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Ôï Åã÷åéñßäéï ôïõ FreeBSD: Çëåêôñïíéêü Ôá÷õäñïìåßï
The FreeBSD Greek Documentation Project
$FreeBSD$
%SOURCE% en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/mail/chapter.sgml
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<chapter id="mail">
<chapterinfo>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<firstname>Bill</firstname>
<surname>Lloyd</surname>
<contrib>Áñ÷éêÞ óõíåéóöïñÜ áðü ôïí </contrib>
</author>
</authorgroup>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<firstname>Jim</firstname>
<surname>Mock</surname>
<contrib>ÃñÜöôçêå îáíÜ áðü ôïí </contrib>
<!-- 2 Dec 1999 -->
</author>
</authorgroup>
</chapterinfo>
<title>Çëåêôñïíéêü Ôá÷õäñïìåßï</title>
<sect1 id="mail-synopsis">
<title>Óýíïøç</title>
<indexterm><primary>email</primary></indexterm>
<para>Ôï <quote>çëåêôñïíéêü ôá÷õäñïìåßï</quote>, åõñýôåñá ãíùóôü ùò
email, åßíáé óôéò ìÝñåò ìáò ìéá áðü ôéò ðëÝïí äéáäåäïìÝíåò ìïñöÝò
åðéêïéíùíßáò. Ôï êåöÜëáéï áõôü ðáñÝ÷åé ìéá âáóéêÞ åéóáãùãÞ óôç
ëåéôïõñãßá åíüò äéáêïìéóôÞ email óôï &os;, êáèþò êáé ìéá åéóáãùãÞ óôç
äéáäéêáóßá áðïóôïëÞò êáé ëÞøçò email óôï &os;. Ùóôüóï ç áíáöïñÜ áõôÞ
äåí ðñÝðåé íá èåùñçèåß ðëÞñçò, êáèþò õðÜñ÷ïõí áêüìá áñêåôïß ðáñÜãïíôåò
ðïõ ðñÝðåé íá ëçöèïýí õðüøéí êáé Ý÷ïõí åäþ ðáñáëåéöèåß. Ãéá ðéï ðëÞñç
áíÜëõóç ôïõ èÝìáôïò, ï áíáãíþóôçò ðáñáðÝìðåôáé óôá ðïëëÜ åîáéñåôéêÜ
âéâëßá ðïõ áíáöÝñïíôáé óôï <xref linkend="bibliography"/>.</para>
<para>Áöïý äéáâÜóåôå áõôü ôï êåöÜëáéï, èá îÝñåôå:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Ôï ëïãéóìéêü ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé óôçí áðïóôïëÞ êáé ëÞøç
çëåêôñïíéêïý ôá÷õäñïìåßïõ.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Ðïõ âñßóêïíôáé ôá âáóéêÜ áñ÷åßá ñõèìßóåùí ôïõ <application>
sendmail</application> óôï &os;.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Ôç äéáöïñÜ ìåôáîý áðïìáêñõóìÝíùí êáé ôïðéêþí èõñßäùí
ôá÷õäñïìåßïõ (mailboxes).</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Ðùò íá åìðïäßóåôå áíåðéèýìçôïõò spammers áðü ôï íá
÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóïõí ôïí äéêü óáò åîõðçñåôçôÞ email ùò
áíáìåôáäüôç.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Ðùò íá åãêáôáóôÞóåôå êáé íá ñõèìßóåôå Ýíá åíáëëáêôéêü
Áíôéðñüóùðï ÌåôáöïñÜò Ôá÷õäñïìåßïõ (Mail Transfer Agent) óôï
óýóôçìá óáò, áíôéêáèéóôþíôáò Ýôóé ôï
<application>sendmail</application>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Ðùò íá áíôéìåôùðßóåôå óõíçèéóìÝíá ðñïâëÞìáôá óôïí
äéáêïìéóôÞ ôá÷õäñïìåßïõ.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Ðùò íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôï SMTP ìå ôï UUCP.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Ðùò íá ñõèìßóåôå ôï óýóôçìá óáò ìüíï ãéá áðïóôïëÞ email.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Ðùò íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôï email ìÝóù åðéëïãéêÞò (dialup)
óýíäåóçò.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Ðùò íá ñõèìßóåôå ðéóôïðïßçóç áõèåíôéêüôçôáò óôï SMTP ãéá
ðñüóèåôç áóöÜëåéá.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Ðùò íá åãêáôáóôÞóåôå êáé íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ìéá åöáñìïãÞ
áðïóôïëÞò êáé ëÞøçò email ãéá ÷ñÞóôåò, üðùò ôï
<application>mutt</application>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Ðùò íá êáôåâÜóåôå ôï email óáò áðü Ýíá áðïìáêñõóìÝíï äéáêïìéóôÞ
<acronym>POP</acronym> Þ <acronym>IMAP</acronym>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Ðùò íá åöáñìüóåôå ößëôñá êáé êáíüíåò óôçí åéóåñ÷üìåíç
áëëçëïãñáößá óáò, ìå áõôüìáôï ôñüðï.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>Ðñéí äéáâÜóåôå áõôü ôï êåöÜëáéï, èá ðñÝðåé:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Íá ñõèìßóåôå óùóôÜ ôç óýíäåóç ôïõ äéêôýïõ óáò
(<xref linkend="advanced-networking"/>).</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Íá ñõèìßóåôå óùóôÜ ôéò ðëçñïöïñßåò DNS ãéá ôïí äéáêïìéóôÞ
áëëçëïãñáößáò óáò (<xref linkend="network-servers"/>).</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Íá ãíùñßæåôå ðùò íá åãêáôáóôÞóåôå ðñüóèåôï ëïãéóìéêü ôñßôïõ
êáôáóêåõáóôÞ (<xref linkend="ports"/>).</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="mail-using">
<title>×ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôï Çëåêôñïíéêü Ôá÷õäñïìåßï</title>
<indexterm><primary>POP</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>IMAP</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>DNS</primary></indexterm>
<para>Óå êÜèå áíôáëëáãÞ çëåêôñïíéêïý ôá÷õäñïìåßïõ, óõíåñãÜæïíôáé ðÝíôå
âáóéêÜ ôìÞìáôá: Ôï <link linkend="mail-mua">ðñüãñáììá ÷ñÞóôç</link>,
ï <link linkend="mail-mta">äáßìïíáò ôïõ åîõðçñåôçôÞ</link>, ôï <link
linkend="mail-dns">DNS</link>, ìéá <link
linkend="mail-receive">áðïìáêñõóìÝíç Þ ôïðéêÞ èõñßäá ôá÷õäñïìåßïõ
(mailbox)</link> êáé
öõóéêÜ ï <link linkend="mail-host">õðïëïãéóôÞò ðïõ äéá÷åéñßæåôáé ôï
email (mailhost)</link>.</para>
<sect2 id="mail-mua">
<title>Ôï Ðñüãñáììá ×ñÞóôç</title>
<para>Ç êáôçãïñßá áõôÞ ðåñéëáìâÜíåé ðñïãñÜììáôá üðùò ôá
<application>mutt</application>,
<application>alpine</application>, <application>elm</application>,
êáé <command>mail</command>, êáèþò êáé ðñïãñÜììáôá ðïõ äéáèÝôïõí
<acronym>GUI</acronym> üðùò åßíáé ôá
<application>balsa</application>,
<application>xfmail</application> (ãéá íá äþóïõìå ìåñéêÜ
ðáñáäåßãìáôá) êáé êÜðïéá ðéï
<quote>åîåëéãìÝíá</quote> üðùò åßíáé ïé öõëëïìåôñçôÝò ãéá ôï WWW.
Ôá ðñïãñÜììáôá áõôÜ, áðëþò ìåôáâéâÜæïõí ôéò óõíáëëáãÝò ôá÷õäñïìåßïõ
óôïí ôïðéêü <link linkend="mail-host"><quote>mailhost</quote></link>,
åßôå êáëþíôáò êÜðïéïí áðü ôïõò <link linkend="mail-mta">äáßìïíåò ôïõ
åîõðçñåôçôÞ</link> ðïõ åßíáé äéáèÝóéìïé, Þ ðáñáäßäïíôáò ôéò
áðåõèåßáò ìÝóù <acronym>TCP</acronym>.</para>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="mail-mta">
<title>Äáßìïíáò ÅîõðçñåôçôÞ Mailhost</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>mail server daemons</primary>
<secondary><application>sendmail</application></secondary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>mail server daemons</primary>
<secondary><application>postfix</application></secondary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>mail server daemons</primary>
<secondary><application>qmail</application></secondary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>mail server daemons</primary>
<secondary><application>exim</application></secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>Ôï &os; Ýñ÷åôáé ìå ôï <application>sendmail</application>
åãêáôåóôçìÝíï áðü ðñïåðéëïãÞ, áëëÜ õðïóôçñßæåé åðßóçò êáé ìåãÜëï
áñéèìü áðü Üëëïõò äáßìïíåò ôá÷õäñïìåßïõ, ðåñéëáìâáíïìÝíùí
êáé ôùí:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para><application>exim</application></para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><application>postfix</application></para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><application>qmail</application></para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>Ï äáßìïíáò Ý÷åé óõíÞèùò äýï ëåéôïõñãßåò—åßíáé õðåýèõíïò ãéá
ôç ëÞøç åéóåñ÷üìåíïõ mail, üðùò åðßóçò êáé ôçí ðáñÜäïóç ôïõ
åîåñ÷üìåíïõ mail. ¼ìùò, <emphasis>äåí åßíáé</emphasis> õðåýèõíïò ãéá
ôç óõëëïãÞ ôïõ mail ìå ôç ÷ñÞóç ðñùôïêüëëùí üðùò ôá
<acronym>POP</acronym> Þ <acronym>IMAP</acronym> ãéá ôçí áíÜãíùóç ôïõ
ôá÷õäñïìåßïõ óáò, ïýôå åðéôñÝðåé ôç óýíäåóç óôéò ôïðéêÝò èõñßäåò
ôýðïõ <filename>mbox</filename> Þ Maildir. Ðéèáíüí íá ÷ñåéáóôåßôå
êÜðïéï åðéðñüóèåôï <link linkend="mail-receive">äáßìïíá</link> ãéá
áõôü ôï óêïðü.</para>
<warning>
<para>Ðáëéüôåñåò åêäüóåéò ôïõ <application>sendmail</application>
Ý÷ïõí êÜðïéá óïâáñÜ ðñïâëÞìáôá áóöáëåßáò, ìÝóù ôùí ïðïßùí ìðïñåß
êÜðïéïò åéóâïëÝáò íá áðïêôÞóåé ôïðéêÞ Þ áðïìáêñõóìÝíç
ðñüóâáóç óôï ìç÷Üíçìá óáò. Ãéá íá áðïöýãåôå ðñïâëÞìáôá ôÝôïéïõ
åßäïõò, âåâáéùèåßôå üôé ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå êÜðïéá ðñüóöáôç Ýêäïóç.
ÅíáëëáêôéêÜ, ìðïñåßôå íá åãêáôáóôÞóåôå êÜðïéï Üëëï
<acronym>MTA</acronym> áðü ôçí <link linkend="ports">ÓõëëïãÞ ôùí
Ports ôïõ &os;</link>.</para>
</warning>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="mail-dns">
<title>Email êáé DNS</title>
<para>Ôï Óýóôçìá Ïíïìáóßáò Ðåñéï÷þí (DNS) êáé ï äáßìïíáò ôïõ, ï
<command>named</command>, Ý÷ïõí óçìáíôéêü ñüëï óôçí ðáñÜäïóç ôïõ
email. Ãéá ôçí ðáñÜäïóç ôïõ email áðü ôï Ýíá site óå Ýíá Üëëï, ï
äáßìïíáò ôïõ åîõðçñåôçôÞ èá øÜîåé ãéá ôï áðïìáêñõóìÝíï site óôï DNS,
ãéá íá êáèïñßóåé ðïéïò õðïëïãéóôÞò ëáìâÜíåé ôï email ãéá ôï
óõãêåêñéìÝíï ðñïïñéóìü. Ç äéáäéêáóßá áõôÞ óõìâáßíåé åðßóçò üôáí ï
äéêüò óáò åîõðçñåôçôÞò ëáìâÜíåé email áðü êÜðïéï áðïìáêñõóìÝíï
õðïëïãéóôÞ.</para>
<indexterm>
<primary>MX record</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>Ôï <acronym>DNS</acronym> åßíáé õðåýèõíï ãéá ôçí áíôéóôïß÷çóç
ïíïìÜôùí õðïëïãéóôþí óå äéåõèýíóåéò IP, üðùò êáé ãéá ôçí áðïèÞêåõóç
ðëçñïöïñéþí ðïõ ó÷åôßæïíôáé ìå ôçí ðáñÜäïóç çëåêôñïíéêïý
ôá÷õäñïìåßïõ, üðùò ïé åããñáöÝò MX. Ç åããñáöÞ MX (Mail Exchanger)
áíáãíùñßæåé ðïéïò õðïëïãéóôÞò (Þ õðïëïãéóôÝò) èá åßíáé õðåýèõíïò
ãéá ôç ëÞøç ôá÷õäñïìåßïõ åíüò óõãêåêñéìÝíïõ ôïìÝá (domain). Áí äåí
Ý÷åôå åããñáöÞ MX ãéá ôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ Þ ôïí ôïìÝá óáò, ôï email èá
ðáñáäßäåôáé áðåõèåßáò óôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ óáò, ìå ôçí ðñïûðüèåóÞ üôé
Ý÷åôå åããñáöÞ ôýðïõ A ðïõ íá äåß÷íåé óôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ óáò Þ óôçí
IP äéåýèõíóç ôïõ.</para>
<para>Ìðïñåßôå íá äåßôå ôéò åããñáöÝò MX ãéá ïðïéïäÞðïôå ôïìÝá,
÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôçí åíôïëÞ &man.host.1;, üðùò öáßíåôáé óôï
ðáñáêÜôù ðáñÜäåéãìá:</para>
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>host -t mx FreeBSD.org</userinput>
FreeBSD.org mail is handled (pri=10) by mx1.FreeBSD.org</screen>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="mail-receive">
<title>ËáìâÜíïíôáò Mail</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>email</primary>
<secondary>receiving</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>Ï mailhost åßíáé õðåýèõíïò ãéá ôçí ëÞøç mail ðïõ ðñïïñßæåôáé ãéá
ôïí ôïìÝá óáò. Èá óõëëÝîåé üëï ôï mail ðïõ Ýñ÷åôáé ðñïò ôïí ôïìÝá,
êáé èá ôï áðïèçêåýóåé åßôå óôï
<filename>mbox</filename> (ôçí ðñïåðéëåãìÝíç ìÝèïäï ãéá áðïèÞêåõóç
mail) Þ óå ìïñöÞ Maildir, áíÜëïãá ìå ôéò ñõèìßóåéò ðïõ Ý÷åôå êÜíåé.
Áðü ôç óôéãìÞ ðïõ ôï mail Ý÷åé áðïèçêåõèåß, ìðïñåßôå åßôå íá ôï
äéáâÜóåôå ôïðéêÜ, ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò åöáñìïãÝò üðùò ôï
&man.mail.1; Þ ôï <application>mutt</application>, Þ íá ôï äåßôå
ìÝóù áðïìáêñõóìÝíçò óýíäåóçò, ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò êÜðïéï ðñùôüêïëëï üðùò
ôï <acronym>POP</acronym> Þ ôï <acronym>IMAP</acronym>.
Áõôü óçìáßíåé üôé áí åðéèõìåßôå íá äéáâÜæåôå ôï mail óáò ìüíï ôïðéêÜ,
äåí ÷ñåéÜæåôáé íá åãêáôáóôÞóåôå åîõðçñåôçôÞ
<acronym>POP</acronym> Þ <acronym>IMAP</acronym>.</para>
<sect3 id="pop-and-imap">
<title>Ðñüóâáóç óå ÁðïìáêñõóìÝíåò Èõñßäåò ìÝóù <acronym>POP</acronym>
êáé <acronym>IMAP</acronym></title>
<indexterm><primary>POP</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>IMAP</primary></indexterm>
<para>Ãéá íá Ý÷åôå áðïìáêñõóìÝíç ðñüóâáóç óôéò èõñßäåò ôá÷õäñïìåßïõ,
åßíáé áðáñáßôçôï íá Ý÷åôå ðñüóâáóç óå Ýíá åîõðçñåôçôÞ
<acronym>POP</acronym> Þ <acronym>IMAP</acronym>. Ôá ðñùôüêïëëá
áõôÜ, åðéôñÝðïõí óôïõò ÷ñÞóôåò íá óõíäÝïíôáé óôéò èõñßäåò ôïõò
áðü áðüóôáóç, ìå ìåãÜëç åõêïëßá. Êáé ôá äýï ðñùôüêïëëá
(<acronym>POP</acronym> êáé <acronym>IMAP</acronym>) åðéôñÝðïõí
óôïõò ÷ñÞóôåò áðïìáêñõóìÝíç ðñüóâáóç óôéò èõñßäåò ôïõò, áëëÜ ôï
<acronym>IMAP</acronym> ðñïóöÝñåé áñêåôÜ ðëåïíåêôÞìáôá, ïñéóìÝíá
áðü ôá ïðïßá öáßíïíôáé ðáñáêÜôù:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Ôï <acronym>IMAP</acronym> ìðïñåß íá áðïèçêåýóåé ìçíýìáôá
óå Ýíá áðïìáêñõóìÝíï åîõðçñåôçôÞ, üðùò åðßóçò êáé íá ôá
áíáêôÞóåé.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Ôï <acronym>IMAP</acronym> õðïóôçñßæåé ôáõôü÷ñïíåò
åíçìåñþóåéò.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Ôï <acronym>IMAP</acronym> ìðïñåß íá öáíåß åîáéñåôéêÜ
÷ñÞóéìï óå óõíäÝóåéò ÷áìçëÞò ôá÷ýôçôáò, êáèþò åðéôñÝðåé óôïõò
÷ñÞóôåò íá êáôåâÜóïõí ôç äïìÞ ôùí ìçíõìÜôùí, ÷ùñßò íá
êáôåâÜóïõí ôï ðåñéå÷üìåíï ôïõò. Ìðïñåß åðßóçò íá åêôåëÝóåé
åñãáóßåò üðùò åýñåóç ìçíõìÜôùí áðåõèåßáò óôïí åîõðçñåôçôÞ,
åëá÷éóôïðïéþíôáò ìå áõôü ôïí ôñüðï ôç ìåôáöïñÜ äåäïìÝíùí
ìåôáîý ôùí ðåëáôþí êáé ôùí åîõðçñåôçôþí.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>Ãéá íá åãêáôáóôÞóåôå Ýíá åîõðçñåôçôÞ <acronym>POP</acronym> Þ
<acronym>IMAP</acronym> èá ðñÝðåé íá áêïëïõèÞóåôå ôá åðüìåíá
âÞìáôá:</para>
<procedure>
<step>
<para>ÅðéëÝîôå Ýíá åîõðçñåôçôÞ <acronym>IMAP</acronym> Þ
<acronym>POP</acronym> ðïõ íá åîõðçñåôåß ôéò áíÜãêåò óáò.
Ïé ðáñáêÜôù åîõðçñåôçôÝò <acronym>POP</acronym> êáé
<acronym>IMAP</acronym> åßíáé áñêåôÜ äéáäåäïìÝíïé êáé áðïôåëïýí
êáëÜ ðáñáäåßãìáôá:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para><application>qpopper</application></para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><application>teapop</application></para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><application>imap-uw</application></para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><application>courier-imap</application></para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><application>dovecot</application></para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</step>
<step>
<para>ÅãêáôáóôÞóôå ôï äáßìïíá <acronym>POP</acronym> Þ
<acronym>IMAP</acronym> ôçò åðéëïãÞò óáò, áðü ôçí ÓõëëïãÞ ôùí
Ports.</para>
</step>
<step>
<para>Áí ÷ñåéÜæåôáé, ôñïðïðïéÞóôå ôï áñ÷åßï
<filename>/etc/inetd.conf</filename> ãéá íá öïñôþóåôå ôïí
åîõðçñåôçôÞ <acronym>POP</acronym> Þ
<acronym>IMAP</acronym>.</para>
</step>
</procedure>
<warning>
<para>Èá ðñÝðåé íá óçìåéþóïõìå üôé ôüóï ôï <acronym>POP</acronym>
üóï êáé ôï <acronym>IMAP</acronym> ìåôáäßäïõí ðëçñïöïñßåò üðùò
ôï üíïìá ÷ñÞóôç êáé ôïí êùäéêü óå ìïñöÞ áðëïý êåéìÝíïõ. Áõôü
óçìáßíåé üôé áí èÝëåôå íá áóöáëßóåôå ôç ìåôÜäïóç ðëçñïöïñéþí
ìÝóù áõôþí ôùí ðñùôïêüëëùí, èá ðñÝðåé íá ðåñÜóåôå áõôÝò ôéò
óõíäÝóåéò ìÝóù ôïõ &man.ssh.1; (tunneling) Þ íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå
SSL. Ç äéáäéêáóßá tunneling ðåñéãñÜöåôáé ìå ëåðôïìÝñåéá óôï
<xref linkend="security-ssh-tunneling"/> êáé ôï SSL óôï
<xref linkend="openssl"/>.</para>
</warning>
</sect3>
<sect3 id="local">
<title>Ðñüóâáóç óå ÔïðéêÝò Èõñßäåò Ôá÷õäñïìåßïõ</title>
<para>Ìðïñåßôå íá Ý÷åôå ôïðéêÞ ðñüóâáóç óôéò èõñßäåò ôá÷õäñïìåßïõ
÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò áðåõèåßáò êÜðïéï ðñüãñáììá áðïóôïëÞò/ëÞøçò
(<acronym>MUA</acronym>) óôïí åîõðçñåôçôÞ ðïõ åßíáé áðïèçêåõìÝíåò.
ÊáôÜëëçëåò åöáñìïãÝò ãéá áõôü ôï óêïðü åßíáé ð.÷. ôï
<application>mutt</application> Þ ôï &man.mail.1;.</para>
</sect3>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="mail-host">
<title>Ï ÅîõðçñåôçôÞò Mail</title>
<indexterm><primary>mail host</primary></indexterm>
<para>ÅîõðçñåôçôÞò mail èåùñåßôáé ï õðïëïãéóôÞò ï ïðïßïò
åßíáé õðåýèõíïò ãéá ôçí ðáñÜäïóç êáé ëÞøç mail ãéá ôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ
óáò, êáé åíäå÷ïìÝíùò ãéá ôï äßêôõï óáò.</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="sendmail">
<sect1info>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<firstname>Christopher</firstname>
<surname>Shumway</surname>
<contrib>ÓõíåéóöïñÜ ôïõ </contrib>
</author>
</authorgroup>
</sect1info>
<title>Ñýèìéóç ôïõ <application>sendmail</application></title>
<indexterm>
<primary><application>sendmail</application></primary>
</indexterm>
<para>Ôï &man.sendmail.8; åßíáé ï ðñïåðéëåãìÝíïò Áíôéðñüóùðïò ÌåôáöïñÜò
Ôá÷õäñïìåßïõ (Mail Transfer Agent, MTA) óôï &os;. ÄïõëåéÜ ôïõ åßíáé íá
äÝ÷åôáé ôï email áðü ôïõò Áíôéðñïóþðïõò Email ×ñÞóôç
(Mail User Agents, <acronym>MUA</acronym>) êáé íá ôï ðáñáäßäåé óôï
êáôÜëëçëï mailer ðïõ ïñßæåôáé óôï áñ÷åßï ñõèìßóåùí ôïõ. Ôï
<application>sendmail</application> ìðïñåß åðßóçò íá äå÷èåß óõíäÝóåéò
äéêôýïõ êáé íá ðáñáäþóåé ôï mail óå ôïðéêÝò èõñßäåò Þ êáé óå êÜðïéï
Üëëï ðñüãñáììá.</para>
<para>Ôï <application>sendmail</application> ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß ôá áêüëïõèá
áñ÷åßá ñõèìßóåùí:</para>
<indexterm>
<primary><filename>/etc/mail/access</filename></primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary><filename>/etc/mail/aliases</filename></primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary><filename>/etc/mail/local-host-names</filename></primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary><filename>/etc/mail/mailer.conf</filename></primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary><filename>/etc/mail/mailertable</filename></primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary><filename>/etc/mail/sendmail.cf</filename></primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary><filename>/etc/mail/virtusertable</filename></primary>
</indexterm>
<informaltable frame="none" pgwide="1">
<tgroup cols="2">
<thead>
<row>
<entry>¼íïìá Áñ÷åßïõ</entry>
<entry>Ëåéôïõñãßá</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>
<filename>/etc/mail/access</filename>
</entry>
<entry>Ç âÜóç äåäïìÝíùí ðñüóâáóçò ôïõ
<application>sendmail</application>.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>
<filename>/etc/mail/aliases</filename>
</entry>
<entry>Ðáñùíýìéá (aliases) ãéá ôéò èõñßäåò (Mailboxes)</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>
<filename>/etc/mail/local-host-names</filename>
</entry>
<entry>Ëßóôá ôùí õðïëïãéóôþí ãéá ôïõò ïðïßïõò ôï
<application>sendmail</application> äÝ÷åôáé mail</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>
<filename>/etc/mail/mailer.conf</filename>
</entry>
<entry>Ñõèìßóåéò ôïõ ðñïãñÜììáôïò mailer</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>
<filename>/etc/mail/mailertable</filename>
</entry>
<entry>Ðßíáêáò ðáñáäüóåùí ôïõ mailer</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>
<filename>/etc/mail/sendmail.cf</filename>
</entry>
<entry>Ôï êåíôñéêü áñ÷åßï ñõèìßóåùí ôïõ
<application>sendmail</application></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>
<filename>/etc/mail/virtusertable</filename>
</entry>
<entry>Ðßíáêáò åéêïíéêþí ÷ñçóôþí êáé ðåñéï÷þí (domains)</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<sect2>
<title><filename>/etc/mail/access</filename></title>
<para>Ç âÜóç äåäïìÝíùí ðñüóâáóçò êáèïñßæåé ðïéïé õðïëïãéóôÝò Þ
äéåõèýíóåéò IP Ý÷ïõí ðñüóâáóç óôïí ôïðéêü åîõðçñåôçôÞ mail êáé ôé
åßäïõò ðñüóâáóç Ý÷ïõí. Ç êáôá÷þñçóç åíüò õðïëïãéóôÞ ìðïñåß íá Ý÷åé
ôéò åðéëïãÝò <option>OK</option>, <option>REJECT</option>,
<option>RELAY</option> Þ áðëÜ íá ìåôáâéâÜæåé ôïí Ýëåã÷ï óôç ñïõôßíá
äéá÷åßñéóçò ëáèþí ôïõ <application>sendmail</application> ìå êÜðïéï
óõãêåêñéìÝíï óöÜëìá. Ïé õðïëïãéóôÝò ðïõ åßíáé êáôá÷ùñçìÝíïé ìå ôçí
åðéëïãÞ <option>OK</option>, ç ïðïßá åßíáé êáé ç ðñïåðéëåãìÝíç,
åðéôñÝðåôáé íá óôåßëïõí email óå áõôü ôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ, åöüóïí ï
ôåëéêüò ðñïïñéóìüò ôïõ ìçíýìáôïò åßíáé ôï ôïðéêü ìç÷Üíçìá. Ïé
õðïëïãéóôÝò ðïõ åßíáé êáôá÷ùñçìÝíïé ìå ôçí åðéëïãÞ
<option>REJECT</option> áðïññßðôïíôáé ãéá ïðïéáäÞðïôå åðéêïéíùíßá
Ý÷åé íá êÜíåé ìå ìåôÜäïóç mail. Ïé õðïëïãéóôÝò ðïõ åßíáé
êáôá÷ùñçìÝíïé ìå ôçí åðéëïãÞ <option>RELAY</option>, Ý÷ïõí ôç
äõíáôüôçôá íá óôåßëïõí mail ðñïò ïðïéáäÞðïôå êáôåýèõíóç ìÝóù ôïõ
óõãêåêñéìÝíïõ åîõðçñåôçôÞ.</para>
<example>
<title>Ñýèìéóç ôçò ÂÜóçò ÄåäïìÝíùí Ðñüóâáóçò ôïõ
<application>sendmail</application></title>
<programlisting>cyberspammer.com 550 We do not accept mail from spammers
FREE.STEALTH.MAILER@ 550 We do not accept mail from spammers
another.source.of.spam REJECT
okay.cyberspammer.com OK
128.32 RELAY</programlisting>
</example>
<para>Óå áõôü ôï ðáñÜäåéãìá Ý÷ïõìå ðÝíôå êáôá÷ùñÞóåéò. Ïé äéåõèýíóåéò
ðïõ öáßíïíôáé óôçí áñéóôåñÞ ðëåõñÜ ôïõ ðßíáêá, åðçñåÜæïíôáé áðü ôç
åíÝñãåéá ðïõ öáßíåôáé óôç äåîéÜ ðëåõñÜ. Ôá ðñþôá äýï ðáñáäåßãìáôá,
åðéóôñÝöïõí Ýíá êùäéêü óöÜëìáôïò óôç ñïõôßíá äéá÷åßñéóçò ëáèþí ôïõ
<application>sendmail</application>. Ôï ìÞíõìá åêôõðþíåôáé óôïí
áðïìáêñõóìÝíï õðïëïãéóôÞ, üôáí ôï mail ðïõ ëáìâÜíåôáé áíÞêåé óå
êÜðïéá áðü ôéò êáôçãïñßåò ôçò áñéóôåñÞò ðëåõñÜò ôïõ ðßíáêá.
Ç åðüìåíç êáôá÷þñçóç áðïññßðôåé ôçí ðáñáëáâÞ mail áðü Ýíá
óõãêåêñéìÝíï õðïëïãéóôÞ óôï Internet, ôïí
<hostid>another.source.of.spam</hostid>. Ç åðüìåíç êáôá÷þñçóç êÜíåé
äåêôÝò ôéò óõíäÝóåéò mail áðü ôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ
<hostid role="fqdn">okay.cyberspammer.com</hostid>, ôï üíïìá ôïõ
ïðïßïõ ðñïóäéïñßæåôáé áêñéâÝóôåñá óå ó÷Ýóç ìå ôç ãñáììÞ
<hostid role="domainname">cyberspammer.com</hostid> ðïõ åßäáìå
ðáñáðÜíù. ÃñáììÝò ðïõ êáèïñßæïõí ïíüìáôá ìå ìåãáëýôåñç áêñßâåéá,
Ý÷ïõí ðñïôåñáéüôçôá óå ó÷Ýóç ìå ðéï áíáêñéâåßò. Ç ôåëåõôáßá
êáôá÷þñçóç åðéôñÝðåé ôçí áíáìåôÜäïóç (relaying) çëåêôñïíéêïý
ôá÷õäñïìåßïõ áðü õðïëïãéóôÝò ìå äéåõèýíóåéò IP ðïõ îåêéíÜíå ìå
<hostid>128.32</hostid>. Ïé õðïëïãéóôÝò áõôïß, ìðïñïýí íá óôåßëïõí
mail ìÝóù ôïõ óõãêåêñéìÝíïõ åîõðçñåôçôÞ, ôï ïðïßï íá êáôåõèýíåôáé óå
Üëëïõò åîõðçñåôçôÝò ôá÷õäñïìåßïõ.</para>
<para>Óå ðåñßðôùóç áíáíÝùóçò áõôïý ôïõ áñ÷åßïõ, èá ðñÝðåé íá åêôåëÝóåôå
ôçí åíôïëÞ <command>make</command> óôïí êáôÜëïãï
<filename>/etc/mail/</filename> ãéá íá áíáíåþóåôå ôç âÜóç
äåäïìÝíùí.</para>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title><filename>/etc/mail/aliases</filename></title>
<para>Ç âÜóç äåäïìÝíùí ôùí ðáñùíõìßùí (aliases), ðåñéÝ÷åé ìéá ëßóôá áðü
åéêïíéêÝò èõñßäåò ôá÷õäñïìåßïõ ðïõ åðåêôåßíïíôáé óå Üëëïõò ÷ñÞóôåò,
áñ÷åßá Þ êáé Üëëá ðáñùíýìéá. ÌåñéêÜ ðáñáäåßãìáôá ÷ñÞóçò ôïõ
<filename>/etc/mail/aliases</filename> öáßíïíôáé ðáñáêÜôù:</para>
<example>
<title>Ðáñùíýìéá Mail</title>
<programlisting>root: localuser
ftp-bugs: joe,eric,paul
bit.bucket: /dev/null
procmail: "|/usr/local/bin/procmail"</programlisting>
</example>
<para>Ç ìïñöÞ ôïõ áñ÷åßïõ åßíáé áðëÞ. Ôï üíïìá ôçò èõñßäáò âñßóêåôáé
óôçí áñéóôåñÞ ðëåõñÜ ôçò Üíù-êÜôù ôåëåßáò, êáé åðåêôåßíåôáé óôïí
ðñïïñéóìü ðïõ âñßóêåôáé óôç äåîéÜ ðëåõñÜ. Ôï ðñþôï ðáñÜäåéãìá,
ïñßæåé üôé ç èõñßäá ôïõ ÷ñÞóôç <username>root</username> èá
åßíáé óôçí ðñáãìáôéêüôçôá ç èõñßäá <username>localuser</username>.
Ãéá ôçí èõñßäá áõôÞ, ãßíåôáé îáíÜ áíáæÞôçóç óôç âÜóç äåäïìÝíùí ôùí
ðáñùíõìéþí. Áí äåí âñåèåß Üëëï üíïìá ðïõ íá ôáéñéÜæåé, ôï ìÞíõìá èá
ðáñáäïèåß óôïí ôïðéêü ÷ñÞóôç <username>localuser</username>. Ôï
åðüìåíï ðáñÜäåéãìá äåß÷íåé ìéá ëßóôá ôá÷õäñïìåßïõ. Ôá ìçíýìáôá ðïõ
áðåõèýíïíôáé óôç èõñßäá <username>ftp-bugs</username>, êáôåõèýíïíôáé
óå ôñåéò ôïðéêÝò èõñßäåò, ôéò <username>joe</username>,
<username>eric</username> êáé <username>paul</username>. Óçìåéþóôå
üôé åßíáé äõíáôüí íá êáèïñéóôåß ìéá áðïìáêñõóìÝíç èõñßäá
÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôç ìïñöÞ <email>user@example.com</email>.
Ôï åðüìåíï ðáñÜäåéãìá, äåß÷íåé ðùò ìðïñåß íá ãßíåé åããñáöÞ ôïõ mail
óå Ýíá áñ÷åßï, óôç óõãêåêñéìÝíç ðåñßðôùóç ôï
<filename>/dev/null</filename>. Ôï ôåëåõôáßï ðáñÜäåéãìá,
äåß÷íåé ðùò ãßíåôáé ç áðïóôïëÞ mail ðñïò Ýíá ðñüãñáììá.
Óôï ðáñÜäåéãìá áõôü, ôï ìÞíõìá ãñÜöåôáé óôçí ôõðïðïéçìÝíç åßóïäï
(standard input) ôïõ ðñïãñÜììáôïò
<filename>/usr/local/bin/procmail</filename> ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò Ýíá
&unix; pipe.</para>
<para>ÊÜèå öïñÜ ðïõ ãßíåôáé åíçìÝñùóç áõôïý ôïõ áñ÷åßïõ, èá ðñÝðåé íá
åêôåëåßôå ôçí åíôïëÞ <command>make</command> óôïí êáôÜëïãï
<filename>/etc/mail/</filename>, þóôå íá åíçìåñùèåß ç âÜóç
äåäïìÝíùí.</para>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title><filename>/etc/mail/local-host-names</filename></title>
<para>Ðñüêåéôáé ãéá ìéá ëßóôá áðü ïíüìáôá õðïëïãéóôþí, ôçí ïðïßá ôï
&man.sendmail.8; èá äÝ÷åôáé ùò ïíüìáôá ãéá ôï ôïðéêü ìç÷Üíçìá.
ÔïðïèåôÞóôå óå áõôÞí ôá ïíüìáôá ôùí õðïëïãéóôþí Þ ôùí ôïìÝùí ãéá ôïõò
ïðïßïõò èÝëåôå ôï <application>sendmail</application> íá ëáìâÜíåé
mail. Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, áí ï óõãêåêñéìÝíïò åîõðçñåôçôÞò mail ðñüêåéôáé
íá ëáìâÜíåé mail ãéá ôïí ôïìÝá
<hostid role="domainname">example.com</hostid> êáé ãéá ôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ
<hostid role="fqdn">mail.example.com</hostid>, ôï áñ÷åßï
<filename>local-host-names</filename> èá ìïéÜæåé ìå ôï
ðáñáêÜôù:</para>
<programlisting>example.com
mail.example.com</programlisting>
<para>ÊÜèå öïñÜ ðïõ åíçìåñþíåôáé áõôü ôï áñ÷åßï, èá ðñÝðåé íá ãßíåôáé
åðáíåêêßíçóç ôïõ &man.sendmail.8; ãéá íá äéáâÜóåé ôéò áëëáãÝò.</para>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title><filename>/etc/mail/sendmail.cf</filename></title>
<para>Ôï <filename>sendmail.cf</filename> åßíáé ôï êåíôñéêü áñ÷åßï
ñõèìßóåùí ôïõ <application>sendmail</application>. Ôï áñ÷åßï áõôü
ñõèìßæåé ôç óõíïëéêÞ óõìðåñéöïñÜ ôïõ
<application>sendmail</application>, ðïõ ðåñéëáìâÜíåé ìåôáîý Üëëùí
ôçí åðáíåããñáöÞ äéåõèýíóåùí êáé ôçí áðïóôïëÞ ìçíõìÜôùí áðüññéøçò ðñïò
áðïìáêñõóìÝíïõò åîõðçñåôçôÝò mail. Êáèþò ôï áñ÷åßï áõôü ðåñéÝ÷åé ôüóï
äéáöïñåôéêÝò ñõèìßóåéò, åßíáé öõóéêü íá åßíáé áñêåôÜ ðïëýðëïêï êáé
ïé ëåðôïìÝñåéåò ôïõ åßíáé Ýîù áðü ôï óêïðü áõôÞò ôçò åíüôçôáò.
Åõôõ÷þò, áõôü ôï áñ÷åßï óðÜíéá ÷ñåéÜæåôáé íá áëëá÷èåß óå ôõðéêïýò
åîõðçñåôçôÝò mail.</para>
<para>Ôï âáóéêü áñ÷åßï ñõèìßóåùí ôïõ <application>sendmail</application>
ìðïñåß íá ðáñá÷èåß ìå ôç âïÞèåéá ìáêñïåíôïëþí ôýðïõ
&man.m4.1; ðïõ êáèïñßæïõí ôç óõìðåñéöïñÜ êáé ôá ÷áñáêôçñéóôéêÜ ôïõ
<application>sendmail</application>. Ãéá ðåñéóóüôåñåò ðëçñïöïñßåò,
ðáñáêáëïýìå äéáâÜóôå ôï
<filename>/usr/src/contrib/sendmail/cf/README</filename>.</para>
<para>Ãéá íá éó÷ýóïõí ïé áëëáãÝò ðïõ êÜíåôå óå áõôü ôï áñ÷åßï, èá ðñÝðåé
íá åðáíåêêéíÞóåôå ôï <application>sendmail</application>.</para>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title><filename>/etc/mail/virtusertable</filename></title>
<para>Ôï áñ÷åßï <filename>virtusertable</filename> áíôéóôïé÷åß
äéåõèýíóåéò mail åéêïíéêþí ôïìÝùí óå ðñáãìáôéêÝò èõñßäåò ôá÷õäñïìåßïõ.
Ïé èõñßäåò áõôÝò ìðïñåß íá åßíáé ôïðéêÝò, áðïìáêñõóìÝíåò, ðáñùíýìéá
ðïõ Ý÷ïõí ïñéóôåß óôï <filename>/etc/mail/aliases</filename>,
Þ áñ÷åßá.</para>
<example>
<title>ÐáñÜäåéãìá Áíôéóôïß÷çóçò Mail Åéêïíéêïý ÔïìÝá</title>
<programlisting>root@example.com root
postmaster@example.com postmaster@noc.example.net
@example.com joe</programlisting>
</example>
<para>Óôï ðáñáðÜíù ðáñÜäåéãìá, Ý÷ïõìå ìéá áíôéóôïß÷çóç ãéá ôïí ôïìÝá
<hostid role="domainname">example.com</hostid>. Ç åðåîåñãáóßá áõôïý
ôïõ áñ÷åßïõ ãßíåôáé áðü ðÜíù ðñïò ôá êÜôù, êáé óôáìáôÜåé óôçí åýñåóç
ôïõ ðñþôïõ ïíüìáôïò ðïõ ôáéñéÜæåé. Ç ðñþôç ãñáììÞ ôïõ ðáñáäåßãìáôïò,
áíôéóôïé÷åß ôï <email>root@example.com</email> óôçí ôïðéêÞ èõñßäá
<username>root</username>. Ç åðüìåíç êáôá÷þñçóç áíôéóôïé÷åß ôï
<email>postmaster@example.com</email> óôç èõñßäá
<username>postmaster</username> óôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ
<hostid role="fqdn">noc.example.net</hostid>. ÔÝëïò, áí äåí âñåèåß
êáìéÜ áíôéóôïß÷çóç ãéá ôïí ôïìÝá
<hostid role="domainname">example.com</hostid>, èá åöáñìïóôåß ç
ôåëåõôáßá áíôéóôïß÷çóç, ç ïðïßá ôáéñéÜæåé ìå ïðïéïäÞðïôå mail óôáëèåß
ðñïò ôïí ôïìÝá <hostid role="domainname">example.com</hostid>.
Óôçí ðåñßðôùóç áõôÞ, ôï ìÞíõìá èá ðáñáäïèåß óôçí ôïðéêÞ èõñßäá
<username>joe</username>.</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="mail-changingmta">
<sect1info>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<firstname>Andrew</firstname>
<surname>Boothman</surname>
<contrib>ÃñÜöçêå áðü ôïí </contrib>
</author>
</authorgroup>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<firstname>Gregory</firstname>
<surname>Neil Shapiro</surname>
<contrib>Ïé ðëçñïöïñßåò ðïõ ðñïÝñ÷ïíôáé áðü e-mails Ý÷ïõí ãñáöåß
áðü ôïí </contrib>
</author>
</authorgroup>
</sect1info>
<title>ÁëëÜæïíôáò ôïí Áíôéðñüóùðï ÌåôáöïñÜò Ôá÷õäñïìåßïõ (MTA)</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>email</primary>
<secondary>change mta</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>¼ðùò Ý÷ïõìå Þäç áíáöÝñåé, ôï &os; Ýñ÷åôáé ìå ôï
<application>sendmail</application> ðñïåãêáôåóôçìÝíï ùò Áíôéðñüóùðï
ÌåôáöïñÜò Ôá÷õäñïìåßïõ (Mail Transfer Agent, MTA). Ôï ðñüãñáììá áõôü
åßíáé áðü ðñïåðéëïãÞ õðåýèõíï ãéá ôçí åéóåñ÷üìåíç êáé åîåñ÷üìåíç
áëëçëïãñáößá.</para>
<para>ÕðÜñ÷åé ùóôüóï ðëçèþñá ëüãùí ãéá ôïõò ïðïßïõò êÜðïéïé äéá÷åéñéóôÝò
åðéëÝãïõí íá áëëÜîïõí ôï MTA ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò ôïõò. Ïé ëüãïé áõôïß
êõìáßíïíôáé áðü ôï üôé áðëÜ èÝëïõí íá äïêéìÜóïõí êÜðïéï Üëëï MTA, ùò
êáé ôï üôé ÷ñåéÜæïíôáé êÜðïéï éäéáßôåñï ÷áñáêôçñéóôéêü Þ äõíáôüôçôá ðïõ
õðÜñ÷åé óå êÜðïéï Üëëï mailer. Åõôõ÷þò, ôï &os; êÜíåé åýêïëç ôçí áëëáãÞ
ôïõ áíôéðñïóþðïõ.</para>
<sect2>
<title>ÅãêáôáóôÞóôå ÍÝï MTA</title>
<para>ÕðÜñ÷ïõí áñêåôïß MTA ãéá íá åðéëÝîåôå. ¸íá êáëü óçìåßï åêêßíçóçò
åßíáé ç <link linkend="ports">ÓõëëïãÞ ôùí Ports ôïõ &os;</link> üðïõ
êáé èá ìðïñÝóåôå íá âñåßôå áñêåôïýò. ÖõóéêÜ åßóôå åëåýèåñïò íá
åðéëÝîåôå üðïéï MTA èÝëåôå áðü ïðïõäÞðïôå, üóï ôïõëÜ÷éóôïí ìðïñåßôå
íá ôï êÜíåôå íá åêôåëåßôå óôï &os;.</para>
<para>ÎåêéíÞóôå åãêáèéóôþíôáò ôï íÝï óáò MTA. ÌåôÜ ôçí åãêáôÜóôáóç, èá
Ý÷åôå ôçí åõêáéñßá íá áðïöáóßóåôå áí ðñáãìáôéêÜ êáëýðôåé ôéò áíÜãêåò
óáò, êáèþò êáé íá ïëïêëçñþóåôå ôéò ñõèìßóåéò ôïõ ðñéí ìåôáöÝñåôå ôç
äéá÷åßñéóç mail ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò áðü ôï
<application>sendmail</application> óôï íÝï óáò ðñüãñáììá. ÊáôÜ ôçí
åãêáôÜóôáóç, âåâáéùèåßôå üôé ôï íÝï óáò ëïãéóìéêü äåí èá ðñïóðáèÞóåé
íá åãêáôáóôáèåß ðÜíù óôá õðÜñ÷ïíôá åêôåëÝóéìá ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò, üðùò ôï
<filename>/usr/bin/sendmail</filename>. ÄéáöïñåôéêÜ, èá Ý÷åôå
ïõóéáóôéêÜ âÜëåé ôï íÝï óáò ëïãéóìéêü mail óå ÷ñÞóç, ðñéí ðñïëÜâåôå
êáëÜ-êáëÜ íá ôï ñõèìßóåôå.</para>
<para>Ðáñáêáëïýìå íá äéáâÜóåôå ôçí ôåêìçñßùóç ôïõ MTA ðïõ åðéëÝîáôå,
ãéá ðëçñïöïñßåò ó÷åôéêÜ ìå ôç ñýèìéóç ôïõ.</para>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="mail-disable-sendmail">
<title>ÁðåíåñãïðïéÞóôå ôï <application>sendmail</application></title>
<warning>
<para>Áí áðåíåñãïðïéÞóåôå ôç äõíáôüôçôá áðïóôïëÞò (åîåñ÷üìåíá) ôïõ
<application>sendmail</application>, åßíáé óçìáíôéêü íá ôçí
áíôéêáôáóôÞóåôå ìå Ýíá åíáëëáêôéêü óýóôçìá ðáñÜäïóçò mail. Áí
åðéëÝîåôå íá ìçí êÜíåôå ôï ðáñáðÜíù, ôá ìçíýìáôá ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò,
üðùò áõôÜ ðïõ ðáñÜãïíôáé áðü ôï &man.periodic.8;, äåí èá ìðïñïýí
íá ðáñáäïèïýí ìÝóù email, üðùò åßíáé ôï áíáìåíüìåíï. ÐïëëÜ
ôìÞìáôá ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò óáò áíáìÝíïõí üôé õðÜñ÷åé óå ëåéôïõñãßá
Ýíá óýóôçìá óõìâáôü ìå ôï <application>sendmail</application>.
Áí ïé åöáñìïãÝò óõíå÷ßæïõí íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýí ôá åêôåëÝóéìá ôïõ
<application>sendmail</application> ðñïóðáèþíôáò íá óôåßëïõí
email ìåôÜ ôçí áðåíåñãïðïßçóç ôïõ, ôï mail ðéèáíþò èá
âñåèåß óå ìéá áíåíåñãÞ ïõñÜ ôïõ
<application>sendmail</application> êáé äåí èá ðáñáäïèåß
ðïôÝ.</para>
</warning>
<para>Ãéá íá áðåíåñãïðïéÞóåôå åíôåëþò ôï
<application>sendmail</application>, óõìðåñéëáìâáíïìÝíçò êáé ôçò
õðçñåóßáò åîåñ÷üìåíùí ìçíõìÜôùí, ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóôå:</para>
<programlisting>sendmail_enable="NO"
sendmail_submit_enable="NO"
sendmail_outbound_enable="NO"
sendmail_msp_queue_enable="NO"</programlisting>
<para>óôï <filename>/etc/rc.conf.</filename></para>
<para>Áí èÝëåôå íá áðåíåñãïðïéÞóåôå ìüíï ôçí õðçñåóßá åéóåñ÷ïìÝíùí
ôïõ <application>sendmail</application> èá ðñÝðåé íá èÝóåôå:</para>
<programlisting>sendmail_enable="NO"</programlisting>
<para>óôï <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>. Ðåñéóóüôåñåò ðëçñïöïñßåò
ãéá ôéò åðéëïãÝò åêêßíçóçò ôïõ <application>sendmail</application>,
äéáôßèåíôáé áðü ôçí áíôßóôïé÷ç óåëßäá manual,
&man.rc.sendmail.8;.</para>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Åêêßíçóç ôïõ ÍÝïõ óáò MTA êáôÜ ôçí Åêêßíçóç</title>
<para>Ôï íÝï óáò MTA èá îåêéíÜåé êáôÜ ôçí åêêßíçóç, áí ðñïóèÝóåôå ìéá
êáôÜëëçëç ãñáììÞ óôï áñ÷åßï <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>. Äåßôå
ôï ðáñáêÜôù ðáñÜäåéãìá ãéá ôï
<application>postfix</application>:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; echo '<replaceable>postfix</replaceable>_enable="YES"' >> /etc/rc.conf</screen>
<para>Ôï MTA èá îåêéíÜåé ðëÝïí êáôÜ ôçí åêêßíçóç.</para>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Áíôéêáèéóôþíôáò ôï <application>sendmail</application> áðü
ÐñïåðéëåãìÝíï Mailer ÓõóôÞìáôïò</title>
<para>Ôï <application>sendmail</application> åßíáé ôüóï ãíùóôü ùò
óôÜíôáñ ëïãéóìéêü óôá óõóôÞìáôá &unix;, þóôå ðïëëÜ Üëëá ðñïãñÜììáôá
èåùñïýí üôé åßíáé Þäç åãêáôåóôçìÝíï êáé ñõèìéóìÝíï. Ãéá ôï ëüãï áõôü,
ðïëëÜ åíáëëáêôéêÜ MTA ðáñÝ÷ïõí äéêÝò ôïõò óõìâáôÝò õëïðïéÞóåéò ôïõ
<application>sendmail</application>. Ïé õëïðïéÞóåéò áõôÝò ðáñÝ÷ïõí
ðáñüìïéï óýíïëï åíôïëþí, êáé ìðïñïýí Ýôóé íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéçèïýí þóôå íá
áíôéêáôáóôÞóïõí <quote>áðåõèåßáò</quote> ôï
<application>sendmail</application>.</para>
<para>Ãéá ôï ëüãï áõôü, áí ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå êÜðïéï åíáëëáêôéêü mailer, èá
èÝëåôå íá åîáóöáëßóåôå üôé Üëëá ðñïãñÜììáôá ðïõ ðñïóðáèïýí íá
åêôåëÝóïõí ôá ôõðéêÜ åêôåëÝóéìá ôïõ
<application>sendmail</application> üðùò ôï
<filename>/usr/bin/sendmail</filename>, èá åêôåëÝóïõí óôçí
ðñáãìáôéêüôçôá ôïí åðéëåãìÝíï óáò mailer. Åõôõ÷þò, ôï &os; ðáñÝ÷åé
Ýíá óýóôçìá ðïõ êáëåßôå &man.mailwrapper.8; êáé ôï ïðïßï áíáëáìâÜíåé
áõôÞ ôç äïõëåéÜ ãéá óáò.</para>
<para>¼ôáí ôï <application>sendmail</application> ëåéôïõñãåß üðùò Ý÷åé
åãêáôáóôáèåß áñ÷éêÜ, èá âñåßôå êÜôé üðùò ôï ðáñáêÜôù óôï
<filename>/etc/mail/mailer.conf</filename>:</para>
<programlisting>sendmail /usr/libexec/sendmail/sendmail
send-mail /usr/libexec/sendmail/sendmail
mailq /usr/libexec/sendmail/sendmail
newaliases /usr/libexec/sendmail/sendmail
hoststat /usr/libexec/sendmail/sendmail
purgestat /usr/libexec/sendmail/sendmail</programlisting>
<para>Áõôü óçìáßíåé üôé üôáí åêôåëåßôáé êÜðïéá áðü áõôÝò ôéò
óõíçèéóìÝíåò åíôïëÝò (üðùò ôï ßäéï ôï <filename>sendmail</filename>),
ôï óýóôçìá óôçí ðñáãìáôéêüôçôá åêôåëåß Ýíá áíôßãñáöï ôïõ mailwrapper
ðïõ ïíïìÜæåôáé <filename>sendmail</filename>, êáé ôï ïðïßï åëÝã÷åé ôï
<filename>mailer.conf</filename> êáé åêôåëåß ôï
<filename>/usr/libexec/sendmail/sendmail</filename> áíôß áõôïý. Ôï
óýóôçìá áõôü äéåõêïëýíåé éäéáßôåñá ôçí áëëáãÞ ôùí åêôåëÝóéìùí ðïõ
åêôåëïýíôáé óôçí ðñáãìáôéêüôçôá üôáí ãßíåôáé êëÞóç ôùí ðñïåðéëåãìÝíùí
ëåéôïõñãéþí ôïõ <filename>sendmail</filename>.</para>
<para>¸ôóé, áí èÝëåôå íá åêôåëåßôáé ôï
<filename>/usr/local/supermailer/bin/sendmail-compat</filename>
áíôß ãéá ôï <application>sendmail</application>, èá ìðïñïýóáôå íá
áëëÜîåôå ôï <filename>/etc/mail/mailer.conf</filename> þóôå íá
ãñÜöåé:</para>
<programlisting>sendmail /usr/local/supermailer/bin/sendmail-compat
send-mail /usr/local/supermailer/bin/sendmail-compat
mailq /usr/local/supermailer/bin/mailq-compat
newaliases /usr/local/supermailer/bin/newaliases-compat
hoststat /usr/local/supermailer/bin/hoststat-compat
purgestat /usr/local/supermailer/bin/purgestat-compat</programlisting>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Ïëïêëçñþíïíôáò</title>
<para>Ìüëéò Ý÷åôå ñõèìßóåé ôá ðÜíôá üðùò åðéèõìåßôå, ìðïñåßôå åßôå
íá êÜíåôå kill ôéò äéåñãáóßåò ôïõ
<application>sendmail</application> ðïõ äåí ÷ñåéÜæåóôå ðëÝïí êáé
íá åêêéíÞóåôå ôéò áíôßóôïé÷åò ôïõ íÝïõ óáò ëïãéóìéêïý, Þ áðëþò íá
êÜíåôå åðáíåêêßíçóç. Ç åðáíåêêßíçóç èá óáò äþóåé åðßóçò ôçí
åõêáéñßá íá âåâáéùèåßôå üôé ôï óýóôçìá óáò Ý÷åé ñõèìéóôåß óùóôÜ,
þóôå ôï íÝï óáò MTA íá îåêéíÜåé áõôüìáôá óå êÜèå åêêßíçóç.</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="mail-trouble">
<title>Áíôéìåôþðéóç ÐñïâëçìÜôùí</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>email</primary>
<secondary>troubleshooting</secondary>
</indexterm>
<qandaset>
<qandaentry>
<question>
<para>Ãéáôß ðñÝðåé íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéþ ôï ðëÞñåò üíïìá (FQDN) ãéá
õðïëïãéóôÝò ðïõ âñßóêïíôáé óôïí ôïìÝá ìïõ;</para>
</question>
<answer>
<para>Ôï ðéï ðéèáíü åßíáé íá äéáðéóôþóåôå üôé ï õðïëïãéóôÞò
âñßóêåôáé óôçí ðñáãìáôéêüôçôá óå äéáöïñåôéêü ôïìÝá. Ãéá
ðáñÜäåéãìá, áí âñßóêåóôå óôï
<hostid role="fqdn">foo.bar.edu</hostid> êáé èÝëåôå íá
åðéêïéíùíÞóåôå ìå Ýíá õðïëïãéóôÞ ìå ôï üíïìá
<hostid>mumble</hostid> óôïí ôïìÝá <hostid
role="domainname">bar.edu</hostid>, èá ðñÝðåé íá áíáöåñèåßôå
óå áõôüí ìå ôï ðëÞñåò ôïõ üíïìá, <hostid
role="fqdn">mumble.bar.edu</hostid>, áíôß ãéá áðëþò
<hostid>mumble</hostid>.</para>
<indexterm><primary>BIND</primary></indexterm>
<para>ÐáñáäïóéáêÜ, áõôü åðéôñåðüôáí áðü ôïõò DNS resolvers ôïõ BIND.
Ùóôüóï, ç ôñÝ÷ïõóá Ýêäïóç ôïõ <application>BIND</application> ðïõ
ðåñéëáìâÜíåôáé óôï &os;, äåí ðáñÝ÷åé ðëÝïí óõíôïìåýóåéò ãéá
ìç-ðëÞñç ïíüìáôá ôïìÝùí, åêôüò ãéá ôïí ôïìÝá óôïí ïðïßï âñßóêåóôå.
¸ôóé, Ýíáò õðïëïãéóôÞò ìå ìç-ðëÞñåò üíïìá
<hostid>mumble</hostid> èá ðñÝðåé íá âñåèåß ùò <hostid
role="fqdn">mumble.foo.bar.edu</hostid>, Þ èá ãßíåé áíáæÞôçóç
ãéá áõôüí óôï ñéæéêü ôïìÝá.</para>
<para>Ç óõìðåñéöïñÜ áõôÞ åßíáé äéáöïñåôéêÞ áðü ôçí ðñïçãïýìåíç, üðïõ
ç áíáæÞôçóç óõíå÷éæüôáí êáé óôï <hostid
role="domainname">mumble.bar.edu</hostid>, êáé ôï <hostid
role="domainname">mumble.edu</hostid>. Ñßîôå ìéá ìáôéÜ óôï
RFC 1535 ãéá ôï ëüãï ðïõ ôï ðáñáðÜíù èåùñåßôå êáêÞ ðñáêôéêÞ, Þ
áêüìá êáé êåíü áóöáëåßáò.</para>
<para>¸íáò ôñüðïò ãéá íá ðáñáêÜìøåôå ôï ðñüâëçìá åßíáé íá ðñïóèÝóåôå
ôç ãñáììÞ:
<programlisting>search foo.bar.edu bar.edu</programlisting>
áíôß ãéá ôçí ðñïçãïýìåíç:
<programlisting>domain foo.bar.edu</programlisting>
óôï áñ÷åßï <filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename>. Âåâáéùèåßôå
ùóôüóï üôé ç óåéñÜ áíáæÞôçóçò äåí ðçãáßíåé ðÝñá áðü ôï
<quote>üñéï ìåôáîý ôïðéêÞò êáé äçìüóéáò äéá÷åßñéóçò</quote>,
üðùò ôï áðïêáëåß ôï RFC 1535.</para>
</answer>
</qandaentry>
<qandaentry>
<question>
<indexterm>
<primary>MX record</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>Ôï <application>sendmail</application> äßíåé ôï ìÞíõìá
<errorname>mail loops back to myself</errorname> (ôï mail
åðéóôñÝöåé óôïí åáõôü ìïõ)</para>
</question>
<answer>
<para>Ç áðÜíôçóç óå áõôü, õðÜñ÷åé óôï FAQ ôïõ
<application>sendmail</application> üðùò öáßíåôáé ðáñáêÜôù:</para>
<programlisting>ËáìâÜíù áõôÜ ôá ìçíýìáôá ëÜèïõò:
553 MX list for domain.net points back to relay.domain.net
554 <user@domain.net>... Local configuration error
Ðùò ìðïñþ íá ëýóù ôï ðñüâëçìá;
¸÷åôå æçôÞóåé ôï mail ðñïò Ýíá ôïìÝá (ð.÷. ôï domain.net) íá
ðñïùèåßôáé ðñïò Ýíá óõãêåêñéìÝíï õðïëïãéóôÞ (óôçí ðåñßðôùóç áõôÞ
ôï relay.domain.net) ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ìéá åããñáöÞ MX, áëëÜ ôï
ìç÷Üíçìá áíáìåôÜäïóçò (relay) äåí áíáãíùñßæåé ôïí åáõôü ôïõ ùò
domain.net. ÐñïóèÝóôå ôï domain.net óôï /etc/mail/local-host-names
[åßíáé ãíùóôü ùò /etc/sendmail.cw ðñéí ôçí Ýêäïóç 8.10]
(áí ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå ôï FEATURE(use_cw_file)), äéáöïñåôéêÜ ðñïóèÝóôå ôï
<quote>Cw domain.net</quote> óôï /etc/mail/sendmail.cf.</programlisting>
<para>Ìðïñåßôå íá âñåßôå ôï FAQ ôïõ
<application>sendmail</application> óôç äéåýèõíóç
<ulink url="http://www.sendmail.org/faq/"></ulink>, êáé óõíßóôáôáé
íá ôï äéáâÜóåôå áí èÝëåôå íá <quote>ðåéñÜîåôå</quote> ôéò
ñõèìßóåéò ôïõ mail óáò.</para>
</answer>
</qandaentry>
<qandaentry>
<question>
<indexterm><primary>PPP</primary></indexterm>
<para>Ðùò ìðïñþ íá åêôåëÝóù åîõðçñåôçôÞ mail óå õðïëïãéóôÞ ðïõ
óõíäÝåôáé ìÝóù åðéëïãéêÞò óýíäåóçò PPP;</para>
</question>
<answer>
<para>ÈÝëåôå íá óõíäÝóåôå Ýíá &os; ìç÷Üíçìá óå Ýíá ôïðéêü äßêôõï
(LAN) óôï Internet. Ôï &os; ìç÷Üíçìá èá ãßíåé ðýëç ôá÷õäñïìåßïõ
ãéá ôï LAN. Ç óýíäåóç PPP äåí åßíáé áðïêëåéóôéêÞ.</para>
<indexterm><primary>UUCP</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>MX record</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>ÕðÜñ÷ïõí ôïõëÜ÷éóôïí äýï ôñüðïé ãéá íá ôï êÜíåôå áõôü. Ï Ýíáò
åßíáé ìå ôç ÷ñÞóç UUCP.</para>
<para>¸íáò Üëëïò ôñüðïò åßíáé íá âÜëåôå Ýíá åîõðçñåôçôÞ Internet ï
ïðïßïò Ý÷åé óõíå÷Þ óýíäåóç, íá óáò ðáñÝ÷åé õðçñåóßá äåõôåñåýïíôïò
MX ãéá ôïí ôïìÝá óáò. Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, áí ï ôïìÝáò ôçò åôáéñßáò
óáò åßíáé <hostid role="domainname">example.com</hostid> êáé ï
ðáñï÷Ýáò óáò Internet Ý÷åé ïñßóåé ôï
<hostid role="domainname">example.net</hostid> íá ðáñÝ÷åé
õðçñåóßåò äåõôåñåýïíôïò MX ãéá ôïí ôïìÝá óáò:</para>
<programlisting>example.com. MX 10 example.com.
MX 20 example.net.</programlisting>
<para>Ìüíï Ýíáò õðïëïãéóôÞò ìðïñåß íá êáèïñéóôåß ùò ôåëéêüò
ðáñáëÞðôçò (ðñïóèÝóôå ôï <literal>Cw example.com</literal> óôï
áñ÷åßï <filename>/etc/mail/sendmail.cf</filename> óôï
<hostid role="domainname">example.com</hostid>).</para>
<para>¼ôáí ôï ìç÷Üíçìá ðïõ óôÝëíåé ìÝóù ôïõ
<command>sendmail</command> ðñïóðáèåß íá ðáñáäþóåé ôï mail èá
ðñïóðáèÞóåé íá óõíäåèåß óôï äéêü óáò
(<hostid role="domainname">example.com</hostid>) ìÝóù ôçò óýíäåóçò
modem. Ôï ðéï ðéèáíü åßíáé üôé äåí èá ôá êáôáöÝñåé, ãéáôß äåí
èá åßóôå óõíäåìÝíïò åêåßíç ôç óôéãìÞ. Ôï
<application>sendmail</application> èá ôï ðáñáäþóåé áõôüìáôá óôçí
õðçñåóßá äåõôåñåýïíôïò MX, ð.÷. ôïí ðáñï÷Ýá óáò Internet
(<hostid role="domainname">example.net</hostid>). Ôï äåõôåñåýïí
MX èá ðñïóðáèåß ðåñéïäéêÜ íá óõíäåèåß óôï ìç÷Üíçìá óáò êáé íá
ðáñáäþóåé ôï mail óôïí êýñéï åîõðçñåôçôÞ MX
(<hostid role="domainname">example.com</hostid>).</para>
<para>Ìðïñåßôå íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå êÜôé üðùò ôï ðáñáêÜôù ùò script
åéóüäïõ:</para>
<programlisting>#!/bin/sh
# Put me in /usr/local/bin/pppmyisp
( sleep 60 ; /usr/sbin/sendmail -q ) &
/usr/sbin/ppp -direct pppmyisp</programlisting>
<para>Áí ðñüêåéôáé íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ÷ùñéóôü script ãéá ôçí åßóïäï
êÜðïéïõ ÷ñÞóôç, ìðïñåßôå íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå áíôß ãéá ôï ðáñáðÜíù
ôï <command>sendmail -qRexample.com</command> óôï script. Áõôü
èá åîáíáãêÜóåé ôçí Üìåóç åðåîåñãáóßá üëïõ ôïõ mail óôçí ïõñÜ ãéá
ôï <hostid role="domainname">example.com</hostid>.</para>
<para>Ðéï ëåðôïìåñÞò ðåñéãñáöÞ ôçò êáôÜóôáóçò öáßíåôáé
ðáñáêÜôù:</para>
<para>ÌÞíõìá áðü ôçí &a.isp;.</para>
<programlisting>> ðáñÝ÷ïõìå äåõôåñåýïí MX ãéá Ýíá ðåëÜôç. Ï ðåëÜôçò óõíäÝåôáé óôéò
> õðçñåóßåò ìáò áñêåôÝò öïñÝò ôç ìÝñá áõôüìáôá, ãéá íá ëáìâÜíåé ôá email ôïõ
> óôï ðñùôåýïí ôïõ MX (Äåí êáëïýìå ôçí ôïðïèåóßá ôïõ üôáí ëáìâÜíïõìå email
> ãéá ôïí ôïìÝá ôïõ). Ôï sendmail ìáò óôÝëíåé ôï mailqueue êÜèå 30 ëåðôÜ.
> Ôç äåäïìÝíç óôéãìÞ èá ðñÝðåé íá ìåßíåé óõíäåìÝíïò ãéá 30 ëåðôÜ,
> ãéá íá åßíáé âÝâáéïò üôé üëï ôï email ôïõ èá Ý÷åé
> ðáñáäïèåß óôïí ðñùôåýïíôá MX.
>
> ÕðÜñ÷åé êÜðïéá åíôïëÞ ðïõ íá åîáíáãêÜóåé ôï sendmail íá óôåßëåé
> üëá ôá mails Üìåóá; Ï ÷ñÞóôçò öõóéêÜ äåí Ý÷åé äéêáéþìáôá
> root óôï ìç÷Üíçìá ìáò.
Óôçí åíüôçôá <quote>privacy flags</quote> ôïõ sendmail.cf, õðÜñ÷åé Ýíáò
ïñéóìüò Opgoaway,restrictqrun
ÁöáéñÝóôå ôï restrictqrun ãéá íá åðéôñÝøåôå óå ìç-root ÷ñÞóôåò íá îåêéíÞóïõí
ôçí åðåîåñãáóßá ôçò ïõñÜò.
Ìðïñåß åðßóçò íá èÝëåôå íá áíáäéáôÜîåôå ôá MX. Åßìáóôå ôï 1ï MX ãéá áõôïý
ôïõ åßäïõò ôïõò ðåëÜôåò, êáé Ý÷ïõìå ïñßóåé:
# If we are the best MX for a host, try directly instead of generating
# local config error.
OwTrue
Ìå ôïí ôñüðï áõôü, Ýíá áðïìáêñõóìÝíï site èá ðáñáäßäåé áðåõèåßáò óå óáò,
÷ùñßò íá ðñïóðáèåß ôç óýíäåóç ìå ôï ÷ñÞóôç. ¸ðåéôá ôá óôÝëíåôå óôïí
ðåëÜôç óáò. Áõôü ëåéôïõñãåß ìüíï ãéá <quote>ìç÷áíÞìáôá</quote>, êáé Ýôóé
÷ñåéÜæåôáé íá âÜëåôå ôïí ðåëÜôç óáò íá ïíïìÜóåé ôï ìç÷Üíçìá ôïõ mail
<quote>customer.com</quote> êáé åðßóçò
<quote>hostname.customer.com</quote> óôï DNS. Áðëþò ðñïóèÝóôå ìéá åããñáöÞ
ôýðïõ A óôï DNS ãéá ôï <quote>customer.com</quote>.</programlisting>
</answer>
</qandaentry>
<qandaentry>
<question>
<para>Ãéáôß ëáìâÜíù óõíÝ÷åéá ìçíýìáôá ëÜèïõò <errorname>Relaying
Denied</errorname> üôáí óôÝëíù mail áðü Üëëïõò
õðïëïãéóôÝò;</para>
</question>
<answer>
<para>Óôéò ðñïåðéëåãìÝíåò åãêáôáóôÜóåéò ôïõ &os;, ôï
<application>sendmail</application> åßíáé ñõèìéóìÝíï íá
óôÝëíåé mail ìüíï áðü ôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ óôïí ïðïßï åêôåëåßôáé.
Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, áí õðÜñ÷åé äéáèÝóéìïò äéáêïìéóôÞò
<acronym>POP</acronym>, ïé ÷ñÞóôåò èá ìðïñïýí íá åëÝã÷ïõí ôï
mail ôïõò áðü ôï ó÷ïëåßï, ôï ãñáöåßï, Þ Üëëç áðïìáêñõóìÝíç
ôïðïèåóßá, áëëÜ èá åîáêïëïõèïýí íá ìçí ìðïñïýí íá óôåßëïõí
ðñïò åîùôåñéêÝò äéåõèýíóåéò. ÔõðéêÜ, ëßãï ìåôÜ áðü ìéá áðüðåéñá
áðïóôïëÞò, èá óôáëåß Ýíá email áðü ôïí
<application>MAILER-DAEMON</application> ìå ôï ìÞíõìá ëÜèïõò
<errorname>5.7 Relaying Denied</errorname>.</para>
<para>ÕðÜñ÷ïõí äéÜöïñïé ôñüðïé ãéá íá îåðåñÜóåôå ôï ðñüâëçìá.
Ï ðëÝïí áðëüò åßíáé íá âÜëåôå ôç äéåýèõíóç ôïõ ISP óáò óå
Ýíá áñ÷åßï relay-domains,
<filename>/etc/mail/relay-domains</filename>. ¸íáò ãñÞãïñïò
ôñüðïò ãéá íá ôï êÜíåôå áõôü åßíáé:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>echo "your.isp.example.com" > /etc/mail/relay-domains</userinput></screen>
<para>Áöïý äçìéïõñãÞóåôå Þ åðåîåñãáóôåßôå áõôü ôï áñ÷åßï, èá
ðñÝðåé íá åðáíåêêéíÞóåôå ôï
<application>sendmail</application>. Áõôü äïõëåýåé ìéá ÷áñÜ
áí åßóôå äéá÷åéñéóôÞò åîõðçñåôçôÞ êáé äåí åðéèõìåßôå íá
óôÝëíåôå mail ôïðéêÜ, Þ áí èÝëåôå íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå Ýíá
óýóôçìá ôýðïõ point êáé click óå Ýíá
Üëëï ìç÷Üíçìá Þ áêüìá êáé óå Üëëï ISP. Åßíáé åðßóçò ðïëý
÷ñÞóéìï áí Ý÷åôå ñõèìßóåé ìüíï Ýíá Þ äýï ëïãáñéáóìïýò mail.
Áí èÝëåôå íá ðñïóèÝóåôå ìåãáëýôåñï áñéèìü äéåõèýíóåùí, ìðïñåßôå
íá áíïßîåôå áõôü ôï áñ÷åßï ìå ôïí åðéèõìçôü óõíôÜêôç
êåéìÝíïõ, êáé íá ðñïóèÝóåôå üëïõò ôïõò ôïìåßò, Ýíá óå êÜèå
ãñáììÞ:</para>
<programlisting>your.isp.example.com
other.isp.example.net
users-isp.example.org
www.example.org</programlisting>
<para>Ôþñá, ïðïéáäÞðïôå áðïóôïëÞ mail áðü ôï óýóôçìá óáò
áðü ïðïéïäÞðïôå õðïëïãéóôÞ áõôÞò ôçò ëßóôáò (ìå ôçí
ðñïûðüèåóÞ ï ÷ñÞóôçò íá Ý÷åé ëïãáñéáóìü óôï óýóôçìá óáò), èá
åßíáé åðéôõ÷Þò. Ðñüêåéôáé ãéá Ýíá ðïëý êáëü ôñüðï íá
åðéôñÝøåôå óôïõò ÷ñÞóôåò íá óôÝëíïõí mail áðü ôï óýóôçìá óáò
ìÝóù áðïìáêñõóìÝíçò óýíäåóçò, ÷ùñßò íá åðéôñÝðåôå óå Üëëïõò íá
óôÝëíïõí SPAM ìÝóù ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò óáò.</para>
</answer>
</qandaentry>
</qandaset>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="mail-advanced">
<title>Ðñï÷ùñçìÝíá ÈÝìáôá</title>
<para>Ç áêüëïõèç åíüôçôá êáëýðôåé ðéï ðñï÷ùñçìÝíá èÝìáôá, üðùò ôç ñýèìéóç
ôïõ mail êáé ñõèìßóåéò ãéá Ýíá ïëüêëçñï ôïìÝá.</para>
<sect2 id="mail-config">
<title>ÂáóéêÝò Ñõèìßóåéò</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>email</primary>
<secondary>configuration</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>×ùñßò íá ÷ñåéáóôåß íá êÜíåôå êáìéÜ ñýèìéóç, èá ìðïñåßôå íá
óôåßëåôå mail ðñïò åîùôåñéêïýò õðïëïãéóôÝò, áñêåß íá Ý÷åôå ñõèìßóåé
ôï <filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename> Þ íá åêôåëåßôå ôï äéêü
óáò åîõðçñåôçôÞ DNS. Áí èÝëåôå íá ðáñáëáìâÜíåôå mail ãéá ôïí
õðïëïãéóôÞ óáò óôï äéêü óáò <application>sendmail</application> MTA,
õðÜñ÷ïõí äýï ìÝèïäïé:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Ìðïñåßôå íá Ý÷åôå äéêü óáò ôïìÝá êáé äéêü óáò åîõðçñåôçôÞ
DNS ãéá ôïí ôïìÝá óáò. Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, <hostid
role="domainname">FreeBSD.org</hostid></para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Íá ðáñáëáìâÜíåôå mail áðåõèåßáò óôï ìç÷Üíçìá óáò. Áõôü
ãßíåôáé áí ôï mail ðáñáäßäåôáé áðåõèåßáò óôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ óáò,
÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôïí üíïìá ôïõ (ðñÝðåé íá âñßóêåôáé óôï DNS).
Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá,
<hostid role="fqdn">example.FreeBSD.org</hostid>.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<indexterm><primary>SMTP</primary></indexterm>
<para>¼ðïéá åðéëïãÞ áðü ôéò ðáñáðÜíù êáé íá êÜíáôå, ãéá íá åßíáé äõíáôÞ
ç ðáñáëáâÞ mail áðåõèåßáò óôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ óáò, èá ðñÝðåé íá Ý÷åôå
ìüíéìç óôáôéêÞ äéåýèõíóç IP (ü÷é äõíáìéêÞ, üðùò åßíáé ïé ðåñéóóüôåñåò
åðéëïãéêÝò óõíäÝóåéò PPP). Áí âñßóêåóôå ðßóù áðü êÜðïéï firewall,
èá ðñÝðåé íá åðéôñÝðåé ôç äéáêßíçóç SMTP ðñïò åóÜò. Áí èÝëåôå íá
ëáìâÜíåôå mail áðåõèåßáò óôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ óáò, èá ðñÝðåé íá
åîáóöáëßóåôå <emphasis>Ýíá</emphasis> áðü ôá ðáñáêÜôù:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<indexterm><primary>MX record</primary></indexterm>
<listitem>
<para>Íá âåâáéùèåßôå üôé ç åããñáöÞ MX (ìå ôï ÷áìçëüôåñï áñéèìü)
óôï DNS óáò, äåß÷íåé ðñïò ôç äéåýèõíóç IP ôïõ
ìç÷áíÞìáôïò óáò.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Íá âåâáéùèåßôå üôé äåí õðÜñ÷åé êáìéÜ åããñáöÞ MX óôï DNS ãéá
ôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ óáò.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>¼ðïéï áðü ôá ðáñáðÜíù êáé áí êÜíåôå, èá ìðïñåßôå íá ëáìâÜíåôå
mail áðåõèåßáò óôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ óáò.</para>
<para>ÄïêéìÜóôå áõôü:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>hostname</userinput>
example.FreeBSD.org
&prompt.root; <userinput>host example.FreeBSD.org</userinput>
example.FreeBSD.org has address 204.216.27.XX</screen>
<para>Áí âëÝðåôå ôï ðáñáðÜíù, ôï mail ðïõ êáôåõèýíåôáé áðåõèåßáò óôï
<email role="nolink">yourlogin@example.FreeBSD.org</email> èá ðñÝðåé
íá ëáìâÜíåôáé ÷ùñßò ðñïâëÞìáôá (èåùñþíôáò üôé ôï
<application>sendmail</application> åêôåëåßôå óùóôÜ óôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ
<hostid role="fqdn">example.FreeBSD.org</hostid>).</para>
<para>Áí áíôß ãéá áõôü äåßôå êÜôé óáí ôï ðáñáêÜôù:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>host example.FreeBSD.org</userinput>
example.FreeBSD.org has address 204.216.27.XX
example.FreeBSD.org mail is handled (pri=10) by hub.FreeBSD.org</screen>
<para>¼ëï ôï mail ðïõ êáôåõèýíåôáé ðñïò ôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ óáò (<hostid
role="fqdn">example.FreeBSD.org</hostid>) èá êáôáëÞîåé íá
óõëëÝãåôáé óôï <hostid>hub</hostid> ìå ôï ßäéï üíïìá ÷ñÞóôç, áíôß íá
óôáëåß áðåõèåßáò óôï ìç÷Üíçìá óáò.</para>
<para>Ôéò ðáñáðÜíù ðëçñïöïñßåò, ôéò ÷åéñßæåôáé ï äéêüò óáò åîõðçñåôçôÞò
DNS. Ç åããñáöÞ DNS ðïõ ðåñéÝ÷åé ôéò ðëçñïöïñßåò äñïìïëüãçóçò ãéá ôï
mail, åßíáé ç <emphasis>M</emphasis>ail e<emphasis>X</emphasis>change.
Áí äåí õðÜñ÷åé åããñáöÞ MX, ôï mail èá ðáñáäßäåôáé áðåõèåßáò óôïí
õðïëïãéóôÞ ìÝóù ôçò IP äéåýèõíóçò ôïõ.</para>
<para>Ç êáôá÷þñéóç MX ãéá ôïí <hostid
role="fqdn">freefall.FreeBSD.org</hostid> Ýìïéáæå êÜðïéá óôéãìÞ ìå
ôçí ðáñáêÜôù:</para>
<programlisting>freefall MX 30 mail.crl.net
freefall MX 40 agora.rdrop.com
freefall MX 10 freefall.FreeBSD.org
freefall MX 20 who.cdrom.com</programlisting>
<para>¼ðùò ìðïñåßôå íá äåßôå, ï <hostid>freefall</hostid> åß÷å ðïëëÝò
êáôá÷ùñÞóåéò MX. Ç êáôá÷þñçóç ìå ôïí ìéêñüôåñï áñéèìü, åßíáé ï
õðïëïãéóôÞò ðïõ ëáìâÜíåé ôï mail áðåõèåßáò, áí åßíáé äéáèÝóéìïò.
Áí ãéá êÜðïéï ëüãï äåí åßíáé ðñïóâÜóéìïò, ïé Üëëïé (ðïõ ïñéóìÝíåò
öïñÝò êáëïýíôáé <quote>backup MXes</quote>) äÝ÷ïíôáé ôá ìçíýìáôá
ðñïóùñéíÜ êáé ôá ìåôáâéâÜæïõí óå êÜðïéï õðïëïãéóôÞ ìå ÷áìçëüôåñç
áñßèìçóç, ìüëéò ãßíåé äéáèÝóéìïò. ÔåëéêÜ ôá ìçíýìáôá êáôáëÞãïõí
óôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ ìå ôï ìéêñüôåñï áñéèìü.</para>
<para>Ïé åíáëëáêôéêÝò ôïðïèåóßåò MX, èá ðñÝðåé íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýí
äéáöïñåôéêÝò ãñáììÝò ãéá ôç óýíäåóç ôïõò ìå ôï Internet. ÁõôÞ åßíáé
ç êáëýôåñç ëýóç. Ï ðáñï÷Ýáò óáò Þ êÜðïéï Üëëï öéëéêü site, äåí
èá Ý÷ïõí êáíÝíá ðñüâëçìá íá óáò ðáñÝ÷ïõí áõôÞ ôçí õðçñåóßá.</para>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="mail-domain">
<title>Mail ãéá ôïí ÔïìÝá Óáò</title>
<para>Ãéá íá äçìéïõñãÞóåôå Ýíá <quote>mailhost</quote> (äçë. Ýíá
åîõðçñåôçôÞ mail) èá ðñÝðåé ïðïéïäÞðïôå mail óôÝëíåôáé ðñïò êÜðïéï
óôáèìü åñãáóßáò, íá ëáìâÜíåôáé óå áõôüí. ÂáóéêÜ èá èÝëåôå íá
<quote>äéåêäéêåßôå</quote> ïðïéïäÞðïôå mail ðïõ êáôåõèýíåôáé ðñïò
ïðïéïäÞðïôå üíïìá ìç÷áíÞìáôïò ôïõ ôïìÝá óáò (óôçí ðåñßðôùóç ìáò ôï
<hostid role="fqdn">*.FreeBSD.org</hostid>) êáé íá ôï áíáêáôåõèýíåôå
ðñïò ôïí åîõðçñåôçôÞ mail, þóôå ïé ÷ñÞóôåò óáò íá ìðïñïýí íá ëÜâïõí
ôï mail ôïõò áðü ôïí êåíôñéêü åîõðçñåôçôÞ.</para>
<indexterm><primary>DNS</primary></indexterm>
<para>Ãéá åõêïëßá, èá ðñÝðåé íá Ý÷åôå Ýíá ëïãáñéáóìü ÷ñÞóôç ìå ôï ßäéï
<emphasis>üíïìá ÷ñÞóôç</emphasis> êáé óôá äýï ìç÷áíÞìáôá.
×ñçóéìïðïéÞóôå ãéá ôï óêïðü áõôü ôçí åíôïëÞ &man.adduser.8;.</para>
<para>Ï mailhost ðïõ èá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå, ðñÝðåé íá åßíáé ôï êáèïñéóìÝíï
ìç÷Üíçìá ãéá ôçí áíôáëëáãÞ ìçíõìÜôùí ãéá êÜèå óôáèìü åñãáóßáò ôïõ
äéêôýïõ. Áõôü ãßíåôáé óôéò ñõèìßóåéò DNS ìå ôïí áêüëïõèï
ôñüðï:</para>
<programlisting>example.FreeBSD.org A 204.216.27.XX ; Workstation
MX 10 hub.FreeBSD.org ; Mailhost</programlisting>
<para>Ìå ôïí ôñüðï áõôü, ôï mail ðïõ êáôåõèýíåôáé ðñïò êÜðïéï óôáèìü
åñãáóßáò èá áíáêáôåõèõíèåß ðñïò ôï mailhost, Üó÷åôá ìå ôï ðïõ äåß÷íåé
ç åããñáöÞ ôýðïõ Á. Ôï mail óôÝëíåôáé ðñïò ôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ MX.</para>
<para>Äåí ìðïñåßôå íá êÜíåôå ôï ðáñáðÜíù, áí äåí åêôåëåßôå ôï äéêü óáò
åîõðçñåôçôÞ DNS. Áí áõôü äåí óõìâáßíåé, êáé äåí ìðïñåßôå íá ôï
áëëÜîåôå, óõíåííïçèåßôå ìå ôïí ðáñï÷Ýá óáò (ISP) Þ ìå üðïéïí óáò
ðáñÝ÷åé õðçñåóßåò DNS.</para>
<para>Áí ðáñÝ÷åôå õðçñåóßåò åéêïíéêïý ôá÷õäñïìåßïõ, ïé ðáñáêÜôù
ðëçñïöïñßåò èá óáò öáíïýí ÷ñÞóéìåò. Ãéá ôï ðáñÜäåéãìá ìáò, èá
õðïèÝóïõìå üôé Ý÷åôå Ýíá ðåëÜôç ìå ôï äéêü ôïõ ôïìÝá, óôçí ðåñßðôùóç
ìáò ôï <hostid role="domainname">customer1.org</hostid>, êáé èÝëåôå
üëï ôï mail ãéá ôï <hostid role="domainname">customer1.org</hostid>
íá óôÝëíåôáé óôï äéêü óáò mailhost, <hostid
role="fqdn">mail.myhost.com</hostid>. Ç êáôá÷þñéóç óáò óôï DNS èá
ìïéÜæåé ìå ôçí ðáñáêÜôù:</para>
<programlisting>customer1.org MX 10 mail.myhost.com</programlisting>
<para>Óçìåéþóôå üôé <emphasis>äåí ÷ñåéÜæåóôå</emphasis> åããñáöÞ ôýðïõ Á
ãéá ôï <hostid role="domainname">customer1.org</hostid> áí èÝëåôå
áðëþò íá ÷åéñßæåóôå email ãéá áõôü ôïí ôïìÝá.</para>
<note>
<para>Íá Ý÷åôå õðüøç óáò üôé äåí èá ìðïñåßôå íá êÜíåôå ping ôï <hostid
role="domainname">customer1.org</hostid> áí äåí õðÜñ÷åé ãéá áõôü
åããñáöÞ ôýðïõ Á.</para>
</note>
<para>Ôï ôåëåõôáßï ðñÜãìá ðïõ ðñÝðåé íá êÜíåôå, åßíáé íá ïñßóåôå óôï
<application>sendmail</application> ðïõ åêôåëåßôáé óôï äéêü óáò
mailhost, ãéá ðïéïõò ôïìåßò Þ / êáé ìç÷áíÞìáôá èá äÝ÷åôáé mail.
ÕðÜñ÷ïõí ìåñéêïß äéáöïñåôéêïß ôñüðïé ãéá íá ãßíåé áõôü. Ìðïñåßôå íá
÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå Ýíáí áðü ôïõò ðáñáêÜôù:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>ÐñïóèÝóôå ôá ìç÷áíÞìáôá óôï áñ÷åßï
<filename>/etc/mail/local-host-names</filename> áí ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå
ôç äõíáôüôçôá <literal>FEATURE(use_cw_file)</literal>.
Áí ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå êÜðïéá Ýêäïóç ôïõ
<application>sendmail</application> ðñéí ôçí 8.10, ôï áñ÷åßï åßíáé
ôï <filename>/etc/sendmail.cw</filename>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>ÐñïóèÝóôå ìéá ãñáììÞ <literal>Cwyour.host.com</literal> óôï
áñ÷åßï óáò <filename>/etc/sendmail.cf</filename> Þ óôï áñ÷åßï
<filename>/etc/mail/sendmail.cf</filename> áí ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå
ôçí Ýêäïóç 8.10 ôïõ <application>sendmail</application> Þ êÜðïéá
ìåôáãåíÝóôåñç.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="SMTP-UUCP">
<title>SMTP ìå UUCP</title>
<para>Ç ðñïåðéëåãìÝíç ñýèìéóç ôïõ <application>sendmail</application>
ðïõ Ýñ÷åôáé ìå ôï &os;, ðñïïñßæåôáé ãéá äéêôõáêÝò ôïðïèåóßåò ðïõ åßíáé
áðåõèåßáò óõíäåäåìÝíåò óôï Internet. Óå ðåñéðôþóåéò ðïõ åßíáé
åðéèõìçôÞ ç áíôáëëáãÞ email ìÝóù UUCP, èá ðñÝðåé íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéçèåß
äéáöïñåôéêü áñ÷åßï ñõèìßóåùí ãéá ôï
<application>sendmail</application>.</para>
<para>Ç ÷åéñïêßíçôç ñýèìéóç ôïõ áñ÷åßïõ
<filename>/etc/mail/sendmail.cf</filename> áíÞêåé óôá ðñï÷ùñçìÝíá
èÝìáôá. Ç Ýêäïóç 8 ôïõ <application>sendmail</application> ðáñÜãåé
áñ÷åßá ñõèìßóåùí ìÝóù ôïõ ðñïåðåîåñãáóôÞ &man.m4.1;, üðïõ ïé ñõèìßóåéò
ãßíïíôáé óå Ýíá áíþôåñï åðßðåäï áöáßñåóçò. Ìðïñåßôå íá âñåßôå ôá
áñ÷åßá ñýèìéóçò ôïõ&man.m4.1; óôïí êáôÜëïãï
<filename>/usr/share/sendmail/cf</filename>. ÄéáâÜóôå ôï
<filename>README</filename> óôïí êáôÜëïãï <filename>cf</filename>
ãéá ìéá âáóéêÞ åéóáãùãÞ óôéò ñõèìßóåéò ôïõ &man.m4.1;.</para>
<para>Ï êáëýôåñïò ôñüðïò ãéá ôçí ðáñÜäïóç mail ìÝóù ôïõ UUCP, åßíáé ìå
ôçí ÷ñÞóç ôçò äõíáôüôçôáò <literal>mailertable</literal>. ÐáñÜãåôáé ìå
áõôü ôïí ôñüðï ìéá âÜóç äåäïìÝíùí ðïõ ìðïñåß íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåé ôï
<application>sendmail</application> ãéá íá ðÜñåé áðïöÜóåéò ó÷åôéêÜ
ìå ôçí äñïìïëüãçóç.</para>
<para>Èá ðñÝðåé áñ÷éêÜ íá äçìéïõñãÞóåôå ôï áñ÷åßï
<filename>.mc</filename>. Èá âñåßôå ìåñéêÜ ðáñáäåßãìáôá óôïí êáôÜëïãï
<filename>/usr/share/sendmail/cf/cf</filename>.
ÕðïèÝôïíôáò üôé Ý÷åôå ïíïìÜóåé ôï áñ÷åßï óáò
<filename>foo.mc</filename>, ôï ìüíï ðïõ ÷ñåéÜæåôáé íá êÜíåôå ãéá íá
ôï ìåôáôñÝøåôå óå Ýíá Ýãêõñï áñ÷åßï <filename>sendmail.cf</filename>
åßíáé:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /etc/mail</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>make foo.cf</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>cp foo.cf /etc/mail/sendmail.cf</userinput></screen>
<para>¸íá ôõðéêü áñ÷åßï <filename>.mc</filename> èá äåß÷íåé üðùò ôï
ðáñáêÜôù:</para>
<programlisting>VERSIONID(`<replaceable>Your version number</replaceable>') OSTYPE(bsd4.4)
FEATURE(accept_unresolvable_domains)
FEATURE(nocanonify)
FEATURE(mailertable, `hash -o /etc/mail/mailertable')
define(`UUCP_RELAY', <replaceable>your.uucp.relay</replaceable>)
define(`UUCP_MAX_SIZE', 200000)
define(`confDONT_PROBE_INTERFACES')
MAILER(local)
MAILER(smtp)
MAILER(uucp)
Cw <replaceable>your.alias.host.name</replaceable>
Cw <replaceable>youruucpnodename.UUCP</replaceable></programlisting>
<para>Ïé ãñáììÝò ðïõ ðåñéÝ÷ïõí ôéò äõíáôüôçôåò
<literal>accept_unresolvable_domains</literal>,
<literal>nocanonify</literal>, and
<literal>confDONT_PROBE_INTERFACES</literal> èá áðïôñÝøïõí ôç ÷ñÞóç
ôïõ DNS êáôÜ ôçí ðáñÜäïóç ôïõ mail. Ç ïäçãßá
<literal>UUCP_RELAY</literal> áðáéôåßôáé ãéá ôçí õðïóôÞñéîç ðáñÜäïóçò
ìÝóù ôïõ UUCP. Áðëþò ôïðïèåôÞóôå åêåß Ýíá üíïìá ìç÷áíÞìáôïò óôï
Internet ðïõ íá ìðïñåß íá ÷åéñéóôåß äéåõèýíóåéò øåõäï-ôïìÝùí .UUCP.
Ôï ðéï ðéèáíü åßíáé íá âÜëåôå åêåß ôïí áíáìåôáäüôç (relay) ãéá mail
ðïõ ðáñÝ÷åé ï ISP óáò.</para>
<para>¸÷ïíôáò êÜíåé ôï ðáñáðÜíù, èá ÷ñåéáóôåßôå Ýíá áñ÷åßï
<filename>/etc/mail/mailertable</filename>. Áí Ý÷åôå ìüíï ìéá óýíäåóç
ìå ôïí Ýîù êüóìï ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé ãéá üëá óáò ôá mail, ôï ðáñáêÜôù
áñ÷åßï åßíáé åðáñêÝò:</para>
<programlisting>#
# makemap hash /etc/mail/mailertable.db < /etc/mail/mailertable
. uucp-dom:<replaceable>your.uucp.relay</replaceable></programlisting>
<para>¸íá ðéï ðïëýðëïêï ðáñÜäåéãìá èá ìïéÜæåé ìå ôï ðáñáêÜôù:</para>
<programlisting>#
# makemap hash /etc/mail/mailertable.db < /etc/mail/mailertable
#
horus.interface-business.de uucp-dom:horus
.interface-business.de uucp-dom:if-bus
interface-business.de uucp-dom:if-bus
.heep.sax.de smtp8:%1
horus.UUCP uucp-dom:horus
if-bus.UUCP uucp-dom:if-bus
. uucp-dom:</programlisting>
<para>Ïé ôñåéò ðñþôåò ãñáììÝò ÷åéñßæïíôáé åéäéêÝò ðåñéðôþóåéò, üðïõ ôï
mail ðïõ áðåõèýíåôáé óå êÜðïéï ôïìÝá äåí èá ðñÝðåé íá óôáëèåß óôçí
ðñïåðéëåãìÝíç äéáäñïìÞ, áëëÜ áíôßèåôá óå êÜðïéï ãåéôïíéêü UUCP
ðñïêåéìÝíïõ íá <quote>óõíôïìåõèåß</quote> ôï ìïíïðÜôé ðáñÜäïóçò.
Ç åðüìåíç ãñáììÞ ÷åéñßæåôáé ôï mail ðñïò ôïí ôïðéêü ôïìÝá Ethernet,
üðïõ åßíáé äõíáôÞ ç ðáñÜäïóç ìÝóù SMTP. ÔÝëïò, ïé ãåéôïíéêïß UUCP
áíáöÝñïíôáé ìå ãñáöÞ øåõäï-ôïìÝùí UUCP þóôå íá åðéôñÝðåôáé óå êÜðïéïí
<literal><replaceable>uucp-neighbor
</replaceable>!<replaceable>recipient</replaceable></literal>
íá ðáñáêÜìøåé ôïõò ðñïåðéëåãìÝíïõò êáíüíåò. Ç ôåëåõôáßá ãñáììÞ åßíáé
ðÜíôá ìéá ìïíáäéêÞ ôåëåßá, ç ïðïßá ôáéñéÜæåé ìå ïôéäÞðïôå Üëëï, ìå
ðáñÜäïóç UUCP óå Ýíá ãåéôïíéêü UUCP ï ïðïßïò åíåñãåß ùò ãåíéêÞ ðýëç
mail ðñïò ôïí õðüëïéðï êüóìï. ¼ëá ôá ïíüìáôá õðïëïãéóôþí ðïõ
âñßóêïíôáé ìåôÜ ôï <literal>uucp-dom:</literal> èá ðñÝðåé íá åßíáé
Ýãêõñïé UUCP ãåßôïíåò, üðùò ìðïñåßôå íá âåâáéþóåôå ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò
ôï <literal>uuname</literal>.</para>
<para>Óáò õðåíèõìßæïõìå üôé áõôü ôï áñ÷åßï ðñÝðåé íá ìåôáôñáðåß óå ìéá
âÜóç äåäïìÝíùí DBM ðñéí ÷ñçóéìïðïéçèåß. Ìðïñåßôå íá âÜëåôå ôç ãñáììÞ
åíôïëþí ðïõ áðáéôåßôáé ãéá íá åðéôåõ÷èåß áõôü ùò ó÷üëéï óôçí áñ÷Þ
ôïõ áñ÷åßïõ <filename>mailertable</filename>. ÐñÝðåé ðÜíôïôå íá
åêôåëåßôå áõôÞ ôçí åíôïëÞ êÜèå öïñÜ ðïõ áëëÜæåôå ôï áñ÷åßï
<filename>mailertable</filename>.</para>
<para>Ìéá ôåëåõôáßá õðüäåéîç: áí äåí åßóôå âÝâáéïé ãéá ôï áí èá
ëåéôïõñãÞóåé êÜðïéá óõãêåêñéìÝíç äñïìïëüãçóç mail, èõìçèåßôå ôçí åðéëïãÞ
<option>-bt</option> ôïõ <application>sendmail</application>. ÁõôÞ
îåêéíÜåé ôï <application>sendmail</application> óå
<emphasis>êáôÜóôáóç äïêéìÞò äéåõèýíóåùí</emphasis>. ÃñÜøôå
<literal>3,0</literal>, áêïëïõèïýìåíï áðü ôç äéåýèõíóç ðïõ èÝëåôå íá
åëÝãîåôå ãéá äñïìïëüãçóç mail. Ç ôåëåõôáßá ãñáììÞ èá óáò ðåé ôïí
åóùôåñéêü áíôéðñüóùðï mail ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞèçêå, ôç äéåýèõíóç ðñïïñéóìïý
ìå ôçí ïðïßá êëÞèçêå, êáèþò êáé ôçí (ðéèáíþò ìåôáöñáóìÝíç) äéåýèõíóç.
Ìðïñåßôå íá âãåßôå áðü áõôÞ ôçí êáôÜóôáóç, ðëçêôñïëïãþíôáò
<keycombo action="simul"><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>D</keycap></keycombo>.</para>
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>sendmail -bt</userinput>
ADDRESS TEST MODE (ruleset 3 NOT automatically invoked)
Enter <ruleset> <address>
<prompt>></prompt> <userinput>3,0 foo@example.com</userinput>
canonify input: foo @ example . com
...
parse returns: $# uucp-dom $@ <replaceable>your.uucp.relay</replaceable> $: foo < @ example . com . >
<prompt>></prompt> <userinput>^D</userinput></screen>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="outgoing-only">
<sect1info>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<firstname>Bill</firstname>
<surname>Moran</surname>
<contrib>ÓõíåéóöïñÜ áðü ôïí </contrib>
</author>
</authorgroup>
</sect1info>
<title>Ñýèìéóç ÅîõðçñåôçôÞ Ìüíï ãéá ÁðïóôïëÞ</title>
<para>ÕðÜñ÷ïõí ðïëëÝò ðåñéðôþóåéò, ðïõ ìðïñåß íá èÝëåôå ìüíï íá óôÝëíåôå
mail ìÝóù êÜðïéïõ áíáìåôáäüôç. ÌåñéêÜ ðáñáäåßãìáôá:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Ï õðïëïãéóôÞò óáò ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé ùò desktop, áëëÜ èÝëåôå íá
÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ðñïãñÜììáôá üðùò ôï &man.send-pr.1;. Ãéá íá ãßíåé
áõôü èá ðñÝðåé íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôïí áíáìåôáäüôç mail ðïõ ðáñÝ÷åé
ï ISP óáò.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Ï õðïëïãéóôÞò óáò åßíáé Ýíáò åîõðçñåôçôÞò ðïõ äåí ÷åéñßæåôáé ôï
mail ôïðéêÜ, áëëÜ ÷ñåéÜæåôáé íá ôï äþóåé åî' ïëïêëÞñïõ óå êÜðïéï
áíáìåôáäüôç ãéá åðåîåñãáóßá.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>ÏðïéïäÞðïôå ó÷åäüí <acronym>MTA</acronym> åßíáé éêáíü íá êáëýøåé
ôïí ðáñáðÜíù ñüëï. Äõóôõ÷þò, ìðïñåß íá åßíáé ðïëý äýóêïëï íá
ñõèìßóåôå óùóôÜ Ýíá ðëÞñåò <acronym>MTA</acronym> þóôå áðëþò íá
óôÝëíåé ôï mail ðñïò áíáìåôÜäïóç. ÐñïãñÜììáôá üðùò ôï
<application>sendmail</application> êáé ôï
<application>postfix</application> åßíáé õðåñâïëéêÜ ìåãÜëá ãéá áõôÞ
ôç äïõëåéÜ.</para>
<para>Åðéðñüóèåôá, áí ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå êÜðïéá óõíçèéóìÝíç õðçñåóßá
ðñüóâáóçò óôï Internet, ç óõìöùíßá ìå ôçí åôáéñßá ðáñï÷Þò ìðïñåß íá
óáò áðáãïñåýåé íá åêôåëåßôå ôï äéêü óáò
<quote>åîõðçñåôçôÞ mail</quote>.</para>
<para>Ï åõêïëüôåñïò ôñüðïò ãéá íá åêðëçñþóåôå áõôÝò ôéò áíÜãêåò åßíáé
íá åãêáôáóôÞóåôå ôï port <filename role="package">mail/ssmtp</filename>
ÅêôåëÝóôå ôéò áêüëïõèåò åíôïëÝò ùò <username>root</username>:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /usr/ports/mail/ssmtp</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>make install replace clean</userinput></screen>
<para>ÌåôÜ ôçí åãêáôÜóôáóç, ôï
<filename role="package">mail/ssmtp</filename> ìðïñåß íá ñõèìéóôåß ìå
Ýíá áñ÷åßï ôåóóÜñùí ìüëéò ãñáììþí, ôï ïðïßï âñßóêåôáé óôï
<filename>/usr/local/etc/ssmtp/ssmtp.conf</filename>:</para>
<programlisting>root=yourrealemail@example.com
mailhub=mail.example.com
rewriteDomain=example.com
hostname=_HOSTNAME_</programlisting>
<para>Âåâáéùèåßôå üôé ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå ôçí ðñáãìáôéêÞ äéåýèõíóç email ãéá
ôïí <username>root</username>. ÂÜëôå ôïí áíáìåôáäüôç mail ôïõ ISP óáò
óôç èÝóç <hostid role="fqdn">mail.example.com</hostid> (ìåñéêïß ISP ôïí
ïíïìÜæïõí <quote>åîõðçñåôçôÞ åîåñ÷üìåíïõ ôá÷õäñïìåßïõ</quote> Þ
<quote>åîõðçñåôçôÞ SMTP</quote>).</para>
<para>Âåâáéùèåßôå üôé Ý÷åôå áðåíåñãïðïéÞóåé ðëÞñùò ôï
<application>sendmail</application>, áêüìá êáé ôçí õðçñåóßá åîåñ÷üìåíùí
ìçíõìÜôùí. Äåßôå ôï
<xref linkend="mail-disable-sendmail"/> ãéá ëåðôïìÝñåéåò.</para>
<para>ÕðÜñ÷ïõí êÜðïéåò áêüìá äéáèÝóéìåò åðéëïãÝò óôï
<filename role="package">mail/ssmtp</filename>. Äåßôå ôï ðáñÜäåéãìá ôïõ
áñ÷åßïõ ñõèìßóåùí óôï <filename>/usr/local/etc/ssmtp</filename> Þ ôç
óåëßäá manual ôïõ <application>ssmtp</application> ãéá ðåñéóóüôåñá
ðáñáäåßãìáôá êáé ðëçñïöïñßåò.</para>
<para>Ñõèìßæïíôáò ôï <application>ssmtp</application> ìå áõôü ôïí ôñüðï,
èá åßíáé äõíáôÞ ç óùóôÞ ëåéôïõñãßá ïðïéïõäÞðïôå ëïãéóìéêïý óôïí
õðïëïãéóôÞ óáò ðïõ ÷ñåéÜæåôáé íá óôåßëåé mail. Åðßóçò äåí ðáñáâéÜæåôáé
ìå áõôü ôïí ôñüðï ç Üäåéá ÷ñÞóçò ôïõ ISP óáò êáé äåí ìðïñåß ï
õðïëïãéóôÞò óáò íá ðáñáâéáóôåß êáé íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéçèåß ãéá ôçí áðïóôïëÞ
áíåðéèýìçôùí ìçíõìÜôùí (spam).</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="SMTP-dialup">
<title>×ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôï Mail ÌÝóù ÅðéëïãéêÞò (Dialup) Óýíäåóçò</title>
<para>Áí Ý÷åôå óôáôéêÞ äéåýèõíóç IP, äåí èá ÷ñåéáóôåß íá áëëÜîåôå êáìéÜ
áðü ôéò ðñïåðéëïãÝò. Ñõèìßóôå ôï üíïìá ôïõ õðïëïãéóôÞ óáò þóôå íá
ôáéñéÜæåé ìå áõôü ðïõ óáò Ý÷åé ïñéóôåß ãéá ôï Internet, êáé ôï
<application>sendmail</application> èá êÜíåé ôá õðüëïéðá.</para>
<para>Áí ëáìâÜíåôå äõíáìéêÞ IP êáé ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå åðéëïãéêÞ PPP óýíäåóç
ìå ôï Internet, ðéèáíüí äéáèÝôåôå ìéá èõñßäá ôá÷õäñïìåßïõ (mailbox)
óôïí åîõðçñåôçôÞ mail ôïõ ðáñï÷Ýá óáò. Áò õðïèÝóïõìå üôé ï ôïìÝáò ôïõ
ISP óáò åßíáé <hostid role="domainname">example.net</hostid>, êáé üôé
ôï üíïìá ÷ñÞóôç óáò åßíáé <username>user</username>, ôï ìç÷Üíçìá óáò
ëÝãåôáé <hostid role="fqdn">bsd.home</hostid>, êáé ï ISP óáò, óáò Ý÷åé
ðåé üôé ìðïñåßôå íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôï
<hostid role="fqdn">relay.example.net</hostid> ùò áíáìåôáäüôç ãéá
ôï mail.</para>
<para>Ãéá íá ìðïñÝóåôå íá ëÜâåôå mail áðü ôç èõñßäá óáò, èá ÷ñåéáóôåßôå
êÜðïéï áíôéðñüóùðï áíÜëçøçò (retrieval agent). Ôï âïçèçôéêü ðñüãñáììá
<application>fetchmail</application> åßíáé ìéá êáëÞ åðéëïãÞ, êáèþò
õðïóôçñßæåé ðïëëÜ äéáöïñåôéêÜ ðñùôüêïëëá. Ôï ðñüãñáììá áõôü åßíáé
äéáèÝóéìï ùò ðáêÝôï Þ áðü ôçí ÓõëëïãÞ ôùí Ports
(<filename role="package">mail/fetchmail</filename>). ÓõíÞèùò, ï
<acronym>ISP</acronym> óáò èá ðáñÝ÷åé ôçí õðçñåóßá
<acronym>POP</acronym>. Áí ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå <acronym>PPP</acronym>
÷ñÞóôç, ìðïñåßôå íá êáôåâÜóåôå áõôüìáôá ôï mail óáò ìåôÜ ôçí
áðïêáôÜóôáóç ôçò óýíäåóçò óáò, ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôçí áêüëïõèç êáôá÷þñéóç
óôï <filename>/etc/ppp/ppp.linkup</filename>:</para>
<programlisting>MYADDR:
!bg su user -c fetchmail</programlisting>
<para>Áí ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå ôï <application>sendmail</application> (üðùò
öáßíåôáé ðáñáêÜôù) ãéá íá ðáñáäþóåôå mail óå ìç-ôïðéêïýò ëïãáñéáóìïýò,
ðéèáíüí íá èÝëåôå ôï <application>sendmail</application> íá
åðåîåñãÜæåôáé ôçí ïõñÜ ôïõ mail áìÝóùò ìåôÜ ôçí áðïêáôÜóôáóç ôçò
óýíäåóçò. Ãéá íá ôï êÜíåôå áõôü, âÜëôå ôçí ðáñáêÜôù åíôïëÞ áìÝóùò ìåôÜ
ôçí åíôïëÞ <command>fetchmail</command> óôï áñ÷åßï
<filename>/etc/ppp/ppp.linkup</filename>:</para>
<programlisting> !bg su user -c "sendmail -q"</programlisting>
<para>Áò õðïèÝóïõìå üôé õðÜñ÷åé Ýíáò ëïãáñéáóìüò ãéá ôïí
<username>user</username> óôïí <hostid
role="fqdn">bsd.home</hostid>. Óôïí ðñïóùðéêü êáôÜëïãï ôïõ
<username>user</username> óôï <hostid
role="fqdn">bsd.home</hostid>, äçìéïõñãÞóôå Ýíá áñ÷åßï
<filename>.fetchmailrc</filename>:</para>
<programlisting>poll example.net protocol pop3 fetchall pass MySecret</programlisting>
<para>Ôï áñ÷åßï áõôü äåí èá ðñÝðåé íá åßíáé áíáãíþóéìï áðü êáíÝíá, åêôüò
áðü ôïí <username>user</username>, êáèþò ðåñéÝ÷åé ôïí êùäéêü
<literal>MySecret</literal>.</para>
<para>Ãéá íá ìðïñåßôå íá óôåßëåôå mail ìå ôç óùóôÞ åðéêåöáëßäá
<literal>from:</literal>, èá ðñÝðåé íá ñõèìßóåôå ôï
<application>sendmail</application> íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß ôï
<email>user@example.net</email> áíôß ãéá ôï
<email role="nolink">user@bsd.home</email>. ºóùò åðßóçò íá èÝëåôå íá
ñõèìßóåôå ôï <application>sendmail</application> íá óôÝëíåé üëï ôï mail
ìÝóù ôïõ <hostid role="fqdn">relay.example.net</hostid>, þóôå ç ìåôÜäïóç
ôïõ mail íá åßíáé ôá÷ýôåñç.</para>
<para>Ôï áêüëïõèï áñ÷åßï <filename>.mc</filename> èá ðñÝðåé íá åßíáé
åðáñêÝò:</para>
<programlisting>VERSIONID(`bsd.home.mc version 1.0')
OSTYPE(bsd4.4)dnl
FEATURE(nouucp)dnl
MAILER(local)dnl
MAILER(smtp)dnl
Cwlocalhost
Cwbsd.home
MASQUERADE_AS(`example.net')dnl
FEATURE(allmasquerade)dnl
FEATURE(masquerade_envelope)dnl
FEATURE(nocanonify)dnl
FEATURE(nodns)dnl
define(`SMART_HOST', `relay.example.net')
Dmbsd.home
define(`confDOMAIN_NAME',`bsd.home')dnl
define(`confDELIVERY_MODE',`deferred')dnl</programlisting>
<para>ÄéáâÜóôå ôçí ðñïçãïýìåíç åíüôçôá ãéá ëåðôïìÝñåéåò ó÷åôéêÜ ìå ôçí
ìåôáôñïðÞ áõôïý ôïõ áñ÷åßïõ <filename>.mc</filename> óå Ýíá áñ÷åßï
<filename>sendmail.cf</filename>. Åðßóçò, ìç îå÷Üóåôå íá
åðáíåêêéíÞóåôå ôï <application>sendmail</application> ìåôÜ ôçí
åíçìÝñùóç ôïõ <filename>sendmail.cf</filename>.</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="SMTP-Auth">
<sect1info>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<firstname>James</firstname>
<surname>Gorham</surname>
<contrib>ÃñÜöôçêå áðü ôïí </contrib>
</author>
</authorgroup>
</sect1info>
<title>Ðéóôïðïßçóç Áõèåíôéêüôçôáò óôï SMTP</title>
<para>Ç ÷ñÞóç <acronym>SMTP</acronym> ìå ðéóôïðïßçóç áõèåíôéêüôçôáò óôïí
åîõðçñåôçôÞ ôá÷õäñïìåßïõ óáò, ìðïñåß íá óáò ðñïóöÝñåé ìéá óåéñÜ áðü
ïöÝëç. Ìðïñåß íá ðñïóèÝóåé Ýíá áêüìá åðßðåäï áóöÜëåéáò óôï
<application>sendmail</application>, åíþ Ý÷åé êáé ôï ðëåïíÝêôçìá üôé
äßíåé ôç äõíáôüôçôá óôïõò ÷ñÞóôåò öïñçôþí õðïëïãéóôþí (ðïõ óõ÷íÜ
óõíäÝïíôáé ìÝóù äéáöïñåôéêþí äéêôýùí) íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýí ôïí ßäéï
åîõðçñåôçôÞ ôá÷õäñïìåßïõ ÷ùñßò ôçí áíÜãêç åðáíáñýèìéóçò êÜèå öïñÜ ôïõ
ðñïãñÜììáôïò áðïóôïëÞò / ëÞøçò ôá÷õäñïìåßïõ.</para>
<procedure>
<step>
<para>ÅãêáôáóôÞóôå ôï
<filename role="package">security/cyrus-sasl2</filename>
áðü ôç ÓõëëïãÞ ôùí Ports. Ôï port áõôü
õðïóôçñßæåé ìéá óåéñÜ áðü åðéëïãÝò ðïõ ìðïñåßôå íá èÝóåôå êáôÜ
ôçí ìåôáãëþôôéóç. Ãéá íá ìðïñÝóåôå íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôçí
ìÝèïäï áõèåíôéêïðïßçóçò óôï SMTP ðïõ óõæçôÜìå åäþ, âåâáéùèåßôå
üôé åßíáé åíåñãïðïéçìÝíç ç åðéëïãÞ <option>LOGIN</option>.</para>
</step>
<step>
<para>ÌåôÜ ôçí åãêáôÜóôáóç ôïõ
<filename role="package">security/cyrus-sasl2</filename>,
ôñïðïðïéÞóôå ôï áñ÷åßï
<filename>/usr/local/lib/sasl2/Sendmail.conf</filename>
(Þ äçìéïõñãÞóôå ôï áí äåí õðÜñ÷åé) êáé ðñïóèÝóôå ôçí ðáñáêÜôù
ãñáììÞ:</para>
<programlisting>pwcheck_method: saslauthd</programlisting>
</step>
<step>
<para>ÅãêáôáóôÞóôå Ýðåéôá ôï
<filename role="package">security/cyrus-sasl2-saslauthd</filename>,
êáé ðñïóèÝóôå óôï <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename> ôçí áêüëïõèç
ãñáììÞ:</para>
<programlisting>saslauthd_enable="YES"</programlisting>
<para>ÔÝëïò, îåêéíÞóôå ôï äáßìïíá saslauthd:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>/usr/local/etc/rc.d/saslauthd start</userinput></screen>
<para>Ï äáßìïíáò áõôüò äñá ùò åíäéÜìåóïò ãéá ôï
<application>sendmail</application> þóôå íá ãßíåôáé ðéóôïðïßçóç
áõèåíôéêüôçôáò ìÝóù ôçò âÜóçò äåäïìÝíùí êùäéêþí
<filename>passwd</filename> ôïõ &os; óõóôÞìáôïò óáò. Ìå áõôü ôïí
ôñüðï áðáëëÜóóåóôå áðü ôçí áíÜãêç äçìéïõñãßáò íÝïõ óåô áðü ïíüìáôá
÷ñçóôþí êáé êùäéêïýò ãéá êÜèå ÷ñÞóôç ðïõ ÷ñåéÜæåôáé íá
÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåé ðéóôïðïßçóç óôï <acronym>SMTP</acronym>.
×ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé ôï ßäéï üíïìá êáé êùäéêüò, ôüóï ãéá åßóïäï óôï
óýóôçìá, üóï êáé ãéá ôï mail.</para>
</step>
<step>
<para>Åðåîåñãáóôåßôå ôþñá ôï <filename>/etc/make.conf</filename> êáé
ðñïóèÝóôå ôéò áêüëïõèåò ãñáììÝò:</para>
<programlisting>SENDMAIL_CFLAGS=-I/usr/local/include/sasl -DSASL
SENDMAIL_LDFLAGS=-L/usr/local/lib
SENDMAIL_LDADD=-lsasl2</programlisting>
<para>Ïé ãñáììÝò áõôÝò, ðáñÝ÷ïõí óôï
<application>sendmail</application> ôéò êáôÜëëçëåò ñõèìßóåéò þóôå
íá óõíäåèåß óùóôÜ ìå ôï
<filename role="package">cyrus-sasl2</filename> êáôÜ ôç äéÜñêåéá
ôçò ìåôáãëþôôéóçò. Âåâáéùèåßôå üôé åßíáé åãêáôåóôçìÝíï ôï ðáêÝôï
<filename role="package">cyrus-sasl2</filename> ðñéí îåêéíÞóåôå
ôçí åðáíáìåôáãëþôôéóç ôïõ
<application>sendmail</application>.</para>
</step>
<step>
<para>Åðáíáìåôáãëùôôßóôå ôï <application>sendmail</application>
åêôåëþíôáò ôéò ðáñáêÜôù åíôïëÝò:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /usr/src/lib/libsmutil</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>make cleandir && make obj && make</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /usr/src/lib/libsm</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>make cleandir && make obj && make</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /usr/src/usr.sbin/sendmail</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>make cleandir && make obj && make && make install</userinput></screen>
<para>Ç ìåôáãëþôôéóç ôïõ <application>sendmail</application> äåí
ðñÝðåé íá ðáñïõóéÜóåé ðñïâëÞìáôá, áí ôï
<filename>/usr/src</filename> äåí Ý÷åé áëëÜîåé óå ìåãÜëï âáèìü
êáé åöüóïí õðÜñ÷ïõí ïé êïéíü÷ñçóôåò âéâëéïèÞêåò ðïõ
áðáéôïýíôáé.</para>
</step>
<step>
<para>ÌåôÜ ôçí ìåôáãëþôôéóç êáé åðáíåãêáôÜóôáóç ôïõ
<application>sendmail</application>, åðåîåñãáóôåßôå ôï áñ÷åßï
<filename>/etc/mail/freebsd.mc</filename> (Þ üðïéï áñ÷åßï
÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå ùò <filename>.mc</filename>. Ðïëëïß äéá÷åéñéóôÝò
åðéëÝãïõí íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóïõí ôçí Ýîïäï ôçò åíôïëÞò &man.hostname.1;
ùò üíïìá ãéá ôï áñ÷åßï <filename>.mc</filename> ãéá íá åîáóöáëßóïõí
üôé åßíáé ìïíáäéêü). ÐñïóèÝóôå óå áõôü ôéò áêüëïõèåò
ãñáììÝò:</para>
<programlisting>dnl set SASL options
TRUST_AUTH_MECH(`GSSAPI DIGEST-MD5 CRAM-MD5 LOGIN')dnl
define(`confAUTH_MECHANISMS', `GSSAPI DIGEST-MD5 CRAM-MD5 LOGIN')dnl</programlisting>
<para>Ïé åðéëïãÝò áõôÝò ñõèìßæïõí ôéò äéáöïñåôéêÝò ìåèüäïõò ðïõ
Ý÷åé óôç äéÜèåóç ôïõ ôï <application>sendmail</application>,
ðñïêåéìÝíïõ íá ðéóôïðïéÞóåé ôïõò ÷ñÞóôåò. Áí èÝëåôå íá
÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå êÜðïéá ìÝèïäï äéáöïñåôéêÞ áðü ôï
<application>pwcheck</application>, äåßôå ôçí ôåêìçñßùóç ðïõ
ðåñéëáìâÜíåôáé.</para>
</step>
<step>
<para>ÔÝëïò, åêôåëÝóôå &man.make.1; åíþ âñßóêåóôå óôïí êáôÜëïãï
<filename>/etc/mail</filename>. Ìå ôïí ôñüðï áõôü, èá
÷ñçóéìïðïéçèåß ôï íÝï óáò <filename>.mc</filename> áñ÷åßï êáé
èá äçìéïõñãçèåß Ýíá áñ÷åßï <filename>.cf</filename> ìå üíïìá
<filename>freebsd.cf</filename> (Þ ïôéäÞðïôå üíïìá åß÷áôå äþóåé
óôï áñ÷åßï <filename>.mc</filename>). ×ñçóéìïðïéÞóôå Ýðåéôá ôçí
åíôïëÞ <command>make install restart</command>, ç ïðïßá èá
áíôéãñÜøåé ôï áñ÷åßï óôï <filename>sendmail.cf</filename>, êáé
èá åðáíåêêéíÞóåé óùóôÜ ôï <application>sendmail</application>.
Ãéá ðåñéóóüôåñåò ëåðôïìÝñåéåò ó÷åôéêÜ ìå áõôÞ ôç äéáäéêáóßá, èá
ðñÝðåé íá äéáâÜóåôå ôï áñ÷åßï
<filename>/etc/mail/Makefile</filename>.</para>
</step>
</procedure>
<para>Áí üëá ðÞãáí êáëÜ, èá ðñÝðåé íá ìðïñåßôå íá äþóåôå ôá óôïé÷åßá
åéóüäïõ óáò óôï ðñüãñáììá ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå ãéá áðïóôïëÞ êáé ëÞøç
mail, êáé íá óôåßëåôå Ýíá äïêéìáóôéêü ìÞíõìá. Ãéá íá äéåñåõíÞóåôå
ðåñéóóüôåñï ôç ëåéôïõñãßá, èÝóôå ôçí åðéëïãÞ
<option>LogLevel</option> ôïõ <application>sendmail</application> óôï
13 êáé ðáñáêïëïõèÞóôå ôï <filename>/var/log/maillog</filename>
ãéá ôõ÷üí ëÜèç.</para>
<para>Ãéá ðåñéóóüôåñåò ðëçñïöïñßåò, ðáñáêáëïýìå íá äåßôå ôç óåëßäá ôïõ
<application>sendmail</application> ðïõ áöïñÜ ôçí
<ulink url="http://www.sendmail.org/~ca/email/auth.html">ðéóôïðïßçóç
áõèåíôéêüôçôáò óôï <acronym>SMTP</acronym></ulink>.</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="mail-agents">
<sect1info>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<firstname>Marc</firstname>
<surname>Silver</surname>
<contrib>ÓõíåéóöïñÜ ôïõ </contrib>
</author>
</authorgroup>
</sect1info>
<title>ÐñïãñÜììáôá Ôá÷õäñïìåßïõ ãéá ôïí ×ñÞóôç</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Mail User Agents</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>¸íá ðñüãñáììá Áíôéðñïóþðïõ Ôá÷õäñïìåßïõ ×ñÞóôç (Mail User Agent,
<acronym>MUA</acronym>), åßíáé ìéá åöáñìïãÞ ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé ãéá ôçí
áðïóôïëÞ êáé ëÞøç email. ÅðéðëÝïí, êáèþò ôï email
<quote>åîåëßóóåôáé</quote> êáé ãßíåôáé ðéï ðïëýðëïêï, ôá
<acronym>MUA</acronym> ãßíïíôáé üëï êáé éó÷õñüôåñá üóï áöïñÜ ôïí ôñüðï
ðïõ áëëçëåðéäñïýí ìå ôï email. Áõôü äßíåé óôïõò ÷ñÞóôåò ðåñéóóüôåñåò
ëåéôïõñãßåò êáé åõåëéîßá. To &os; ðåñéÝ÷åé õðïóôÞñéîç ãéá ìåãÜëï áñéèìü
áðü ðñïãñÜììáôá ôá÷õäñïìåßïõ, êáé üëá ìðïñïýí íá åãêáôáóôáèïýí ðïëý
åýêïëá ìÝóù ôçò <link
linkend="ports">ÓõëëïãÞò ôùí Ports ôïõ &os;</link>. Ïé ÷ñÞóôåò
ìðïñïýí íá åðéëÝîïõí ìåôáîý ãñáöéêþí ðñïãñáììÜôùí, üðùò ôï
<application>evolution</application> Þ ôï
<application>balsa</application>, êáé ðñïãñÜììáôá êïíóüëáò üðùò ôá
<application>mutt</application>, <application>alpine</application>
Þ <command>mail</command>, Þ áêüìá êáé ôéò äéåðáöÝò web ðïõ ðñïóöÝñïíôáé
áðü ìåñéêïýò ìåãÜëïõò ïñãáíéóìïýò.</para>
<sect2 id="mail-command">
<title>mail</title>
<para>Ôï &man.mail.1; åßíáé ôï ðñïåðéëåãìÝíï ðñüãñáììá ôá÷õäñïìåßïõ
(<acronym>MUA</acronym>) in &os;. Ðñüêåéôáé ãéá Ýíá
<acronym>MUA</acronym> êïíóüëáò, ôï ïðïßï ðñïóöÝñåé üëåò ôéò âáóéêÝò
ëåéôïõñãßåò ðïõ áðáéôïýíôáé ãéá ôçí áðïóôïëÞ êáé ëÞøç email
óå ìïñöÞ êåéìÝíïõ, áí êáé Ý÷åé ðåñéïñéóìÝíåò äõíáôüôçôåò üóï áöïñÜ
óõíçììÝíá áñ÷åßá êáé õðïóôçñßæåé ìüíï ôïðéêÝò èõñßäåò.</para>
<para>Áí êáé ôï <command>mail</command> äåí õðïóôçñßæåé åããåíþò ôç
ëÞøç email ìÝóù äéáêïìéóôþí <acronym>POP</acronym> Þ
<acronym>IMAP</acronym>, åßíáé ùóôüóï äõíáôüí íá êáôåâÜóåôå ôá
email óå ìéá ôïðéêÞ èõñßäá (<filename>mbox</filename>) ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò
êÜðïéá åöáñìïãÞ üðùò ôï <application>fetchmail</application>, ôï
ïðïßï èá óõæçôÞóïõìå áñãüôåñá óå áõôü ôï êåöÜëáéï (<xref
linkend="mail-fetchmail"/>).</para>
<para>Ãéá ôçí áðïóôïëÞ êáé ëÞøç email, åêôåëÝóôå ôçí åíôïëÞ
<command>mail</command>:</para>
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>mail</userinput></screen>
<para>Ôá ðåñéå÷üìåíá ôçò èõñßäáò ôïõ ÷ñÞóôç óôïí êáôÜëïãï
<filename class="directory">/var/mail</filename> èá äéáâáóôïýí
áõôüìáôá áðü ôï ðñüãñáììá <command>mail</command>.
Áí ç èõñßäá ôá÷õäñïìåßïõ åßíáé Üäåéá, ôï ðñüãñáììá ôåñìáôßæåôáé ìå
ôï ìÞíõìá üôé äåí âñÝèçêå áëëçëïãñáößá. ÌåôÜ ôçí áíÜãíùóç ôçò
èõñßäáò, îåêéíÜ ç äéåðáöÞ ôçò åöáñìïãÞò êáé åìöáíßæåôáé ìéá ëßóôá ìå
ìçíýìáôá. Ôá ìçíýìáôá áñéèìïýíôáé áõôüìáôá, üðùò öáßíåôáé óôï
ðáñáêÜôù ðáñÜäåéãìá:</para>
<screen>Mail version 8.1 6/6/93. Type ? for help.
"/var/mail/marcs": 3 messages 3 new
>N 1 root@localhost Mon Mar 8 14:05 14/510 "test"
N 2 root@localhost Mon Mar 8 14:05 14/509 "user account"
N 3 root@localhost Mon Mar 8 14:05 14/509 "sample"</screen>
<para>Ôá ìçíýìáôá ìðïñïýí ðëÝïí íá äéáâáóôïýí ìå ôçí åíôïëÞ
<keycap>t</keycap> ôçò åíôïëÞò <command>mail</command>, áêïëïõèïýìåíç
ìå ôïí áñéèìü ôïõ mail ðïõ èÝëåôå íá åìöáíéóôåß. Óôï ðáñÜäåéãìá áõôü
èá äéáâÜóïõìå ôï ðñþôï ìÞíõìá:</para>
<screen>& <userinput>t 1</userinput>
Message 1:
From root@localhost Mon Mar 8 14:05:52 2004
X-Original-To: marcs@localhost
Delivered-To: marcs@localhost
To: marcs@localhost
Subject: test
Date: Mon, 8 Mar 2004 14:05:52 +0200 (SAST)
From: root@localhost (Charlie Root)
This is a test message, please reply if you receive it.</screen>
<para>¼ðùò öáßíåôáé óôï ðáñáðÜíù ðáñÜäåéãìá, ç ÷ñÞóç ôïõ ðëÞêôñïõ
<keycap>t</keycap> èá ðñïêáëÝóåé ôçí åìöÜíéóç ôïõ ìçíýìáôïò ìå
ðëÞñåéò åðéêåöáëßäåò. Ãéá íá äåßôå îáíÜ ôç ëßóôá ìå ôá ìçíýìáôá,
÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóôå ôï ðëÞêôñï <keycap>h</keycap>.</para>
<para>Áí ôï mail áðáéôåß áðÜíôçóç, ìðïñåßôå íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôçí
åíôïëÞ <command>mail</command> ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôéò åíóùìáôùìÝíåò
åíôïëÝò <keycap>R</keycap> Þ <keycap>r</keycap>. Ôï ðëÞêôñï
<keycap>R</keycap> ïäçãåß ôï <command>mail</command> íá áðáíôÞóåé
ìüíï óôïí áðïóôïëÝá ôïõ ìçíýìáôïò, åíþ ôï <keycap>r</keycap> áðáíôÜåé
ü÷é ìüíï óôïí áðïóôïëÝá, áëëÜ óå üëïõò ôïõò ðáñáëÞðôåò ôïõ ìçíýìáôïò.
Ìðïñåßôå åðßóçò íá ðñïóèÝóåôå ìåôÜ áðü ôéò åíôïëÝò áõôÝò, ôïí áñéèìü
ôïõ ìçíýìáôïò óôï ïðïßï èÝëåôå íá áðáíôÞóåôå. Áöïý ôï êÜíåôå áõôü,
èá ðñÝðåé íá ãñÜøåôå ôçí áðÜíôçóç óáò êáé íá óçìåéþóåôå ôï ôÝëïò ôçò
ãñÜöïíôáò ìéá ìüíï <keycap>.</keycap> óå ìéá íÝá ãñáììÞ. Ìðïñåßôå íá
äåßôå Ýíá ðáñÜäåéãìá ðáñáêÜôù:</para>
<screen>& <userinput>R 1</userinput>
To: root@localhost
Subject: Re: test
<userinput>Thank you, I did get your email.
.</userinput>
EOT</screen>
<para>Ãéá íá óôåßëåôå íÝï mail, èá ðñÝðåé íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôï ðëÞêôñï
<keycap>m</keycap>, áêïëïõèïýìåíï áðü ôçí äéåýèõíóç ôïõ ðáñáëÞðôç.
Ìðïñåßôå íá äþóåôå ðïëëáðëïýò ðáñáëÞðôåò, ÷ùñßæïíôáò ìåôáîý ôïõò
ôéò äéåõèýíóåéò ìå <keycap>,</keycap>. Ìðïñåßôå Ýðåéôá íá âÜëåôå ôï
èÝìá ôïõ ìçíýìáôïò êáé íá óõíå÷ßóåôå ìå ôï ðåñéå÷üìåíï. Ôï ôÝëïò ôïõ
ìçíýìáôïò êáèïñßæåôáé ãñÜöïíôáò ìéá ìïíáäéêÞ <keycap>.</keycap> óå ìéá
íÝá ãñáììÞ.</para>
<screen>& <userinput>mail root@localhost</userinput>
Subject: <userinput>I mastered mail
Now I can send and receive email using mail ... :)
.</userinput>
EOT</screen>
<para>¼óï âñßóêåóôå ìÝóá óôçí åíôïëÞ <command>mail</command>, ìðïñåßôå
íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôï ðëÞêôñï <keycap>?</keycap> ãéá ôçí åìöÜíéóç
âïÞèåéáò ïðïéáäÞðïôå óôéãìÞ. Ìðïñåßôå åðßóçò íá óõìâïõëåõôåßôå ôçí
óåëßäá manual ôïõ &man.mail.1; ãéá ðåñéóóüôåñåò ðëçñïöïñßåò ó÷åôéêÜ
ìå ôçí åíôïëÞ <command>mail</command>.</para>
<note>
<para>¼ðùò áíáöÝñáìå ðñïçãïõìÝíùò, ç åíôïëÞ &man.mail.1; äåí
ó÷åäéÜóôçêå áñ÷éêÜ ãéá íá ÷åéñßæåôáé óõíçììÝíá, êáé ãéá ôï ëüãï
áõôü ïé äõíáôüôçôåò ôéò óôï óõãêåêñéìÝíï èÝìá åßíáé ìéêñÝò.
Íåþôåñá <acronym>MUA</acronym>, üðùò ôï
<application>mutt</application>, ÷åéñßæïíôáé ôá óõíçììÝíá ìå ðïëý
ðéï Ýîõðíï ôñüðï. ÁëëÜ áí ðáñ' üëá áõôÜ åðéèõìåßôå íá
÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôçí åíôïëÞ <command>mail</command>, ìÜëëïí èá
óáò öáíåß ÷ñÞóéìï ôï port
<filename role="package">converters/mpack</filename>.</para>
</note>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="mutt-command">
<title>mutt</title>
<para>Ôï <application>mutt</application> åßíáé Ýíá ìéêñü, áëëÜ
ðïëý éó÷õñü ðñüãñáììá áðïóôïëÞò êáé ëÞøçò mail, ìå åîáéñåôéêÜ
÷áñáêôçñéóôéêÜ ôá ïðïßá ðåñéëáìâÜíïõí:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Ôçí éêáíüôçôá íá äåß÷íåé ìçíýìáôá ìå ôçí ìïñöÞ
óõæçôÞóåùí</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>ÕðïóôÞñéîç PGP ãéá øçöéáêÞ õðïãñáöÞ êáé êñõðôïãñÜöçóç
email</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>ÕðïóôÞñéîç MIME</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>ÕðïóôÞñéîç Maildir</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>ÅîáéñåôéêÝò äõíáôüôçôåò ðáñáìåôñïðïßçóçò</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>¼ëåò áõôÝò ïé äõíáôüôçôåò, êÜíïõí ôï
<application>mutt</application> Ýíá áðü ôá ðéï åîåëéãìÝíá äéáèÝóéìá
ðñïãñÜììáôá ôá÷õäñïìåßïõ. Äåßôå ôçí ôïðïèåóßá <ulink
url="http://www.mutt.org"></ulink> ãéá ðåñéóóüôåñåò ðëçñïöïñßåò
ó÷åôéêÜ ìå ôï <application>mutt</application>.</para>
<para>Ìðïñåßôå íá åãêáôáóôÞóåôå ôç óôáèåñÞ Ýêäïóç ôïõ
<application>mutt</application> ìÝóù ôïõ port <filename
role="package">mail/mutt</filename>, åíþ êáé ç ôñÝ÷ïõóá õðü åîÝëéîç
Ýêäïóç åßíáé äéáèÝóéìç ìÝóù ôïõ port <filename
role="package">mail/mutt-devel</filename>. ÌåôÜ ôçí åãêáôÜóôáóç
ôïõ port, ìðïñåßôå íá åêôåëÝóåôå ôï <application>mutt</application>,
ìå ôçí áêüëïõèç åíôïëÞ:</para>
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>mutt</userinput></screen>
<para>Ôï <application>mutt</application> èá äéáâÜóåé áõôüìáôá ôá
ðåñéå÷üìåíá ôçò èõñßäáò ôá÷õäñïìåßïõ ÷ñÞóôç óôïí êáôÜëïãï <filename
class="directory">/var/mail</filename>, êáé èá äåßîåé ôá ðåñéå÷üìåíá
ôïõ áí áõôü åßíáé åöéêôü. Áí äåí õðÜñ÷ïõí mails óôç èõñßäá ôïõ
÷ñÞóôç, ôï <application>mutt</application> èá åéóÝëèåé óå êáôÜóôáóç
áíáìïíÞò åíôïëþí. Ôï ðáñáêÜôù ðáñÜäåéãìá, äåß÷íåé ôï
<application>mutt</application> íá áðåéêïíßæåé ìéá ëßóôá
ìçíõìÜôùí:</para>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="mail/mutt1" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
<para>Ãéá íá äéáâÜóåôå Ýíá email, åðéëÝîôå ôï ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôá
âåëÜêéá, êáé ðéÝóôå <keycap>Enter</keycap>. Ìðïñåßôå íá äåßôå Ýíá
ðáñÜäåéãìá áðåéêüíéóçò mail áðü ôï <application>mutt</application>
ðáñáêÜôù:</para>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="mail/mutt2" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
<para>¼ðùò êáé ôï &man.mail.1;, ôï <application>mutt</application>,
óáò åðéôñÝðåé íá áðáíôÞóåôå ôüóï óôïí áðïóôïëÝá ôïõ ìçíýìáôïò, üóï êáé
óå üëïõò ôïõò ðáñáëÞðôåò. Ãéá íá áðáíôÞóåôå ìüíï óôïí áðïóôïëÝá ôïõ
email, ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóôå ôï ðëÞêôñï
<keycap>r</keycap>. Ãéá íá áðáíôÞóåôå óôçí ïìÜäá ÷ñçóôþí ç ïðïßá
ðåñéëáìâÜíåé ôüóï ôïí áñ÷éêü áðïóôïëÝá, üóï êáé ôïõò õðüëïéðïõò
ðáñáëÞðôåò ôïõ ìçíýìáôïò, ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóôå ôï ðëÞêôñï
<keycap>g</keycap>.</para>
<note>
<para>Ôï <application>mutt</application> ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß ôï
&man.vi.1; ùò óõíôÜêôç êåéìÝíïõ ãéá äçìéïõñãßá êáé áðÜíôçóç óå
email. Ç ñýèìéóç áõôÞ ìðïñåß íá áëëá÷èåß áðü ôï ÷ñÞóôç
äçìéïõñãþíôáò Þ ôñïðïðïéþíôáò ôï áñ÷åßï
<filename>.muttrc</filename> óôïí ðñïóùðéêü ôïõ êáôÜëïãï, êáé
èÝôïíôáò ôç ìåôáâëçôÞ <literal>editor</literal>, Þ áëëÜæïíôáò ôçí
ìåôáâëçôÞ ðåñéâÜëëïíôïò <envar>EDITOR</envar>. Äåßôå ôçí ôïðïèåóßá
<ulink url="http://www.mutt.org/"></ulink> ãéá ðåñéóóüôåñåò
ðëçñïöïñßåò ó÷åôéêÜ ìå ôç ñýèìéóç ôïõ
<application>mutt</application>.</para>
</note>
<para>Ãéá íá óõíôÜîåôå Ýíá íÝï ìÞíõìá, ðéÝóôå ôï ðëÞêôñï
<keycap>m</keycap>. Áöïý ãñÜøåôå ôï êáôÜëëçëï èÝìá, ôï
<application>mutt</application> èá îåêéíÞóåé ôï &man.vi.1;
åðéôñÝðïíôáò óáò íá ãñÜøåôå ôï mail. Ìüëéò ïëïêëçñþóåôå,
áðïèçêåýóôå êáé ôåñìáôßóôå ôï <command>vi</command> êáé ôï
<application>mutt</application> èá óõíå÷ßóåé, äåß÷íïíôáò óáò ìéá
ïèüíç ðåñßëçøçò ôïõ mail ôï ïðïßï ðñüêåéôáé íá óôáëåß. Ãéá íá
óôåßëåôå ôï mail, ðéÝóôå ôï ðëÞêôñï <keycap>y</keycap>. Ìðïñåßôå
íá äåßôå ðáñáêÜôù Ýíá ðáñÜäåéãìá ôçò ïèüíçò ðåñßëçøçò:</para>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="mail/mutt3" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
<para>Ôï <application>mutt</application> ðåñéÝ÷åé åðßóçò åêôåôáìÝíç
âïÞèåéá, óôçí ïðïßá ìðïñåßôå íá Ý÷åôå ðñüóâáóç ó÷åäüí áðü êÜèå óçìåßï
ôïõ ìåíïý, ðéÝæïíôáò ôï ðëÞêôñï <keycap>?</keycap>. Ç ãñáììÞ óôçí
êïñõöÞ ôçò ïèüíçò äåß÷íåé åðßóçò ôéò óõíôïìåýóåéò ðëçêôñïëïãßïõ,
üðïõ õðÜñ÷ïõí.</para>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="alpine-command">
<title>alpine</title>
<para>Ôï <application>alpine</application> áðåõèýíåôáé êõñßùò óôïí
áñ÷Üñéï ÷ñÞóôç, áëëÜ ðåñéëáìâÜíåé åðßóçò êÜðïéá ðñï÷ùñçìÝíá
÷áñáêôçñéóôéêÜ.</para>
<warning>
<para>Ôï <application>alpine</application> Ý÷åé éóôïñéêü ðñïâëçìÜôùí
áóöáëåßáò. Óôï ðáñåëèüí, áíáêáëýöèçêáí ðñïâëÞìáôá ðïõ åðÝôñåðáí óå
áðïìáêñõóìÝíïõò åéóâïëåßò íá åêôåëÝóïõí ôï äéêü ôïõò êþäéêá óôï
ôïðéêü óýóôçìá, óôÝëíïíôáò áðëþò Ýíá åéäéêÜ äéáìïñöùìÝíï email.
¼ëá áõôÜ ôá <emphasis>ãíùóôÜ</emphasis> ðñïâëÞìáôá Ý÷ïõí ðëÝïí
äéïñèùèåß, áëëÜ ï êþäéêáò ôïõ <application>alpine</application>
åßíáé ãñáììÝíïò ìå éäéáßôåñá áíáóöáëÞ ôñüðï, êáé ï Õðåýèõíïò
ÁóöÜëåéáò ôïõ &os;, ðéóôåýåé üôé åßíáé áñêåôÜ ðéèáíüí íá õðÜñ÷ïõí
êáé Üëëá êåíÜ áóöáëåßáò ðïõ äåí Ý÷ïõí áíáêáëõöèåß áêüìá.
ÅãêáôáóôÞóôå ôï <application>alpine</application> ìå äéêÞ óáò
åõèýíç.</para>
</warning>
<para>Ç ôñÝ÷ïõóá Ýêäïóç ôïõ <application>alpine</application> ìðïñåß íá
åãêáôáóôáèåß ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôï port <filename
role="package">mail/alpine</filename>. ÌåôÜ ôçí åãêáôÜóôáóç ôïõ
port ôï <application>alpine</application> ìðïñåß íá îåêéíÞóåé
÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôçí ðáñáêÜôù åíôïëÞ:</para>
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>alpine</userinput></screen>
<para>Ôçí ðñþôç öïñÜ ðïõ èá åêôåëÝóåôå ôï
<application>alpine</application> èá óáò äåßîåé ìéá áñ÷éêÞ óåëßäá
÷áéñåôéóìïý, ìå ìéá óýíôïìç åéóáãùãÞ, êáèþò êáé ìéá áßôçóç áðü ôçí
ïìÜäá áíÜðôõîçò ôïõ <application>alpine</application> íá ôïõò óôåßëåôå
Ýíá áíþíõìï mail ôï ïðïßï èá ôïõò âïçèÞóåé íá Ý÷ïõí ìéá éäÝá ãéá ôï
ðüóïé ÷ñÞóôåò ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýí ôï ëïãéóìéêü. Ãéá íá óôåßëåôå áõôü ôï
áíþíõìï ìÞíõìá, ðéÝóôå <keycap>Enter</keycap>, Þ åíáëëáêôéêÜ ðéÝóôå
<keycap>E</keycap> ãéá íá êëåßóåôå ôçí ïèüíç ÷áéñåôéóìïý ÷ùñßò íá
óôåßëåôå ôï áíþíõìï ìÞíõìá. ¸íá ðáñÜäåéãìá ôçò óåëßäáò ÷áéñåôéóìïý
öáßíåôáé ðáñáêÜôù:</para>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="mail/pine1" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
<para>Èá åìöáíéóôåß êáôüðéí ôï êýñéï ìåíïý, óôï ïðïßï ìðïñåßôå íá
ìåôáêéíçèåßôå åýêïëá ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôá âåëÜêéá. Áõôü ôï êýñéï ìåíïý
ðáñÝ÷åé ðëÞêôñá óõíôüìåõóçò ãéá äçìéïõñãßá íÝùí mail, ãéá
áíß÷íåõóç óôïõò êáôáëüãïõò mail, êáé áêüìá ãéá äéá÷åßñéóç êáôá÷ùñÞóåùí
óôï âéâëßï äéåõèýíóåùí. ÊÜôù áðü ôï êýñéï ìåíïý, åìöáíßæïíôáé
óõíôïìåýóåéò ðëçêôñïëïãßïõ ó÷åôéêÝò ìå ôçí åñãáóßá ðïõ ãßíåôáé ôç
óõãêåêñéìÝíç óôéãìÞ.</para>
<para>Ï ðñïåðéëåãìÝíïò êáôÜëïãïò ðïõ áíïßãåé ôï
<application>alpine</application> åßíáé ôï
<filename class="directory">inbox</filename>. Ãéá íá äåßôå ôï
åõñåôÞñéï ôùí ìçíõìÜôùí, ðéÝóôå ôï <keycap>I</keycap>, Þ åðéëÝîôå ôï
<guimenuitem>MESSAGE INDEX</guimenuitem> üðùò öáßíåôáé
ðáñáêÜôù:</para>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="mail/pine2" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
<para>Ôï åõñåôÞñéï ìçíõìÜôùí äåß÷íåé ìçíýìáôá áðü ôïí ôñÝ÷ïíôá
êáôÜëïãï, êáé ìðïñåßôå íá ìåôáêéíçèåßôå óå áõôü ìå ôá âåëÜêéá.
Ìðïñåßôå íá äéáâÜóåôå ôï åðéëåãìÝíï ìÞíõìá, ðéÝæïíôáò ôï ðëÞêôñï
<keycap>Enter</keycap>.</para>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="mail/pine3" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
<para>Óôçí åéêüíá ðïõ öáßíåôáé ðáñáêÜôù, ôï
<application>alpine</application> áðåéêïíßæåé Ýíá õðüäåéãìá ìçíýìáôïò.
Óôï êÜôù ìÝñïò ôçò ïèüíçò öáßíïíôáé ó÷åôéêÝò óõíôïìåýóåéò
ðëçêôñïëïãßïõ. ¸íá ðáñÜäåéãìá ôÝôïéáò óõíôüìåõóçò, åßíáé ôï ðëÞêôñï
<keycap>r</keycap> ôï ïðïßï ëÝåé óôï <acronym>MUA</acronym> íá
äçìéïõñãÞóåé áðÜíôçóç ðñïò ôï ôñÝ÷ïí ìÞíõìá ðïõ áðåéêïíßæåôáé.</para>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="mail/pine4" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
<para>Ç áðÜíôçóç óå Ýíá mail ìÝóù ôïõ <application>alpine</application>
ãßíåôáé ìå ôç ÷ñÞóç ôïõ óõíôÜêôç êåéìÝíïõ
<application>pico</application>, ï ïðïßïò åãêáèßóôáôáé áðü
ðñïåðéëïãÞ ìáæß ìå ôï <application>alpine</application>.
Ôï <application>pico</application> äéåõêïëýíåé ôç ìåôáêßíçóç ìÝóá óôï
ìÞíõìá, êáé åßíáé êÜðùò ðéï åýêïëï ãéá ôïõò áñ÷Üñéïõò ÷ñÞóôåò óå
ó÷Ýóç ìå ôï &man.vi.1; Þ ôï &man.mail.1;. Ìüëéò ïëïêëçñþóåôå ôçí
áðÜíôçóç, ìðïñåßôå íá óôåßëåôå ôï ìÞíõìá ðéÝæïíôáò ôá ðëÞêôñá
<keycombo action="simul"><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>X</keycap>
</keycombo>. Ôï <application>alpine</application> èá óáò æçôÞóåé íá
ôï åðéâåâáéþóåôå.</para>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="mail/pine5" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
<para>Ìðïñåßôå íá ðñïóáñìüóåôå ôï <application>alpine</application>
ìå ôç ÷ñÞóç ôçò åðéëïãÞò <guimenuitem>SETUP</guimenuitem> áðü ôï êýñéï
ìåíïý. Óõìâïõëåõèåßôå ôçí ôïðïèåóßá <ulink
url="http://www.washington.edu/alpine/"></ulink> ãéá ðåñéóóüôåñåò
ðëçñïöïñßåò.</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="mail-fetchmail">
<sect1info>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<firstname>Marc</firstname>
<surname>Silver</surname>
<contrib>ÓõíåéóöïñÜ áðü ôïí </contrib>
</author>
</authorgroup>
</sect1info>
<title>×ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôï fetchmail</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>fetchmail</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>Ôï <application>fetchmail</application> åßíáé Ýíáò ðëÞñçò ðåëÜôçò
ãéá <acronym>IMAP</acronym> êáé <acronym>POP</acronym>, ï ïðïßïò
åðéôñÝðåé óôïõò ÷ñÞóôåò íá êáôåâÜæïõí áõôüìáôá mail áðü áðïìáêñõóìÝíïõò
åîõðçñåôçôÝò <acronym>IMAP</acronym> êáé <acronym>POP</acronym> êáé
íá ôï áðïèçêåýïõí óå ôïðéêÝò èõñßäåò, áðü üðïõ ìðïñåß Ýðåéôá íá õðÜñ÷åé
ðéï åýêïëç ðñüóâáóç. Ôï <application>fetchmail</application> ìðïñåß íá
åãêáôáóôáèåß ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôï port <filename
role="package">mail/fetchmail</filename> êáé ðáñÝ÷åé äéÜöïñá
÷áñáêôçñéóôéêÜ, ìåñéêÜ áðü ôá ïðïßá ðåñéëáìâÜíïõí:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>ÕðïóôÞñéîç ôùí ðñùôïêüëëùí <acronym>POP3</acronym>,
<acronym>APOP</acronym>, <acronym>KPOP</acronym>,
<acronym>IMAP</acronym>, <acronym>ETRN</acronym> êáé
<acronym>ODMR</acronym>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Äõíáôüôçôá ðñïþèçóçò email ìÝóù <acronym>SMTP</acronym>, ôï
ïðïßï åðéôñÝðåé ôç öõóéïëïãéêÞ ëåéôïõñãßá ôïõ öéëôñáñßóìáôïò, ôçò
ðñïþèçóçò, êáé ôùí ðáñùíõìßùí (aliases).</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Ìðïñåß íá ëåéôïõñãÞóåé óå êáôÜóôáóç äáßìïíá, þóôå íá åëÝã÷åé
ðåñéïäéêÜ ãéá íÝá ìçíýìáôá.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Ìðïñåß íá áíáêôÜ ðïëëáðëÝò èõñßäåò êáé íá ôéò ðñïùèåß, áíÜëïãá
ìå ôéò ñõèìßóåéò ôïõ, óå äéáöïñåôéêïýò ôïðéêïýò ÷ñÞóôåò.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>Áí êáé åßíáé Ýîù áðü ôïõò óêïðïýò áõôïý ôïõ êåéìÝíïõ íá åîçãÞóåé
üëåò ôéò äõíáôüôçôåò ôïõ <application>fetchmail</application>, èá
áíáöåñèïýìå óå êÜðïéåò âáóéêÝò ëåéôïõñãßåò.
Ôï <application>fetchmail</application> ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß Ýíá áñ÷åßï
ñõèìßóåùí ãíùóôü ùò <filename>.fetchmailrc</filename>, ãéá íá
ëåéôïõñãÞóåé óùóôÜ. Ôï áñ÷åßï áõôü ðåñéÝ÷åé ôéò ðëçñïöïñßåò ôïõ
åîõðçñåôçôÞ áëëÜ êáé ôá óôïé÷åßá åéóüäïõ ôïõ ÷ñÞóôç. Ëüãù ôùí
åõáßóèçôùí ðëçñïöïñéþí ôïõ áñ÷åßïõ áõôïý, óáò óõìâïõëåýïõìå íá
÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôçí ðáñáêÜôù åíôïëÞ þóôå ç áíÜãíùóç ôïõ íá åðéôñÝðåôáé
ìüíï áðü ôïí éäéïêôÞôç ôïõ:</para>
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>chmod 600 .fetchmailrc</userinput></screen>
<para>Ôï <filename>.fetchmailrc</filename> ðïõ öáßíåôáé ðáñáêÜôù åßíáé Ýíá
ðáñÜäåéãìá ìå ôï ïðïßï ìðïñåßôå íá êáôåâÜóåôå ôç èõñßäá åíüò ÷ñÞóôç
ìÝóù ôïõ ðñùôïêüëëïõ <acronym>POP</acronym>. Êáôåõèýíåé ôï
<application>fetchmail</application> íá óõíäåèåß óôï <hostid
role="fqdn">example.com</hostid> ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò üíïìá ÷ñÞóôç
<username>joesoap</username> êáé êùäéêü <literal>XXX</literal>.
Ôï ðáñÜäåéãìá õðïèÝôåé üôé ï ÷ñÞóôçò <username>joesoap</username> åßíáé
åðßóçò êáé ÷ñÞóôçò ôïõ ôïðéêïý óõóôÞìáôïò.</para>
<programlisting>poll example.com protocol pop3 username "joesoap" password "XXX"</programlisting>
<para>Ôï åðüìåíï ðáñÜäåéãìá, äåß÷íåé óýíäåóç óå ðïëëáðëïýò
<acronym>POP</acronym> êáé <acronym>IMAP</acronym> åîõðçñåôçôÝò, êáé
áíáêáôåõèýíåé óå äéáöïñåôéêïýò ôïðéêïýò ÷ñÞóôåò üðïõ åßíáé
áðáñáßôçôï:</para>
<programlisting>poll example.com proto pop3:
user "joesoap", with password "XXX", is "jsoap" here;
user "andrea", with password "XXXX";
poll example2.net proto imap:
user "john", with password "XXXXX", is "myth" here;</programlisting>
<para>Ôï âïçèçôéêü ðñüãñáììá <application>fetchmail</application> ìðïñåß
íá ëåéôïõñãÞóåé óå êáôÜóôáóç äáßìïíá, áí ôï åêôåëÝóåôå ìå ôçí åðéëïãÞ
<option>-d</option>, áêïëïõèïýìåíç áðü Ýíá äéÜóôçìá (óå äåõôåñüëåðôá)
ôï ïðïßï èá ÷ñçóéìïðïéçèåß ãéá íá åñùôþíôáé ïé åîõðçñåôçôÝò ðïõ
åßíáé êáôá÷ùñçìÝíïé óôï áñ÷åßï <filename>.fetchmailrc</filename>.
Ôï ðáñáêÜôù ðáñÜäåéãìá ïäçãåß ôï <application>fetchmail</application>
íá áíé÷íåýåé ãéá íÝï mail êÜèå 600 äåõôåñüëåðôá:</para>
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>fetchmail -d 600</userinput></screen>
<para>Ìðïñåßôå íá âñåßôå ðåñéóóüôåñåò ðëçñïöïñßåò ãéá ôï
<application>fetchmail</application> óôçí ôïðïèåóßá <ulink
url="http://fetchmail.berlios.de/"></ulink>.</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="mail-procmail">
<sect1info>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<firstname>Marc</firstname>
<surname>Silver</surname>
<contrib>ÓõíåéóöïñÜ áðü ôïí </contrib>
</author>
</authorgroup>
</sect1info>
<title>×ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôï procmail</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>procmail</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>Ôï âïçèçôéêü ðñüãñáììá <application>procmail</application> åßíáé
ìéá áðßóôåõôá éó÷õñÞ åöáñìïãÞ ðïõ ìðïñåß íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéçèåß ãéá ôï
öéëôñÜñéóìá ôïõ åéóåñ÷üìåíïõ mail. ÅðéôñÝðåé óôïõò ÷ñÞóôåò íá
ïñßæïõí <quote>êáíüíåò</quote> ïé ïðïßïé ìðïñåß íá ôáéñéÜæïõí óå
åéóåñ÷üìåíá mail êáé íá åêôåëïýí äéÜöïñåò ëåéôïõñãßåò, Þ íá
áíáêáôåõèýíïõí ôï mail óå åíáëëáêôéêÝò èõñßäåò Þ / êáé äéåõèýíóåéò
ôá÷õäñïìåßïõ. Ôï <application>procmail</application> ìðïñåß íá
åãêáôáóôáèåß ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôï port <filename
role="package">mail/procmail</filename>. ÌåôÜ ôçí åãêáôÜóôáóç ôïõ,
ìðïñåß íá åíóùìáôùèåß ó÷åäüí óå ïðïéïäÞðïôå
<acronym>MTA</acronym>. Óõìâïõëåõèåßôå ôçí ôåêìçñßùóç ôïõ
<acronym>MTA</acronym> ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå ãéá ðåñéóóüôåñåò ðëçñïöïñßåò.
ÅíáëëáêôéêÜ, ìðïñåßôå íá åíóùìáôþóåôå ôï
<application>procmail</application> ðñïóèÝôïíôáò ôçí áêüëïõèç ãñáììÞ
óå Ýíá áñ÷åßï <filename>.forward</filename> óôïí êáôÜëïãï ôïõ ÷ñÞóôç,
÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôéò äõíáôüôçôåò ôïõ
<application>procmail</application>:</para>
<programlisting>"|exec /usr/local/bin/procmail || exit 75"</programlisting>
<para>Óôçí ðáñáêÜôù åíüôçôá, èá äåßîïõìå ìåñéêïýò áðü ôïõò âáóéêïýò
êáíüíåò ôïõ <application>procmail</application>, êáèþò êáé óýíôïìåò
ðåñéãñáöÝò ôçò ëåéôïõñãßáò ôïõò. ÐñÝðåé íá ôïðïèåôÞóåôå áõôïýò (êáé
Üëëïõò) êáíüíåò óå Ýíá áñ÷åßï <filename>.procmailrc</filename>, ôï ïðïßï
èá ðñÝðåé íá âñßóêåôáé ìÝóá óôïí êáôÜëïãï ôïõ ÷ñÞóôç:</para>
<para>Ìðïñåßôå íá âñåßôå ôïõò ðåñéóóüôåñïõò áðü áõôïýò ôïõò êáíüíåò, óôç
óåëßäá manual ôïõ &man.procmailex.5;.</para>
<para>Ðñïþèçóç üëïõ ôïõ email ôçò äéåýèõíóçò
<email>user@example.com</email> ðñïò ôçí åîùôåñéêÞ
äéåýèõíóç <email role="nolink">goodmail@example2.com</email>:</para>
<programlisting>:0
* ^From.*user@example.com
! goodmail@example2.com</programlisting>
<para>Ðñïþèçóç üëùí ôùí email ðïõ åßíáé ìéêñüôåñá áðü 1000 bytes ðñïò ìéá
åîùôåñéêÞ äéåýèõíóç email <email
role="nolink">goodmail@example2.com</email>:</para>
<programlisting>:0
* < 1000
! goodmail@example2.com</programlisting>
<para>ÁðïóôïëÞ üëïõ ôïõ mail ðïõ óôÜëèçêå ðñïò ôï
<email>alternate@example.com</email> óå ìéá èõñßäá ðïõ êáëåßôáé
<filename>alternate</filename>:</para>
<programlisting>:0
* ^TOalternate@example.com
alternate</programlisting>
<para>ÁðïóôïëÞ üëïõ ôïõ mail ìå èÝìá <quote>Spam</quote> ðñïò ôï
<filename>/dev/null</filename>:</para>
<programlisting>:0
^Subject:.*Spam
/dev/null</programlisting>
<para>Ìéá ÷ñÞóéìç ëýóç ðïõ îå÷ùñßæåé ôá email áðü ôéò ëßóôåò ôá÷õäñïìåßïõ
<hostid role="domainname">&os;.org</hostid> êáé ôïðïèåôåß ôï êÜèå
ìÞíõìá óå äéáöïñåôéêÞ èõñßäá:</para>
<programlisting>:0
* ^Sender:.owner-freebsd-\/[^@]+@FreeBSD.ORG
{
LISTNAME=${MATCH}
:0
* LISTNAME??^\/[^@]+
FreeBSD-${MATCH}
}</programlisting>
</sect1>
</chapter>