From 2.0.5R to 2.2.1R, the primary configuration file is /etc/sysconfig. All the options are to be specified in this file and other files such as and /etc/netstart just include it.

Look in the /etc/sysconfig file and change the value to match your system. This file is filled with comments to show what to put in there.

In post-2.2.1 and 3.0, /etc/sysconfig was renamed to a more self-describing file and the syntax cleaned up a bit in the process. /etc/netstart was also renamed to /etc/rc.network so that all files could be copied with a /usr/src/etc/rc* /etc command.

/etc/rc.local is here as always and may be used to start up additional local services like or set custom options.

The /etc/rc.serial is for serial port initialization (e.g. locking the port characteristics, and so on.).

The /etc/rc.i386 is for Intel-specifics settings, such as iBCS2 emulation or the PC system console configuration.

Starting with 2.1.0R, you can also have "local" startup files in a directory specified in /etc/sysconfig (or /etc/rc.conf): # Location of local startup files. local_startup=/usr/local/etc/rc.local.d

Each file ending in If you want to ensure a certain execution order without changing all the file names, you can use a scheme similar to the following with digits prepended to each file name to insure the ordering: 10news.sh 15httpd.sh 20ssh.sh

It can be seen as ugly (or SysV :-)) but it provides a simple and regular scheme for locally-added packages without resorting to magical editing of /etc/rc.local. Many of the ports/packages assume that /usr/local/etc/rc.d is a local startup directory. How do I add a user easily?

Use the command.

There is another package called ``<roberto@FreeBSD.ORG> about it. It is currently undergoing further development.

To remove the user again, use the command. How can I add my new hard disk to my FreeBSD system?

The easiest way to do this is from the installation program. You can start the installation program by running /stand/sysinstall as root.

Alternatively, if you still have the install floppy, you can just reboot from that and use the partition & label editors while the system is totally quiescent.

If the above does not work for you, or if you're a total masochist who likes arcane interfaces, this is how to use manually:

WARNING: There is no substitute for reading carefully & understanding what you are doing! Things described here may DESTROY your system. Proceed with caution! Remember, a BACKUP is your friend!

before you can run /. This means doing the math for partitions yourself. This is rumored to be easy :-) See if you can obtain a skeletal label with ''disklabel -r <diskname>'' (e.g. ''disklabel -r /dev/rwd0s2'', assuming that your new disk is wd0, the first IDE drive, and the FreeBSD slice is the second one, s2). You should see something like:- # /dev/rwd0s2: type: ESDI disk: wd0s2 label: flags: bytes/sector: 512 sectors/track: 63 tracks/cylinder: 64 sectors/cylinder: 4032 cylinders: 610 sectors/unit: 2459520 rpm: 3600 interleave: 1 trackskew: 0 cylinderskew: 0 headswitch: 0 # milliseconds track-to-track seek: 0 # milliseconds drivedata: 0 8 partitions: # size offset fstype [fsize bsize bps/cpg] c: 2459520 0 unused 0 0 # (Cyl. 0 - 609) e: 2459520 0 4.2BSD 0 0 0 # (Cyl. 0 - 609)

Make sure that the size is correct, in this case, 2459520 sectors/unit x 512 bytes/sector / 2**20 (1 Megabyte) = 1200 Megabytes. The rest of the stuff (b/s, t/c, s/c, interleave, etc.) should get suitable defaults from , but see for older disks. 'fsize' is the for the filesystem, and 'bsize' is the . 'c' is the partition covering the entire slice (or entire disk for a non-sliced disk), and must remain as it is. It should not be used for a filesystem. The 'c' partition is magic in that it is faked by the kernel even if no disklabel exists.

In the trivial case, where you want a single filesystem spanning the whole slice, the entry for 'e' has to be corrected. Setting fsize to 1024 and bsize to 8192 (8 fragments/block), which are reasonable values for a filesystem, the correct entry for 'e' would be:- e: 2459520 0 4.2BSD 1024 8192

Now, the (slightly) harder case, where we want 2 partitions for 2 filesystems. Following the , the partitions will be 8 partitions: # size offset fstype [fsize bsize bps/cpg] c: 2459520 0 unused 0 0 # (Cyl. 0 - 609) e: 614400 0 4.2BSD 1024 8192 f: 1843200 614400 4.2BSD 1024 8192

disklabel -e wd0s2''. See .

If you have at least FreeBSD 2.1.5, and you want to dedicate an entire disk to FreeBSD without any care for other systems, you might shorten the steps above to something like: # dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/rwd0 count=100 # disklabel -Brw wd0 auto # disklabel -e wd0

The first command ensures there is no old junk at the beginning of the disk that might confuse the disk code in the kernel. Following is an automatic skeleton label generation using the defaults that have been probed from the disk at boot time. Editing this label continues as described above.

You're done! Time to initialize the filesystems with something like:- newfs -d0 /dev/rwd0s2e newfs -d0 /dev/rwd0s2f

Depending on the disk name and slice number, it might be required that you run the script before in order to create the desired device nodes.

And mount your new filesystems (See ):- mount /dev/wd0s2e /mnt/foo mount /dev/wd0s2f /mnt/bar

You may wish to edit to automatically mount the filesystems at boot time.

Fragment Size (fsize) The basic unit of storage for on your system. Block Size (bsize) A block comprises one or more fragments. See the reference above and Disklabel Characteristics for Older Disks (ESDI) You may need to provide more information to if you happen to own a ``true disk'', i.e. one with a uniform geometry, real heads, sectors, and cylinders, such as an old ESDI drive. All of this should be easily obtainable from the drive case, owner's manual, fellow sufferers, etc. :-) BSD Filesystem Naming Conventions Partition 'a' is by convention reserved for a bootable partition, and partition 'b' for swap space. Regular partition names should start with 'd'. ('d' used to be magic in 386BSD 0.1 through FreeBSD 2.0, thus partition 'e' is often used for the first non-bootable partition containing a filesystem.) Warning about swap space The space required by the BSD partition table is allowed for in the file system. It's not allowed for by the swap partition. So don't start swap at cylinder 0, either offset it or put a file system in partition 'a'. I have a new removable drive, how do I use it?

Whether it's a removable drive like a ZIP or an EZ drive (or even a floppy, if you want to use it that way), or a new hard disk, once it's installed and recognized by the system, and you have your cartridge/floppy/whatever slotted in, things are pretty much the same for all devices.

(this section is based on )

If it's a ZIP drive or a floppy , you've already got a DOS filesystem on it, you can use a command like this: mount -t msdos /dev/fd0c /floppy

if it's a floppy, or this: mount -t msdos /dev/sd2s4 /zip

for a ZIP disk with the factory configuration.

For other disks, see how they're laid out using /stand/sysinstall.

The rest of the examples will be for a ZIP drive on sd2, the third SCSI disk.

Unless it's a floppy, or a removable you plan on sharing with other people, it's probably a better idea to stick a BSD file system on it. You'll get long filename support, at least a 2X improvement in performance, and a lot more stability. First, you need to redo the DOS-level partitions/filesystems. You can either use or /stand/sysinstall, or for a small drive that you don't want to bother with multiple operating system support on, just blow away the whole FAT partition table (slices) and just use the BSD partitioning: dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/rsd2 count=2 disklabel -Brw sd2 auto

You can use disklabel (more info in ) or /stand/sysinstall to create multiple BSD partitions. You'll certainly want to do this if you're adding swap space on a fixed disk, but it's probably irrelevant on a removable drive like a ZIP.

Finally, create a new file system, this one's on our ZIP drive using the whole disk: newfs /dev/rsd2c

and mount it: mount /dev/sd2c /zip

and it's probably a good idea to add a line like this to so you can just type "mount /zip" in the future: /dev/sd2c /zip ffs rw,noauto 0 0 How do I mount a secondary DOS partition?

The secondary DOS partitions are found after ALL the primary partitions. For example, if you have an "E" partition as the second DOS partition on the second SCSI drive, you need to create the special files for "slice 5" in /dev, then mount /dev/sd1s5: # cd /dev # ./MAKEDEV sd1s5 # mount -t msdos /dev/sd1s5 /dos/e Can I mount other foreign filesystems under FreeBSD?

for more information.

Any other information on this subject would be appreciated. How can I use the NT loader to boot FreeBSD?

The general idea is that you copy the first sector of your native root FreeBSD partition into a file in the DOS/NT partition. Assuming you name that file something like c:\bootsect.bsd (inspired by c:\bootsect.dos), you can then edit the c:\boot.ini file to come up with something like this: [boot loader] timeout=30 default=multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\WINDOWS [operating systems] multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\WINDOWS="Windows NT" C:\BOOTSECT.BSD="FreeBSD" C:\="DOS"

This procedure assumes that DOS, NT, FreeBSD, or whatever have been installed into their respective fdisk partitions on the Mount a DOS-formatted floppy (if you've converted to NTFS) or the FAT partition, under, say, /mnt. dd if=/dev/rsd0a of=/mnt/bootsect.bsd bs=512 count=1

Reboot into DOS or NT. NTFS users copy the attrib -s -r c:\boot.ini

Edit to add the appropriate entries from the example attrib -r -s c:\boot.ini

If FreeBSD is booting from the MBR, restore it with the DOS `` How do I boot FreeBSD and Linux from LILO?

Theoretically you should be able to boot FreeBSD from LILO by treating it as a DOS-style operating system, but I haven't been able to get it to work. If you put LILO at the start of your Linux boot partition instead of in the MBR, you can boot LILO from the FreeBSD boot manager. This is what I do.

If you're running Windows-95 and Linux this is recommended anyway, to make it simpler to get Linux booting again if you should need to reinstall Windows95 (which is a Jealous Operating System, and will bear no other Operating Systems in the Master Boot Record). Will a ``dangerously dedicated'' disk endanger my health?

The installation procedure allows you to chose two different methods in partitioning your harddisk(s). The default way makes it compatible with other operating systems on the same machine, by using fdisk table entries (called ``slices'' in FreeBSD), with a FreeBSD slice that employs partitions of its own. Optionally, one can chose to install a boot-selector to switch between the possible operating systems on the disk(s).

Now, while this is certainly the common case for people coming from a PC background, those people coming more from a Unix background and who are going to setup a machine just to run FreeBSD and only FreeBSD, are more used to the classic Unix way where the operating system owns the entire disks, from the very first sector through the end. A true fdisk table isn't of any use in this case, the machine is running FreeBSD 24 hours per day, 7 days per week, no other operating system should ever be booted on it. So, if you select ``A)ll FreeBSD'' in sysinstall's fdisk editor, and answer the next question with ``No'', you'll get this mode. Note that this means the BSD bootstrap also forms the MBR for this drive, so there's no space left for anything like a boot manager. Don't ever try to install one, or you'll damage the BSD bootstrap.

So why it is called ``dangerous''? A disk in this mode doesn't contain what normal PC utilities would consider a valid fdisk table. Depending on how well they have been designed, they might complain at you once they are getting in contact with such a disk, or even worse, they might damage the BSD bootstrap without even asking or notifying you. Some kind of operating system that is in rather widespread use on PCs is known for this kind of user-unfriendliness (of course, it does this in the name of ``user-friendliness''). At least one Award BIOS that is for example used in HP Netservers (but not only there) is known to ignore any harddisk that doesn't have what it believes to be a valid fdisk table. When it comes to booting, it simply ignores such a disk drive, advances to the floppy drive, and barfs at you with just ``Read error''. Very impressive, eh? They probably also call this ``user-friendly'', who knows?

The advantages of this mode are: FreeBSD owns the entire disk, no need to waste several fictitious `tracks' for just nothing but a 1980-aged simplistic partitioning model enforcing some artificial and now rather nonsensical constraints on how this partitioning needs to be done. These constraints often lead to what might be the biggest headaches for OS installations on PCs, geometry mismatch hassles resulting out of two different, redundant ways how to store the partitioning information in the fdisk table. See the chapter about . In ``dangerously dedicated'' mode, the BSD bootstrap starts at sector 0, and this one is the only sector that always translates into the same C/H/S values, regardless of which `translation' your BIOS is using for your disk. Thus, you can also swap disks between systems/controllers that use a different translation scheme, without risking that they won't boot anymore.

To return a ``dangerously dedicated'' disk for normal PC use, there are basically two options. The first is, you write enough NULL bytes over the MBR to make any subsequent installation believe this to be a blank disk. You can do this for example with dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/rsd0 count=15

Alternatively, the undocumented DOS ``feature'' fdisk /mbr

will to install a new master boot record as well, thus clobbering the BSD bootstrap. How can I add more swap space?

The best way is to increase the size of your swap partition, or take advantage of this convenient excuse to add another disk (and see if you do).

Adding swap onto a separate disk makes things faster than simply adding swap onto the same disk. As an example, if you are compiling source located on one disk, and the swap is on another disk, this is much faster than both swap and compile on the same disk. This is true for SCSI disks specifically.

IDE drives are not able to allow access to both drives on the same channel at the same time (FreeBSD doesn't support mode 4, so all IDE disk I/O is ``programmed''). I would still suggest putting your swap on a separate drive however. The drives are so cheap, it is not worth worrying about.

It is a really bad idea to locate your swap file over NFS unless you are running in a very fast networking environment, with a good server.

Here is an example for 64Mb vn-swap (/usr/swap0, though of course you can use any name that you want).

Make sure your kernel was built with the line pseudo-device vn 1 #Vnode driver (turns a file into a device)

in your config-file. The GENERIC kernel already contains this. create a vn-device cd /dev sh ./MAKEDEV vn0 create a swapfile (/usr/swap0) dd if=/dev/zero of=/usr/swap0 bs=1024k count=64 enable the swap file in /etc/rc.conf swapfile="/usr/swap0" # Set to name of swapfile if aux swapfile desired. reboot the machine

To enable the swap file immediately, type vnconfig -ce /dev/vn0c /usr/swap0 swap I'm having problems setting up my printer.

Please have a look at the Handbook entry on printing. It should cover most of your problem. See the The keyboard mappings are wrong for my system.

The kbdcontrol program has an option to load a keyboard map file. Under /usr/share/syscons/keymaps are a number of map files. Choose the one relevant to your system and load it. kbdcontrol -l uk.iso

Both the /usr/share/syscons/keymaps and the .

This can be configured in /etc/sysconfig (or ). See the appropriate comments in this file.

In 2.0.5R and later, everything related to text fonts, keyboard mapping is in /usr/share/examples/syscons.

The following mappings are currently supported: Belgian ISO-8859-1 Brazilian 275 keyboard Codepage 850 Brazilian 275 keyboard ISO-8859-1 Danish Codepage 865 Danish ISO-8859-1 French ISO-8859-1 German Codepage 850 German ISO-8859-1 Italian ISO-8859-1 Japanese 106 Japanese 106x Latin American Norwegian ISO-8859-1 Polish ISO-8859-2 (programmer's) Russian Codepage 866 (alternative) Russian koi8-r (shift) Russian koi8-r Spanish ISO-8859-1 Swedish Codepage 850 Swedish ISO-8859-1 Swiss-German ISO-8859-1 United Kingdom Codepage 850 United Kingdom ISO-8859-1 United States of America ISO-8859-1 United States of America dvorak United States of America dvorakx I can't get user quotas to work properly.

Don't turn on quotas on '/', Put the quota file on the file system that the quotas are to be enforced on. ie: FS QUOTA FILE /usr /usr/admin/quotas /home /home/admin/quotas ... What's inappropriate about my ccd?

The symptom of this is: # ccdconfig -C ccdconfig: ioctl (CCDIOCSET): /dev/ccd0c: Inappropriate file type or format #

This usually happens when you are trying to concatenate the `c' partitions, which default to type `unused'. The ccd driver requires the underlying partition type to be FS_BSDFFS. Edit the disklabel of the disks you are trying to concatenate and change the types of partitions to `4.2BSD'. Why can't I edit the disklabel on my ccd?

The symptom of this is: # disklabel ccd0 (it prints something sensible here, so let's try to edit it) # disklabel -e ccd0 (edit, save, quit) disklabel: ioctl DIOCWDINFO: No disk label on disk; use "disklabel -r" to install initial label #

This is because the disklabel returned by ccd is actually a `fake' one that is not really on the disk. You can solve this problem by writing it back explicitly, as in: # disklabel ccd0 > /tmp/disklabel.tmp # disklabel -Rr ccd0 /tmp/disklabel.tmp # disklabel -e ccd0 (this will work now) Does FreeBSD support System V IPC primitives?

Yes, FreeBSD supports System V-style IPC. This includes shared memory, messages and semaphores. You need to add the following lines to your kernel config to enable them. options SYSVSHM options "SHMMAXPGS=64" # 256Kb of sharable memory options SYSVSEM # enable for semaphores options SYSVMSG # enable for messaging

Recompile and install.

How do I use sendmail for mail delivery with UUCP?

The sendmail configuration that ships with FreeBSD is suited for sites that connect directly to the Internet. Sites that wish to exchange their mail via UUCP must install another sendmail configuration file.

Tweaking /etc/sendmail.cf manually is considered something for purists. Sendmail version 8 comes with a new approach of generating config files via some preprocessing, where the actual hand-crafted configuration is on a higher abstraction level. You should use the configuration files under /usr/src/usr.sbin/sendmail/cf

If you didn't install your system with full sources, the sendmail config stuff has been broken out into a separate source distribution tarball just for you. Assuming you've got your CD-ROM mounted, do: cd /usr/src tar -xvzf /cdrom/dists/src/ssmailcf.aa

Don't panic, this is only a few hundred kilobytes in size. The file README in the cf directory can serve as a basic introduction to m4 configuration.

For UUCP delivery, you are best advised to use the mailertable feature. This constitutes a database that sendmail can use to base its routing decision upon.

First, you have to create your .mc file. The directory /usr/src/usr.sbin/sendmail/cf/cf is the home of these files. Look around, there are already a few examples. Assuming you have named your file foo.mc, all you need to do in order to convert it into a valid sendmail.cf is: cd /usr/src/usr.sbin/sendmail/cf/cf make foo.cf cp foo.cf /etc/sendmail.cf

A typical .mc file might look like: include(`../m4/cf.m4') VERSIONID(`Your version number') OSTYPE(bsd4.4) FEATURE(nodns) FEATURE(nocanonify) FEATURE(mailertable) define(`UUCP_RELAY', your.uucp.relay) define(`UUCP_MAX_SIZE', 200000) MAILER(local) MAILER(smtp) MAILER(uucp) Cw your.alias.host.name Cw youruucpnodename.UUCP

The nodns and nocanonify features will prevent any usage of the DNS during mail delivery. The UUCP_RELAY clause is needed for bizarre reasons, don't ask. Simply put an Internet hostname there that is able to handle .UUCP pseudo-domain addresses; most likely, you will enter the mail relay of your ISP there.

Once you've got this, you need this file called /etc/mailertable. A typical example of this gender again: # # makemap hash /etc/mailertable.db < /etc/mailertable # horus.interface-business.de uucp-dom:horus .interface-business.de uucp-dom:if-bus interface-business.de uucp-dom:if-bus .heep.sax.de smtp8:%1 horus.UUCP uucp-dom:horus if-bus.UUCP uucp-dom:if-bus . uucp-dom:sax

As you can see, this is part of a real-life file. The first three lines handle special cases where domain-addressed mail should not be sent out to the default route, but instead to some UUCP neighbor in order to ``shortcut'' the delivery path. The next line handles mail to the local Ethernet domain that can be delivered using SMTP. Finally, the UUCP neighbors are mentioned in the .UUCP pseudo-domain notation, to allow for a ``uucp-neighbor!recipient'' override of the default rules. The last line is always a single dot, matching everything else, with UUCP delivery to a UUCP neighbor that serves as your universal mail gateway to the world. All of the node names behind the uucp-dom: keyword must be valid UUCP neighbors, as you can verify using the command uuname.

As a reminder that this file needs to be converted into a DBM database file before being usable, the command line to accomplish this is best placed as a comment at the top of the mailertable. You always have to execute this command each time you change your mailertable.

Final hint: if you are uncertain whether some particular mail routing would work, remember the -bt option to sendmail. It starts sendmail in address test mode; simply enter ``0 '', followed by the address you wish to test for the mail routing. The last line tells you the used internal mail agent, the destination host this agent will be called with, and the (possibly translated) address. Leave this mode by typing Control-D. j@uriah 191% sendmail -bt ADDRESS TEST MODE (ruleset 3 NOT automatically invoked) Enter