôåêôïíéêÞ ôïõ
óõóôÞìáôïò ìíÞìçò ôçò Intel, äåí ãßíåôáé äéÜêñéóç ãéá ôç ìíÞìç ðïõ
âñßóêåôáé ðÜíù Þ êÜôù áðü ôá 4 gigabytes. Ç ìíÞìç ðïõ åê÷ùñåßôáé
ðÜíù áðü ôá 4 gigabytes, áðëþò ðñïóôßèåôáé óôï ìÝãåèïò ôçò
äéáèÝóéìçò ìíÞìçò.</para>
<para>Ãéá íá åíåñãïðïéÞóåôå ôçí õðïóôÞñéîç <acronym>PAE</acronym>
óôïí ðõñÞíá, áðëþò ðñïóèÝóôå ôçí áêüëïõèç ãñáììÞ óôï áñ÷åßï
ôùí ñõèìßóåùí óáò:</para>
<programlisting>options PAE</programlisting>
<note>
<para>Ç õðïóôÞñéîç <acronym>PAE</acronym> óôï &os; åßíáé äéáèÝóéìç
ìüíï ãéá åðåîåñãáóôÝò áñ÷éôåêôïíéêÞò &intel; IA-32. Èá ðñÝðåé
åðßóçò íá óçìåéþóïõìå üôé ç õðïóôÞñéîç <acronym>PAE</acronym> óôï
&os; äåí Ý÷åé äïêéìáóôåß åêôåôáìÝíá, êáé èá ðñÝðåé íá èåùñåßôáé
ðïéüôçôáò beta óå ó÷Ýóç ìå ôá Üëëá óôáèåñÜ ÷áñáêôçñéóôéêÜ ôïõ
&os;.</para>
</note>
<para>Ç õðïóôÞñéîç <acronym>PAE</acronym> óôï &os; õðüêåéôáé óå
êÜðïéïõò ðåñéïñéóìïýò:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Ìéá äéáäéêáóßá äåí Ý÷åé ðñüóâáóç óå ðåñéóóüôåñá áðü 4
gigabytes ÷þñïõ VM.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Ïäçãïß óõóêåõþí ðïõ äåí ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýí ôç äéåðáöÞ
&man.bus.dma.9; ßóùò ðñïêáëÝóïõí êáôáóôñïöÞ äåäïìÝíùí óå Ýíá
<acronym>PAE</acronym> ðõñÞíá êáé ãéá ôï ëüãï áõôü äåí
óõíßóôáôáé ç ÷ñÞóç ôïõò. Óôï &os; ðáñÝ÷åôáé Ýíá áñ÷åßï
ñõèìßóåùí <filename>PAE</filename> óôï ïðïßï Ý÷ïõí åîáéñåèåß
üëá ôá ðñïãñÜììáôá ïäÞãçóçò ðïõ åßíáé ãíùóôü üôé äåí äïõëåýïõí
óå ðõñÞíá ôýðïõ <acronym>PAE</acronym>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>ÊÜðïéåò ìåôáâëçôÝò óõóôÞìáôïò (system tunables) åîáêñéâþíïõí
ôç ÷ñÞóç ôçò ìíÞìçò, âëÝðïíôáò ôï ðïóü ôçò äéáèÝóéìçò öõóéêÞò
ìíÞìçò. ÁõôÝò ïé ìåôáâëçôÝò ìðïñåß íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóïõí
áäéêáéïëüãçôá ìåãÜëç ðïóüôçôá ìíÞìçò, ëüãù ôçò öýóçò ôïõ
óõóôÞìáôïò <acronym>PAE</acronym>. ¸íá ôÝôïéï ðáñÜäåéãìá åßíáé ç
ñýèìéóç sysctl <option>kern.maxvnodes</option> ç ïðïßá åëÝã÷åé
ôï ìÝãéóôï áñéèìü vnodes ðïõ åðéôñÝðïíôáé óôïí ðõñÞíá. Åßíáé
óêüðéìï íá ñõèìßóåôå áõôÞ êáé Üëëåò ðáñüìïéåò ðáñáìÝôñïõò óå
ëïãéêÝò ôéìÝò.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>ºóùò ÷ñåéáóôåß íá ñõèìßóåôå ôéò åéêïíéêÝò äéåõèýíóåéò ôïõ
ðõñÞíá (<acronym>KVA</acronym>) Þ íá ìåéþóåôå ôçí ðïóüôçôá
êÜðïéïõ óõãêåêñéìÝíïõ ðüñïõ ðïõ Ý÷åé ìåãÜëç ÷ñÞóç (äåßôå
ðáñáðÜíù) ãéá íá áðïöýãåôå ôçí åîÜíôëçóç ôïõ
<acronym>KVA</acronym>. Ìðïñåßôå íá áõîÞóåôå ôï ìÝãåèïò ôïõ
<acronym>KVA</acronym> ìÝóù ôçò åðéëïãÞò
<option>KVA_PAGES</option>.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>Ãéá ëüãïõò óôáèåñüôçôáò êáé áðüäïóçò, óáò óõìâïõëåýïõìå íá
äéáâÜóåôå ôç óåëßäá manual &man.tuning.7;. Åðßóçò ç óåëßäá
&man.pae.4; ðåñéÝ÷åé åíçìåñùìÝíåò ðëçñïöïñßåò ó÷åôéêÜ ìå ôçí
õðïóôÞñéîç <acronym>PAE</acronym> óôï &os;.</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="kernelconfig-trouble">
<title>Áí ÊÜôé ÐÜåé ËÜèïò</title>
<para>ÕðÜñ÷ïõí ôÝóóåñéò êáôçãïñßåò ðñïâëçìÜôùí ðïõ ìðïñïýí íá
ðáñïõóéáóôïýí üôáí äçìéïõñãåßôå Ýíá ðñïóáñìïóìÝíï ðõñÞíá:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>Áðïôõ÷ßá ôçò åíôïëÞò <command>config</command>:</term>
<listitem>
<para>Áí ç åíôïëÞ &man.config.8; áðïôõã÷Üíåé üôáí ôçò äßíåôå ôçí
ðåñéãñáöÞ ôïõ ðõñÞíá óáò, Ý÷åôå êáôÜ ðÜóá ðéèáíüôçôá, êÜíåé
êÜðïéï áðëü ëÜèïò. Åõôõ÷þò, ç &man.config.8; èá óáò äåßîåé ôïí
áñéèìü ãñáììÞò óôïí ïðïßï óõíÜíôçóå ôï ðñüâëçìá, êáé Ýôóé èá
ìðïñÝóåôå åýêïëá íá ôï åíôïðßóåôå. Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, áí äåßôå:
</para>
<screen>config: line 17: syntax error</screen>
<para>Âåâáéùèåßôå üôé ç ëÝîç-êëåéäß óôç ãñáììÞ áõôÞ åßíáé óùóôÞ,
óõãêñßíïíôáò ôç ìå ôçí áíôßóôïé÷ç óôï áñ÷åßï
<filename>GENERIC</filename> Þ óå Üëëï áñ÷åßï áíáöïñÜò.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Áðïôõ÷ßá ôçò åíôïëÞò <command>make</command>:</term>
<listitem>
<para>Áí áðïôõã÷Üíåé ç åíôïëÞ <command>make</command>, óõíÞèùò áõôü
óçìáßíåé êÜðïéï ëÜèïò óôï áñ÷åßï ñõèìßóåùí ôï ïðïßï äåí åßíáé
áñêåôÜ óïâáñü ãéá íá ôï êáôáëÜâåé ç &man.config.8;. ÊïéôÜîôå îáíÜ
ôï áñ÷åßï ñõèìßóåùí óáò êáé áí áêüìá äåí ìðïñåßôå íá åíôïðßóåôå ôï
ðñüâëçìá, óôåßëôå ôï ìáæß ìå ôï áñ÷åßï ìå mail óôçí
&a.questions; êáé èá åíôïðéóôåß ðïëý ãñÞãïñá.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Ï ðõñÞíáò äåí åêêéíåß:<anchor
id="kernelconfig-noboot"/></term>
<listitem>
<para>Áí ï íÝïò óáò ðõñÞíáò äåí åêêéíåß Þ áðïôõã÷Üíåé íá áíáãíùñßóåé
ôéò óõóêåõÝò óáò, ìçí ðáíéêïâÜëëåóôå! Åõôõ÷þò, ôï &os; Ý÷åé Ýíá
åîáéñåôéêü ìç÷áíéóìü ãéá íá åðáíÝëèåôå áðü ìç-óõìâáôïýò ðõñÞíåò.
Áðëþò åðéëÝîôå ôïí ðõñÞíá áðü ôïí ïðïßï èÝëåôå íá îåêéíÞóåôå ìÝóù
ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò åêêßíçóçò (boot loader) ôïõ &os;. ¸÷åôå ðñüóâáóç
óå áõôü, ôçí þñá ðïõ åìöáíßæåôáé ôï ìåíïý åðéëïãþí åêêßíçóçò.
ÅðéëÝîôå <quote>Escape to a loader prompt</quote>, áñéèìüò Ýîé.
Óôçí ðñïôñïðÞ ðïõ åìöáíßæåôáé, ãñÜøôå ôçí åíôïëÞ
<command>boot <replaceable>kernel.old</replaceable></command>
Þ ôï üíïìá áñ÷åßïõ åíüò Üëëïõ ðõñÞíá ðïõ îåêéíÜåé
êáíïíéêÜ. ¼ôáí öôéÜ÷íåôå Ýíá íÝï ðõñÞíá, åßíáé ðÜíôá êáëÞ éäÝá
íá Ý÷åôå ðñü÷åéñï Ýíá ðõñÞíá ðïõ îÝñåôå üôé äïõëåýåé.</para>
<para>Áöïý åêêéíÞóåôå ìå Ýíá êáëü ðõñÞíá, ìðïñåßôå íá åëÝãîåôå ôï
áñ÷åßï ñõèìßóåùí óáò áðü ôçí áñ÷Þ, êáé íá ðñïóðáèÞóåôå îáíÜ.
Ìéá ÷ñÞóéìç ðçãÞ ðëçñïöïñéþí åßíáé ôï áñ÷åßï
<filename>/var/log/messages</filename> ôï ïðïßï ìåôáîý Üëëùí
êáôáãñÜöåé üëá ôá ìçíýìáôá ôïõ ðõñÞíá áðü êÜèå åðéôõ÷çìÝíç
åêêßíçóç. Åðßóçò ç åíôïëÞ &man.dmesg.8; èá óáò äåßîåé üëá ôá
ìçíýìáôá ôïõ ðõñÞíá ôçò ôñÝ÷ïõóáò åêêßíçóçò.</para>
<note>
<para>Áí Ý÷åôå ðñüâëçìá óôç äçìéïõñãßá ðõñÞíá, âåâáéùèåßôå üôé
Ý÷åôå êñáôÞóåé Ýíá ðõñÞíá <filename>GENERIC</filename>, Þ
êÜðïéï Üëëï ðïõ ãíùñßæåôå üôé ëåéôïõñãåß, ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò Ýíá
äéáöïñåôéêü üíïìá þóôå íá ìç äéáãñáöåß óôçí åðüìåíç
ìåôáãëþôôéóç. Äåí ìðïñåßôå íá âáóéóôåßôå óôïí ðõñÞíá
<filename>kernel.old</filename>, ãéáôß êÜèå öïñÜ ðïõ
åãêáèéóôÜôå íÝï ðõñÞíá, ôï <filename>kernel.old</filename>
áíôéêáèßóôáôáé ìå ôïí ôåëåõôáßï åãêáôåóôçìÝíï ðõñÞíá, ï ïðïßïò
ìðïñåß íá ìçí ëåéôïõñãåß. Åðßóçò, üóï ôï äõíáôüí ðéï óýíôïìá,
ìåôáêéíÞóôå ôïí ðõñÞíá ðïõ ëåéôïõñãåß óôçí óùóôÞ èÝóç,
<filename class="directory">/boot/kernel</filename>, äéáöïñåôéêÜ
åíôïëÝò üðùò ç &man.ps.1; ßóùò íá ìç ëåéôïõñãïýí óùóôÜ. Ãéá íá
ôï êÜíåôå áõôü, áðëþò ìåôïíïìÜóôå ôïí êáôÜëïãï ðïõ ðåñéÝ÷åé ôïí
êáëü ðõñÞíá, ð.÷:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mv /boot/kernel <replaceable>/boot/kernel.bad</replaceable></userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>mv /boot/<replaceable>kernel.good</replaceable> /boot/kernel</userinput></screen>
</note>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Ï íÝïò ðõñÞíáò ëåéôïõñãåß, áëëÜ ç &man.ps.1; äåí ëåéôïõñãåß
ðëÝïí:</term>
<listitem>
<para>Áí åãêáôáóôÞóåôå ðõñÞíá äéáöïñåôéêÞò Ýêäïóçò áðü áõôüí ìå ôïí
ïðïßï Ý÷ïõí öôéá÷ôåß ôá åñãáëåßá óõóôÞìáôïò, ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá åÜí
âÜëåôå Ýíá ðõñÞíá ôçò óåéñÜò -CURRENT óå Ýíá óýóôçìá -RELEASE,
ðïëëÝò áðü ôéò åíôïëÝò ðïõ ó÷åôßæïíôáé ìå ôçí êáôÜóôáóç ôïõ
óõóôÞìáôïò üðùò Þ &man.ps.1; êáé ç &man.vmstat.8; äåí èá
ëåéôïõñãïýí ðëÝïí. Èá ðñÝðåé íá
<link linkend="makeworld">ìåôáãëùôôßóåôå êáé íá åãêáôáóôÞóåôå üëï
ôï âáóéêü óýóôçìá (world)</link> ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ßäéá Ýêäïóç ôïõ
ðçãáßïõ êþäéêá ìå áõôÞ ôïõ ðõñÞíá óáò. Áõôüò åßíáé êáé Ýíáò ëüãïò
ãéá ôïí ïðïßï äåí åßíáé óõíÞèùò êáëÞ éäÝá íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå
äéáöïñåôéêÞ Ýêäïóç ðõñÞíá áðü ôï õðüëïéðï ôïõ ëåéôïõñãéêïý
óõóôÞìáôïò.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</sect1>
</chapter>