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<chapter id="printing">
<chapterinfo>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<firstname>Sean</firstname>
<surname>Kelly</surname>
<contrib>ÓõíåéóöïñÜ áðü ôïí </contrib>
</author>
<!-- 30 Sept 1995 -->
</authorgroup>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<firstname>Jim</firstname>
<surname>Mock</surname>
<contrib>ÁíáäïìÞèçêå êáé áíáíåþèçêå áðü ôïí </contrib>
<!-- Mar 2000 -->
</author>
</authorgroup>
</chapterinfo>
<title>Åêôõðþóåéò</title>
<sect1 id="printing-synopsis">
<title>Óýíïøç</title>
<indexterm><primary>LPD óýóôçìá spooling</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>åêôõðþóåéò</primary></indexterm>
<para>Ìðïñåßôå íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôï &os; ãéá íá êÜíåôå åêôõðþóåéò
óå äéÜöïñïõò ôýðïõò åêôõðùôþí, áðü ôïí ðáëáéüôåñï êñïõóôéêü ùò ôïí ðéï
óýã÷ñïíï laser åêôõðùôÞ, êáèþò êáé ïðïéáóäÞðïôå Üëëçò ôå÷íïëïãßáò
áíÜìåóá ôïõò, êáé íá äçìéïõñãÞóåôå åêôõðþóåéò õøçëÞò ðïéüôçôáò ìå ôéò
åöáñìïãÝò ðïõ åêôåëåßôå.</para>
<para>Ôï &os; ìðïñåß åðßóçò íá ñõèìéóôåß þóôå íá ëåéôïõñãåß ùò
åîõðçñåôçôÞò åêôõðþóåùí äéêôýïõ. Ìå áõôÞ ôç äõíáôüôçôá ôï &os; ìðïñåß
íá ëáìâÜíåé åñãáóßåò åêôýðùóçò áðü äéÜöïñïõò Üëëïõò õðïëïãéóôÝò,
óõìðåñéëáìâáíïìÝíùí õðïëïãéóôþí &os;, &windows; êáé &macos;. Ôï &os;
ìðïñåß íá åîáóöáëßæåé üôé ìüíï ìéá åñãáóßá èá ôõðþíåôáé êÜèå ÷ñïíéêÞ
óôéãìÞ êáé ìðïñåß íá ôçñåß óôáôéóôéêÜ ãéá ôïõò ÷ñÞóôåò êáé ôá
ìç÷áíÞìáôá ðïõ èá êÜíïõí ôéò ðåñéóóüôåñåò åêôõðþóåéò, íá ðáñÜãåé
óåëßäåò <quote>banner</quote> ðïõ íá äåß÷íïõí óå ðïéüí áíÞêåé ç êÜèå
åêôýðùóç, êáé ðïëëÜ Üëëá.</para>
<para>Áöïý äéáâÜóåôå áõôü ôï êåöÜëáéï èá îÝñåôå:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Ðùò íá ñõèìßóåôå ôçí ïõñÜ åêôõðþóåùí (print spooler) ôïõ
&os;.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Ðùò íá åãêáèéóôÜôå ößëôñá åêôýðùóçò, íá ÷åéñßæåóôå
åéäéêÝò åñãáóßåò åêôýðùóçò (ð.÷. ôç ìåôáôñïðÞ
åéóåñ÷üìåíùí êåéìÝíùí óå ìïñöÝò åêôýðùóçò ðïõ åßíáé êáôáíïçôÝò áðü
ôïõò åêôõðùôÝò óáò).</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Ðùò íá åíåñãïðïéÞóåôå óåëßäåò ôýðïõ êåöáëßäáò Þ banner óôéò
åêôõðþóåéò óáò.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Ðùò íá åêôõðþíåôå óå åêôõðùôÝò ðïõ åßíáé óõíäåäåìÝíïé óå Üëëïõò
õðïëïãéóôÝò.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Ðùò íá åêôõðþíåôå óå åêôõðùôÝò ðïõ åßíáé óõíäåäåìÝíïé áðåõèåßáò
óôï äßêôõï.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Ðùò íá åëÝã÷åôå ôïõò ðåñéïñéóìïýò åêôýðùóçò, óõìðåñéëáìâáíïìÝíùí
ôùí ðåñéïñéóìþí ìåãÝèïõò ôùí åñãáóéþí åêôýðùóçò, êáé ðùò íá
ðáñåìðïäßæåôå ôçí äõíáôüôçôá åêôýðùóçò óå óõãêåêñéìÝíïõò
÷ñÞóôåò.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Ðùò íá êñáôÞóåôå óôáôéóôéêÜ ãéá ôïí åêôõðùôÞ, êáé êáôáãñáöÞ
ãéá ôç ÷ñÞóç ôïõ åêôõðùôÞ áðü êÜèå ÷ñÞóôç.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Ðùò íá áíôéìåôùðßóåôå ðñïâëÞìáôá óôéò åêôõðþóåéò.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>Ðñéí äéáâÜóåôå áõôü ôï êåöÜëáéï, èá ðñÝðåé:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Íá ãíùñßæåôå ðùò íá ñõèìßóåôå êáé íá åãêáôáóôÞóåôå Ýíá íÝï
ðõñÞíá (<xref linkend="kernelconfig">).</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="printing-intro-spooler">
<title>ÅéóáãùãÞ</title>
<para>Ãéá íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå åêôõðùôÝò óôï &os;, èá ÷ñåéáóôåß íá
ñõèìßóåôå ôç ëåéôïõñãßá ôïõò ìå ôï óýóôçìá ðáñï÷Ýôåõóçò (spooling)
åêôõðùôþí ãñáììÞò ôïõ Berkeley, ãíùóôü åðßóçò êáé ùò óýóôçìá
ðáñï÷Ýôåõóçò <application>LPD</application>, Þ áðëÜ
<application>LPD</application>. Áõôü åßíáé ôï ðñïêáèïñéóìÝíï óýóôçìá
åëÝã÷ïõ åêôõðùôþí óôï &os;. Ôï êåöÜëáéï áõôü åßíáé ìéá åéóáãùãÞ óôï
<application>LPD</application> êáé èá óáò êáèïäçãÞóåé óôéò ñõèìßóåéò
ôïõ.</para>
<para>ÅÜí óáò åßíáé ïéêåßï ôï <application>LPD</application> Þ êÜðïéï Üëëï
óýóôçìá ðáñï÷Ýôåõóçò åêôõðùôþí, ôüôå ìðïñåßôå íá ìåôáðçäÞóåôå óôçí
åíüôçôá <link linkend="printing-intro-setup">ÂáóéêÞ ÅãêáôÜóôáóç</link>.</para>
<para>Ôï <application>LPD</application> ìðïñåß íá åëÝã÷åé åî' ïëïêëÞñïõ
üëåò ôéò ëåéôïõñãßåò ôùí åêôõðùôþí åíüò õðïëïãéóôÞ. Åßíáé êõñßùò
õðåýèõíï ãéá Ýíá ðëÞèïò ëåéôïõñãéþí:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>ÅëÝã÷åé ôçí ðñüóâáóç óå áðåõèåßáò óõíäåìÝíïõò åêôõðùôÝò êáé
åêôõðùôÝò ðñïóáñôçìÝíïõò óå Üëëïõò êüìâïõò óôï äßêôõï.</para>
</listitem>
<indexterm><primary>åñãáóßåò åêôýðùóçò</primary></indexterm>
<listitem>
<para>ÅðéôñÝðåé óå ÷ñÞóôåò íá óôÝëíïõí áñ÷åßá ðñïò åêôýðùóç. Ïé
áðïóôïëÝò áõôÝò åßíáé ãíùóôÝò ùò
<emphasis>åñãáóßåò (jobs)</emphasis>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Äéáôçñåß <emphasis>ïõñÜ áíáìïíÞò (queue)</emphasis> ãéá êÜèå
åêôõðùôÞ, þóôå íá ðñïëáìâÜíåé ôçí ôáõôü÷ñïíç ðñüóâáóç áðü ðïëëïýò
÷ñÞóôåò.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Ìðïñåß íá åêôõðþíåé <emphasis>óåëßäåò êåöáëßäáò</emphasis>
(ãíùóôÝò åðßóçò ùò <emphasis>banner</emphasis> Þ
<emphasis>óåëßäåò burst</emphasis>) þóôå ïé ÷ñÞóôåò íá ìðïñïýí
åýêïëá íá îå÷ùñßóïõí ôéò åñãáóßåò ôïõò ìÝóá óôçí óôïßâá
åêôõðþóåùí.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Öñïíôßæåé ãéá ôçí ïñèüôçôá ôùí ðáñáìÝôñùí åðéêïéíùíßáò ôùí
åêôõðùôþí ðïõ åßíáé óõíäåäåìÝíïé óå óåéñéáêÝò èýñåò.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Ìðïñåß ìÝóù ôïõ äéêôýïõ íá óôåßëåé åñãáóßåò óå óýóôçìá
ðáñï÷Ýôåõóçò <application>LPD</application> äéáöïñåôéêïý
õðïëïãéóôÞ.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Ìðïñåß íá åêôåëÝóåé äéÜöïñá ößëôñá ãéá íá ðñïóáñìüóåé åñãáóßåò
þóôå íá åßíáé äõíáôÞ ç åêôýðùóç ôïõò óå åêôõðùôÝò ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýí
äéáöïñåôéêÝò ãëþóóåò Þ Ý÷ïõí äéáöïñåôéêÝò äõíáôüôçôåò.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Ìðïñåß íá êÜíåé êáôáìÝôñçóç ÷ñÞóçò ôïõ åêôõðùôÞ.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>ÌÝóù ôïõ áñ÷åßïõ ñýèìéóçò (<filename>/etc/printcap</filename>),
êáé ìå ôç âïÞèåéá åéäéêþí ðñïãñáììÜôùí ößëôñùí, ìðïñåßôå íá
åíåñãïðïéÞóåôå ôï óýóôçìá <application>LPD</application> íá êÜíåé üëåò
Þ êÜðïéåò áðü ôéò ðáñáðÜíù åñãáóßåò óå ìéá ìåãÜëç ãêÜìá óõóêåõþí
åêôýðùóçò.</para>
<sect2 id="printing-intro-why">
<title>Ãéáôß èá ðñÝðåé íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå ôïí Spooler</title>
<para>Áí åßóôå ï ìïíáäéêüò ÷ñÞóôçò ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò, èá áíáñùôéÝóôå
ãéáôß èá Ýðñåðå íá åíäéáöåñèåßôå ãéá ôïí spooler áöïý äåí ÷ñåéÜæåóôå
Ýëåã÷ï ðñüóâáóçò, óåëßäåò êåöáëßäáò, Þ áíáöïñÝò åêôýðùóçò. Áí êáé
ìðïñåßôå íá åíåñãïðïéÞóåôå ôçí Üìåóç ðñüóâáóç óôïí åêôõðùôÞ, åßíáé
êáëýôåñá íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå ôïí spooler ãéá ôïõò ðáñáêÜôù
ëüãïõò:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>ôï <application>LPD</application> åêôõðþíåé ôéò åñãáóßåò óôï
ðáñáóêÞíéï, äåí ÷ñåéÜæåôáé íá ðåñéìÝíåôå íá áíôéãñáöïýí ôá
äåäïìÝíá óôïí åêôõðùôÞ.</para>
</listitem>
<indexterm><primary>&tex;</primary></indexterm>
<listitem>
<para>Ôï <application>LPD</application> ìðïñåß Üíåôá íá åêôåëåß
ìéá åñãáóßá åêôýðùóçò äéáìÝóïõ ößëôñùí êáé íá ðñïóèÝôåé êåöáëßäåò
çìåñïìçíßáò/þñáò Þ íá ìåôáôñÝðåé êÜðïéï åéäéêü ôýðï áñ÷åßïõ
(üðùò Ýíá áñ÷åßï &tex; DVI) óå Ýíá ôýðï êáôáíïçôü áðü ôïí
åêôõðùôÞ óáò. ÁõôÝò ïé äéáäéêáóßåò äåí ÷ñåéÜæåôáé íá ãßíïíôáé
÷åéñïêßíçôá.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>ÐïëëÜ áðü ôá åëåýèåñá êáé åìðïñéêÜ äéáèÝóéìá ðñïãñÜììáôá
ðïõ ðáñÝ÷ïõí äéåõêïëýíóåéò óôçí åêôýðùóç, óõíÞèùò åðéæçôïýí
íá åðéêïéíùíÞóïõí ìå ôïí spooler ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò óáò. Ñõèìßæïíôáò
ôï óýóôçìá ðáñï÷Ýôåõóçò, èá ìðïñåßôå åõêïëüôåñá íá õðïóôçñßæåôå
ëïãéóìéêü ôñßôùí, ðïõ ìðïñåß Þäç íá Ý÷åôå Þ ðïõ ðñüêåéôáé íá
åãêáôáóôÞóåôå óôï ìÝëëïí.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="printing-intro-setup">
<title>ÂáóéêÞ ÅãêáôÜóôáóç</title>
<para>Ãéá íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå åêôõðùôÝò ìå ôï óýóôçìá ðáñï÷Ýôåõóçò
<application>LPD</application>, èá ðñÝðåé íá åãêáôáóôÞóåôå ôüóï ôï
hardware ôïõ åêôõðùôÞ óáò üóï êáé ôï ëïãéóìéêü
<application>LPD</application>. Áõôü ôï Ýããñáöï ðåñéãñÜöåé ôçí
åãêáôÜóôáóç óå äýï óôÜäéá:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Äåßôå ôçí åíüôçôá <link linkend="printing-simple">ÂáóéêÝò
Ñõèìßóåéò Åêôõðùôþí</link> ãéá íá ìÜèåôå ðùò ãßíåôáé ç óýíäåóç
åêôõðùôþí, ìå ðïéï ôñüðï åðéêïéíùíåß ôï
<application>LPD</application> ìå ôïõò åêôõðùôÝò, êáé ðùò íá
åêôõðþíåôå áðëÜ áñ÷åßá êåéìÝíïõ.</para></listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Äåßôå ôçí åíüôçôá <link linkend="printing-advanced">Ñõèìßóåéò
Åêôõðùôþí ãéá Ðñï÷ùñçìÝíïõò</link> ãéá íá ìÜèåôå ðùò íá åêôõðþíåôå
áñ÷åßá åéäéêÞò ìïñöÞò äéáöüñùí ôýðùí, ðùò íá åêôõðþíåôå óåëßäåò
êåöáëßäáò, ðùò íá åêôõðþíåôå óå Ýíá äßêôõï, ðùò íá åëÝã÷åôå ôçí
ðñüóâáóç óôïõò åêôõðùôÝò, êáé ðùò íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå ôçí êáôáãñáöÞ
åêôõðþóåùí.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<sect2 id="printing-simple">
<title>ÂáóéêÝò Ñõèìßóåéò Åêôõðùôþí</title>
<para>ÁõôÞ ç åíüôçôá ðåñéãñÜöåé ðùò íá ñõèìßóåôå ôï hardware ôïõ
åêôõðùôÞ êáé ôï ëïãéóìéêü <application>LPD</application>. ÐáñÝ÷åé
âáóéêÝò ãíþóåéò ãéá ôá åîÞò èÝìáôá:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Ç Åíüôçôá <link linkend="printing-hardware">Ñõèìßóåéò
Hardware</link> õðïäåéêíýåé ðùò íá óõíäÝóåôå ôïí åêôõðùôÞ óå
ìéá èýñá ôïõ õðïëïãéóôÞ óáò.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Ç Åíüôçôá <link linkend="printing-software">Ñõèìßóåéò
Ëïãéóìéêïý</link> õðïäåéêíýåé ðùò íá åãêáôáóôÞóåôå ôï áñ÷åßï
ñýèìéóçò ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò ðáñï÷Ýôåõóçò
<application>LPD</application>: ôï áñ÷åßï
<filename>/etc/printcap</filename>.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>Áí ðñïóðáèåßôå íá åãêáôáóôÞóåôå Ýíáí åêôõðùôÞ ðïõ äÝ÷åôáé äåäïìÝíá
ìÝóù ðñùôïêüëëïõ äéêôýïõ êáé ü÷é ìÝóù äéáóýíäåóçò ôïðéêÞò èýñáò, ôüôå
äåßôå ôçí åíüôçôá
<link linkend="printing-advanced-network-net-if">ÅêôõðùôÝò Ìå
ÓõíäÝóåéò Äéêôýïõ</link>.</para>
<para>Áí êáé áõôÞ ç åíüôçôá ïíïìÜæåôáé <quote>ÂáóéêÝò Ñõèìßóåéò
Åêôõðùôþí</quote>, óôçí ðñáãìáôéêüôçôá åßíáé áñêåôÜ ðåñßðëïêç. Ôï
äõóêïëüôåñï óôÜäéï óôçí åãêáôÜóôáóç åßíáé ç åðéôõ÷Þò ëåéôïõñãßá óôçí
åðéêïéíùíßá ôïõ åêôõðùôÞ ìå ôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ óáò êáé ôï óýóôçìá
ðáñï÷Ýôåõóçò <application>LPD</application>. Ïé åðéëïãÝò ãéá
ðñï÷ùñçìÝíïõò, üðùò ïé óåëßäåò êåöáëßäáò êáé áíáöïñÜò åßíáé ó÷åôéêÜ
åýêïëåò íá åðéôåõ÷èïýí, ìåôÜ ôçí åðéôõ÷Þ ñýèìéóç ôçò âáóéêÞò
ëåéôïõñãßáò åêôýðùóçò.</para>
<sect3 id="printing-hardware">
<title>Ñõèìßóåéò Hardware</title>
<para>ÁõôÞ ç åíüôçôá åîçãåß ôïõò äéÜöïñïõò ôñüðïõò óýíäåóçò ôïõ
åêôõðùôÞ ìå ôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ óáò. ÐåñéãñÜöåé ôïõò äéÜöïñïõò ôýðïõò
èõñþí êáé êáëùäßùí, êáé ôéò ñõèìßóåéò ðïõ ðñÝðåé íá êÜíåôå
óôïí ðõñÞíá ãéá íá åíåñãïðïéÞóåôå ôçí åðéêïéíùíßá ìåôáîý &os; êáé
åêôõðùôÞ.</para>
<para>Áí Þäç Ý÷åôå êáôáöÝñåé íá óõíäÝóåôå ôïí åêôõðùôÞ óáò êáé Ý÷åôå
åêôõðþóåé åðéôõ÷þò óå Üëëï ëåéôïõñãéêü óýóôçìá, ôüôå ìðïñåßôå íá
ìåôáâåßôå êáôåõèåßáí óôçí åíüôçôá <link
linkend="printing-software">Ñõèìßóåéò Ëïãéóìéêïý</link>.</para>
<sect4 id="printing-ports">
<title>Èýñåò êáé Êáëþäéá</title>
<para>Ïé åêôõðùôÝò ðïõ äéáôßèåíôáé óÞìåñá ãéá ÷ñÞóç ìå Ç/Õ
ðáñÝ÷ïíôáé ìå ìßá Þ ðåñéóóüôåñåò åê ôùí áêïëïýèùí ôñéþí
äéáóõíäÝóåùí:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<indexterm>
<primary>åêôõðùôÝò</primary>
<secondary>óåéñéáêïß</secondary>
</indexterm>
<listitem>
<para>Ïé <emphasis>ÓåéñéáêÝò</emphasis> äéáóõíäÝóåéò, ãíùóôÝò
êáé ùò RS-232 Þ èýñåò COM, ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýí ôçí óåéñéáêÞ èýñá
ôïõ õðïëïãéóôÞ óáò ãéá íá óôåßëïõí äåäïìÝíá óôïí åêôõðùôÞ.
Ïé óåéñéáêÝò äéáóõíäÝóåéò åßíáé óõíÞèåéò óôçí âéïìç÷áíßá
êáôáóêåõÞò Ç/Õ êáé ôá êáëþäéá åßíáé åêôåíþò äéáäåäïìÝíá êáé
åðßóçò åýêïëá íá êáôáóêåõáóôïýí. Ïé óåéñéáêÝò äéáóõíäÝóåéò
ìåñéêÝò öïñÝò ÷ñåéÜæïíôáé åéäéêÜ êáëþäéá êáé ìðïñåß íá óáò
æçôçèïýí ðïëýðëïêåò åðéêïéíùíéáêÝò ñõèìßóåéò. Ïé ðåñéóóüôåñåò
óåéñéáêÝò èýñåò ôùí Ç/Õ Ý÷ïõí ìÝãéóôç ôá÷ýôçôá ìåôÜäïóçò
115200 bps, êÜíïíôáò äýóêïëç ôçí åñãáóßá åêôýðùóçò
ãñáöéêþí ìåãÜëùí äéáóôÜóåùí.</para>
</listitem>
<indexterm>
<primary>åêôõðùôÝò</primary>
<secondary>ðáñÜëëçëïé</secondary>
</indexterm>
<listitem>
<para>Ïé <emphasis>ÐáñÜëëçëåò</emphasis> äéáóõíäÝóåéò
÷ñçóéìïðïéïýí ôçí ðáñÜëëçëç èýñá ôïõ õðïëïãéóôÞ óáò ãéá íá
óôÝëíïõí äåäïìÝíá óôïí åêôõðùôÞ. Ïé ðáñÜëëçëåò äéáóõíäÝóåéò
åßíáé äéáäåäïìÝíåò óôï åìðüñéï êáé åßíáé ãñçãïñüôåñåò áðü ôéò
óåéñéáêÝò RS-232. Ôá êáëþäéá äéáôßèåíôáé Ýôïéìá, áëëÜ åßíáé
äõóêïëüôåñï íá êáôáóêåõáóôïýí ÷åéñùíáêôéêÜ. Ìå ôéò ðáñÜëëçëåò
äéáóõíäÝóåéò äåí ðñïâëÝðïíôáé åðéëïãÝò ñýèìéóçò åðéêïéíùíßáò,
êÜíïíôáò ôçí ñýèìéóç ôïõò åîáéñåôéêÜ áðëÞ.</para>
<indexterm>
<primary>centronics</primary>
<see>ðáñÜëëçëïé åêôõðùôÝò</see>
</indexterm>
<para>Ïé ðáñÜëëçëåò äéáóõíäÝóåéò åßíáé ãíùóôÝò êáé ùò
äéáóõíäÝóåéò <quote>Centronics</quote>, ïíïìáóßá ðñïåñ÷üìåíç
áðü ôïí ôýðï ôïõ áêñïäÝêôç ôïõ åêôõðùôÞ.</para>
</listitem>
<indexterm>
<primary>åêôõðùôÝò</primary>
<secondary>USB</secondary>
</indexterm>
<listitem>
<para>Ïé äéáóõíäÝóåéò USB, óõíôïìïãñáößá áðü ôï Universal
Serial Bus, äïõëåýïõí óå áêüìç ìåãáëýôåñåò ôá÷ýôçôåò áðü ôçí
ðáñÜëëçëç êáé ôçí RS-232 óåéñéáêÞ äéáóýíäåóç. Ôá êáëþäéá ôïõò
åßíáé áðëÜ êáé öôçíÜ. Ç USB åßíáé áíþôåñç áðü ôçí ÓåéñéáêÞ
RS-232 êáé áðü ôçí ÐáñÜëëçëç óôçí åêôýðùóç, áëëÜ äõóôõ÷þò äåí
õðïóôçñßæåôáé êáëÜ áðü ôá óõóôÞìáôá &unix;. ¸íáò ôñüðïò ãéá
íá áðïöýãåôå áõôü ôï ðñüâëçìá åßíáé íá áãïñÜóåôå åêôõðùôÞ
ðïõ öÝñåé äéáóýíäåóç USB êáé ÐáñÜëëçëç, üðùò óõìâáßíåé ìå
ðïëëïýò åêôõðùôÝò.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>ÃåíéêÜ, ïé ÐáñÜëëçëåò äéáóõíäÝóåéò ðñïóöÝñïõí óõíÞèùò
ìßáò êáôåýèõíóçò åðéêïéíùíßá (áðü ôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ óôïí åêôõðùôÞ)
åíþ ç óåéñéáêÞ êáé ç USB äßíïõí áìößäñïìç. Óôï &os; ïé ðéï
ðñüóöáôåò ðáñÜëëçëåò èýñåò (EPP êáé ECP) êáôáöÝñíïõí
áìößäñïìç åðéêïéíùíßá ìå ôïõò åêôõðùôÝò, üôáí ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýíôáé
êáëþäéá ðïõ óõììïñöþíïíôáé ìå ôï ðñüôõðï IEEE-1284.</para>
<indexterm><primary>PostScript</primary></indexterm>
<para>Ç áìößäñïìç åðéêïéíùíßá ìå åêôõðùôÝò äéáìÝóïõ ðáñÜëëçëçò
èýñáò ìðïñåß íá åðéôåõ÷èåß ãåíéêÜ ìå äýï ôñüðïõò. Ï ðñþôïò ôñüðïò
÷ñçóéìïðïéåß Ýíá ðñïóáñìïóìÝíï ðñüãñáììá ïäÞãçóçò åêôõðùôÞ, þóôå
íá ìðïñåß ôï &os; íá óõíïìéëåß óôçí ãëþóóá ôïõ åêôõðùôÞ. Áõôü
åßíáé óýíçèåò ìå åêôõðùôÝò inkjet êáé ìðïñåß åðßóçò íá
÷ñçóéìïðïéçèåß ãéá áíáöïñÝò äéáèÝóéìçò ðïóüôçôáò ìåëáíéïý êáé ãéá
Üëëåò ðëçñïöïñßåò ëåéôïõñãßáò. Ç äåýôåñç ìÝèïäïò ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé
üôáí ï åêôõðùôÞò Ý÷åé äõíáôüôçôá õðïóôÞñéîçò &postscript;.</para>
<para>Ïé åñãáóßåò &postscript; åßíáé óôçí ðñáãìáôéêüôçôá ðñïãñÜììáôá
ðïõ áðïóôÝëëïíôáé óôïí åêôõðùôÞ, äåí åßíáé áðáñáßôçôï íá ðáñÜãïõí
åêôõðþóåéò, åíþ ìðïñïýí íá åðéóôñÝøïõí ôï áðïôÝëåóìá ôïõò
áðåõèåßáò óôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ. Ôï &postscript; ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß
áìößäñïìç åðéêïéíùíßá ãéá íá åíçìåñþóåé ôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ ãéá ôõ÷üí
ðñïâëÞìáôá, üðùò óöÜëìáôá óôï ðñüãñáììá &postscript; Þ
ìðëïêÜñéóìá ôñïöïäïóßáò ÷áñôéïý. Ïé ÷ñÞóôåò óáò, èá óáò åßíáé
åõãíþìïíåò ãéá áõôÝò ôéò ðëçñïöïñßåò. ÅðéðëÝïí, ï êáëýôåñïò
ôñüðïò ãéá íá êÜíåôå óùóôÞ êáôáìÝôñçóç ìå Ýíá áìößäñïìï åêôõðùôÞ
&postscript; åßíáé: íá ñùôÞóåôå ôïí åêôõðùôÞ ãéá ôçí óõíïëéêÞ
êáôáìÝôñçóç ôùí óåëßäùí ôïõ (ðüóåò óåëßäåò åêôýðùóå óå üëç ôç
äéÜñêåéá æùÞò ôïõ), ìåôÜ íá áðïóôåßëåôå ôçí åñãáóßá ôïõ ÷ñÞóôç,
êáé Ýðåéôá íá îáíáñùôÞóåôå ãéá ôçí êáôáìÝôñçóç ôùí óåëßäùí ôïõ.
ÁöáéñÝóôå ôéò äýï ôéìÝò êáé èá ãíùñßæåôå ðüóåò óåëßäåò íá
÷ñåþóåôå óôïí ÷ñÞóôç.</para>
</sect4>
<sect4 id="printing-parallel">
<title>ÐáñÜëëçëåò Èýñåò</title>
<para>Ãéá íá óõíäÝóåôå Ýíáí åêôõðùôÞ óå ðáñÜëëçëç èýñá, óõíäÝóôå
ôï êáëþäéï Centronics ìåôáîý åêôõðùôÞ êáé õðïëïãéóôÞ.
Ïé ïäçãßåò ðïõ óõíïäåýïõí ôïí åêôõðùôÞ êáé ôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ èá óáò
êáèïäçãÞóïõí íá ïëïêëçñþóåôå ôçí óýíäåóç.</para>
<para>Èõìçèåßôå ðïéá ðáñÜëëçëç èýñá ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå óôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ.
Ç ðñþôç ðáñÜëëçëç èýñá óôï &os; åßíáé ç
<filename class="devicefile">ppc0</filename>,
ç äåýôåñç åßíáé ç <filename class="devicefile">ppc1</filename>,
êáé ïýôù êáèåîÞò. Ôï üíïìá óõóêåõÞò ôïõ åêôõðùôÞ ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß
ôçí ßäéá áñßèìçóç:
<filename class="devicefile">/dev/lpt0</filename> ãéá ôïí
åêôõðùôÞ óôçí ðñþôç ðáñÜëëçëç èýñá ê.ô.ë.</para>
</sect4>
<sect4 id="printing-serial">
<title>ÓåéñéáêÝò Èýñåò</title>
<para>Ãéá íá óõíäÝóåôå Ýíáí åêôõðùôÞ ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò óåéñéáêÞ
äéáóýíäåóç, óõíäÝóôå ôï êáôÜëëçëï óåéñéáêü êáëþäéï ìåôáîý åêôõðùôÞ
êáé õðïëïãéóôÞ. Ïé ïäçãßåò ðïõ óõíïäåýïõí ôïí åêôõðùôÞ êáé ôïí
õðïëïãéóôÞ óáò, èá óáò êáèïäçãÞóïõí íá ïëïêëçñþóåôå ôçí
óýíäåóç.</para>
<para>Áí äåí åßóôå óßãïõñïé ðïéï åßíáé ôï <quote>êáôÜëëçëï óåéñéáêü
êáëþäéï</quote>, ìðïñåßôå íá äïêéìÜóåôå ìßá áðü ôéò áêüëïõèåò
åíáëëáêôéêÝò:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>¸íá êáëþäéï <emphasis>modem</emphasis> åíþíåé êÜèå pin
ôïõ áêñïäÝêôç áðü ôç ìéá ðëåõñÜ ôïõ êáëùäßïõ êáôåõèåßáí ìå
ôï áíôßóôïé÷ï pin ôïõ áêñïäÝêôç óôï Üëëï Üêñï. Áõôüò ï ôýðïò
êáëùäßïõ åßíáé ãíùóôüò êáé ùò êáëþäéï
<quote>DTE-to-DCE</quote>.</para>
</listitem>
<indexterm><primary>null-modem cable</primary></indexterm>
<listitem>
<para>¸íá êáëþäéï <emphasis>null-modem</emphasis> åíþíåé
êáôåõèåßáí ìåñéêÜ pins, áíôáëëÜóóåé ìåñéêÜ Üëëá (ãéá
ðáñÜäåéãìá, ôá pins áðïóôïëÞò êáé ëÞøçò), åíþ
âñá÷õêõêëþíåé ìåñéêÜ Üëëá, åóùôåñéêÜ, óôï ðñïóôáôåõôéêü
êÜëõììá êÜèå áêñïäÝêôç. Áõôüò ï ôýðïò êáëùäßïõ åßíáé ãíùóôüò
êáé ùò êáëþäéï <quote>DTE-to-DTE</quote>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>¸íá êáëþäéï <emphasis>óåéñéáêïý åêôõðùôÞ</emphasis>, ðïõ
áðáéôåßôáé áðü êÜðïéïõò ëéãüôåñï óõíçèéóìÝíïõò åêôõðùôÝò,
åßíáé óáí ôï êáëþäéï null-modem, áëëÜ óôÝëíåé éóïäýíáìá
óÞìáôá êáé óôá äýï Üêñá áíôß íá ôá âñá÷õêõêëþíåé
åóùôåñéêÜ.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<indexterm><primary>ñõèìüò baud</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>éóïäõíáìßá</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>ðñùôüêïëëï åëÝã÷ïõ ñïÞò</primary></indexterm>
<para>Èá ðñÝðåé åðßóçò íá ñõèìßóåôå ôéò ðáñáìÝôñïõò åðéêïéíùíßáò
ôïõ åêôõðùôÞ, óõíÞèùò áðü ôïí ìðñïóôéíü ðßíáêá åëÝã÷ïõ Þ áðü ôïõò
DIP äéáêüðôåò ôïõ. ÅðéëÝîôå ôçí ìÝãéóôç ôéìÞ
<literal>bps</literal> (bits per second = bits áíÜ äåõôåñüëåðôï,
áíáöÝñåôáé êáé ùò <emphasis>ñõèìüò baud</emphasis>) ðïõ
õðïóôçñßæïõí ï õðïëïãéóôÞò êáé ï åêôõðùôÞò óáò. ÅðéëÝîôå 7 Þ 8
data bits, none, even, Þ odd parity, êáé 1 Þ 2 stop bits. Åðßóçò
åðéëÝîôå Ýíá ðñùôüêïëëï åëÝã÷ïõ ñïÞò: åßôå none, Þ XON/XOFF
(áíáöÝñåôáé êáé ùò Ýëåã÷ïò ñïÞò <quote>in-band</quote> Þ
<quote>software</quote>). Íá èõìÜóôå áõôÝò ôéò
ñõèìßóåéò, ãéá ôï óôÜäéï ñýèìéóçò ëïãéóìéêïý ðïõ áêïëïõèåß.</para>
</sect4>
</sect3>
<sect3 id="printing-software">
<title>Ñõèìßóåéò Ëïãéóìéêïý</title>
<para>ÁõôÞ ç åíüôçôá ðåñéãñÜöåé ôéò áíáãêáßåò ñõèìßóåéò ðïõ ðñÝðåé
íá ãßíïõí óôï ëïãéóìéêü ãéá íá ìðïñåßôå íá åêôõðþíåôå ìå ôï óýóôçìá
ðáñï÷Ýôåõóçò åêôõðùôþí <application>LPD</application> óôï
&os;.</para>
<para>Ìéá ãåíéêÞ Üðïøç ôùí åíåñãåéþí ðïõ ðñÝðåé íá áêïëïõèÞóåôå
åßíáé:</para>
<procedure>
<step>
<para>Ñõèìßóôå ôïí ðõñÞíá óáò, áí åßíáé áíáãêáßï, ãéá ôçí èýñá
ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå ãéá ôïí åêôõðùôÞ óáò. Ïé áðáñáßôçôåò
ñõèìßóåéò ðåñéãñÜöïíôáé óôçí åíüôçôá <link
linkend="printing-kernel">Ñõèìßóåéò ÐõñÞíá</link>.</para>
</step>
<step>
<para>Ñõèìßóôå ôçí êáôÜóôáóç åðéêïéíùíßáò ãéá ôçí ðáñÜëëçëç èýñá,
áí ðñüêåéôáé íá ôçí ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå.
Ç åíüôçôá <link linkend="printing-parallel-port-mode">Ñõèìßóåéò
ÊáôÜóôáóçò Åðéêïéíùíßáò ãéá ôçí ÐáñÜëëçëç Èýñá</link> ðåñéÝ÷åé
ëåðôïìÝñåéåò.</para>
</step>
<step>
<para>ÅëÝãîôå áí ôï ëåéôïõñãéêü óýóôçìá ìðïñåß íá óôåßëåé äåäïìÝíá
óôïí åêôõðùôÞ.
Ç åíüôçôá <link linkend="printing-testing">¸ëåã÷ïò Åðéêïéíùíßáò
ôïõ ÅêôõðùôÞ</link> ðáñÝ÷åé ìåñéêÝò óõìâïõëÝò ãéá ôï ðùò èá
ìðïñïýóå íá ãßíåé ï Ýëåã÷ïò.</para>
</step>
<step>
<para>Ñõèìßóôå ôï <application>LPD</application> ãéá ôïí åêôõðùôÞ
óáò, ôñïðïðïéþíôáò ôï áñ÷åßï <filename>/etc/printcap</filename>.
Èá âñåßôå ïäçãßåò ãéá áõôÝò ôéò ñõèìßóåéò óå åðüìåíï ôìÞìá áõôïý
ôïõ êåöáëáßïõ.</para>
</step>
</procedure>
<sect4 id="printing-kernel">
<title>Ñõèìßóåéò ÐõñÞíá</title>
<para>Ï ðõñÞíáò ôïõ ëåéôïõñãéêïý óõóôÞìáôïò Ý÷åé ìåôáãëùôôéóôåß Ýôóé
þóôå íá äïõëåýåé ìå Ýíá óõãêåêñéìÝíï óýíïëï óõóêåõþí. Ç óåéñéáêÞ
êáé ç ðáñÜëëçëç äéáóýíäåóç ôïõ åêôõðùôÞ åßíáé ìÝñïò áõôïý ôïõ
óõíüëïõ. ÅðïìÝíùò, ßóùò íá åßíáé áíáãêáßï íá ðñïóèÝóåôå
õðïóôÞñéîç ãéá êÜðïéá ðñüóèåôç óåéñéáêÞ Þ ðáñÜëëçëç èýñá, áí äåí
åßíáé Þäç ñõèìéóìÝíç óôïí ðõñÞíá óáò.</para>
<para>Ãéá íá åëÝãîåôå áí ï ðõñÞíáò óáò ìðïñåß íá õðïóôçñßîåé ìéá
óåéñéáêÞ äéáóýíäåóç, ðëçêôñïëïãÞóôå:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput><command>grep sio<replaceable>N</replaceable> <filename>/var/run/dmesg.boot</filename></command></userinput></screen>
<para>¼ðïõ <replaceable>N</replaceable> åßíáé ï áñéèìüò ôçò
óåéñéáêÞò èýñáò, îåêéíþíôáò áðü ôï ìçäÝí. Áí äåßôå óôçí Ýîïäï ôïõ
ôåñìáôéêïý óáò êÜôé ðáñüìïéï ìå:</para>
<screen>sio2 at port 0x3e8-0x3ef irq 5 on isa
sio2: type 16550A</screen>
<para>ôüôå ï ðõñÞíáò õðïóôçñßæåé áõôÞ ôç èýñá.</para>
<para>Ãéá íá åëÝãîåôå áí ï ðõñÞíáò óáò õðïóôçñßæåé ðáñÜëëçëåò
äéáóõíäÝóåéò, ðëçêôñïëïãÞóôå:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput><command>grep ppc<replaceable>N</replaceable> <filename>/var/run/dmesg.boot</filename></command></userinput></screen>
<para>¼ðïõ <replaceable>N</replaceable> åßíáé ï áñéèìüò ôçò
ðáñÜëëçëçò èýñáò, îåêéíþíôáò áðü ôï ìçäÝí. Áí äåßôå óôçí Ýîïäï
ôïõ ôåñìáôéêïý óáò êÜôé ðáñüìïéï ìå:</para>
<screen>ppc0: <Parallel port> at port 0x378-0x37f irq 7 on isa0
ppc0: SMC-like chipset (ECP/EPP/PS2/NIBBLE) in COMPATIBLE mode
ppc0: FIFO with 16/16/8 bytes threshold</screen>
<para>ôüôå ï ðõñÞíáò õðïóôçñßæåé áõôÞ ôç èýñá.</para>
<para>Ãéá íá ìðïñåß ôï ëåéôïõñãéêü óýóôçìá íá áíáãíùñßæåé êáé íá
÷ñçóéìïðïéåß ôçí èýñá (ðáñÜëëçëç Þ óåéñéáêÞ) ãéá ôïí åêôõðùôÞ óáò,
ßóùò ÷ñåéáóôåß íá åðáíáðñïóáñìüóåôå ôïí ðõñÞíá óáò.</para>
<para>Ãéá ôçí õðïóôÞñéîç óåéñéáêÞò èýñáò, äåßôå ôçí åíüôçôá óôéò
ñõèìßóåéò ôïõ ðõñÞíá. Ãéá ôçí õðïóôÞñéîç ðáñÜëëçëçò èýñáò, äåßôå
ôçí ßäéá åíüôçôá <emphasis>êáé</emphasis> ôçí åíüôçôá ðïõ
áêïëïõèåß.</para>
</sect4>
</sect3>
<sect3 id="printing-parallel-port-mode">
<title>Ñõèìßóåéò ÊáôÜóôáóçò Åðéêïéíùíßáò ãéá ôçí ÐáñÜëëçëç
Èýñá</title>
<para>¼ôáí ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå ôçí ðáñÜëëçëç äéáóýíäåóç, ìðïñåßôå íá
åðéëÝîåôå áí ç åðéêïéíùíßá ôïõ &os; ìå ôïí åêôõðùôÞ èá åßíáé
ôýðïõ interrupt-driven Þ polled. Ï ãåíéêüò ïäçãüò óõóêåõÞò ôïõ
åêôõðùôÞ (&man.lpt.4;) óôï &os; ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß ôï óýóôçìá
&man.ppbus.4;, ôï ïðïßï åëÝã÷åé ôçí èýñá ôïõ chipset
ìå ôïí ïäçãü &man.ppc.4;.</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Ç ìÝèïäïò <emphasis>interrupt-driven</emphasis> åßíáé
ðñïåðéëåãìÝíç óôïí ðõñÞíá GENERIC. Ìå áõôÞ ôç ìÝèïäï,
ôï ëåéôïõñãéêü óýóôçìá ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß Ýíá óÞìá IRQ ãéá íá
ðñïóäéïñßóåé áí ï åêôõðùôÞò åßíáé Ýôïéìïò ãéá äåäïìÝíá.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Ç ìÝèïäïò <emphasis>polled</emphasis> ïäçãåß ôï
ëåéôïõñãéêü óýóôçìá íá æçôÜ êáôÜ åðáíÜëçøç áðü ôïí åêôõðùôÞ
áí åßíáé Ýôïéìïò ãéá ðñüóèåôá äåäïìÝíá. ¼ôáí áðáíôÞóåé èåôéêÜ,
ï ðõñÞíáò óôÝëíåé ðñüóèåôá äåäïìÝíá.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>Ç ìÝèïäïò interrupt-driven åßíáé óõíÞèùò êÜðùò ãñçãïñüôåñç
áëëÜ ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß ìéá ðïëýôéìç ãñáììÞ IRQ. ¸÷åé ðáñáôçñçèåß ðùò
êÜðïéïé óýã÷ñïíïé åêôõðùôÝò HP äå äïõëåýïõí óùóôÜ óå êáôÜóôáóç
interrupt, ðéèáíþò ëüãù êÜðïéùí (ü÷é áðüëõôá åîáêñéâùìÝíùí)
ðñïâëçìÜôùí óõã÷ñïíéóìïý. Áõôïß ïé åêôõðùôÝò ÷ñåéÜæïíôáé ôçí ìÝèïäï
polled. Èá ðñÝðåé íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå ôçí áðïôåëåóìáôéêüôåñç
êáôÜóôáóç ëåéôïõñãßáò. ÊÜðïéïé åêôõðùôÝò äïõëåýïõí êáé óôéò äõï
êáôáóôÜóåéò, áëëÜ åßíáé ïäõíçñÜ áñãïß óôçí êáôÜóôáóç ëåéôïõñãßáò
interrupt.</para>
<para>Ìðïñåßôå íá ñõèìßóåôå ôçí êáôÜóôáóç åðéêïéíùíßáò ìå äýï
ôñüðïõò: ñõèìßæïíôáò ôïí ðõñÞíá Þ ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôï ðñüãñáììá
&man.lptcontrol.8;.</para>
<para><emphasis>Ãéá íá èÝóåôå ôçí êáôÜóôáóç åðéêïéíùíßáò ñõèìßæïíôáò
ôïí ðõñÞíá:</emphasis></para>
<procedure>
<step>
<para>Åðåîåñãáóôåßôå ôï áñ÷åßï ñýèìéóçò ôïõ ðõñÞíá. Äåßôå ôçí
êáôá÷þñéóç <literal>ppc0</literal>. Áí åãêáèéóôÜôå ôçí
äåýôåñç ðáñÜëëçëç èýñá, ôüôå ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßóôå
<literal>ppc1</literal>. Ãéá ôçí ôñßôç èýñá
<literal>ppc2</literal> êáé ïýôù êáèåîÞò.</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Áí åðéèõìåßôå êáôÜóôáóç ëåéôïõñãßáò interrupt-driven,
åðåîåñãáóôåßôå ôçí áêüëïõèç ãñáììÞ:</para>
<programlisting>hint.ppc.0.irq="<replaceable>N</replaceable>"</programlisting>
<para>óôï áñ÷åßï <filename>/boot/device.hints</filename> êáé
áíôéêáôáóôÞóôå ôï <replaceable>N</replaceable> ìå ôïí
óùóôü áñéèìü IRQ. Ôï áñ÷åßï ñýèìéóçò ôïõ ðõñÞíá ðñÝðåé
åðßóçò íá ðåñéÝ÷åé ôïí ïäçãü &man.ppc.4;:</para>
<screen>device ppc</screen>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Áí åðéèõìåßôå êáôÜóôáóç ëåéôïõñãßáò polled, äéáãñÜøôå
áðü ôï áñ÷åßï <filename>/boot/device.hints</filename>, ôçí
áêüëïõèç ãñáììÞ:</para>
<programlisting>hint.ppc.0.irq="<replaceable>N</replaceable>"</programlisting>
<para>Óå ìåñéêÝò ðåñéðôþóåéò, ôï ðáñáðÜíù äåí åßíáé áñêåôü
ãéá íá èÝóåôå ôçí èýñá óå êáôÜóôáóç polled. Ôéò
ðåñéóóüôåñåò öïñÝò ôï ðñüâëçìá ðñïÝñ÷åôáé áðü ôïí ïäçãü
&man.acpi.4;, ï ïðïßïò Ý÷åé ôçí åõ÷Ýñåéá íá åîåôÜæåé êáé
íá ðñïóáñôÜ óõóêåõÝò, êáé åðïìÝíùò, íá åëÝã÷åé ôïí ôñüðï
ðñüóâáóçò óôçí èýñá ôïõ åêôõðùôÞ. Èá ðñÝðåé íá åëÝãîåôå
ôéò ñõèìßóåéò ôïõ &man.acpi.4; ãéá íá äéïñèþóåôå áõôü ôï
ðñüâëçìá.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</step>
<step>
<para>Áðïèçêåýóôå ôï áñ÷åßï. Ñõèìßóôå, ìåôáãëùôôßóôå, êáé
åãêáôáóôÞóôå ôïí ðõñÞíá, êáé Ýðåéôá êÜíôå åðáíåêêßíçóç.
Ãéá ðåñéóóüôåñåò ëåðôïìÝñåéåò, äåßôå ôéò <link
linkend="kernelconfig">ñõèìßóåéò ôïõ ðõñÞíá</link>.</para>
</step>
</procedure>
<para><emphasis>Ãéá íá èÝóåôå ôçí êáôÜóôáóç åðéêïéíùíßáò ìå
ôï</emphasis> &man.lptcontrol.8;:</para>
<procedure>
<step>
<para>ÐëçêôñïëïãÞóôå:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput><command>lptcontrol <option>-i</option> <option>-d</option> <filename class="devicefile">/dev/lpt<replaceable>N</replaceable></filename></command></userinput></screen>
<para>ãéá íá èÝóåôå ôçí êáôÜóôáóç ëåéôïõñãßáò interrupt-driven
ãéá ôï <literal>lpt<replaceable>N</replaceable></literal>.</para>
</step>
<step>
<para>ÐëçêôñïëïãÞóôå:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput><command>lptcontrol <option>-p</option> <option>-d</option> <filename class="devicefile">/dev/lpt<replaceable>N</replaceable></filename></command></userinput></screen>
<para>ãéá íá èÝóåôå ôçí êáôÜóôáóç ëåéôïõñãßáò polled ãéá ôï
<literal>lpt<replaceable>N</replaceable></literal>.</para>
</step>
</procedure>
<para>Èá ìðïñïýóáôå íá êáôá÷ùñßóåôå áõôÝò ôéò åíôïëÝò óôï
äéêü óáò áñ÷åßï <filename>/etc/rc.local</filename>. ¸ôóé èá
åêôåëïýíôáé áõôüìáôá êáôÜ ôçí åêêßíçóç
ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò óáò. Ãéá ðåñéóóüôåñåò ðëçñïöïñßåò äåßôå ôï
&man.lptcontrol.8;.</para>
</sect3>
<sect3 id="printing-testing">
<title>¸ëåã÷ïò Åðéêïéíùíßáò ôïõ ÅêôõðùôÞ</title>
<para>Ðñéí óõíå÷ßóïõìå íá ñõèìßæïõìå ôï óýóôçìá ðáñï÷Ýôåõóçò, èá
ðñÝðåé íá âåâáéùèåßôå üôé ôï ëåéôïõñãéêü óýóôçìá ìðïñåß íá óôåßëåé
åðéôõ÷þò äåäïìÝíá óôïí åêôõðùôÞ óáò. Åßíáé åõêïëüôåñï íá êÜíïõìå
îå÷ùñéóôÜ ôçí áðïóöáëìÜôùóç åðéêïéíùíßáò ôïõ åêôõðùôÞ êáé ôçí
áðïóöáëìÜôùóç ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò ðáñï÷Ýôåõóçò.</para>
<para>Èá åëÝãîïõìå ôïí åêôõðùôÞ óôÝëíïíôáò ìåñéêÜ äåäïìÝíá êåéìÝíïõ.
Ãéá åêåßíïõò ôïõò åêôõðùôÝò ðïõ ìðïñïýí íá åêôõðþíïõí Üìåóá
ôïõò ÷áñáêôÞñåò ðïõ Ý÷ïõí áðïóôáëåß, ôï ðñüãñáììá &man.lptest.1;
åßíáé ôÝëåéï: ÐáñÜãåé üëïõò ôïõò åêôõðþóéìïõò ÷áñáêôÞñåò (96)
ASCII óå 96 ãñáììÝò.</para>
<indexterm><primary>PostScript</primary></indexterm>
<para>Ãéá åêôõðùôÝò &postscript; (Þ ðïõ âáóßæïíôáé óå Üëëç ãëþóóá),
èá ÷ñåéáóôåß íá êÜíïõìå Ýíá ðéï ðïëýðëïêï ôåóô. ¸íá ìéêñü
ðñüãñáììá &postscript;, üðùò áõôü ðïõ áêïëïõèåß, åðáñêåß:</para>
<programlisting>%!PS
100 100 moveto 300 300 lineto stroke
310 310 moveto /Helvetica findfont 12 scalefont setfont
(Is this thing working?) show
showpage</programlisting>
<para>Ï ðáñáðÜíù êþäéêáò &postscript; ìðïñåß íá ôïðïèåôçèåß óå Ýíá
áñ÷åßï êáé íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéçèåß üðùò õðïäåéêíýïõí ôá ðáñáäåßãìáôá
óôéò áêüëïõèåò åíüôçôåò.</para>
<indexterm><primary>PCL</primary></indexterm>
<note>
<para>¼ôáí áõôü ôï Ýããñáöï áíáöÝñåôáé óå ìéá ãëþóóá åêôõðùôÞ,
åííïåßôáé ìéá ãëþóóá üðùò ç &postscript;, áëëÜ ü÷é ç PCL ôçò
Hewlett Packard — ç PCL åßíáé ìéá ãëþóóá åõñåßáò
ëåéôïõñãéêüôçôáò ç ïðïßá åðéôñÝðåé ôçí áíÜìéîç áðëïý êåéìÝíïõ ìå
áêïëïõèßåò äéáöõãÞò. Ç &postscript; äåí ìðïñåß íá åêôõðþóåé
Üìåóá áðëü êåßìåíï, êáé áõôüò åßíáé áêñéâþò ï ôýðïò ôçò
ãëþóóáò åêôõðùôÞ ðïõ èá ðñÝðåé íá äéåõèåôÞóïõìå
êáôÜëëçëá.</para>
</note>
<sect4 id="printing-checking-parallel">
<title>¸ëåã÷ïò ÐáñÜëëçëïõ ÅêôõðùôÞ</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>åêôõðùôÝò</primary>
<secondary>ðáñÜëëçëç</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>ÁõôÞ ç åíüôçôá õðïäåéêíýåé ðùò íá åëÝãîåôå áí ôï &os; ìðïñåß
íá åðéêïéíùíÞóåé ìå Ýíáí åêôõðùôÞ óõíäåäåìÝíï óå ðáñÜëëçëç
èýñá.</para>
<para><emphasis>Ãéá íá åëÝãîåôå Ýíáí åêôõðùôÞ óå ðáñÜëëçëç
èýñá:</emphasis></para>
<procedure>
<step>
<para>Ãßíåôå <username>root</username> ìå &man.su.1;.</para>
</step>
<step>
<para>Óôåßëôå äåäïìÝíá óôïí åêôõðùôÞ.</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Áí ï åêôõðùôÞò ìðïñåß íá åêôõðþóåé áðëü êåßìåíï,
ôüôå ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóôå ôï &man.lptest.1;.
ÐëçêôñïëïãÞóôå:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput><command>lptest > <filename class="devicefile">/dev/lpt<replaceable>N</replaceable></filename></command></userinput></screen>
<para>¼ðïõ <replaceable>N</replaceable> åßíáé ï áñéèìüò
ôçò ðáñÜëëçëçò èýñáò, îåêéíþíôáò áðü ôï ìçäÝí.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>ÅÜí ï åêôõðùôÞò êáôáëáâáßíåé &postscript; Þ êÜðïéá
Üëëç ãëþóóá åêôõðùôþí, ôüôå óôåßëôå Ýíá ìéêñü ðñüãñáììá
óôïí åêôõðùôÞ. ÐëçêôñïëïãÞóôå:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput><command>cat > <filename class="devicefile">/dev/lpt<replaceable>N</replaceable></filename></command></userinput></screen>
<para>¸ðåéôá ðëçêôñïëïãÞóôå ôï ðñüãñáììá ìßá ðñïò ìßá
ãñáììÞ, <emphasis>ðñïóåêôéêÜ</emphasis>, ãéáôß äåí
ìðïñåßôå íá åðåîåñãáóôåßôå ìéá ãñáììÞ áöüôïõ Ý÷åôå
ðéÝóåé ôï ðëÞêôñï <literal>RETURN</literal> Þ
<literal>ENTER</literal>. Áöïý ôåëåéþóåôå ìå ôçí
êáôá÷þñéóç ôïõ ðñïãñÜììáôïò, ðéÝóôå
<literal>CONTROL+D</literal>, Þ Üëëï ðëÞêôñï
ôåñìáôéóìïý áñ÷åßïõ.</para>
<para>ÅíáëëáêôéêÜ, ìðïñåßôå íá ôïðïèåôÞóåôå ôï ðñüãñáììá
óå Ýíá áñ÷åßï êáé íá ðëçêôñïëïãÞóåôå:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput><command>cat <filename><replaceable>file</replaceable></filename> > <filename class="devicefile">/dev/lpt<replaceable>N</replaceable></filename></command></userinput></screen>
<para>¼ðïõ <replaceable>file</replaceable> åßíáé ôï
üíïìá ôïõ áñ÷åßïõ ðïõ ðåñéÝ÷åé ôï ðñüãñáììá ðïõ èÝëåôå
íá óôåßëåôå óôïí åêôõðùôÞ.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</step>
</procedure>
<para>Èá äåßôå êÜôé íá åêôõðþíåôáé. Ìçí áíçóõ÷åßôå áí ôï êåßìåíï
äåí öáßíåôáé óùóôü. Èá ôï äéïñèþóïõìå áñãüôåñá.</para>
</sect4>
<sect4 id="printing-checking-serial">
<title>¸ëåã÷ïò Óåéñéáêïý ÅêôõðùôÞ</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>printers</primary>
<secondary>serial</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>ÁõôÞ ç åíüôçôá õðïäåéêíýåé ðùò íá åëÝãîåôå áí ôï &os; ìðïñåß
íá åðéêïéíùíÞóåé ìå Ýíáí åêôõðùôÞ óõíäåäåìÝíï óå óåéñéáêÞ
èýñá.</para>
<para><emphasis>Ãéá íá åëÝãîåôå Ýíáí åêôõðùôÞ óå óåéñéáêÞ
èýñá:</emphasis></para>
<procedure>
<step>
<para>Ãßíåôå <username>root</username> ìå &man.su.1;.</para>
</step>
<step>
<para>Åðåîåñãáóôåßôå ôï áñ÷åßï
<filename>/etc/remote</filename>. ÐñïóèÝóôå ôçí áêüëïõèç
êáôá÷þñéóç:</para>
<programlisting>printer:dv=<filename class="devicefile">/dev/<replaceable>port</replaceable></filename>:br#<replaceable>bps-rate</replaceable>:pa=<replaceable>parity</replaceable></programlisting>
<indexterm><primary>bits-per-second</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>serial port</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>parity</primary></indexterm>
<para>¼ðïõ <replaceable>port</replaceable> åßíáé ç
êáôá÷þñéóç óõóêåõÞò ãéá ôçí óåéñéáêÞ ðüñôá
(<literal>ttyd0</literal>, <literal>ttyd1</literal>, êôë.),
<replaceable>bps-rate</replaceable> åßíáé ç ôá÷ýôçôá
bits-per-second åðéêïéíùíßáò ìå ôïí åêôõðùôÞ, êáé
<replaceable>parity</replaceable> ç éóïôéìßá ðïõ
áðáéôåßôáé áðü ôïí åêôõðùôÞ (<literal>even</literal>,
<literal>odd</literal>, <literal>none</literal>, Þ
<literal>zero</literal>).</para>
<para>ÐáñáêÜôù öáßíåôáé Ýíá õðüäåéãìá êáôá÷þñéóçò, ãéá Ýíáí
åêôõðùôÞ óõíäåäåìÝíï ìÝóù óåéñéáêÞò ãñáììÞò óôçí ôñßôç
óåéñéáêÞ èýñá ìå ôá÷ýôçôá 19200 bps êáé ÷ùñßò
parity:</para>
<programlisting>printer:dv=<filename class="devicefile">/dev/ttyd2</filename>:br#19200:pa=none</programlisting>
</step>
<step>
<para>Óõíäåèåßôå óôïí åêôõðùôÞ ìå &man.tip.1;.
ÐëçêôñïëïãÞóôå:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput><command>tip</command> printer</userinput></screen>
<para>Áí áõôü ôï óôÜäéï äåí äïõëåýåé, åðåîåñãáóôåßôå ðÜëé ôï
áñ÷åßï <filename>/etc/remote</filename> êáé ðñïóðáèÞóôå ôï
÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò
<filename class="devicefile">/dev/cuaa<replaceable>N</replaceable></filename>
áíôß ãéá
<filename class="devicefile">/dev/ttyd<replaceable>N</replaceable></filename>.</para>
</step>
<step>
<para>Óôåßëôå äåäïìÝíá óôïí åêôõðùôÞ.</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Áí ï åêôõðùôÞò ìðïñåß íá åêôõðþóåé áðëü êåßìåíï,
÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóôå &man.lptest.1;. ÃñÜøôå:</para>
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>$lptest</userinput></screen>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>ÅÜí ï åêôõðùôÞò êáôáëáâáßíåé &postscript; Þ êÜðïéá
Üëëç ãëþóóá åêôõðùôþí, ôüôå óôåßëôå Ýíá ìéêñü ðñüãñáììá
óôïí åêôõðùôÞ. ÐëçêôñïëïãÞóôå ôï ðñüãñáììá, ìßá ðñïò ìßá
ãñáììÞ, <emphasis>ðïëý ðñïóåêôéêÜ</emphasis>, êáèþò
ï åêôõðùôÞò ìðïñåß íá åñìçíåýåé äéáöïñåôéêÜ ôçí ÷ñÞóç
÷áñáêôÞñùí üðùò ôï backspace Þ Üëëùí ðïõ ðáñÜãïíôáé áðü
äéÜöïñá ðëÞêôñá åðåîåñãáóßáò. Ìðïñåß åðßóçò íá
÷ñåéáóôåß íá ðëçêôñïëïãÞóåôå êÜðïéï åéäéêü ðëÞêôñï
ôåñìáôéóìïý áñ÷åßïõ ãéá ôïí åêôõðùôÞ þóôå íá ãíùñßæåé
ðüôå ïëïêëçñþíåôáé ôï ðñüãñáììá. Ãéá åêôõðùôÝò
&postscript;, ðéÝóôå
<literal>CONTROL+D</literal>.</para>
<para>ÅíáëëáêôéêÜ, ìðïñåßôå íá ôïðïèåôÞóåôå ôï ðñüãñáììá
óå Ýíá áñ÷åßï êáé íá ðëçêôñïëïãÞóåôå:</para>
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>><replaceable>file</replaceable></userinput></screen>
<para>¼ðïõ <replaceable>file</replaceable> åßíáé ôï
üíïìá ôïõ áñ÷åßïõ ðïõ ðåñéÝ÷åé ôï ðñüãñáììá. Áöïý ôï
&man.tip.1; óôåßëåé ôï áñ÷åßï, ðéÝóôå ôï êáôÜëëçëï
ðëÞêôñï ôåñìáôéóìïý áñ÷åßïõ, áí áðáéôåßôáé.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</step>
</procedure>
<para>Èá äåßôå êÜôé íá åêôõðþíåôáé. Ìçí áíçóõ÷åßôå áí ôï
êåßìåíï äåí öáßíåôáé óùóôü. Èá ôï äéïñèþóïõìå áñãüôåñá.</para>
</sect4>
</sect3>
<sect3 id="printing-printcap">
<title>Åíåñãïðïßçóç ôïõ Spooler: ôï Áñ÷åßï
<filename>/etc/printcap</filename></title>
<para>Óå áõôü ôï óçìåßï, ï åêôõðùôÞò óáò èá ðñÝðåé íá åßíáé
óõíäåìÝíïò, ï ðõñÞíáò óáò ñõèìéóìÝíïò íá åðéêïéíùíåß ìáæß ôïõ
(áí ÷ñåéÜæåôáé), êáé Ý÷åôå ðåôý÷åé íá óôåßëåôå êÜðïéá äïêéìáóôéêÜ
äåäïìÝíá óôïí åêôõðùôÞ. Åßóôå ôþñá Ýôïéìïé íá ñõèìßóåôå ôï
<application>LPD</application> ãéá íá åëÝã÷åôå ôçí ðñüóâáóç
óôïí åêôõðùôÞ óáò.</para>
<para>Ìðïñåßôå íá ñõèìßóåôå ôï <application>LPD</application>
ìå åðåîåñãáóßá ôïõ áñ÷åßïõ <filename>/etc/printcap</filename>.
Ôï óýóôçìá ðáñï÷Ýôåõóçò <application>LPD</application>
äéáâÜæåé áõôü ôï áñ÷åßï êÜèå öïñÜ ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé ï spooler,
åðïìÝíùò ðéèáíÝò áíáâáèìßóåéò ôïõ ìðáßíïõí Üìåóá óå åöáñìïãÞ.</para>
<indexterm>
<primary>åêôõðùôÝò</primary>
<secondary>éêáíüôçôåò</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>Åßíáé åýêïëï íá êáôáíïÞóåôå ôçí ìïñöÞ ôïõ áñ÷åßïõ
&man.printcap.5;. ×ñçóéìïðïéÞóôå ôïí êåéìåíïãñÜöï ðïõ ðñïôéìÜôå
ãéá íá êÜíåôå áëëáãÝò óôï <filename>/etc/printcap</filename>. Ç
ìïñöÞ ôïõ åßíáé ðáñüìïéá ìå Üëëá áñ÷åßá ðåñéãñáöÞò äõíáôïôÞôùí,
üðùò ôá <filename>/usr/share/misc/termcap</filename> êáé
<filename>/etc/remote</filename>. Äåßôå ôçí &man.cgetent.3;
ãéá ëåðôïìåñåßò ðëçñïöïñßåò ó÷åôéêÜ ìå ôçí ìïñöÞ ôïõ áñ÷åßïõ.</para>
<para>Ç ðéï áðëÞ ñýèìéóç ôïõ spooler áðïôåëåßôáé áðü ôá áêüëïõèá
âÞìáôá:</para>
<procedure>
<step>
<para>ÅðéëÝîôå Ýíá üíïìá (êáé ëßãá âïëéêÜ ðáñùíýìéá) ãéá ôïí
åêôõðùôÞ, êáé ôïðïèåôÞóôå ôá óôï áñ÷åßï
<filename>/etc/printcap</filename>.
Äåßôå ôçí åíüôçôá <link
linkend="printing-naming">Ïíïìáôïäüôçóç ÅêôõðùôÞ</link> ãéá
ðåñéóóüôåñåò ðëçñïöïñßåò ó÷åôéêÜ ìå ôçí ïíïìáóßá ôùí
åêôõðùôþí.</para>
</step>
<indexterm><primary>óåëßäåò êåöáëßäáò</primary></indexterm>
<step>
<para>ÁðåíåñãïðïéÞóôå ôéò óåëßäåò êåöáëßäáò (åßíáé åíåñãÝò áðü
ðñïåðéëïãÞ) åéóÜãïíôáò ôçí éêáíüôçôá <literal>sh</literal>.
Ãéá ðåñéóóüôåñåò ðëçñïöïñßåò äåßôå ôçí åíüôçôá <link
linkend="printing-no-header-pages">Ðáñåìðüäéóç Óåëßäùí
Êåöáëßäáò</link>.</para>
</step>
<step>
<para>ÄçìéïõñãÞóôå Ýíá êáôÜëïãï ðáñï÷Ýôåõóçò, êáé êáèïñßóôå ôçí
ôïðïèåóßá ôïõ ìå ôçí éêáíüôçôá <literal>sd</literal>. Ãéá
ðåñéóóüôåñåò ðëçñïöïñßåò äåßôå ôçí åíüôçôá <link
linkend="printing-spooldir">Äçìéïõñãßá Êáôáëüãïõ
Ðáñï÷Ýôåõóçò</link>.</para>
</step>
<step>
<para>Êáèïñßóôå ôçí êáôÜëëçëç êáôá÷þñéóç
<filename class="devicefile">/dev</filename>
ãéá ôïí åêôõðùôÞ, êáé óçìåéþóôå ôç óôï
<filename>/etc/printcap</filename> ìå ôçí éêáíüôçôá
<literal>lp</literal>. Ãéá ðåñéóóüôåñåò ðëçñïöïñßåò, äåßôå ôçí
åíüôçôá <link linkend="printing-device">Áíáãíþñéóç ôçò ÓõóêåõÞò
Åêôýðùóçò</link>. Åðßóçò, áí ï åêôõðùôÞò åßíáé óå óåéñéáêÞ
èýñá, åãêáôáóôÞóôå ôéò ðáñáìÝôñïõò åðéêïéíùíßáò ìå ôçí éêáíüôçôá
<literal>ms#</literal> ç ïðïßá áíáëýåôáé óôçí åíüôçôá <link
linkend="printing-commparam">Ñõèìßóåéò ÐáñáìÝôñùí Åðéêïéíùíßáò
ôïõ Spooler</link>.</para>
</step>
<step>
<para>ÅãêáôáóôÞóôå ößëôñá åéóüäïõ áðëïý êåéìÝíïõ. Äåßôå ôçí
åíüôçôá <link linkend="printing-textfilter">ÅãêáôÜóôáóç Ößëôñïõ
ÊåéìÝíïõ</link> ãéá ðåñéóóüôåñåò ðëçñïöïñßåò.</para>
</step>
<step>
<para>ÅëÝãîôå ôçí åãêáôÜóôáóç åêôõðþíïíôáò ïôéäÞðïôå ìå ôçí
åíôïëÞ &man.lpr.1;. Ðåñéóóüôåñåò ðëçñïöïñßåò åßíáé äéáèÝóéìåò
óôéò åíüôçôåò <link linkend="printing-trying">ÄïêéìÞ ôïõ
Spooler</link> êáé <link linkend="printing-troubleshooting">Åíôïðéóìüò Âëáâþí</link>.</para>
</step>
</procedure>
<note>
<para>ÅêôõðùôÝò ðïõ âáóßæïíôáé óå ãëþóóåò åêôýðùóçò, üðùò ïé
åêôõðùôÝò &postscript;, äåí ìðïñïýí íá åêôõðþóïõí Üìåóá áðëü
êåßìåíï. Ï áðëüò ôñüðïò ñýèìéóçò ðïõ äåßîáìå ðáñáðÜíù êáé
ðïõ èá ðåñéãñÜøïõìå åêôåíÝóôåñá óôéò åðüìåíåò åíüôçôåò,
ðñïûðïèÝôåé ðùò áí ñõèìßæåôå Ýíáí ôÝôïéï åêôõðùôÞ èá ìðïñåßôå íá
åêôõðþóåôå ìüíïí áñ÷åßá ãñáììÝíá óôç ãëþóóá ôïõ.</para>
</note>
<para>Ïé ÷ñÞóôåò óõíÞèùò íïìßæïõí ðùò ìðïñïýí íá åêôõðþóïõí áðëü
êåßìåíï óå üëïõò ôïõò åêôõðùôÝò ðïõ åßíáé åãêáôåóôçìÝíïé óôï
óýóôçìá ôïõò. Ôá ðñïãñÜììáôá ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýí ôï
<application>LPD</application> ãéá íá åêôõðþóïõí, êÜíïõí áêñéâþò
ôçí ßäéá õðüèåóç. Áí ðñïóðáèåßôå íá åãêáôáóôÞóåôå Ýíáí ôÝôïéï
åêôõðùôÞ êáé èÝëåôå íá ìðïñåßôå íá ôõðþíåôå åñãáóßåò óôçí ãëþóóá
ôïõ åêôõðùôÞ áëëÜ <emphasis>êáé</emphasis> óå áðëü êåßìåíï, óáò
óõíéóôïýìå íá ðñïóèÝóåôå Ýíá åðéðëÝïí âÞìá óôçí äéáäéêáóßá
åãêáôÜóôáóçò ðïõ ðåñéãñÜøáìå ðáñáðÜíù: ÅãêáôáóôÞóôå Ýíá ðñüãñáììá
áõôüìáôçò ìåôáôñïðÞò áðü áðëü êåßìåíï óå PostScript (Þ óå Üëëç
ãëþóóá åêôõðùôÞ). Ç åíüôçôá <link
linkend="printing-advanced-if-conversion">Óõìâáôüôçôá Åñãáóéþí
Áðëïý ÊåéìÝíïõ óå åêôõðùôÝò &postscript;</link> åîçãåß ðùò íá
åíåñãÞóåôå.</para>
<sect4 id="printing-naming">
<title>Ïíïìáôïäüôçóç ÅêôõðùôÞ</title>
<para>Ôï ðñþôï (åýêïëï) âÞìá åßíáé íá åðéëÝîåôå üíïìá ãéá ôïí
åêôõðùôÞ óáò. Äåí Ý÷åé óçìáóßá áí èá ðñïôéìÞóåôå Ýíá ëåéôïõñãéêü
Þ êÜðïéï åîùôéêü üíïìá áöïý ìðïñåßôå åðßóçò íá ðñïóèÝóåôå êáé
ìåñéêÜ ðáñùíýìéá (aliases) ãéá ôïí ßäéï åêôõðùôÞ.</para>
<para>ÔïõëÜ÷éóôïí Ýíáò áðü ôïõò åêôõðùôÝò ðïõ áíáöÝñïíôáé óôï
<filename>/etc/printcap</filename> èá ðñÝðåé íá Ý÷åé ôï
ðáñùíýìéï <literal>lp</literal>. ÁõôÞ åßíáé ç ïíïìáóßá ôïõ
ðñïåðéëåãìÝíïõ åêôõðùôÞ. ÅÜí ïé ÷ñÞóôåò äåí Ý÷ïõí ôçí ìåôáâëçôÞ
ðåñéâÜëëïíôïò <envar>PRINTER</envar> êáé äåí áíáöÝñïõí êÜðïéï
üíïìá åêôõðùôÞ óôçí ãñáììÞ åíôïëþí ìå ïðïéáäÞðïôå åíôïëÞ
<application>LPD</application>, ôüôå ï <literal>lp</literal> èá
åßíáé ï ðñïåðéëåãìÝíïò åêôõðùôÞò ãéá ôéò åêôõðþóåéò ôïõò.</para>
<para>Åðßóçò, åßíáé êïéíÞ ðñáêôéêÞ ôï ôåëåõôáßï alias ôïõ åêôõðùôÞ
íá åßíáé ìéá ðëÞñçò ðåñéãñáöÞ ôïõ åêôõðùôÞ, ðïõ íá ðåñéëáìâÜíåé
ôïí êáôáóêåõáóôÞ êáé ôï ìïíôÝëï.</para>
<para>Áöïý åðéëÝîåôå ìéá ïíïìáóßá êáé ìåñéêÜ óõíÞèç ðáñùíýìéá,
êáôá÷ùñßóôå ôá óôï áñ÷åßï <filename>/etc/printcap</filename>.
Ôï üíïìá ôïõ åêôõðùôÞ èá ðñÝðåé íá áíáöÝñåôáé ðñþôï óôï áñéóôåñü
Üêñï. Äéá÷ùñßóôå êÜèå ðáñùíýìéï ìå ìéá êÜèåôç ìðÜñá êáé
ôïðïèåôÞóôå ìéá Üíù-êÜôù ôåëåßá ìåôÜ ôï ôåëåõôáßï
ðáñùíýìéï.</para>
<para>Óôï áêüëïõèï ðáñÜäåéãìá, îåêéíÜìå ìå Ýíá åíôåëþò âáóéêü
<filename>/etc/printcap</filename> ðïõ ïñßæåé äýï åêôõðùôÝò (Ýíáí
åêôõðùôÞ ãñáììÞò Diablo 630 êáé Ýíáí åêôõðùôÞ &postscript; laser
Panasonic KX-P4455):</para>
<programlisting>#
# /etc/printcap for host rose
#
rattan|line|diablo|lp|Diablo 630 Line Printer:
bamboo|ps|PS|S|panasonic|Panasonic KX-P4455 PostScript v51.4:</programlisting>
<para>Óå áõôü ôï ðáñÜäåéãìá, ï ðñþôïò åêôõðùôÞò ïíïìÜæåôáé
<literal>rattan</literal> êáé Ý÷åé ùò ðáñùíýìéá ôá
<literal>line</literal>, <literal>diablo</literal>,
<literal>lp</literal>, êáé <literal>Diablo 630 Line
Printer</literal>. Áðü ôç óôéãìÞ ðïõ Ý÷åé ôï ðáñùíýìéï
<literal>lp</literal>, åßíáé êáé ï ðñïåðéëåãìÝíïò åêôõðùôÞò. Ï
äåýôåñïò ïíïìÜæåôáé <literal>bamboo</literal>, êáé Ý÷åé ùò
ðáñùíýìéá ôá <literal>ps</literal>, <literal>PS</literal>,
<literal>S</literal>, <literal>panasonic</literal>, êáé
<literal>Panasonic KX-P4455 PostScript v51.4</literal>.</para>
</sect4>
<sect4 id="printing-no-header-pages">
<title>Ðáñåìðüäéóç Óåëßäùí Êåöáëßäáò</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>printing</primary>
<secondary>header pages</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>Ôï óýóôçìá ðáñï÷Ýôåõóçò <application>LPD</application>, áðü
ðñïåðéëïãÞ, åêôõðþíåé ìéá <emphasis>óåëßäá êåöáëßäáò</emphasis>
ãéá êÜèå åñãáóßá. Ç óåëßäá êåöáëßäáò ðåñéëáìâÜíåé ôï üíïìá
÷ñÞóôç ðïõ áéôÞèçêå ôçí åñãáóßá, ôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ áðü ôïí ïðïßïí
ðñïÞëèå ç åñãáóßá, êáé ôï üíïìá ôçò åñãáóßáò, ìå ìåãÜëïõò üìïñöïõò
÷áñáêôÞñåò. Äõóôõ÷þò áõôü ôï ðñüóèåôï êåßìåíï áêïëïõèåß ôçí
äéáäéêáóßá áðïóöáëìÜôùóçò ôçò åãêáôÜóôáóçò åíüò áðëïý åêôõðùôÞ,
åðïìÝíùò èá ðáñåìðïäßóïõìå ôéò óåëßäåò êåöáëßäáò.</para>
<para>Ãéá ôçí ðáñåìðüäéóç ôùí óåëßäùí êåöáëßäáò, ðñïóèÝóôå ôçí
éêáíüôçôá <literal>sh</literal> óôçí êáôá÷þñéóç ãéá ôïí åêôõðùôÞ
óôï áñ÷åßï <filename>/etc/printcap</filename>. Åäþ âëÝðåôå Ýíá
ðáñÜäåéãìá ôïõ <filename>/etc/printcap</filename> ìå ðñïóèÞêç ôçò
<literal>sh</literal>:</para>
<programlisting>#
# /etc/printcap for host rose - no header pages anywhere
#
rattan|line|diablo|lp|Diablo 630 Line Printer:\
:sh:
bamboo|ps|PS|S|panasonic|Panasonic KX-P4455 PostScript v51.4:\
:sh:</programlisting>
<para>ÐáñáôçñÞóôå ðùò ÷åéñéóôÞêáìå óùóôÜ ôç ìïñöÞ: ç ðñþôç
ãñáììÞ îåêéíÜ óôçí áñéóôåñÞ óôÞëç, êáé ïé áêüëïõèåò ãñáììÝò
åßíáé óôïé÷éóìÝíåò (indented). ÊÜèå ãñáììÞ êáôá÷þñéóçò (åêôüò
áðü ôçí ôåëåõôáßá) ôåëåéþíåé ìå ìéá áñéóôåñüóôñïöç êÜèåôï.</para>
</sect4>
<sect4 id="printing-spooldir">
<title>Äçìéïõñãßá Êáôáëüãïõ Ðáñï÷Ýôåõóçò</title>
<indexterm><primary>åêôõðùôÞò spool</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>åêôýðùóç åñãáóßåò</primary></indexterm>
<para>Ôï åðüìåíï âÞìá óôïí áðëü ôñüðï åãêáôÜóôáóçò åßíáé ç
äçìéïõñãßá åíüò
<emphasis>êáôáëüãïõ ðáñï÷Ýôåõóçò (spool)</emphasis>,
üðïõ èá öéëïîåíïýíôáé ïé åñãáóßåò åêôýðùóçò Ýùò üôïõ
íá åêôõðùèïýí êáé üðïõ åðßóçò öõëÜóóïíôáé êáé êÜðïéá Üëëá
âïçèçôéêÜ áñ÷åßá ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò åêôýðùóçò.</para>
<para>Ëüãù ôçò ìåôáâáëëüìåíçò öýóçò ôùí êáôáëüãùí ðáñï÷Ýôåõóçò,
óõíçèßæåôáé íá ôïðïèåôïýíôáé êÜôù áðü ôïí êáôÜëïãï
<filename class="directory">/var/spool</filename>. Äåí åßíáé
áíáãêáßï íá ðáßñíåôå áíôßãñáöá áóöáëåßáò ôùí êáôáëüãùí
ðáñï÷Ýôåõóçò. Ç åðáíáäçìéïõñãßá ôïõò åßíáé ôüóï áðëÞ üóï íá
ôñÝîïõìå ôçí åíôïëÞ &man.mkdir.1;.</para>
<para>Åßíáé åðßóçò óõíçèéóìÝíï íá ïíïìÜæåôáé ï êáôÜëïãïò ìå ôï ßäéï
üíïìá ìå ôïí åêôõðùôÞ, üðùò öáßíåôáé ðáñáêÜôù:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput><command>mkdir <filename class="directory">/var/spool/<replaceable>printer-name</replaceable></filename></command></userinput></screen>
<para>Ùóôüóï, áí Ý÷åôå áñêåôïýò åêôõðùôÝò óôï äßêôõï, ßóùò
åðéèõìåßôå íá ôïðïèåôÞóåôå ôïõò êáôáëüãïõò ðáñï÷Ýôåõóçò êÜôù áðü
Ýíá ìïíáäéêü êáôÜëïãï ðïõ èá ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé áðïêëåéóôéêÜ ãéá
åêôõðþóåéò ìå ôï <application>LPD</application>. Èá êÜíïõìå
áêñéâþò áõôü ãéá ôá ðáñáäåßãìáôá ìáò ìå ôïõò åêôõðùôÝò
<literal>rattan</literal> êáé <literal>bamboo</literal>:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput><command>mkdir <filename class="directory">/var/spool/lpd</filename></command></userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput><command>mkdir <filename class="directory">/var/spool/lpd/rattan</filename></command></userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput><command>mkdir <filename class="directory">/var/spool/lpd/bamboo</filename></command></userinput></screen>
<note>
<para>ÅÜí ïé åñãáóßåò ôùí ÷ñçóôþí ðåñéÝ÷ïõí ðñïóùðéêÜ äåäïìÝíá,
ìðïñåß íá èÝëåôå íá ðñïóôáôÝøåôå ôïí êáôÜëïãï ðáñï÷Ýôåõóçò ìå
êÜðïéï ôñüðï, þóôå íá ìçí åßíáé äçìüóéá ðñïóâÜóéìïò. Ïé
êáôÜëïãïé ðáñï÷Ýôåõóçò èá ðñÝðåé íá áíÞêïõí êáé íá åßíáé
áíáãíþóéìïé, åããñÜøéìïé êáé ìå äõíáôüôçôá áíáæÞôçóçò áðü ôïí
÷ñÞóôç daemon êáé áðü ôçí ïìÜäá daemon, áðü êáíÝíáí Üëëï. Ãéá
ôïõò åêôõðùôÝò ôïõ ðáñáäåßãìáôïò:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput><command>chown daemon:daemon <filename class="directory">/var/spool/lpd/rattan</filename></command></userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput><command>chown daemon:daemon <filename class="directory">/var/spool/lpd/bamboo</filename></command></userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput><command>chmod 770 <filename class="directory">/var/spool/lpd/rattan</filename></command></userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput><command>chmod 770 <filename class="directory">/var/spool/lpd/bamboo</filename></command></userinput></screen>
</note>
<para>ÔÝëïò, ðñÝðåé íá åíçìåñþóåôå ôï <application>LPD</application>
ãéá áõôïýò ôïõò êáôáëüãïõò ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôï áñ÷åßï
<filename>/etc/printcap</filename>. Ðñïóäéïñßóôå ôçí äéáäñïìÞ
ôïõ êáôáëüãïõ ðáñï÷Ýôåõóçò ìå ôçí éêáíüôçôá
<literal>sd</literal>:</para>
<programlisting>#
# /etc/printcap for host rose - added spooling directories
#
rattan|line|diablo|lp|Diablo 630 Line Printer:\
:sh:sd=<filename class="directory">/var/spool/lpd/rattan</filename>:
bamboo|ps|PS|S|panasonic|Panasonic KX-P4455 PostScript v51.4:\
:sh:sd=<filename class="directory">/var/spool/lpd/bamboo</filename>:</programlisting>
<para>Óçìåéþóôå ðùò ôï üíïìá ôïõ åêôõðùôÞ îåêéíÜ óôçí ðñþôç óôÞëç,
åíþ üëåò ïé Üëëåò êáôá÷ùñßóåéò ðïõ ðåñéãñÜöïõí ôïí åêôõðùôÞ èá
ðñÝðåé íá åßíáé óôïé÷éóìÝíåò êáé êÜèå ôÝëïò ãñáììÞò íá öÝñåé
÷áñáêôÞñá äéáöõãÞò ìå áñéóôåñüóôñïöç êÜèåôï.</para>
<para>ÅÜí äåí ðñïóäéïñßóåôå ôïí êáôÜëïãï ðáñï÷Ýôåõóçò ìÝóù ôïõ
<literal>sd</literal>, ôüôå ôï óýóôçìá ðáñï÷Ýôåõóçò èá
÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåé ôïí ðñïåðéëåãìÝíï
<filename class="directory">/var/spool/lpd</filename>.</para>
</sect4>
<sect4 id="printing-device">
<title>Áíáãíþñéóç ôçò ÓõóêåõÞò Åêôýðùóçò</title>
<para>Óôçí åíüôçôá <link linkend="printing-hardware">Ñõèìßóåéò
Hardware</link> áíáãíùñßóáìå ôç èýñá, êáé êáôÜ óõíÝðåéá ôçí
êáôá÷þñéóç ôïõ êáôáëüãïõ
<filename class="directory">/dev</filename> ðïõ èá
÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåé ôï &os; ãéá íá åðéêïéíùíÞóåé ìå ôïí åêôõðùôÞ.
Ôþñá, èá äþóïõìå óôï <application>LPD</application> áõôÞ
ôçí ðëçñïöïñßá. ¼ôáí ôï óýóôçìá ðáñï÷Ýôåõóçò Ý÷åé ìéá åñãáóßá íá
åêôõðþóåé, èá áíïßîåé áõôÞ ôçí åéäéêÞ óõóêåõÞ ãéá ëïãáñéáóìü ôïõ
ðñïãñÜììáôïò ößëôñïõ (ðïõ åßíáé õðåýèõíï ãéá ôï ðÝñáóìá ôùí
äåäïìÝíùí óôïí åêôõðùôÞ).</para>
<para>Ðñïóäéïñßóôå ôçí äéáäñïìÞ ôçò êáôá÷þñéóçò
<filename class="directory">/dev</filename> óôï áñ÷åßï
<filename>/etc/printcap</filename> ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôçí éêáíüôçôá
<literal>lp</literal>.</para>
<para>Óôï ôñÝ÷ïí ðáñÜäåéãìá ìáò, áò õðïèÝóïõìå üôé ï
<literal>rattan</literal> åßíáé óôçí ðñþôç ðáñÜëëçëç èýñá, êáé ï
<literal>bamboo</literal> åßíáé óôçí Ýêôç óåéñéáêÞ ðüñôá. Ïé íÝåò
êáôá÷ùñßóåéò óôï <filename>/etc/printcap</filename> èá
åßíáé:</para>
<programlisting>#
# /etc/printcap for host rose - identified what devices to use
#
rattan|line|diablo|lp|Diablo 630 Line Printer:\
:sh:sd=<filename class="directory">/var/spool/lpd/rattan</filename>:\
:lp=<filename class="devicefile">/dev/lpt0</filename>:
bamboo|ps|PS|S|panasonic|Panasonic KX-P4455 PostScript v51.4:\
:sh:sd=<filename class="directory">/var/spool/lpd/bamboo</filename>:\
:lp=<filename class="devicefile">/dev/ttyd5</filename>:</programlisting>
<para>Áí äåí êáèïñßóåôå óå êÜðïéïí åêôõðùôÞ ôçí éêáíüôçôá
<literal>lp</literal> óôï áñ÷åßï
<filename>/etc/printcap</filename>, ôï
<application>LPD</application> ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß áðü ðñïåðéëïãÞ
ôï <filename class="devicefile">/dev/lp</filename>.
Ôï <filename class="devicefile">/dev/lp</filename>
äåí õðÜñ÷åé ôçí äåäïìÝíç óôéãìÞ óôï &os;.</para>
<para>ÅÜí ï åêôõðùôÞò ðïõ åãêáèéóôÜôå åßíáé óõíäåäåìÝíïò óå
ðáñÜëëçëç èýñá, äéáâÜóôå áðåõèåßáò ôçí åíüôçôá ìå ôßôëï
<link linkend="printing-textfilter">ÅãêáôÜóôáóç Ößëôñïõ
ÊåéìÝíïõ</link>. ÄéáöïñåôéêÜ, áêïëïõèÞóôå ðñïóåêôéêÜ ôéò
ïäçãßåò ðïõ áêïëïõèïýí óôçí åðüìåíç åíüôçôá.</para>
</sect4>
<sect4 id="printing-commparam">
<title>Ñõèìßóåéò ÐáñáìÝôñùí Åðéêïéíùíßáò ôïõ Spooler</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>åêôõðùôÝò</primary>
<secondary>óåéñéáêïß</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>Ãéá åêôõðùôÝò óå óåéñéáêÞ ðüñôá, ôï
<application>LPD</application> ìðïñåß íá ñõèìßóåé ôçí
ôá÷ýôçôá óå bps, ôï parity, êáé Üëëåò ðáñáìÝôñïõò óåéñéáêÞò
åðéêïéíùíßáò ãéá ëïãáñéáóìü ôïõ ðñïãñÜììáôïò ößëôñïõ ðïõ óôÝëíåé
äåäïìÝíá óôïí åêôõðùôÞ. Áõôü åßíáé ðëåïíÝêôçìá ãéáôß:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Óáò åðéôñÝðåé íá äïêéìÜóåôå äéÜöïñåò ðáñáìÝôñïõò
åðéêïéíùíßáò ðñïóèÝôïíôáò ôéò áðëÜ ìå åðåîåñãáóßá ôïõ áñ÷åßïõ
<filename>/etc/printcap</filename>. Äåí ÷ñåéÜæåôáé íá
åðáíáìåôáãëùôôßóåôå ôï ðñüãñáììá ößëôñïõ.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>ÅðéôñÝðåé óôï óýóôçìá ðáñï÷Ýôåõóçò íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß ôï
ßäéï ðñüãñáììá ãéá ðïëëáðëïýò åêôõðùôÝò, ïé ïðïßïé ìðïñåß íá
Ý÷ïõí äéáöïñåôéêÝò óåéñéáêÝò ñõèìßóåéò åðéêïéíùíßáò.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>Ïé áêüëïõèåò éêáíüôçôåò ôïõ
<filename>/etc/printcap</filename> åëÝã÷ïõí ôéò ðáñáìÝôñïõò
óåéñéáêÞò åðéêïéíùíßáò ôùí óõóêåõþí ðïõ áíáöÝñïíôáé óôçí
éêáíüôçôá <literal>lp</literal>:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<literal>br#<replaceable>bps-rate</replaceable></literal>
</term>
<listitem>
<para>Ïñßæåé ôçí ôá÷ýôçôá åðéêïéíùíßáò ôçò óõóêåõÞò óå
<replaceable>bps-rate</replaceable>, üðïõ ôï
<replaceable>bps-rate</replaceable> ìðïñåß íá åßíáé 50,
75, 110, 134, 150, 200, 300, 600, 1200, 1800, 2400, 4800,
9600, 19200, 38400, 57600, Þ 115200 bits-per-second.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<literal>ms#<replaceable>stty-mode</replaceable></literal>
</term>
<listitem>
<para>Ïñßæåé ôéò åðéëïãÝò ôçò óõóêåõÞò ôåñìáôéêïý ìåôÜ ôï
Üíïéãìá ôçò óõóêåõÞò. Ç &man.stty.1; åîçãåß ôéò äéáèÝóéìåò
åðéëïãÝò.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>¼ôáí ôï <application>LPD</application> áíïßãåé ôçí óõóêåõÞ
ðïõ ïñßæåôáé áðü ôçí éêáíüôçôá <literal>lp</literal>, õéïèåôåß ôá
÷áñáêôçñéóôéêÜ ôçò óõóêåõÞò ìå éêáíüôçôá <literal>ms#</literal>.
¸÷ïõí éäéáßôåñï åíäéáöÝñïí ïé êáôáóôÜóåéò ëåéôïõñãßáò
<literal>parenb</literal>, <literal>parodd</literal>,
<literal>cs5</literal>, <literal>cs6</literal>,
<literal>cs7</literal>, <literal>cs8</literal>,
<literal>cstopb</literal>, <literal>crtscts</literal>, êáé
<literal>ixon</literal>, ðïõ åîçãïýíôáé óôçí óåëßäá âïçèåßáò
&man.stty.1;.</para>
<para>Áò ðñïóèÝóïõìå óôï ðáñÜäåéãìá ìáò Ýíáí åêôõðùôÞ óôçí Ýêôç
óåéñéáêÞ èýñá. Èá èÝóïõìå ôçí ôá÷ýôçôá bps óå 38400. Ãéá ôçí
êáôÜóôáóç ëåéôïõñãßáò èá èÝóïõìå , no parity ìå
<literal>-parenb</literal>, ÷áñáêôÞñåò 8-bit ìå
<literal>cs8</literal>, no modem control ìå
<literal>clocal</literal> êáé Ýëåã÷ï ñïÞò ìÝóù hardware ìå
<literal>crtscts</literal>:</para>
<programlisting>bamboo|ps|PS|S|panasonic|Panasonic KX-P4455 PostScript v51.4:\
:sh:sd=<filename class="directory">/var/spool/lpd/bamboo</filename>:\
:lp=<filename class="devicefile">/dev/ttyd5</filename>:ms#-parenb cs8 clocal crtscts:</programlisting>
</sect4>
<sect4 id="printing-textfilter">
<title>ÅãêáôÜóôáóç Ößëôñïõ ÊåéìÝíïõ</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>åêôýðùóç</primary>
<secondary>ößëôñá</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>Ôþñá åßìáóôå Ýôïéìïé íá ðïýìå óôï
<application>LPD</application> ðïéï ößëôñï êåéìÝíïõ íá
÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåé ãéá íá óôåßëåé åñãáóßåò óôïí åêôõðùôÞ. Ôï ößëôñï
êåéìÝíïõ, ãíùóôü êáé ùò <emphasis>ößëôñï åéóüäïõ</emphasis>,
åßíáé Ýíá ðñüãñáììá ðïõ åêôåëåß ôï <application>LPD</application>
üôáí õðÜñ÷åé åñãáóßá ðñïò åêôýðùóç. ¼ôáí ôï
<application>LPD</application> åêôåëåß ôï ößëôñï êåéìÝíïõ ãéá
êÜðïéïí åêôõðùôÞ, èÝôåé ôçí standard input ôïõ ößëôñïõ óôçí
åñãáóßá åêôýðùóçò, êáé ôçí standard output óôçí óõóêåõÞ ôïõ
åêôõðùôÞ ðïõ ïñßæåôáé ìå ôçí éêáíüôçôá <literal>lp</literal>.
Ôï ößëôñï áíáìÝíåôáé íá áíáãíþóåé ôçí åñãáóßá áðü ôçí standard
input, íá åêôåëÝóåé üëåò ôéò áðáñáßôçôåò ìåôáãëùôôßóåéò ãéá ôïí
åêôõðùôÞ, êáé íá ãñÜøåé ôï áðïôÝëåóìá óôçí standard output, ôï
ïðïßï êáé èá åêôõðùèåß. Ãéá ðåñéóóüôåñåò ðëçñïöïñßåò ãéá ôá
ößëôñá êåéìÝíïõ, äåßôå ôçí åíüôçôá
<link linkend="printing-advanced-filters">Ößëôñá</link>.</para>
<para>Ãéá ôçí áðëÞ åãêáôÜóôáóç ôùí åêôõðùôþí ìáò, ôï ößëôñï êåéìÝíïõ
ìðïñåß íá åßíáé Ýíá ìéêñü shell script ðïõ áðëÜ èá åêôåëåß ôçí
åíôïëÞ <command>/bin/cat</command> ãéá íá óôÝëíåé åñãáóßåò óôïí
åêôõðùôÞ. Ôï &os; Ýñ÷åôáé ìå Üëëï Ýíá ößëôñï, ôï
<filename>lpf</filename> ðïõ ÷åéñßæåôáé äõíáôüôçôåò backspacing
êáé õðïãñÜììéóçò ãéá åêôõðùôÝò ðïõ ßóùò íá ìçí ÷åéñßæïíôáé óùóôÜ
áõôÝò ôéò ëåéôïõñãßåò. Êáé öõóéêÜ, ìðïñåßôå íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå
ïðïéïäÞðïôå Üëëï ðñüãñáììá ößëôñïõ åðéèõìåßôå. Ôï ößëôñï
<command>lpf</command> ðåñéãñÜöåôáé ëåðôïìåñþò óôçí åíüôçôá
<link linkend="printing-advanced-lpf">lpf: Ýíá Ößëôñï ÊåéìÝíïõ</link>.</para>
<para>Èá îåêéíÞóïõìå äçìéïõñãþíôáò ôï shell script
<filename>/usr/local/libexec/if-simple</filename> óáí Ýíá áðëü
ößëôñï êåéìÝíïõ. ÔïðïèåôÞóôå ôï áêüëïõèï êåßìåíï óôï áñ÷åßï
÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôïí êåéìåíïãñÜöï ðïõ ðñïôéìÜôå:</para>
<programlisting>#!/bin/sh
#
# if-simple - Simple text input filter for lpd
# Installed in /usr/local/libexec/if-simple
#
# Simply copies stdin to stdout. Ignores all filter arguments.
/bin/cat && exit 0
exit 2</programlisting>
<para>ÊÜíôå ôï áñ÷åßï åêôåëÝóéìï:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput><command>chmod 555 <filename>/usr/local/libexec/if-simple</filename></command></userinput></screen>
<para>Êáé åíçìåñþóôå ôï LPD íá ôï ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåé, ïñßæïíôáò ôï ìå
ôçí éêáíüôçôá <literal>if</literal> óôï áñ÷åßï
<filename>/etc/printcap</filename>. Èá ôï ðñïóèÝóïõìå óôïõò äýï
åêôõðùôÝò áðü ôï ðñïçãïýìåíï ðáñÜäåéãìá óôï
<filename>/etc/printcap</filename>:</para>
<programlisting>#
# /etc/printcap for host rose - added text filter
#
rattan|line|diablo|lp|Diablo 630 Line Printer:\
:sh:sd=<filename class="directory">/var/spool/lpd/rattan</filename>:\
:lp=<filename class="devicefile">/dev/lpt0</filename>:\
:if=<filename>/usr/local/libexec/if-simple</filename>:
bamboo|ps|PS|S|panasonic|Panasonic KX-P4455 PostScript v51.4:\
:sh:sd=<filename class="directory">/var/spool/lpd/bamboo</filename>:\
:lp=<filename class="devicefile">/dev/ttyd5</filename>:ms#-parenb cs8 clocal crtscts:\
:if=<filename>/usr/local/libexec/if-simple</filename>:</programlisting>
<note>
<para>Ìðïñåßôå íá âñåßôå Ýíá áíôßãñáöï ôïõ script
<filename>if-simple</filename> óôïí êáôÜëïãï
<filename class="directory">/usr/share/examples/printing</filename>.</para>
</note>
</sect4>
<sect4>
<title>Åíåñãïðïßçóç ôïõ <application>LPD</application></title>
<para>Ôï &man.lpd.8; åêôåëåßôáé áðü ôï
<filename>/etc/rc</filename>, êáé åëÝã÷åôáé áðü ôçí ìåôáâëçôÞ
<literal>lpd_enable</literal>. Ç ìåôáâëçôÞ áõôÞ Ý÷åé
ðñïåðéëåãìÝíç ôéìÞ <literal>NO</literal>. Áí äåí ôï Ý÷åôå êÜíåé
áêüìá, ðñïóèÝóôå ôçí áêüëïõèç ãñáììÞ:</para>
<programlisting>lpd_enable="YES"</programlisting>
<para>óôï áñ÷åßï <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>, êáé
åðáíåêêéíÞóôå ôï óýóôçìá óáò, Þ áðëÜ åêôåëÝóôå ôï
&man.lpd.8;.</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput><command>lpd</command></userinput></screen>
</sect4>
<sect4 id="printing-trying">
<title>ÄïêéìÞ ôïõ Spooler</title>
<para>ÖôÜóáôå óôï ôÝëïò ôçò áðëÞò åãêáôÜóôáóçò ôïõ
<application>LPD</application>. Èá áöÞóïõìå ãéá áñãüôåñá ôá
óõã÷áñçôÞñéá, áöïý áêüìç èá ðñÝðåé íá åëÝãîïõìå ôçí åãêáôÜóôáóç
êáé íá äéïñèþóïõìå ïðïéïäÞðïôå ðñüâëçìá Ý÷åé ðñïêýøåé. Ãéá íá
åëÝãîåôå ôçí åãêáôÜóôáóç ðñïóðáèÞóôå íá åêôõðþóåôå êÜôé. Ãéá íá
åêôõðþóåôå ìå ôï óýóôçìá <application>LPD</application>,
÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóôå ôçí åíôïëÞ &man.lpr.1;, ç ïðïßá áðïóôÝëëåé ìßá
åñãáóßá ðñïò åêôýðùóç.</para>
<para>Ìðïñåßôå íá óõíäõÜóåôå ôçí &man.lpr.1; ìå ôï ðñüãñáììá
&man.lptest.1;, ãéá ôï ïðïßï êÜíáìå ìéá åéóáãùãÞ óôçí åíüôçôá
<link linkend="printing-testing">¸ëåã÷ïò Åðéêïéíùíßáò ôïõ
ÅêôõðùôÞ</link>, ãéá ôïí Ýëåã÷ï êåéìÝíïõ.</para>
<para><emphasis>Ãéá ôïí Ýëåã÷ï ìéáò áðëÞò åãêáôÜóôáóçò
<application>LPD</application>:</emphasis></para>
<para>ÐëçêôñïëïãÞóôå:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput><command>lptest 20 5 | lpr <option>-P</option><replaceable>printer-name</replaceable></command></userinput></screen>
<para>¼ðïõ <replaceable>printer-name</replaceable> åßíáé ôï üíïìá
åíüò åêôõðùôÞ (Þ ôï alias) ðïõ áíáöÝñåôáé óôï
<filename>/etc/printcap</filename>. Ãéá íá åëÝãîåôå ôïí
ðñïåðéëåãìÝíï åêôõðùôÞ, ðëçêôñïëïãÞóôå &man.lpr.1; ÷ùñßò ôï
ðñüèåìá <option>-P</option>. Áí ï åêôõðùôÞò óáò ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß
&postscript;, ðñÝðåé íá óôåßëåôå Ýíá ðñüãñáììá &postscript;,
áíôß íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôï &man.lptest.1;. Ãéá íá ôá êáôáöÝñåôå,
ôïðïèåôÞóôå ôï ðñüãñáììá óå Ýíá áñ÷åßï êáé ðëçêôñïëïãÞóôå
<command>lpr <replaceable>file</replaceable></command>.</para>
<para>Óå Ýíáí åêôõðùôÞ &postscript;, ç åêôýðùóç èá åßíáé ôï
áðïôÝëåóìá ôïõ ðñïãñÜììáôïò ðïõ óôåßëáôå. Áí ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå ôï
&man.lptest.1;, ôüôå ôï áðïôÝëåóìá èá ìïéÜæåé ìå ôï
áêüëïõèï:</para>
<screen>!"#$%&'()*+,-./01234
"#$%&'()*+,-./012345
#$%&'()*+,-./0123456
$%&'()*+,-./01234567
%&'()*+,-./012345678</screen>
<para>Ãéá ðåñáéôÝñù Ýëåã÷ï ôïõ åêôõðùôÞ, äïêéìÜóôå íá êáôåâÜóåôå
ìåãáëýôåñá ðñïãñÜììáôá (ãéá åêôõðùôÝò ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýí ãëþóóá
ðñïãñáììáôéóìïý) Þ ôñÝîôå ôï &man.lptest.1; ìå äéáöïñåôéêÜ
ðñïèÝìáôá. Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, ç åíôïëÞ
<command>lptest 80 60</command> èá ðáñÜãåé 60 ãñáììÝò ôùí 80
÷áñáêôÞñùí ç êáèåìßá.</para>
<para>Áí ï åêôõðùôÞò äåí äïõëåýåé, äåßôå ôçí åíüôçôá <link
linkend="printing-troubleshooting">Åíôïðéóìüò Âëáâþí</link>.</para>
</sect4>
</sect3>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="printing-advanced">
<title>Ñõèìßóåéò Åêôõðùôþí ãéá Ðñï÷ùñçìÝíïõò</title>
<para>ÁõôÞ ç åíüôçôá ðåñéãñÜöåé ößëôñá ãéá ôçí åêôýðùóç åéäéêÞò ìïñöÞò
áñ÷åßùí, óåëßäùí êåöáëßäáò, ãéá åêôõðþóåéò ìÝóù äéêôýïõ, êáèþò êáé ãéá
ôïí Ýëåã÷ï ðñüóâáóçò êáé ôçí êáôáìÝôñçóç ÷ñÞóçò ôùí åêôõðùôþí.</para>
<sect2 id="printing-advanced-filter-intro">
<title>Ößëôñá</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>åêôýðùóç</primary>
<secondary>ößëôñá</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>Áí êáé ôï <application>LPD</application> ìðïñåß íá ÷åéñéóôåß
ðñùôüêïëëá äéêôýùí, ëßóôåò áíáìïíÞò, Ýëåã÷ï ðñüóâáóçò, êáé Üëëåò
ðáñáìÝôñïõò ôùí åêôõðþóåùí, ôï êýñéï ìÝñïò ôçò
<emphasis>ðñáãìáôéêÞò</emphasis> åñãáóßáò ãßíåôáé ìå ôá
<emphasis>ößëôñá</emphasis>. Ôá ößëôñá åßíáé ðñïãñÜììáôá ðïõ
åðéêïéíùíïýí ìå ôïí åêôõðùôÞ êáé ÷åéñßæïíôáé ôéò åîáñôÞóåéò ôçò
óõóêåõÞò êáé Üëëåò åéäéêÝò áðáéôÞóåéò ôçò. Óôçí áðëÞ åãêáôÜóôáóç
åêôõðùôÞ, åãêáôáóôÞóáìå Ýíá ößëôñï áðëïý êåéìÝíïõ éäéáßôåñá
áðëÞò ìïñöÞò, ðïõ èá ðñÝðåé íá äïõëåýåé ìå ôïõò ðåñéóóüôåñïõò
åêôõðùôÝò (åíüôçôá <link
linkend="printing-textfilter">ÅãêáôÜóôáóç Ößëôñïõ ÊåéìÝíïõ</link>).</para>
<para>Ùóôüóï, ãéá íá ìðïñÝóåôå íá åêìåôáëëåõôåßôå ôéò äõíáôüôçôåò
ìåôáôñïðþí ìïñöÞò, åëÝã÷ïõ ðñüóâáóçò êáé êáôáìÝôñçóçò, êáé ôõ÷üí
åéäéêÝò äõíáôüôçôåò ôïõ åêôõðùôÞ óáò, èá ðñÝðåé íá êáôáëÜâåôå ðùò
äïõëåýïõí ôá ößëôñá. Óå ôåëéêÞ áíÜëõóç, èá åßíáé åõèýíç ôùí ößëôñùí
íá ÷åéñßæïíôáé üëåò áõôÝò ôéò ðáñáìÝôñïõò. Ôá êáêÜ íÝá åßíáé ðùò ôéò
ðåñéóóüôåñåò öïñÝò èá ðñÝðåé íá ðáñÝ÷åôå
<emphasis>åóåßò ïé ßäéïé </emphasis> ôá ößëôñá óáò. Ôá êáëÜ íÝá åßíáé
ðùò ãåíéêþò õðÜñ÷ïõí áñêåôÜ äéáèÝóéìá, êáé áí äåí õðÜñ÷ïõí, åßíáé
ó÷åôéêÜ åýêïëï íá ôá ãñÜøåôå.</para>
<para>Åðßóçò, ôï &os; äéáôßèåôáé ìå Ýíá ößëôñï, ôï
<filename>/usr/libexec/lpr/lpf</filename>, ðïõ äïõëåýåé ìå ðïëëïýò
åêôõðùôÝò ðïõ ìðïñïýí íá åêôõðþóïõí áðëü êåßìåíï. (×åéñßæåôáé
backspacing êáé tabs óôï áñ÷åßï, êáé êÜíåé êáôáìÝôñçóç, áëëÜ
ôßðïôá ðåñéóóüôåñï.) ÕðÜñ÷ïõí, åðßóçò, äéÜöïñá Üëëá ößëôñá êáé
óõóôáôéêÜ ôïõò óôçí ÓõëëïãÞ ôùí Ports ôïõ &os;.</para>
<para>Óå áõôÞ ôçí åíüôçôá èá âñåßôå: :</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Ç åíüôçôá <link linkend="printing-advanced-filters">Ðùò
äïõëåýïõí ôá Ößëôñá</link>, ðñïóðáèåß íá äþóåé ìéá ãåíéêÞ Üðïøç
ãéá ôéò áñìïäéüôçôåò ôùí ößëôñùí óôéò äéåñãáóßåò åêôýðùóçò. Èá
ðñÝðåé íá äéáâÜóåôå áõôÞ ôçí åíüôçôá ãéá íá ìðïñåßôå íá êáôáëÜâåôå
ôé <quote>ðñáãìáôéêÜ</quote> óõìâáßíåé üôáí ôï
<application>LPD</application> ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß ößëôñá. ÁõôÝò ïé
ãíþóåéò èá óáò âïçèÞóïõí íá ðñïëáìâÜíåôå êáé íá áðïóöáëìáôþíåôå
ðñïâëÞìáôá ðïõ ìðïñïýí íá óõìâïýí êáèþò åãêáèéóôÜôå üëï êáé
ðåñéóóüôåñá ößëôñá óå êÜèå åêôõðùôÞ óáò.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Ôï <application>LPD</application> áíáìÝíåé ðùò êÜèå
åêôõðùôÞò åßíáé éêáíüò, áðü ðñïåðéëïãÞ, íá åêôõðþóåé áðëü
êåßìåíï. Áõôü üìùò åßíáé ðñüâëçìá ãéá åêôõðùôÝò &postscript;
(Þ Üëëïõò ðïõ âáóßæïíôáé óå ãëþóóåò ðñïãñáììáôéóìïý) ïé ïðïßïé
äåí ìðïñïýí íá åêôõðþóïõí Üìåóá áðëü êåßìåíï. Ç åíüôçôá <link
linkend="printing-advanced-if-conversion">Óõìâáôüôçôá Åñãáóéþí
Áðëïý ÊåéìÝíïõ óå åêôõðùôÝò &postscript;</link> óáò åîçãåß ôé èá
ðñÝðåé íá êÜíåôå ãéá íá îåðåñÜóåôå áõôü ôï ðñüâëçìá. Èá ðñÝðåé
íá äéáâÜóåôå áõôÞ ôçí åíüôçôá áí Ý÷åôå åêôõðùôÞ
&postscript;.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Ôï &postscript; åßíáé äçìïöéëÞò ìïñöÞ åîüäïõ ãéá ðïëëÜ
ðñïãñÜììáôá. Ìåñéêïß Üíèñùðïé ðñïôéìïýí êáé íá ãñÜöïõí êáôåõèåßáí
óå êþäéêá &postscript;. Äõóôõ÷þò, ïé åêôõðùôÝò &postscript;
Ý÷ïõí ìåãÜëï êüóôïò. Ç åíüôçôá <link
linkend="printing-advanced-ps">Ðñïóïìïßùóç &postscript; ãéá
åêôõðùôÝò ðïõ äåí ôï õðïóôçñßæïõí</link> åîçãåß ëåðôïìåñþò ðùò
íá ìåôáôñÝøåôå Ýíá ößëôñï êåéìÝíïõ ãéá åêôõðùôÝò þóôå íá ëáìâÜíåé
êáé íá ôõðþíåé äåäïìÝíá &postscript; óå åêôõðùôÝò ðïõ
<emphasis>äåí åßíáé &postscript;</emphasis>. Èá ðñÝðåé íá
äéáâÜóåôå áõôÞí ôçí åíüôçôá áí åßóôå êÜôï÷ïò åêôõðùôÞ ðïõ äåí
õðïóôçñßæåé &postscript;.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Ç åíüôçôá <link
linkend="printing-advanced-convfilters">Ößëôñá ÌåôáôñïðÞò</link>
ðåñéãñÜöåé ìéá áõôïìáôïðïéçìÝíç äéáäéêáóßá ãéá ôçí ìåôáôñïðÞ
áñ÷åßùí åéäéêÞò ìïñöÞò, üðùò äåäïìÝíá ãñáöéêþí Þ óôïé÷åéïèåóßáò,
óå ìéá ìïñöÞ êáôáíïçôÞ áðü ôïí åêôõðùôÞ óáò. ÌåôÜ ôçí áíÜãíùóç
áõôÞò ôçò åíüôçôáò, èá ðñÝðåé íá åßóôå óå èÝóç íá ñõèìßóåôå ôïõò
åêôõðùôÝò óáò ìå ôÝôïéï ôñüðï þóôå ðëçêôñïëïãþíôáò
<command>lpr <option>-t</option></command> ïé ÷ñÞóôåò óáò íá
ìðïñïýí íá åêôõðþóïõí äåäïìÝíá troff, Þ ìå
<command>lpr <option>-d</option></command> äåäïìÝíá &tex;
DVI, Þ ìå <command>lpr <option>-v</option></command> íá
åêôõðþíïõí åéêüíåò äåäïìÝíùí ñÜóôåñ, êáé ïýôù êáèåîÞò. Óáò
óõìâïõëåýïõìå íá äéáâÜóåôå áõôÞ ôçí åíüôçôá.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Ç åíüôçôá <link linkend="printing-advanced-of">Ößëôñá
Åîüäïõ</link> ðåñéãñÜöåé Ýíá ÷áñáêôçñéóôéêü ôïõ
<application>LPD</application> ðïõ äåí ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé óõ÷íÜ: ôá
ößëôñá åîüäïõ. Ìðïñåßôå íá ðñïóðåñÜóåôå áõôÞ ôçí åíüôçôá, åêôüò
áí ôõðþíåôå óåëßäåò êåöáëßäáò (äåßôå ôéò <link
linkend="printing-advanced-header-pages">Óåëßäåò Êåöáëßäáò</link>).</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Ç åíüôçôá <link linkend="printing-advanced-lpf">lpf: Ýíá
Ößëôñï ÊåéìÝíïõ</link> ðåñéãñÜöåé ôï <command>lpf</command>, Ýíá
ðñáãìáôéêÜ ðëÞñåò, áí êáé áðëü, ößëôñï êåéìÝíïõ ãéá åêôõðùôÝò
ãñáììÞò (êáé åêôõðùôÝò laser ðïõ ìðïñïýí íá ëåéôïõñãÞóïõí êáé ùò
åêôõðùôÝò ãñáììÞò) ðïõ ðåñéÝ÷åôáé óôï &os;. Áí ÷ñåéÜæåóôå Ýíá
ãñÞãïñï ôñüðï ãéá íá êÜíåôå ôçí êáôáìÝôñçóç óåëßäùí íá äïõëåýåé
óå áðëü êåßìåíï, Þ áí Ý÷åôå êÜðïéïí åêôõðùôÞ ðïõ âãÜæåé êáðíïýò
üôáí âëÝðåé ÷áñáêôÞñåò backspace, èá ðñÝðåé ïðùóäÞðïôå íá
åîåôÜóåôå ôçí ðåñßðôùóç ôïõ <command>lpf</command>.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<note>
<para>Ìðïñåßôå íá âñåßôå áíôßãñáöï ôùí äéÜöïñùí scripts ðïõ
áíáöÝñïíôáé ðáñáêÜôù, óôïí êáôÜëïãï <filename
class="directory">/usr/share/examples/printing</filename>.</para>
</note>
<sect3 id="printing-advanced-filters">
<title>Ðùò Äïõëåýïõí ôá Ößëôñá</title>
<para>¼ðùò áíáöÝñáìå ðñïçãïõìÝíùò, ößëôñï åßíáé Ýíá åêôåëÝóéìï
ðñüãñáììá ðïõ åíåñãïðïéåßôáé áðü ôï <application>LPD</application>
ãéá íá ÷åéñßæåôáé ôï ôìÞìá ôçò åðéêïéíùíßáò ìå ôïí åêôõðùôÞ ðïõ
åîáñôÜôáé áðü ôïí ôýðï ôçò ßäéáò ôçò óõóêåõÞò.</para>
<para>¼ôáí ôï <application>LPD</application> èÝëåé íá åêôõðþóåé Ýíá
áñ÷åßï ìéáò åñãáóßáò, îåêéíÜ ôï ðñüãñáììá ôïõ ößëôñïõ. ÈÝôåé ùò
standard input ôïõ ößëôñïõ ôï áñ÷åßï ðïõ ðñÝðåé íá åêôõðùèåß, ùò
standard output ôïí ßäéï ôïí åêôõðùôÞ êáé ùò standard error ôï
áñ÷åßï áíáöïñÜò óöáëìÜôùí (áíáöÝñåôáé óôçí éêáíüôçôá
<literal>lf</literal> ôïõ <filename>/etc/printcap</filename>, Þ áðü
ðñïåðéëïãÞ ôï <filename class="devicefile">/dev/console</filename>).</para>
<indexterm>
<primary><command>troff</command></primary>
</indexterm>
<para>Ôï ößëôñï ðïõ èá îåêéíÞóåé ôï <application>LPD</application>
êáèþò êáé ïé ðáñÜìåôñïé ôïõ ößëôñïõ, åîáñôþíôáé áðü ôï ôé Ý÷åôå
äçëþóåé óôï áñ÷åßï <filename>/etc/printcap</filename> êáé áðü ôï ôé
ðáñáìÝôñïõò Ý÷åé êáèïñßóåé ï ßäéïò ï ÷ñÞóôçò ãéá ôçí åñãáóßá ìå
ôçí ãñáììÞ åíôïëÞò &man.lpr.1;. Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, áí ï ÷ñÞóôçò
ðëçêôñïëïãÞóåé <command>lpr <option>-t</option></command>, ôï
<application>LPD</application> èá îåêéíÞóåé ôï ößëôñï troff, ðïõ
õðïäçëþíåôáé ìå ôçí éêáíüôçôá <literal>tf</literal> ãéá ôïí
åêôõðùôÞ ðñïïñéóìïý. Áí ï ÷ñÞóôçò åðéèõìåß íá åêôõðþóåé áðëü
êåßìåíï, èá îåêéíÞóåé ôï ößëôñï <literal>if</literal>
(áõôü ðñÜãìáôé éó÷ýåé ôéò ðåñéóóüôåñåò öïñÝò: äåßôå ôá <link
linkend="printing-advanced-of">Ößëôñá Åîüäïõ</link> ãéá
ëåðôïìÝñåéåò).</para>
<para>ÕðÜñ÷ïõí ôñåéò ôýðïé ößëôñùí ðïõ ìðïñåßôå íá ðñïóäéïñßóåôå óôï
<filename>/etc/printcap</filename>:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Ôï <emphasis>ößëôñï êåéìÝíïõ</emphasis>, åðïíïìáæüìåíï êáé
ùò <emphasis>ößëôñï åéóüäïõ</emphasis> óôçí ôåêìçñßùóç ôïõ
<application>LPD</application>, ÷åéñßæåôáé åêôõðþóåéò êáíïíéêïý
êåéìÝíïõ. ÈåùñÞóôå ôï ùò ôï ðñïåðéëåãìÝíï ößëôñï. Ôï
<application>LPD</application> áíáìÝíåé ðùò üëïé ïé åêôõðùôÝò,
áðü ðñïåðéëïãÞ, åßíáé óå èÝóç íá åêôõðþóïõí áðëü êåßìåíï, êáé
åßíáé äïõëåéÜ ôïõ ößëôñïõ êåéìÝíïõ íá âåâáéùèåß üôé ôá
backspaces, ôá tabs, êáé üëïé ïé Üëëïé åéäéêïß ÷áñáêôÞñåò
äåí ðñüêåéôáé íá ðñïâëçìáôßóïõí ôïí åêôõðùôÞ. ÅÜí âñßóêåóôå óå
Ýíá ðåñéâÜëëïí üðïõ èá ðñÝðåé íá êáôáìåôñÞóåôå ôçí ÷ñÞóç ôùí
åêôõðùôþí, ôï ößëôñï êåéìÝíïõ èá ðñÝðåé åðßóçò íá êáôáìåôñÞóåé
ôéò åêôõðùìÝíåò óåëßäåò, óõíÞèùò ìåôñþíôáò ôïí áñéèìü ôùí
åêôõðùìÝíùí ãñáììþí êáé óõãêñßíïíôáò ôïí ìå ôïí áñéèìü ôùí
ãñáììþí ðïõ õðïóôçñßæåé ï åêôõðùôÞò áíÜ óåëßäá. Ôï ößëôñï
êåéìÝíïõ îåêéíÜ ìå ôçí áêüëïõèç ëßóôá ðáñáìÝôñùí:
<cmdsynopsis>
<command>filter-name</command>
<arg>-c</arg>
<arg choice="plain">-w<replaceable>width</replaceable></arg>
<arg choice="plain">-l<replaceable>length</replaceable></arg>
<arg choice="plain">-i<replaceable>indent</replaceable></arg>
<arg choice="plain">-n <replaceable>login</replaceable></arg>
<arg choice="plain">-h <replaceable>host</replaceable></arg>
<arg choice="plain"><replaceable>acct-file</replaceable></arg>
</cmdsynopsis>
üðïõ
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>-c</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>åìöáíßæåôáé áí ç åñãáóßá Ý÷åé áðïóôáëåß ìå
<command>lpr <option>-l</option></command></para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><replaceable>width</replaceable></term>
<listitem>
<para>åßíáé ç ôéìÞ áðü ôçí éêáíüôçôá <literal>pw</literal>
(ðëÜôïò óåëßäáò - page width) üðùò ðñïóäéïñßæåôáé óôï
<filename>/etc/printcap</filename>, ìå ðñïåðéëåãìÝíç
ôéìÞ ôï 132</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><replaceable>length</replaceable></term>
<listitem>
<para>åßíáé ç ôéìÞ áðü ôçí éêáíüôçôá <literal>pl</literal>
(ìÞêïò óåëßäáò - page length), ìå ðñïåðéëåãìÝíç ôéìÞ
ôï 66</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><replaceable>indent</replaceable></term>
<listitem>
<para>åßíáé ôï ìÝãåèïò ôçò åóï÷Þò (indentation) áðü ôï
<command>lpr <option>-i</option></command>, ìå
ðñïåðéëåãìÝíç ôéìÞ 0</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><replaceable>login</replaceable></term>
<listitem>
<para>åßíáé ôï êáôáãåãñáììÝíï üíïìá ÷ñÞóôç ðïõ åêôõðþíåé
ôï áñ÷åßï</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><replaceable>host</replaceable></term>
<listitem>
<para>åßíáé ôï üíïìá ôïõ õðïëïãéóôÞ áðü ôïí ïðïßï
óôÜëèçêå ç åñãáóßá</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><replaceable>acct-file</replaceable></term>
<listitem>
<para>åßíáé ôï üíïìá ôïõ áñ÷åßïõ êáôáìÝôñçóçò áðü ôçí
éêáíüôçôá <literal>af</literal>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</para>
</listitem>
<indexterm>
<primary>åêôõðþóåéò</primary>
<secondary>ößëôñá</secondary>
</indexterm>
<listitem>
<para>¸íá <emphasis>ößëôñï ìåôáôñïðÞò</emphasis> ìåôáôñÝðåé Ýíá
áñ÷åßï åéäéêÞò ìïñöÞò óå Ýíá ôýðï áñ÷åßïõ êáôÜëëçëï ãéá åêôýðùóç
áðü ôïí óõãêåêñéìÝíï åêôõðùôÞ. Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, ôá äåäïìÝíá
óôïé÷åéïèåóßáò ditroff äåí ìðïñïýí íá åêôõðùèïýí êáôåõèåßáí,
áëëÜ ìðïñåßôå íá åãêáôáóôÞóåôå Ýíá ößëôñï ìåôáôñïðÞò áñ÷åßùí
ditroff, þóôå íá ìåôáôñÝøåôå ôá äåäïìÝíá ditroff óå ìéá
ìïñöÞ ðïõ ï åêôõðùôÞò íá ìðïñåß íá áöïìïéþóåé êáé íá ôõðþóåé.
Èá ìÜèåôå ðåñéóóüôåñá óôçí åíüôçôá <link
linkend="printing-advanced-convfilters">Öúëôñá ÌåôáôñïðÞò</link>.
Ôá ößëôñá ìåôáôñïðÞò åðßóçò ÷ñåéÜæïíôáé ãéá íá êÜíåôå
áñßèìçóç/êáôáìÝôñçóç, áí ÷ñåéÜæåóôå êáôáìÝôñçóç ôùí åêôõðþóåùí
óáò. Ôá ößëôñá ìåôáôñïðÞò îåêéíïýí ìå ôéò áêüëïõèåò
ðáñáìÝôñïõò:
<cmdsynopsis>
<command>filter-name</command>
<arg choice="plain">-x<replaceable>pixel-width</replaceable></arg>
<arg choice="plain">-y<replaceable>pixel-height</replaceable></arg>
<arg choice="plain">-n <replaceable>login</replaceable></arg>
<arg choice="plain">-h <replaceable>host</replaceable></arg>
<arg choice="plain"><replaceable>acct-file</replaceable></arg>
</cmdsynopsis>
üðïõ <replaceable>pixel-width</replaceable> åßíáé ç ôéìÞ áðü ôçí
éêáíüôçôá <literal>px</literal> (ðñïåðéëåãìÝíç ôéìÞ 0) êáé
<replaceable>pixel-height</replaceable> åßíáé ç ôéìÞ áðü ôçí
éêáíüôçôá <literal>py</literal> (ðñïåðéëåãìÝíç ôéìÞ 0).</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Ôï <emphasis>ößëôñï åîüäïõ</emphasis> ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé ìüíïí
áí äåí õðÜñ÷åé ößëôñï êåéìÝíïõ, Þ áí åßíáé åíåñãïðïéçìÝíåò ïé
óåëßäåò êåöáëßäáò. ÄéáâÜóôå ôç ó÷åôéêÞ åíüôçôá <link
linkend="printing-advanced-of">Ößëôñá Åîüäïõ</link>, áí êáé
áðü ôçí åìðåéñßá ìáò ìðïñïýìå íá óáò ðïýìå üôé ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýíôáé
óðÜíéá. ÕðÜñ÷ïõí ìüíï äýï ðáñÜìåôñïé ãéá ôá ößëôñá åîüäïõ:
<cmdsynopsis>
<command>filter-name</command>
<arg choice="plain">-w<replaceable>width</replaceable></arg>
<arg choice="plain">-l<replaceable>length</replaceable></arg>
</cmdsynopsis>
ïé ïðïßåò åßíáé ðáíïìïéüôõðåò ìå ôéò ðáñáìÝôñïõò
<option>-w</option> êáé <option>-l</option> ôùí ößëôñùí
êåéìÝíïõ.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>Ôá ößëôñá èá ðñÝðåé åðßóçò íá <emphasis>ôåñìáôßæïõí</emphasis>
ìå êÜðïéá áðü ôéò áêüëïõèåò êáôáóôÜóåéò åîüäïõ:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>exit 0</term>
<listitem>
<para>Áí ôï ößëôñï ôýðùóå åðéôõ÷þò ôï áñ÷åßï.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>exit 1</term>
<listitem>
<para>Áí ôï ößëôñï áðÝôõ÷å íá ôõðþóåé ôï áñ÷åßï, áëëÜ èÝëåé ôï
<application>LPD</application> íá ðñïóðáèÞóåé íá åêôõðþóåé
ôï áñ÷åßï îáíÜ. Ôï <application>LPD</application> èá
îåêéíÞóåé îáíÜ ôï ößëôñï áí ãßíåé Ýîïäïò ìå áõôÞ ôçí
êáôÜóôáóç.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>exit 2</term>
<listitem>
<para>Áí ôï ößëôñï áðÝôõ÷å íá åêôõðþóåé ôï áñ÷åßï êáé äåí èÝëåé
ôï <application>LPD</application> íá ðñïóðáèÞóåé îáíÜ. Ôï
<application>LPD</application> èá áðïññßøåé ôï áñ÷åßï.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>Ôï ößëôñï êåéìÝíïõ ðïõ Ýñ÷åôáé ìå ôçí êáíïíéêÞ Ýêäïóç ôïõ
&os;, <filename>/usr/libexec/lpr/lpf</filename>, åêìåôáëëåýåôáé ôéò
ðáñáìÝôñïõò ðëÜôïõò êáé ìÞêïõò óåëßäáò ãéá íá ðñïóäéïñßóåé ðüôå íá
áðïóôåßëåé ôï form feed êáé ðùò íá êÜíåé êáôáìÝôñçóç. ×ñçóéìïðïéåß
ôéò ðáñáìÝôñïõò ãéá login, host, êáé áñ÷åßïõ êáôáìÝôñçóçò ãéá íá
äçìéïõñãÞóåé ôéò ó÷åôéêÝò åããñáöÝò êáôáìÝôñçóçò.</para>
<para>Áí åßóôå óôç äéáäéêáóßá åðéëïãÞò ößëôñùí, åëÝãîôå áí åßíáé
óõìâáôÜ ìå ôï <application>LPD</application>. Áí åßíáé óõìâáôÜ,
ôüôå ðñÝðåé íá õðïóôçñßæïõí ôçí ëßóôá ðáñáìÝôñùí ðïõ ðåñéãñÜøáìå
ðñïçãïõìÝíùò. Áí ó÷åäéÜæåôå íá ãñÜøáôå ôá äéêÜ óáò ößëôñá ãåíéêÞò
÷ñÞóçò, ôüôå ðñÝðåé íá ôá êÜíåôå íá õðïóôçñßæïõí ôçí ßäéá ëßóôá
ðáñáìÝôñùí êáé êùäéêþí åîüäïõ.</para>
</sect3>
<sect3 id="printing-advanced-if-conversion">
<title>Óõìâáôüôçôá Åñãáóéþí Áðëïý ÊåéìÝíïõ óå ÅêôõðùôÝò
&postscript;</title>
<indexterm><primary>åêôýðùóç åñãáóéþí</primary></indexterm>
<para>Áí åßóôå ï ìïíáäéêüò ÷ñÞóôçò ôïõ Ç/Õ óáò êáé ôïõ åêôõðùôÞ
&postscript; (Þ Üëëçò ãëþóóáò åêôõðùôþí), êáé åßóôå óßãïõñïé ðùò äåí
ðñüêåéôáé íá óôåßëåôå ðïôÝ åêôõðþóåéò áðëïý êåéìÝíïõ óôïí åêôõðùôÞ
óáò êáé ðùò äåí èá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôéò õðçñåóßåò ôùí äéáöüñùí
ðñïãñáììÜôùí óáò ðïõ èá èåëÞóïõí íá óôåßëïõí áðëü êåßìåíï óôïí
åêôõðùôÞ óáò, ôüôå äåí ÷ñåéÜæåôáé íá áó÷ïëçèåßôå êáèüëïõ ìå áõôÞ ôçí
åíüôçôá.</para>
<para>ÁëëÜ, áí åðéèõìåßôå íá óôåßëåôå ôüóï åñãáóßåò &postscript; üóï
êáé áðëïý êåéìÝíïõ óôïí åêôõðùôÞ óáò, ôüôå óáò ðñïôñÝðïõìå íá
ðñïóèÝóåôå êÜðïéåò ñõèìßóåéò óôçí åãêáôÜóôáóç óáò. Ãéá íá ãßíåé
áõôü, èá ðñÝðåé ôï ößëôñï êåéìÝíïõ íá áíé÷íåýåé áí ç ôñÝ÷ïõóá
åñãáóßá åßíáé áðëü êåßìåíï Þ &postscript;. ¼ëåò ïé åñãáóßåò
&postscript; ðñÝðåé íá îåêéíïýí ìå <literal>%!</literal>
(áí ï åêôõðùôÞò óáò ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß Üëëç ãëþóóá, óõìâïõëåõèåßôå
ôçí ôåêìçñßùóç ôïõ). Áí åßíáé áõôïß ïé ðñþôïé äýï ÷áñáêôÞñåò, ôüôå
Ý÷ïõìå &postscript;, êáé ç õðüëïéðç åñãáóßá ìðïñåß íá óôáëåß
áðåõèåßáò óôïí åêôõðùôÞ. Áí äåí åßíáé áõôïß ïé ðñþôïé äýï
÷áñáêôÞñåò, ôüôå ôï ößëôñï èá ìåôáôñÝøåé ôï êåßìåíï óå &postscript;
êáé èá ôõðþóåé ôï áðïôÝëåóìá.</para>
<para>Ðùò ãßíåôáé áõôü;</para>
<indexterm>
<primary>åêôõðùôÝò</primary>
<secondary>óåéñéáêïß</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>Áí åßóôå êÜôï÷ïò óåéñéáêïý åêôõðùôÞ, Ýíáò êáëüò ôñüðïò ãéá
íá ãßíåé áõôü åöéêôü åßíáé íá åãêáôáóôÞóåôå ôï
<command>lprps</command>. Ôï <command>lprps</command> åßíáé Ýíá
ößëôñï åêôýðùóçò &postscript; ðïõ åðéêïéíùíåß áìößäñïìá ìå ôïí
åêôõðùôÞ. Åíçìåñþíåé ôï áñ÷åßï êáôÜóôáóçò ôïõ åêôõðùôÞ ìå
áíáëõôéêÝò ðëçñïöïñßåò, þóôå ïé ÷ñÞóôåò êáé ïé äéá÷åéñéóôÝò íá
ìðïñïýí íá äïõí åðáêñéâþò ðïéá åßíáé ç êáôÜóôáóç ôïõ åêôõðùôÞ
(üðùò <errorname>÷áìçëÞ óôÜèìç toner</errorname> Þ
<errorname>ðñüâëçìá ÷áñôéïý</errorname>). Áêüìç ðéï óçìáíôéêü
åßíáé ðùò ðåñéÝ÷åé ôï ðñüãñáììá <command>psif</command> ðïõ
áíé÷íåýåé áí ç åéóåñ÷üìåíç åñãáóßá åßíáé áðëïý êåéìÝíïõ êáé êáëåß ôï
<command>textps</command> (Ýíá Üëëï ðñüãñáììá ðïõ ðåñéÝ÷åôáé óôï
<command>lprps</command>) íá ôï ìåôáôñÝøåé óå &postscript;. ÔÝëïò
÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé ôï <command>lprps</command> ãéá íá áðïóôåßëåé ôçí
åñãáóßá óôïí åêôõðùôÞ.</para>
<para>Ôï <command>lprps</command> åßíáé ìÝñïò ôçò ÓõëëïãÞò ôùí Ports
ôïõ &os; (äåßôå <link linkend="ports">Ç ÓõëëïãÞ ôùí Ports</link>).
ÖõóéêÜ, ìðïñåßôå íá ôï êáôåâÜóåôå, íá ôï ìåôáãëùôôßóåôå êáé íá ôï
åãêáôáóôÞóåôå ìüíïé óáò. ÌåôÜ ôçí åãêáôÜóôáóç ôïõ
<command>lprps</command>, áðëÜ ðñïóäéïñßóôå ôç äéáäñïìÞ ðñïò ôï
ðñüãñáììá <command>psif</command> ðïõ åßíáé ìÝñïò ôïõ
<command>lprps</command>. Áí åãêáôáóôÞóáôå ôï
<command>lprps</command> áðü ôçí ÓõëëïãÞ ôùí Ports, ôüôå ãéá ôïí
óåéñéáêü óáò åêôõðùôÞ &postscript; ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóôå ôçí áêüëïõèç
êáôá÷þñéóç óôï áñ÷åßï <filename>/etc/printcap</filename>:</para>
<programlisting>:if=<filename>/usr/local/libexec/psif</filename>:</programlisting>
<para>Èá ðñÝðåé åðßóçò íá êáèïñßóåôå ôçí éêáíüôçôá
<literal>rw</literal> ç ïðïßá ïñßæåé üôé ôï
<application>LPD</application> èá ÷åéñßæåôáé ôïí åêôõðùôÞ óå
êáôÜóôáóç áíÜãíùóçò êáé åããñáöÞò.</para>
<para>Áí Ý÷åôå ðáñÜëëçëï åêôõðùôÞ &postscript; (êáé ãéá ôï ëüãï áõôü
äåí ìðïñåßôå íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå áìößäñïìç åðéêïéíùíßá ìå ôïí
åêôõðùôÞ, üðùò áðáéôåßôáé áðü ôï <command>lprps</command>), ìðïñåßôå
íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôï áêüëïõèï shell script ùò ößëôñï
êåéìÝíïõ:</para>
<programlisting>#!/bin/sh
#
# psif - Print PostScript or plain text on a PostScript printer
# Script version; NOT the version that comes with lprps
# Installed in /usr/local/libexec/psif
#
IFS="" read -r first_line
first_two_chars=`expr "$first_line" : '\(..\)'`
if [ "$first_two_chars" = "%!" ]; then
#
# PostScript job, print it.
#
echo "$first_line" && cat && printf "\004" && exit 0
exit 2
else
#
# Plain text, convert it, then print it.
#
( echo "$first_line"; cat ) | /usr/local/bin/textps && printf "\004" && exit 0
exit 2
fi</programlisting>
<para>Óôï ðáñáðÜíù script, ôï <command>textps</command> åßíáé Ýíá
ðñüãñáììá ðïõ åãêáôáóôÞóáìå îå÷ùñéóôÜ ãéá íá ìåôáôñÝðïõìå áðëü
êåßìåíï óå &postscript;. Ìðïñåßôå íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå ïðïéïäÞðïôå
ðñüãñáììá ìåôáôñïðÞò áðü êåßìåíï- óå-&postscript;. Ç ÓõëëïãÞ ôùí
Ports (äåßôå <link linkend="ports">Ç ÓõëëïãÞ ôùí Ports</link>)
ðåñéÝ÷åé åðßóçò Ýíá ðëÞñåò ðñüãñáììá ìåôáôñïðÞò
áðü êåßìåíï óå &postscript;, ôï <literal>a2ps</literal> ðïõ ßóùò
åðéèõìåßôå íá äéåñåõíÞóåôå.</para>
</sect3>
<sect3 id="printing-advanced-ps">
<title>Ðñïóïìïßùóç &postscript; ãéá ÅêôõðùôÝò ðïõ äåí ôï
Õðïóôçñßæïõí</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>PostScript</primary>
<secondary>ðñïóïìïßùóç</secondary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>Ghostscript</primary></indexterm>
<para>Ôï &postscript; åßíáé ôï <emphasis>de facto</emphasis> ðñüôõðï
ãéá óôïé÷åéïèåóßá êáé åêôýðùóç õøçëÞò ðïéüôçôáò. Ùóôüóï, ôï
&postscript; åßíáé êÜðùò <emphasis>äáðáíçñü</emphasis> ðñüôõðï.
Åõôõ÷þò, ç Aladdin Enterprises ðáñÝ÷åé Ýíá ðáñåìöåñÝò åëåýèåñï
&postscript; ðïõ ïíïìÜæåôáé <application>Ghostscript</application>
êáé äïõëåýåé Üøïãá óôï &os;. Ôï Ghostscript äéáâÜæåé ôá ðåñéóóüôåñá
áñ÷åßá &postscript; êáé ìðïñåß íá áðïäþóåé ôéò óåëßäåò ôïõò óå
ìåãÜëç ãêÜìá óõóêåõþí, óõìðåñéëáìâÜíïíôáò ðïëëïýò ôýðïõò åêôõðùôþí
ðïõ äåí õðïóôçñßæïõí &postscript;. Åãêáèéóôþíôáò ôï
<application>Ghostscript</application> êáé ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò Ýíá
åéäéêü ößëôñï êåéìÝíïõ ãéá ôïí åêôõðùôÞ óáò, ìðïñåßôå íá êÜíåôå ôïí
êïéíü åêôõðùôÞ óáò íá ëåéôïõñãåß óáí Ýíáò ðñáãìáôéêüò åêôõðùôÞò
&postscript;.</para>
<para>Ôï <application>Ghostscript</application> âñßóêåôáé óôçí
ÓõëëïãÞ ôùí Ports ôïõ &os;, êáé ìÜëéóôá óå ðïëëÝò åêäüóåéò. Ç ðéï
äéáäåäïìÝíç åßíáé ôï <filename
role="package">print/ghostscript-gpl</filename>.</para>
<para>Ãéá íá êÜíåôå ðñïóïìïßùóç &postscript;, ðñÝðåé ôï ößëôñï
êåéìÝíïõ íá áíé÷íåýóåé áí åêôõðþíåôå áñ÷åßï &postscript;. ÅÜí ü÷é,
ôüôå ôï ößëôñï èá ðåñÜóåé ôï áñ÷åßï êáôåõèåßáí óôïí åêôõðùôÞ.
ÄéáöïñåôéêÜ, èá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåé ôï
<application>Ghostscript</application> ãéá íá ìåôáôñÝøåé
áñ÷éêÜ ôï áñ÷åßï óå Ýíá ôýðï ðïõ èá êáôáëáâáßíåé ï åêôõðùôÞò.</para>
<para>Éäïý Ýíá ðáñÜäåéãìá: ôï áêüëïõèï script åßíáé Ýíá ößëôñï
êåéìÝíïõ ãéá åêôõðùôÝò Hewlett Packard DeskJet 500. Ãéá Üëëïõò
åêôõðùôÝò, áíôéêáôáóôÞóôå ôï üñéóìá <option>-sDEVICE</option> óôçí
åíôïëÞ <command>gs</command>
(<application>Ghostscript</application>). (ÐëçêôñïëïãÞóôå
<command>gs <option>-h</option></command> ãéá íá äåßôå ôçí ëßóôá
óõóêåõþí ðïõ õðïóôçñßæåé ç ôñÝ÷ïõóá åãêáôÜóôáóç ôïõ
<application>Ghostscript.</application>)</para>
<programlisting>#!/bin/sh
#
# ifhp - Print Ghostscript-simulated PostScript on a DeskJet 500
# Installed in /usr/local/libexec/ifhp
#
# Treat LF as CR+LF (to avoid the "staircase effect" on HP/PCL
# printers):
#
printf "\033&k2G" || exit 2
#
# Read first two characters of the file
#
IFS="" read -r first_line
first_two_chars=`expr "$first_line" : '\(..\)'`
if [ "$first_two_chars" = "%!" ]; then
#
# It is PostScript; use Ghostscript to scan-convert and print it.
#
/usr/local/bin/gs -dSAFER -dNOPAUSE -q -sDEVICE=djet500 \
-sOutputFile=- - && exit 0
else
#
# Plain text or HP/PCL, so just print it directly; print a form feed
# at the end to eject the last page.
#
echo "$first_line" && cat && printf "\033&l0H" &&
exit 0
fi
exit 2</programlisting>
<para>ÔÝëïò, ÷ñåéÜæåôáé íá åíçìåñþóåôå ôï
<application>LPD</application> ãéá ôï ößëôñï ìå ôçí éêáíüôçôá
<literal>if</literal>:</para>
<programlisting>:if=<filename>/usr/local/libexec/ifhp</filename>:</programlisting>
<para>Áõôü åßíáé üëï. Ìðïñåßôå íá ðëçêôñïëïãÞóåôå
<command>lpr <filename><replaceable>plain.text</replaceable></filename></command> êáé
<command>lpr <filename><replaceable>whatever.ps</replaceable></filename></command> êáé ôá äýï èá åêôõðùèïýí åðéôõ÷þò.</para>
</sect3>
<sect3 id="printing-advanced-convfilters">
<title>Ößëôñá ÌåôáôñïðÞò</title>
<para>Ôï åðüìåíï âÞìá ìåôÜ ôçí ïëïêëÞñùóç ôçò áðëÞò åãêáôÜóôáóçò ðïõ
ðåñéãñÜøáìå óôéò <link linkend="printing-simple">ÂáóéêÝò Ñõèìßóåéò
Åêôõðùôþí</link>, åßíáé óõíÞèùò ç åãêáôÜóôáóç ößëôñùí ìåôáôñïðÞò
ãéá ôïõò ôýðïõò áñ÷åßùí ðïõ ðñïôéìÜôå (åêôüò áðü áðëü êåßìåíï
ASCII).</para>
<sect4>
<title>Ãéáôß íá åãêáôáóôÞóåôå Ößëôñá ÌåôáôñïðÞò;</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>&tex;</primary>
<secondary>åêôýðùóç áñ÷åßùí DVI</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>Ôá ößëôñá ìåôáôñïðÞò êÜíïõí ôçí åêôýðùóç äéáöüñùí ôýðùí
áñ÷åßùí åýêïëç õðüèåóç. Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, áò õðïèÝóïõìå üôé Ý÷ïõìå
íá êÜíïõìå áñêåôÞ åñãáóßá ìå ôï óýóôçìá óôïé÷åéïèåóßáò &tex;, êáé
üôé Ý÷ïõìå åêôõðùôÞ &postscript;. ÊÜèå öïñÜ ðïõ äçìéïõñãïýìå Ýíá
áñ÷åßï DVI ìå ôï &tex;, äåí ìðïñïýìå íá åêôõðþóïõìå êáôåõèåßáí Ýùò
üôïõ íá ìåôáôñÝøïõìå ôï áñ÷åßï DVI óå &postscript;. Ç áêïëïõèßá
åíôïëþí ðïõ ðñÝðåé íá áêïëïõèÞóïõìå åßíáé:</para>
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput><command>dvips <filename><replaceable>seaweed-analysis.dvi</replaceable></filename></command></userinput>
&prompt.user; <userinput><command>lpr <filename><replaceable>seaweed-analysis.ps</replaceable></filename></command></userinput></screen>
<para>Ìå ôçí ÷ñÞóç åíüò ößëôñïõ ìåôáôñïðÞò ãéá áñ÷åßá DVI, ìðïñïýìå
íá áðïöýãïõìå ôçí ìåôáôñïðÞ ðïõ ðñÝðåé íá êÜíïõìå êÜèå öïñÜ
÷åéñïêßíçôá, êáëþíôáò ôï <application>LPD</application> íá êÜíåé
ôç äïõëåéÜ ãéá ìáò. Ôþñá, êÜèå öïñÜ ðïõ Ý÷ïõìå Ýíá áñ÷åßï DVI,
ãéá íá ôï ôõðþóïõìå ÷ñåéÜæåôáé ìüíï Ýíá âÞìá:</para>
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput><command>lpr <option>-d</option> <filename><replaceable>seaweed-analysis.dvi</replaceable></filename></command></userinput></screen>
<para>¸÷ïõìå áíáèÝóåé óôï <application>LPD</application> íá êÜíåé ôç
ìåôáôñïðÞ ôïõ áñ÷åßïõ DVI ðñïóèÝôïíôáò ôïõ ôçí åðéëïãÞ
<option>-d</option>. Ç åíüôçôá <link
linkend="printing-lpr-options-format">ÅðéëïãÝò Ìïñöïðïßçóçò êáé
ÌåôáôñïðÞò</link> ðåñéÝ÷åé ôïõò ðßíáêåò åðéëïãÞò
ìåôáôñïðþí.</para>
<para>Ãéá êÜèå åðéëïãÞ ìåôáôñïðÞò ðïõ èÝëåôå íá õðïóôçñßæåôå áðü
Ýíá åêôõðùôÞ, ðñÝðåé íá åãêáôáóôÞóåôå Ýíá
<emphasis>ößëôñï ìåôáôñïðÞò</emphasis> êáé íá ïñßóåôå ôçí
äéáäñïìÞ ôïõ óôï áñ÷åßï <filename>/etc/printcap</filename>. ¸íá
ößëôñï ìåôáôñïðÞò åßíáé óáí ôï ößëôñï êåéìÝíïõ óôçí áðëÞ
åãêáôÜóôáóç åêôõðùôÞ (äåßôå ôçí åíüôçôá <link
linkend="printing-textfilter">ÅãêáôÜóôáóç Ößëôñïõ
ÊåéìÝíïõ</link>) ìå ìüíç äéáöïñÜ ðùò áíôß ôï ößëôñï íá
åêôõðþíåé áðëü êåßìåíï, ìåôáôñÝðåé ôï áñ÷åßï óå ìéá äéáöïñåôéêÞ
ìïñöÞ þóôå íá åßíáé êáôáíïçôü áðü ôïí åêôõðùôÞ.</para>
</sect4>
<sect4>
<title>Ðïéï Ößëôñï ÌåôáôñïðÞò èá ÐñÝðåé íá ÅãêáôáóôÞóù;</title>
<para>Èá ðñÝðåé íá åãêáèéóôÜôå ôá ößëôñá ìåôáôñïðÞò ðïõ íïìßæåôå
ðùò èá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå. Áí åêôõðþíåôå áñêåôÜ äåäïìÝíá DVI, ôüôå
åßíáé ëïãéêü íá óõìðåñéëÜâåôå Ýíá ößëôñï ìåôáôñïðÞò DVI. Áí
åêôõðþíåôå óõ÷íÜ äåäïìÝíá troff, èá èÝëåôå íá åãêáôáóôÞóåôå Ýíá
ößëôñï troff.</para>
<para>Ï áêüëïõèïò ðßíáêáò óõíïøßæåé ôá ößëôñá ìå ôá ïðïßá
óõíåñãÜæåôáé ôï <application>LPD</application>, ôéò êáôá÷ùñßóåéò
ôçò áíôßóôïé÷çò éêáíüôçôáò óôï áñ÷åßï
<filename>/etc/printcap</filename>, êáé ðùò íá ôéò êáëÝóåôå ìÝóù
ôçò åíôïëÞò <command>lpr</command>:</para>
<informaltable frame="none" pgwide="1">
<tgroup cols="3">
<thead>
<row>
<entry>Ôýðïò áñ÷åßïõ</entry>
<entry>Éêáíüôçôá <filename>/etc/printcap</filename></entry>
<entry>ÐáñÜìåôñïò åíôïëÞò <command>lpr</command></entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>cifplot</entry>
<entry><literal>cf</literal></entry>
<entry><option>-c</option></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>DVI</entry>
<entry><literal>df</literal></entry>
<entry><option>-d</option></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>plot</entry>
<entry><literal>gf</literal></entry>
<entry><option>-g</option></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>ditroff</entry>
<entry><literal>nf</literal></entry>
<entry><option>-n</option></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>FORTRAN text</entry>
<entry><literal>rf</literal></entry>
<entry><option>-f</option></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>troff</entry>
<entry><literal>tf</literal></entry>
<entry><option>-f</option></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>raster</entry>
<entry><literal>vf</literal></entry>
<entry><option>-v</option></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>plain text</entry>
<entry><literal>if</literal></entry>
<entry>none, <option>-p</option>, or
<option>-l</option></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>Óôï ðáñÜäåéãìá ìáò, áí ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóïõìå
<command>lpr <option>-d</option></command> óçìáßíåé üôé ï
åêôõðùôÞò ÷ñåéÜæåôáé ôçí éêáíüôçôá <literal>df</literal> óôçí
êáôá÷þñéóç ôïõ óôï <filename>/etc/printcap</filename>.</para>
<indexterm><primary>FORTRAN</primary></indexterm>
<para>Áí êáé êÜðïéïé ìðïñåß íá éó÷õñéóôïýí ôï áíôßèåôï, ìåñéêïß
ôýðïé áñ÷åßùí üðùò åßíáé ôá êåßìåíá êáé ãñáöéêÜ FORTRAN åßíáé
îåðåñáóìÝíá. Ìðïñåßôå íá äþóåôå íÝá ðíïÞ óå áñ÷åßá áõôïý ôïõ
ôýðïõ (Þ êáé ïðïéáóäÞðïôå Üëëçò ìïñöÞò åîüäïõ), åãêáèéóôþíôáò
ðñïóáñìïóìÝíá ößëôñá. Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, áò õðïèÝóïõìå üôé èá èÝëáôå
íá åêôõðþóåôå êáôåõèåßáí áñ÷åßá Printerleaf (áñ÷åßá ðñïåñ÷üìåíá
áðü ôï ðñüãñáììá åðéôñáðÝæéáò ôõðïãñáößáò Interleaf), áëëÜ äåí
èá åêôõðþóåôå ðïôÝ äéáãñÜììáôá (plots). Èá ìðïñïýóáôå íá
åãêáôáóôÞóåôå Ýíá ößëôñï ìåôáôñïðÞò áñ÷åßùí Printerleaf õðü ôçí
éêáíüôçôá <literal>gf</literal> êáé íá åêðáéäåýóåôå ôïõò ÷ñÞóôåò
óáò üôé ç åíôïëÞ <command>lpr <option>-g</option></command>
óçìáßíåé <quote>ôýðùóå áñ÷åßá Printerleaf.</quote></para>
</sect4>
<sect4>
<title>ÅãêáôÜóôáóç Ößëôñùí Ìåôáôñïðþí</title>
<para>Áðü ôç óôéãìÞ ðïõ ôá ößëôñá ìåôáôñïðÞò åßíáé ðñïãñÜììáôá ðïõ
äåí áíÞêïõí óôï âáóéêü óýóôçìá åãêáôÜóôáóçò ôïõ &os;, åßíáé ðéï
óùóôü íá åãêáôáóôáèïýí óôïí êáôÜëïãï
<filename class="directory">/usr/local</filename>. ¸íáò óõíÞèçò
ðñïïñéóìüò ôùí ðñïãñáììÜôùí áõôþí åßíáé ï êáôÜëïãïò
<filename class="directory">/usr/local/libexec</filename>, ìéá
ðïõ ðñüêåéôáé ãéá åîåéäéêåõìÝíá ðñïãñÜììáôá ðïõ åêôåëïýíôáé ìüíï
áðü ôï <application>LPD</application>. Ïé áðëïß ÷ñÞóôåò äåí èá
÷ñåéáóôåß ðïôÝ íá ôá åêôåëÝóïõí.</para>
<para>Ãéá íá åíåñãïðïéÞóåôå Ýíá ößëôñï ìåôáôñïðÞò, ðñïóäéïñßóôå ôç
äéáäñïìÞ ôïõ óôï áñ÷åßï <filename>/etc/printcap</filename>,
áëëÜæïíôáò ôçí êáôÜëëçëç éêáíüôçôá óôïí åêôõðùôÞ ðïõ åðéèõìåßôå
íá ôï ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå.</para>
<para>Óôï ðáñÜäåéãìá ìáò, èá ðñïóèÝóïõìå ôï ößëôñï ìåôáôñïðÞò DVI
óôçí êáôá÷þñéóç ìáò ãéá ôïí åêôõðùôÞ ìå ôï üíïìá
<literal>bamboo</literal>. Áêïëïõèåß, ëïéðüí, ôï ðáñÜäåéãìá
ãéá ôï áñ÷åßï <filename>/etc/printcap</filename>, ìå ôçí íÝá
éêáíüôçôá <literal>df</literal> ãéá ôïí åêôõðùôÞ
<literal>bamboo</literal>:</para>
<programlisting>#
# /etc/printcap for host rose - added df filter for bamboo
#
rattan|line|diablo|lp|Diablo 630 Line Printer:\
:sh:sd=<filename class="directory">/var/spool/lpd/rattan</filename>:\
:lp=<filename class="devicefile">/dev/lpt0</filename>:\
:if=<filename>/usr/local/libexec/if-simple</filename>:
bamboo|ps|PS|S|panasonic|Panasonic KX-P4455 PostScript v51.4:\
:sh:sd=<filename class="directory">/var/spool/lpd/bamboo</filename>:\
:lp=<filename class="devicefile">/dev/ttyd5</filename>:ms#-parenb cs8 clocal crtscts:rw:\
:if=<filename>/usr/local/libexec/psif</filename>:\
:df=<filename>/usr/local/libexec/psdf</filename>:</programlisting>
<para>Ôï ößëôñï DVI åßíáé Ýíá shell script ðïõ ïíïìÜæåôáé
<filename>/usr/local/libexec/psdf</filename>, ôï ïðïßï êáé
ðáñáèÝôïõìå ðáñáêÜôù:</para>
<programlisting>#!/bin/sh
#
# psdf - DVI to PostScript printer filter
# Installed in /usr/local/libexec/psdf
#
# Invoked by lpd when user runs lpr -d
#
exec /usr/local/bin/dvips -f | /usr/local/libexec/lprps "$@"</programlisting>
<para>Áõôü ôï script ôñÝ÷åé ôï <command>dvips</command> óå êáôÜóôáóç
ößëôñïõ (ìå ôçí ðáñÜìåôñï <option>-f</option>) óôçí standard
input, áðü üðïõ êáé ëáìâÜíåé ôçí åñãáóßá ðñïò åêôýðùóç. Áõôü
îåêéíÜ ôï ößëôñï åêôýðùóçò &postscript; <command>lprps</command>
(äåßôå ôçí åíüôçôá <link
linkend="printing-advanced-if-conversion">Óõìâáôüôçôá Åñãáóéþí
Áðëïý ÊåéìÝíïõ óå åêôõðùôÝò &postscript;</link>) äßíïíôáò ôïõ
êáé ôéò ðáñáìÝôñïõò ðïõ ðÝñáóå ôï <application>LPD</application>
óôï ðáñáðÜíù script. Ôï <command>lprps</command> èá
÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåé áõôÝò ôéò ðáñáìÝôñïõò ãéá ôçí êáôáìÝôñçóç ôùí
åêôõðùìÝíùí óåëßäùí.</para>
</sect4>
<sect4>
<title>Áêüìá ìåñéêÜ Ðáñáäåßãìáôá Ößëôñùí ÌåôáôñïðÞò</title>
<para>Áðü ôç óôéãìÞ ðïõ äåí õðÜñ÷åé áõôïìáôïðïéçìÝíç ìÝèïäïò ãéá ôçí
åãêáôÜóôáóç ôùí ößëôñùí ìåôáôñïðÞò, áò ìáò åðéôñáðåß íá ðáñÝ÷ïõìå
ìåñéêÜ áêüìç ðáñáäåßãìáôá. Ìðïñåßôå íá ôá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå óáí
ïäçãü ãéá ôçí äçìéïõñãßá ôùí äéêþí óáò ößëôñùí. Áí íïìßæåôå ðùò
åßíáé êáôÜëëçëá ãéá ôçí ðåñßðôùóç óáò ìðïñåßôå íá ôá
÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå êáé êáôåõèåßáí.</para>
<para>Áõôü ôï ðáñÜäåéãìá script åßíáé Ýíá ößëôñï ìåôáôñïðÞò ñÜóôåñ
(áñ÷åßïõ GIF ãéá ôçí áêñßâåéá) ãéá Ýíáí åêôõðùôÞ Hewlett Packard
LaserJet III-Si:</para>
<programlisting>#!/bin/sh
#
# hpvf - Convert GIF files into HP/PCL, then print
# Installed in /usr/local/libexec/hpvf
PATH=/usr/X11R6/bin:$PATH; export PATH
giftopnm | ppmtopgm | pgmtopbm | pbmtolj -resolution 300 \
&& exit 0 \
|| exit 2</programlisting>
<para>Äïõëåýåé ùò åîÞò: ìåôáôñÝðåé ôï áñ÷åßï GIF óå Ýíá ãåíéêü
öïñçôü ôýðï anymap, åí óõíå÷åßá ôï ìåôáôñÝðåé óå Ýíá öïñçôü ôýðï
graymap, Ýðåéôá óå Ýíá öïñçôü ôýðï bitmap, êáé ôÝëïò ôï
ìåôáôñÝðåé óå äåäïìÝíá óõìâáôÜ ìå PCL ãéá ôïí LaserJet.</para>
<para>Åäþ åßíáé ôï áñ÷åßï <filename>/etc/printcap</filename> ìå ìéá
êáôá÷þñéóç ãéá Ýíáí åêôõðùôÞ ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß ôï ðáñáðÜíù
ößëôñï:</para>
<programlisting>#
# /etc/printcap for host orchid
#
teak|hp|laserjet|Hewlett Packard LaserJet 3Si:\
:lp=<filename class="devicefile">/dev/lpt0</filename>:sh:sd=<filename class="directory">/var/spool/lpd/teak</filename>:mx#0:\
:if=<filename>/usr/local/libexec/hpif</filename>:\
:vf=<filename>/usr/local/libexec/hpvf</filename>:</programlisting>
<para>Ôï áêüëïõèï script åßíáé Ýíá ößëôñï ìåôáôñïðÞò äåäïìÝíùí troff
áðü ôï óýóôçìá óôïé÷åéïèåóßáò groff ãéá ôïí åêôõðùôÞ &postscript;
ìå üíïìá <literal>bamboo</literal>:</para>
<programlisting>#!/bin/sh
#
# pstf - Convert groff's troff data into PS, then print.
# Installed in /usr/local/libexec/pstf
#
exec grops | /usr/local/libexec/lprps "$@"</programlisting>
<para>Ôï ðáñáðÜíù script ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß ðÜëé ôï
<command>lprps</command> ãéá íá ÷åéñéóôåß ôçí åðéêïéíùíßá ìå ôïí
åêôõðùôÞ. Áí ï åêôõðùôÞò Þôáí óå ðáñÜëëçëç ðüñôá ôüôå èá åß÷áìå,
áíôéèÝôùò, ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåé ôï áêüëïõèï script:</para>
<programlisting>#!/bin/sh
#
# pstf - Convert groff's troff data into PS, then print.
# Installed in /usr/local/libexec/pstf
#
exec grops</programlisting>
<para>Åäþ åßíáé ç êáôá÷þñéóç ðïõ ÷ñåéÜæåôáé íá ðñïóèÝóïõìå óôï
<filename>/etc/printcap</filename> ãéá íá åíåñãïðïéÞóïõìå ôï
ößëôñï:</para>
<programlisting>:tf=<filename>/usr/local/libexec/pstf</filename>:</programlisting>
<para>Åäþ åßíáé Ýíá ðáñÜäåéãìá ðïõ ìáò åðéôñÝðåé íá åêôõðþóïõìå
ðáëáéü êþäéêá ôçò FORTRAN. Åßíáé Ýíá ößëôñï êåéìÝíïõ ãéá FORTRAN
ãéá ïðïéïíäÞðïôå åêôõðùôÞ ìðïñåß íá åêôõðþóåé êáôåõèåßáí áðëü
êåßìåíï. Èá ôï åãêáôáóôÞóïõìå ãéá Ýíáí åêôõðùôÞ ðïõ ïíïìÜæåôáé
<literal>teak</literal>:</para>
<programlisting>#!/bin/sh
#
# hprf - FORTRAN text filter for LaserJet 3si:
# Installed in /usr/local/libexec/hprf
#
printf "\033&k2G" && fpr && printf "\033&l0H" &&
exit 0
exit 2</programlisting>
<para>Êáé èá ðñïóèÝóïõìå áõôÞ ôç ãñáììÞ óôï
<filename>/etc/printcap</filename> ãéá íá åíåñãïðïéÞóïõìå ôï
ößëôñï ãéá ôïí åêôõðùôÞ <literal>teak</literal>:</para>
<programlisting>:rf=<filename>/usr/local/libexec/hprf</filename>:</programlisting>
<para>Êáé Ýíá ôåëåõôáßï êÜðùò ðåñßðëïêï ðáñÜäåéãìá: Èá
ðñïóèÝóïõìå Ýíá ößëôñï DVI óôïí åêôõðùôÞ LaserJet
<literal>teak</literal> ðïõ áíáöÝñáìå ðñïçãïýìåíá. Êáôáñ÷Þí ôï
åýêïëï ìÝñïò: áíáâáèìßæïõìå ôï <filename>/etc/printcap</filename>
ìå ôçí ôïðïèåóßá üðïõ âñßóêåôáé ôï ößëôñï DVI:</para>
<programlisting>:df=<filename>/usr/local/libexec/hpdf</filename>:</programlisting>
<para>Ôþñá, ôï äýóêïëï ìÝñïò: ç êáôáóêåõÞ ôïõ ößëôñïõ. Èá
÷ñåéáóôïýìå Ýíá ðñüãñáììá ìåôáôñïðÞò áðü DVI-óå-LaserJet/PCL.
Óôçí ÓõëëïãÞ ôùí Ports ôïõ &os; (äåßôå <link
linkend="ports">ÓõëëïãÞ ôùí Ports</link>) õðÜñ÷åé Ýíá ôÝôïéï
ðñüãñáììá: Ôï üíïìá ôïõ ðáêÝôïõ åßíáé <command>dvi2xx</command>.
Ç åãêáôÜóôáóç ôïõ ðáêÝôïõ, ìáò ðáñÝ÷åé áêñéâþò ôï ðñüãñáììá
ðïõ ÷ñåéáæüìáóôå, ôï <command>dvilj2p</command>, ôï ïðïßï
ìåôáôñÝðåé ôïí êþäéêá DVI óå êþäéêá óõìâáôü ìå LaserJet IIp,
LaserJet III, êáé LaserJet 2000.</para>
<para>Ôï <command>dvilj2p</command> êÜíåé ôï ößëôñï
<command>hpdf</command> áñêåôÜ ðåñßðëïêï áðü ôç óôéãìÞ ðïõ ôï
<command>dvilj2p</command> äå ìðïñåß íá äéáâÜóåé áðü ôï standard
input. ×ñåéÜæåôáé íá äïõëÝøåé ìå êÜðïéï üíïìá áñ÷åßïõ. Áêüìç
÷åéñüôåñá, ôï üíïìá ôïõ áñ÷åßïõ ðñÝðåé íá ôåëåéþíåé óå
<filename>.dvi</filename> êé åðïìÝíùò ç ÷ñÞóç ôïõ
<filename class="devicefile">/dev/fd/0</filename> ùò standard
input åßíáé ðñïâëçìáôéêÞ. Èá ìðïñïýóáìå íá áíôéìåôùðßóïõìå ôï
ðñüâëçìá äçìéïõñãþíôáò (óõìâïëéêïýò) äåóìïýò ìå êÜðïéï ðñïóùñéíü
üíïìá áñ÷åßïõ (ðïõ íá ôåëåéþíåé óå <filename>.dvi</filename>)
ãéá ôï <filename class="devicefile">/dev/fd/0</filename>, êáé ìå
áõôü ôïí ôñüðï íá åîáíáãêÜóïõìå ôï <command>dvilj2p</command> íá
äéáâÜæåé áðü ôï standard input.</para>
<para>Áêüìç Ýíá ðñüâëçìá ðïõ ðñïêýðôåé åßíáé ôï ãåãïíüò ðùò äåí
ìðïñïýìå íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóïõìå ôï
<filename class="directory">/tmp</filename> ãéá ôïí
ðñïóùñéíü äåóìü. Ïé óõìâïëéêïß äåóìïß áíÞêïõí óôïí ÷ñÞóôç êáé
óôçí ïìÜäá <username>bin</username>, åíþ ôï ößëôñï ôñÝ÷åé óáí
÷ñÞóôçò <username>daemon</username>. Åðßóçò óôïí êáôÜëïãï
<filename class="directory">/tmp</filename> åßíáé åíåñãü ôï
sticky bit. Ôï ößëôñï ìðïñåß íá äçìéïõñãÞóåé ôï äåóìü, áëëÜ äåí
èá åßíáé éêáíü íá ôïí åîáëåßøåé êáé íá ôïí áöáéñÝóåé áðü ôç
óôéãìÞ ðïõ áõôüò èá áíÞêåé óå äéáöïñåôéêü ÷ñÞóôç.</para>
<para>Áíôßèåôá, ôï ößëôñï èá öôéÜîåé ôï óõìâïëéêü link óôïí ôñÝ÷ïíôá
êáôÜëïãï, ðïõ åßíáé ï êáôÜëïãïò ðáñï÷Ýôåõóçò (spooling) (êáé ðïõ
ðñïóäéïñßæåôáé áðü ôçí éêáíüôçôá <literal>sd</literal> óôï
<filename>/etc/printcap</filename>). Áõôü åßíáé ôï ôÝëåéï ìÝñïò
ãéá íá äïõëåýïõí ôá ößëôñá, åéäéêÜ ëüãù ôïõ üôé (ìåñéêÝò öïñÝò)
õðÜñ÷åé ðåñéóóüôåñåò åëåýèåñïò ÷þñïò óôï äßóêï óôïí êáôÜëïãï
ðáñï÷Ýôåõóçò (spool) áðü üôé óôï
<filename class="directory">/tmp</filename>.</para>
<para>Êáé ôåëéêÜ, éäïý ôï ößëôñï:</para>
<programlisting>#!/bin/sh
#
# hpdf - Print DVI data on HP/PCL printer
# Installed in /usr/local/libexec/hpdf
PATH=/usr/local/bin:$PATH; export PATH
#
# Define a function to clean up our temporary files. These exist
# in the current directory, which will be the spooling directory
# for the printer.
#
cleanup() {
rm -f hpdf$$.dvi
}
#
# Define a function to handle fatal errors: print the given message
# and exit 2. Exiting with 2 tells LPD to do not try to reprint the
# job.
#
fatal() {
echo "$@" 1>&2
cleanup
exit 2
}
#
# If user removes the job, LPD will send SIGINT, so trap SIGINT
# (and a few other signals) to clean up after ourselves.
#
trap cleanup 1 2 15
#
# Make sure we are not colliding with any existing files.
#
cleanup
#
# Link the DVI input file to standard input (the file to print).
#
ln -s /dev/fd/0 hpdf$$.dvi || fatal "Cannot symlink /dev/fd/0"
#
# Make LF = CR+LF
#
printf "\033&k2G" || fatal "Cannot initialize printer"
#
# Convert and print. Return value from dvilj2p does not seem to be
# reliable, so we ignore it.
#
dvilj2p -M1 -q -e- dfhp$$.dvi
#
# Clean up and exit
#
cleanup
exit 0</programlisting>
</sect4>
<sect4 id="printing-advanced-autoconv">
<title>ÁõôïìáôïðïéçìÝíåò ÌåôáôñïðÝò: Ìßá ÅíáëëáêôéêÞ óôá Ößëôñá
ÌåôáôñïðÞò</title>
<para>¼ëá ôá ößëôñá ìåôáôñïðÞò ìðïñåß íá ðëçñïýí ôï ðåñéâÜëëïí
åêôõðþóåùí óáò, áëëÜ õðï÷ñåþíïõí ôïí ÷ñÞóôç íá ðñïóäéïñßæåé
(óôçí ãñáììÞ åíôïëþí ôïõ &man.lpr.1;) ðïéü áðü áõôÜ èá
÷ñçóéìïðïéçèåß. Áí ïé ÷ñÞóôåò óáò äåí åßíáé éäéáßôåñá
åîïéêåéùìÝíïé ìå ôïõò Ç/Õ, ôï íá ðñÝðåé íá áíáöÝñïõí êÜèå öïñÜ
Ýíá ößëôñï ðéèáíþò íá åßíáé åíï÷ëçôéêü. Åßíáé áêüìá ÷åéñüôåñï
ùóôüóï íá ãßíåé ëáíèáóìÝíç åðéëïãÞ ößëôñïõ, ôï ïðïßï èá
åêôåëåóôåß óå áêáôÜëëçëï ãéá áõôü ôýðï áñ÷åßïõ, êáé èá ðñïêáëÝóåé
ôçí óðáôÜëç åêáôïíôÜäùí óåëßäùí ÷áñôéïý.</para>
<para>Áíôß íá åãêáôáóôÞóåôå ïðïéïäÞðïôå ößëôñï ìåôáôñïðÞò, ìðïñåß íá
èÝëåôå íá äïêéìÜóåôå íá Ý÷åôå Ýíá ößëôñï êåéìÝíïõ (áöïý åßíáé
ôï ðñïåðéëåãìÝíï ößëôñï) ðïõ íá áíé÷íåýåé ôïí ôýðï ôïõ áñ÷åßïõ
ðïõ Ý÷åé æçôçèåß íá åêôõðùèåß êáé íá åêôåëåß áõôüìáôá ôï
êáôÜëëçëï ößëôñï ìåôáôñïðÞò. Åñãáëåßá óáí ôï
<command>file</command> ìðïñïýí íá óáò âïçèÞóïõí. Ìðïñåß íá
åßíáé äýóêïëï íá ðñïóäéïñéóôïýí ïé äéáöïñÝò ìåôáîý
<emphasis>êÜðïéùí</emphasis> ôýðùí áñ÷åßùí—áëëÜ, öõóéêÜ,
ìðïñåßôå ðÜíôá íá ðáñÝ÷åôå ößëôñá ìåôáôñïðÞò åéäéêÜ ãéá áõôÝò ôéò
ðåñéðôþóåéò.</para>
<indexterm><primary>apsfilter</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>printing</primary>
<secondary>filters</secondary>
<tertiary>apsfilter</tertiary>
</indexterm>
<para>Ç ÓõëëïãÞ ôùí Ports ôïõ &os; Ý÷åé Ýíá ößëôñï êåéìÝíïõ ðïõ
åêôåëåß áõôüìáôåò ìåôáôñïðÝò êáé ïíïìÜæåôáé
<command>apsfilter</command>. Ìðïñåß íá áíé÷íåýåé áðëü êåßìåíï,
&postscript;, DVI êáé ó÷åäüí ïðïéïäÞðïôå ôýðï áñ÷åßïõ, íá åêôåëåß
ôçí êáôÜëëçëç ìåôáôñïðÞ, êáé íá åêôõðþíåé.</para>
</sect4>
</sect3>
<sect3 id="printing-advanced-of">
<title>Ößëôñá Åîüäïõ</title>
<para>Ôï óýóôçìá ðáñï÷Ýôåõóçò <application>LPD</application>
õðïóôçñßæåé Ýíáí áêüìç ôýðï ößëôñïõ ðïõ ßóùò íá ìçí Ý÷åôå
åîåñåõíÞóåé áêüìá: ôï ößëôñï åîüäïõ. Ôï ößëôñï åîüäïõ ðñïïñßæåôáé
ìüíï ãéá åêôýðùóç áðëïý êåéìÝíïõ, üðùò ôï ößëôñï êåéìÝíïõ, áëëÜ ìå
ðïëëÝò áðëïðïéÞóåéò. ÅÜí ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå ößëôñï åîüäïõ áëëÜ ü÷é
ößëôñï êåéìÝíïõ, ôüôå:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Ôï <application>LPD</application> îåêéíÜ Ýíá ößëôñï åîüäïõ
ìüíï ìéá öïñÜ ãéá üëç ôçí åñãáóßá, áíôß Ýíá ÷ùñéóôü ãéá êÜèå
áñ÷åßï ôçò åñãáóßáò.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Ôï <application>LPD</application> äåí öñïíôßæåé íá
áíáãíùñßóåé ôçí áñ÷Þ Þ ôï ôÝëïò ôùí áñ÷åßùí ìÝóá óôçí ßäéá ôçí
åñãáóßá üôáí ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé ôï ößëôñï åîüäïõ.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Ôï <application>LPD</application> äåí ðåñíÜåé óôï ößëôñï ôá
äåäïìÝíá åéóüäïõ ôïõ ÷ñÞóôç Þ ôï üíïìá ôïõ ìç÷áíÞìáôïò, åðïìÝíùò
äåí ðñïïñßæåôáé ãéá êáôáìÝôñçóç åêôõðùìÝíùí óåëßäùí. Ôï ößëôñï
åîüäïõ äÝ÷åôáé ìüíïò ôéò ðáñáìÝôñïõò:</para>
<cmdsynopsis>
<command>filter-name</command>
<arg choice="plain">-w<replaceable>width</replaceable></arg>
<arg choice="plain">-l<replaceable>length</replaceable></arg>
</cmdsynopsis>
<para>¼ðïõ ôï <replaceable>width</replaceable> åßíáé áðü ôçí
éêáíüôçôá <literal>pw</literal> êáé ôï
<replaceable>length</replaceable> åßíáé áðü ôçí éêáíüôçôá
<literal>pl</literal> ãéá ôïí óõãêåêñéìÝíï åêôõðùôÞ.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>Ìçí ðáñáóýñåóôå áðü ôçí áðëüôçôá ôïõ ößëôñïõ åîüäïõ. Áí
åðéèõìåßôå êÜèå áñ÷åßï ìéáò åñãáóßáò íá îåêéíÜ óå ìéá íÝá óåëßäá,
ôï ößëôñï åîüäïõ <emphasis>äåí êÜíåé ãéá óáò</emphasis>.
×ñçóéìïðïéÞóôå Ýíá ößëôñï êåéìÝíïõ (ãíùóôü êáé ùò ößëôñï åéóüäïõ).
Äåßôå ôçí åíüôçôá <link linkend="printing-textfilter">ÅãêáôÜóôáóç
Ößëôñïõ ÊåéìÝíïõ</link>. ÅðéðëÝïí, Ýíá ößëôñï åîüäïõ åßíáé óôçí
ðñáãìáôéêüôçôá <emphasis>ðéï ðåñßðëïêï</emphasis> áöïý ðñÝðåé íá
åîåôÜæåé ôçí ñïÞ ôùí byte ðïõ áðïóôÝëëåôáé ðñïò áõôü ãéá åéäéêïýò
÷áñáêôÞñåò flag êáé ðñÝðåé íá óôÝëíåé óÞìáôá óôïí åáõôü
ôïõ ãéá ëïãáñéáóìü ôïõ <application>LPD</application>.</para>
<para>Ùóôüóï, Ýíá ößëôñï åîüäïõ åßíáé <emphasis>áíáãêáßï</emphasis>
áí èÝëåôå óåëßäåò êåöáëßäáò êáé ÷ñåéÜæåôáé íá óôÝëíåôå áêïëïõèßåò
äéáöõãÞò Þ Üëëåò áêïëïõèßåò áñ÷éêïðïßçóçò ðñïêåéìÝíïõ íá ôéò
åêôõðþóåôå. (ÁëëÜ åßíáé åðßóçò <emphasis>ìÜôáéï</emphasis> áí
èÝëåôå íá ÷ñåþíåôå óåëßäåò êåöáëßäáò óôïí ëïãáñéáóìü ôïõ áíôßóôïé÷ïõ
÷ñÞóôç, áðü ôç óôéãìÞ ðïõ ôï <application>LPD</application> äåí
óôÝëíåé êáìéÜ ðëçñïöïñßá ãéá ôïí ÷ñÞóôç Þ ôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ óôï ößëôñï
åîüäïõ.)</para>
<para>Ôï <application>LPD</application> åðéôñÝðåé ôçí óõíýðáñîç
åíüò ößëôñïõ åîüäïõ êáé Üëëùí ößëôñùí (êåéìÝíïõ Þ äéáöïñåôéêïý
ôýðïõ) óôïí ßäéï åêôõðùôÞ. Óå áõôÝò ôéò ðåñéðôþóåéò, ôï
<application>LPD</application> èá îåêéíÜ ôï ößëôñï åîüäïõ ìüíï ãéá
ôçí åêôýðùóç ôçò óåëßäáò êåöáëßäáò (äåßôå ôçí åíüôçôá <link
linkend="printing-advanced-header-pages">Óåëßäåò
Êåöáëßäáò</link>). Ôï <application>LPD</application> èá áíáìÝíåé
ôï ößëôñï åîüäïõ íá <emphasis>óôáìáôÞóåé áðü ìüíï ôïõ</emphasis>
üôáí ôïõ óôåßëåé äýï bytes: Ýíá ASCII 031 áêïëïõèïýìåíï áðü Ýíá
ASCII 001. ¼ôáí Ýíá ößëôñï åîüäïõ âëÝðåé áõôÜ ôá äýï bytes (031,
001), èá ðñÝðåé íá óôáìáôÜ óôÝëíïíôáò óÞìá
<literal>SIGSTOP</literal> óôïí åáõôü ôïõ. ¼ôáí ôï
<application>LPD</application> ïëïêëçñþóåé ôçí åêôÝëåóç êáé ôùí
õðïëïßðùí ößëôñùí, èá åðáíåêêéíÞóåé ôï ößëôñï åîüäïõ óôÝëíïíôáò
ôïõ ôï óÞìá <literal>SIGCONT</literal>.</para>
<para>Áí õðÜñ÷åé ößëôñï åîüäïõ, áëëÜ <emphasis>äåí õðÜñ÷åé</emphasis>
ößëôñï êåéìÝíïõ êáé ôï <application>LPD</application> äïõëåýåé óå
åñãáóßá áðëïý êåéìÝíïõ, ôï <application>LPD</application>
÷ñçóéìïðïéåß ôï ößëôñï åîüäïõ ãéá ôçí åêôÝëåóç ôçò åñãáóßáò. ¼ðùò
áíáöÝñáìå êáé ðáñáðÜíù, ôï ößëôñï åîüäïõ èá åêôõðþóåé êÜèå áñ÷åßï
åñãáóßáò óôç óåéñÜ, äß÷ùò äõíáôüôçôá ðáñåìâïëÞò êåíÞò óåëßäáò Þ
Üëëùí ñõèìßóåùí óôçí ôñïöïäïóßá ÷áñôéïý, êáé ðéèáíþò áõôü íá
<emphasis>ìçí</emphasis> åßíáé åðéèõìçôü. Ó÷åäüí óå üëåò ôéò
ðåñéðôþóåéò, èá ÷ñåéáóôåßôå Ýíá ößëôñï êåéìÝíïõ.</para>
<para>Ôï ðñüãñáììá <command>lpf</command>, ðïõ áíáöÝñáìå íùñßôåñá óáí
ößëôñï êåéìÝíïõ, ìðïñåß íá ôñÝîåé êáé óáí ößëôñï åîüäïõ. Áí
÷ñåéÜæåóôå Ýíá ãñÞãïñï ößëôñï åîüäïõ áëëÜ äåí èÝëåôå íá ãñÜøåôå ôïí
êþäéêá áíß÷íåõóçò ôùí byte êáé ôïí êþäéêá áðïóôïëÞò óçìÜôùí,
äïêéìÜóôå ôï <command>lpf</command>. Ìðïñåßôå åðßóçò íá
÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôï <command>lpf</command> ìÝóá áðü Ýíá shell script
ôï ïðïßï èá ÷åéñßæåôáé ôïõò êùäéêïýò áñ÷éêïðïßçóçò ðïõ ßóùò íá
÷ñåéÜæåôáé ï åêôõðùôÞò.</para>
</sect3>
<sect3 id="printing-advanced-lpf">
<title><command>lpf</command>: Ýíá Ößëôñï ÊåéìÝíïõ</title>
<para>Ôï ðñüãñáììá <filename>/usr/libexec/lpr/lpf</filename> ðïõ
ðáñÝ÷åôáé ìå ôç äéáíïìÞ åêôåëÝóéìùí ôïõ &os; åßíáé Ýíá ößëôñï
êåéìÝíïõ (ößëôñï åéóüäïõ) ðïõ ìðïñåß íá ðáñáãñáöïðïéåß ôçí Ýîïäï
(åñãáóßåò ðïõ Ý÷ïõí óôáëåß ìå
<command>lpr <option>-i</option></command>), íá
åðéôñÝðåé ôçí äéÝëåõóç literal ÷áñáêôÞñùí (åñãáóßåò ðïõ Ý÷ïõí
óôáëåß ìå <command>lpr <option>-l</option></command>), íá ñõèìßæåé
ôçí èÝóç åêôýðùóçò ìå ôç ÷ñÞóç ÷áñáêôÞñùí backspace êáé tab óôçí
åñãáóßá, êáé íá êÜíåé êáôáìÝôñçóç ôùí åêôõðùìÝíùí óåëßäùí. Åðßóçò
ìðïñåß íá åíåñãåß êáé óáí ößëôñï åîüäïõ.</para>
<para>Ôï <command>lpf</command> åßíáé êáôÜëëçëï ãéá äéÜöïñá
ðåñéâÜëëïíôá åêôýðùóçò. Áí êáé äåí Ý÷åé äõíáôüôçôá áðïóôïëÞò
áêïëïõèéþí áñ÷éêïðïßçóçò óôïí åêôõðùôÞ, åßíáé åýêïëï íá ãñÜøåôå
Ýíá shell script ãéá íá êÜíåôå ôçí áðáñáßôçôç áñ÷éêïðïßçóç êáé
íá åêôåëÝóåôå Ýðåéôá ôï <command>lpf</command>.</para>
<indexterm><primary>êáôáìÝôñçóç óåëßäùí</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>êáôáìÝôñçóç</primary>
<secondary>åêôõðùôÞò</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>Ãéá íá êÜíåé óùóôÜ êáôáìÝôñçóç óåëßäùí, ôï
<command>lpf</command> ÷ñåéÜæåôáé êáôÜëëçëåò ôéìÝò ãéá ôéò
éêáíüôçôåò <literal>pw</literal> êáé <literal>pl</literal> óôï
áñ÷åßï <filename>/etc/printcap</filename>. ×ñçóéìïðïéåß áõôÝò ôéò
ôéìÝò ãéá íá ðñïóäéïñßóåé ðüóï êåßìåíï ìðïñåß íá ÷ùñÝóåé óå ìßá
óåëßäá êáé áðü ðüóåò óåëßäåò áðïôåëåßôáé ç åñãáóßá ôïõ ÷ñÞóôç. Ãéá
ðåñéóóüôåñåò ðëçñïöïñßåò ó÷åôéêÜ ìå ôçí êáôáìÝôñçóç óåëßäùí,
óõìâïõëåõôåßôå ôçí <link
linkend="printing-advanced-acct">ÊáôáìÝôñçóç ×ñÞóçò Åêôõðùôþí</link>.</para>
</sect3>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="printing-advanced-header-pages">
<title>Óåëßäåò Êåöáëßäáò</title>
<para>Áí Ý÷åôå <emphasis>áñêåôïýò</emphasis> ÷ñÞóôåò, êáé üëïé ôïõò
÷ñçóéìïðïéïýí äéÜöïñïõò åêôõðùôÝò, ôüôå ðéèáíþò íá èåùñåßôå ôéò
<emphasis>óåëßäåò êåöáëßäáò</emphasis> ùò áíáãêáßï êáêü.</para>
<indexterm>
<primary>óåëßäåò banner</primary>
<see>óåëßäåò êåöáëßäáò</see>
</indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>óåëßäåò êåöáëßäáò</primary></indexterm>
<para>Ïé óåëßäåò êåöáëßäáò, ãíùóôÝò åðßóçò êáé ùò
<emphasis>banner</emphasis> Þ <emphasis>óåëßäåò burst</emphasis>
áíáãíùñßæïõí óå ðïéïí áíÞêïõí ïé åñãáóßåò ìåôÜ ôçí åêôýðùóç ôïõò.
ÓõíÞèùò ôõðþíïíôáé ìå ìåãÜëá, Ýíôïíá ãñÜììáôá, êáé ßóùò ìå
äéáêïóìçôéêÜ ðåñéãñÜììáôá, þóôå óå ìéá óôïßâá åêôõðþóåùí íá
îå÷ùñßæïõí áðü ôá ðñáãìáôéêÜ Ýããñáöá åñãáóéþí ôùí ÷ñçóôþí.
ÅðéôñÝðïõí Ýôóé óôïõò ÷ñÞóôåò íá âñßóêïõí ãñÞãïñá ôéò åñãáóßåò ôïõò.
Ôï ðñïöáíÝò ìåéïíÝêôçìá óå ìéá óåëßäá êåöáëßäáò åßíáé ðùò ðñüêåéôáé
íá åêôõðùèåß ìéá áêüìá óåëßäá ãéá êÜèå ìßá åñãáóßá. Ç åöÞìåñç
÷ñçóéìüôçôá ôïõò äéáñêåß ëßãá ëåðôÜ, êáé ï ðñïïñéóìüò ôïõò åßíáé ï
êÜäïò á÷ñÞóôùí/áíáêýêëùóçò. (ÐáñáôçñÞóôå ðùò ïé óåëßäåò êåöáëßäáò
åßíáé áíÜ åñãáóßá, êáé ü÷é áíÜ áñ÷åßï óå ìéá åñãáóßá, åðïìÝíùò ôï
á÷ñçóôåõìÝíï ÷áñôß ßóùò íá ìçí åßíáé ôüóï ðïëý).</para>
<para>Ôï óýóôçìá <application>LPD</application> ìðïñåß íá ðáñÝ÷åé
áõôüìáôá óåëßäåò êåöáëßäáò ãéá ôéò åêôõðþóåéò óáò,
<emphasis>áí</emphasis> ï åêôõðùôÞò óáò ìðïñåß íá åêôõðþóåé Üìåóá
áðëü êåßìåíï. Áí Ý÷åôå åêôõðùôÞ &postscript;, èá ÷ñåéáóôåßôå Ýíá
åîùôåñéêü ðñüãñáììá ãéá íá äçìéïõñãÞóåôå ôçí óåëßäá êåöáëßäáò. Äåßôå
ôï <link linkend="printing-advanced-header-pages-ps">Óåëßäåò
Êåöáëßäáò óå ÅêôõðùôÝò &postscript;</link>.</para>
<sect3 id="printing-advanced-header-pages-enabling">
<title>Åíåñãïðïßçóç Óåëßäùí Êåöáëßäáò</title>
<para>Óôçí åíüôçôá <link linkend="printing-simple">ÂáóéêÝò Ñõèìßóåéò
Åêôõðùôþí</link>, áðåíåñãïðïéÞóáìå ôéò óåëßäåò êåöáëßäáò
ìå ôçí êáôá÷þñéóç <literal>sh</literal> (óçìáßíåé <quote>suppress
header</quote>) óôï áñ÷åßï <filename>/etc/printcap</filename>.
Ãéá íá åíåñãïðïéÞóåôå ôéò óåëßäåò êåöáëßäáò ãéá êÜðïéïí åêôõðùôÞ,
áðëÜ áöáéñÝóôå ôçí éêáíüôçôá <literal>sh</literal>.</para>
<para>Áêïýãåôáé åýêïëï, äåí íïìßæåôå;</para>
<para>¸ôóé åßíáé. <emphasis>ºóùò</emphasis> ÷ñåéáóôåß íá ðáñÝ÷åôå Ýíá
ößëôñï åîüäïõ ãéá íá óôåßëåôå åíôïëÝò áñ÷éêïðïßçóçò óôïí åêôõðùôÞ.
Åäþ åßíáé Ýíá ðáñÜäåéãìá ößëôñïõ åîüäïõ ãéá åêôõðùôÝò óõìâáôïýò ìå
ôïí ôýðï PCL ôçò Hewlett Packard:</para>
<programlisting>#!/bin/sh
#
# hpof - Output filter for Hewlett Packard PCL-compatible printers
# Installed in /usr/local/libexec/hpof
printf "\033&k2G" || exit 2
exec /usr/libexec/lpr/lpf</programlisting>
<para>Ðñïóäéïñßóôå ôçí äéáäñïìÞ ðñïò ôï ößëôñï åîüäïõ óôçí éêáíüôçôá
<literal>of</literal>. Äåßôå ôçí åíüôçôá <link
linkend="printing-advanced-of">Ößëôñá Åîüäïõ</link> ãéá
ðåñéóóüôåñåò ðëçñïöïñßåò.</para>
<para>Åäþ åßíáé Ýíá ðáñÜäåéãìá áñ÷åßïõ
<filename>/etc/printcap</filename> ãéá ôïí åêôõðùôÞ
<literal>teak</literal> áðü ôï ðñïçãïýìåíï ðáñÜäåéãìá.
ÅíåñãïðïéÞóáìå ôéò óåëßäåò êåöáëßäáò êáé ðñïóèÝóáìå ôï ðáñáðÜíù
ößëôñï åîüäïõ:</para>
<programlisting>#
# /etc/printcap for host orchid
#
teak|hp|laserjet|Hewlett Packard LaserJet 3Si:\
:lp=<filename class="devicefile">/dev/lpt0</filename>:sd=<filename class="directory">/var/spool/lpd/teak</filename>:mx#0:\
:if=<filename>/usr/local/libexec/hpif</filename>:\
:vf=<filename>/usr/local/libexec/hpvf</filename>:\
:of=<filename>/usr/local/libexec/hpof</filename>:</programlisting>
<para>Ôþñá, üôáí ïé ÷ñÞóôåò åêôõðþíïõí åñãáóßåò óôïí
<literal>teak</literal>, èá ðáßñíïõí êáé ìßá óåëßäá êåöáëßäáò áíÜ
åñãáóßá. Áí ïé ÷ñÞóôåò èÝëïõí íá îïäåýïõí ÷ñüíï øÜ÷íïíôáò ãéá
ôéò åêôõðþóåéò ôïõò, ìðïñïýí íá ðáñåìðïäßóïõí ôéò óåëßäåò êåöáëßäáò
áðïóôÝëëïíôáò ôéò åñãáóßåò ôïõò ìå
<command>lpr <option>-h</option></command>. Äåßôå ôçí åíüôçôá
<link linkend="printing-lpr-options-misc">ÅðéëïãÝò Óåëßäùí
Êåöáëßäáò</link> ãéá ðåñéóóüôåñåò åðéëïãÝò ôïõ &man.lpr.1;.</para>
<note>
<para>Ôï <application>LPD</application> óôÝëíåé ôï ÷áñáêôÞñá
áëëáãÞò óåëßäáò (form feed) áìÝóùò ìåôÜ ôç óåëßäá êåöáëßäáò. Áí
ï åêôõðùôÞò óáò ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß äéáöïñåôéêü ÷áñáêôÞñá Þ áêïëïõèßá
÷áñáêôÞñùí ãéá ôçí áëëáãÞ óåëßäáò, ðñïóäéïñßóôå ôá ìå ôçí
éêáíüôçôá <literal>ff</literal> óôï áñ÷åßï
<filename>/etc/printcap</filename>.</para>
</note>
</sect3>
<sect3 id="printing-advanced-header-pages-controlling">
<title>¸ëåã÷ïò Óåëßäùí Êåöáëßäáò </title>
<para>ÌåôÜ ôçí åíåñãïðïßçóç ôùí óåëßäùí êåöáëßäáò, ôï
<application>LPD</application> èá ðáñÜãåé ìßá <emphasis>åðéìÞêç
êåöáëßäá</emphasis>, ìßá ïëüêëçñç óåëßäá ìå ìåãÜëá ãñÜììáôá ðïõ
ðñïóäéïñßæåé ôïí ÷ñÞóôç, ôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ (host), êáé ôçí åñãáóßá.
Åäþ åßíáé Ýíá ðáñÜäåéãìá (ç <username>kelly</username> åêôýðùóå ôçí
åñãáóßá ìå üíïìá <quote>outline</quote> áðü ôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ
<hostid>rose</hostid>):</para>
<screen> k ll ll
k l l
k l l
k k eeee l l y y
k k e e l l y y
k k eeeeee l l y y
kk k e l l y y
k k e e l l y yy
k k eeee lll lll yyy y
y
y y
yyyy
ll
t l i
t l
oooo u u ttttt l ii n nnn eeee
o o u u t l i nn n e e
o o u u t l i n n eeeeee
o o u u t l i n n e
o o u uu t t l i n n e e
oooo uuu u tt lll iii n n eeee
r rrr oooo ssss eeee
rr r o o s s e e
r o o ss eeeeee
r o o ss e
r o o s s e e
r oooo ssss eeee
Job: outline
Date: Sun Sep 17 11:04:58 1995</screen>
<para>Ôï <application>LPD</application> ðñïóèÝôåé ìéá åíôïëÞ áëëáãÞò
óåëßäáò (form feed) ìåôÜ áðü áõôü ôï êåßìåíï Ýôóé þóôå ç
åñãáóßá íá îåêéíÞóåé óå íÝá óåëßäá (åêôüò áí Ý÷åôå ðñïóäéïñßóåé ôçí
éêáíüôçôá <literal>sf</literal> (suppress form feeds) ãéá ôïí
åêôõðùôÞ óôï áñ÷åßï <filename>/etc/printcap</filename>).</para>
<para>Áí ðñïôéìÜôå, ôï <application>LPD</application> ìðïñåß íá
öôéÜîåé ìéá <emphasis>ìéêñüôåñïõ ìÞêïõò êåöáëßäá</emphasis>.
Ðñïóäéïñßóôå <literal>sb</literal> (short banner) óôï áñ÷åßï
<filename>/etc/printcap</filename>. Ç óåëßäá êåöáëßäáò èá ìïéÜæåé
óáí áõôÞ:</para>
<screen>rose:kelly Job: outline Date: Sun Sep 17 11:07:51 1995</screen>
<para>Ôï <application>LPD</application> ôõðþíåé (áðü ðñïåðéëïãÞ)
ðñþôá ôçí óåëßäá êåöáëßäáò, êáé ìåôÜ ôçí åñãáóßá. Ãéá íá
áíôéóôñÝøåôå ôçí óåéñÜ, ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóôå ôçí éêáíüôçôá
<literal>hl</literal> (header last) óôï áñ÷åßï
<filename>/etc/printcap</filename>.</para>
</sect3>
<sect3 id="printing-advanced-header-pages-accounting">
<title>ÊáôáìÝôñçóç ìå Óåëßäåò Êåöáëßäáò</title>
<para>Ç ÷ñÞóç ôùí ðñïåãêáôåóôçìÝíùí óåëßäùí êåöáëßäáò ôïõ
<application>LPD</application> ïõóéáóôéêÜ õðï÷ñåþíïõí ôçí ôÞñçóç
ôïõ ðáñáêÜôù êáíüíá üôáí êÜíïõìå êáôáìÝôñçóç ÷ñÞóçò ôïõ åêôõðùôÞ:
Ïé óåëßäåò êåöáëßäáò ðñÝðåé íá äéáôßèåíôáé <emphasis>åëåýèåñá (äß÷ùò
÷ñÝùóç)</emphasis>.</para>
<para>Ãéáôß;</para>
<para>Äéüôé ôï ößëôñï åîüäïõ åßíáé ôï ìïíáäéêü åîùôåñéêü ðñüãñáììá
ðïõ Ý÷åé ôïí Ýëåã÷ï óôçí åêôýðùóç ôçò êåöáëßäáò êáé èá ìðïñïýóå íá
êÜíåé êáôáìÝôñçóç, áëëÜ ùóôüóï äåí ðáñÝ÷åé êáìßá ðëçñïöïñßá ãéá
<emphasis>ôïí ÷ñÞóôç Þ ôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ</emphasis> Þ êÜðïéï Üëëï
áñ÷åßï êáôáìÝôñçóçò, åðïìÝíùò äåí ãíùñßæåé óå ðïéüí íá áðïäþóåé
ôçí ÷ñÞóç ôïõ åêôõðùôÞ. Äåí áñêåß áðëÜ íá <quote>ðñïóèÝóåôå ìßá
áêüìç óåëßäá óôçí êáôáìÝôñçóç</quote> ôñïðïðïéþíôáò ôï ößëôñï
êåéìÝíïõ Þ ïðïéïäÞðïôå Üëëï ößëôñï ìåôáôñïðÞò (ôï ïðïßï äéáèÝôåé ôéò
ðëçñïöïñßåò ÷ñÞóôç êáé õðïëïãéóôÞ), áðü ôç óôéãìÞ ðïõ ïé ÷ñÞóôåò
Ý÷ïõí ôçí äõíáôüôçôá íá ðáñåìðïäßóïõí ôéò óåëßäåò êåöáëßäáò ìå
<command>lpr <option>-h</option></command>. Èá ìðïñïýóáí ðÜëé íá
÷ñåùèïýí ãéá óåëßäåò êåöáëßäáò ðïõ äåí åêôýðùóáí. ÂáóéêÜ, ç
<command>lpr <option>-h</option></command> èá åßíáé ç ðñïôéìþìåíç
åðéëïãÞ óå Ýíá ðåñéâÜëëïí ðïõ ïé ÷ñÞóôåò Ý÷ïõí ïéêïëïãéêÞ
óõíåßäçóç, áëëÜ äåí ìðïñåßôå ðñáãìáôéêÜ íá ðáñïôñýíåôå ïðïéïíäÞðïôå
íá ôç ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåé.</para>
<para><emphasis>Äåí åßíáé áñêåôü</emphasis> áðëÜ êÜèå ößëôñï óáò íá
äçìéïõñãåß ôç äéêéÜ ôïõ óåëßäá êåöáëßäáò (Ýôóé þóôå íá ìðïñåß íá
÷ñåþíåé ìå áõôü ôïí ôñüðï). Áí ïé ÷ñÞóôåò åðéèõìïýí ôçí åðéëïãÞ
ðáñåìðüäéóçò ôùí óåëßäùí êåöáëßäáò ìå
<command>lpr <option>-h</option></command>, èá óõíå÷ßóïõí íá ôéò
ðáñáëáìâÜíïõí - êáé íá ÷ñåþíïíôáé ãéá áõôÝò - áöïý ôï
<application>LPD</application> äåí Ý÷åé äõíáôüôçôá íá
ðåñÜóåé óå ïðïéïäÞðïôå ößëôñï ôçí åðéëïãÞ
<option>-h</option>.</para>
<para>ÅðïìÝíùò, ðïéåò åðéëïãÝò Ý÷åôå;</para>
<para>Ìðïñåßôå:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Íá áðïäå÷èåßôå ôçí õðüäåéîç ôïõ
<application>LPD</application> êáé íá ðáñÝ÷åôå ôéò óåëßäåò
êåöáëßäáò åëåýèåñá.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Íá åãêáôáóôÞóåôå åíáëëáêôéêÝò ëýóåéò áíôß ôïõ
<application>LPD</application>, üðùò ôï
<application>LPRng</application>. Ç åíüôçôá <link
linkend="printing-lpd-alternatives">ÅíáëëáêôéêÝò Ëýóåéò ãéá
ôïí ÓôÜíôáñ Spooler</link> äßíåé ðåñéóóüôåñåò ðëçñïöïñßåò
ãéá Üëëåò åöáñìïãÝò ðáñï÷Ýôåõóçò ðïõ ìðïñåßôå íá
÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå áíôß ãéá ôï
<application>LPD</application>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Íá ãñÜøåôå Ýíá <emphasis>Ýîõðíï</emphasis> ößëôñï åîüäïõ.
Õðü êáíïíéêÝò óõíèÞêåò, Ýíá "ößëôñï åîüäïõ" äåí êÜíåé ôßðïôå
ðáñáðÜíù áðü ôçí áñ÷éêïðïßçóç åíüò åêôõðùôÞ Þ ìåñéêÝò áðëÝò
ìåôáôñïðÝò ÷áñáêôÞñùí. Åßíáé êáôÜëëçëï ãéá óåëßäåò êåöáëßäáò
êáé ãéá åñãáóßåò áðëïý êåéìÝíïõ (üôáí äåí õðÜñ÷åé ößëôñï
(åéóüäïõ) êåéìÝíïõ). ÁëëÜ áí õðÜñ÷åé ößëôñï êåéìÝíïõ ãéá
åñãáóßåò áðëïý êåéìÝíïõ, ôüôå ôï
<application>LPD</application> èá åíåñãïðïéåß ôï ößëôñï åîüäïõ
ìüíï ãéá ôéò óåëßäåò êåöáëßäáò. Êáé ôï ößëôñï åîüäïõ ìðïñåß íá
áíáëýåé ôï êåßìåíï ôçò óåëßäáò êåöáëßäáò ðïõ äçìéïõñãåß ôï
<application>LPD</application> ãéá íá ðñïóäéïñßæåé ôïí ÷ñÞóôç
êáé ôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ, þóôå íá ÷ñåþíåé ôéò óåëßäåò êåöáëßäáò.
Ôï ìüíï åðéðëÝïí ðñüâëçìá ìå áõôÞ ôç ìÝèïäï åßíáé ðùò ôï ößëôñï
åîüäïõ åîáêïëïõèåß íá ìç ãíùñßæåé ðïéü áñ÷åßï êáôáìÝôñçóçò íá
÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåé (äåí ôïõ Ý÷åé äïèåß ôï üíïìá ôïõ áñ÷åßïõ áðü ôçí
éêáíüôçôá <literal>af</literal>), áëëÜ áí ôï üíïìá ôïõ áñ÷åßïõ
óáò åßíáé ãíùóôü, ìðïñåßôå íá ôï åíóùìáôþóåôå áðåõèåßáò óôïí
êþäéêá ôïõ ößëôñïõ åîüäïõ. Ãéá íá äéåõêïëýíåôå ôçí äéáäéêáóßá
áíÜëõóçò, ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóôå ôçí éêáíüôçôá <literal>sh</literal>
(short header) óôï <filename>/etc/printcap</filename>. ºóùò
ðÜëé üëá áõôÜ íá åßíáé õðåñâïëéêÜ êïðéáóôéêÜ, åíþ åßíáé óßãïõñï
ðùò ïé ÷ñÞóôåò èá åêôéìÞóïõí ôïí ãåííáéüäùñï äéá÷åéñéóôÞ
óõóôÞìáôïò ðïõ åðéôñÝðåé åëåýèåñá ôéò óåëßäåò êåöáëßäáò.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect3>
<sect3 id="printing-advanced-header-pages-ps">
<title>Óåëßäåò Êåöáëßäáò óå ÅêôõðùôÝò &postscript;</title>
<para>¼ðùò ðåñéãñÜøáìå ðáñáðÜíù, ôï <application>LPD</application>
ìðïñåß íá äçìéïõñãÞóåé ìßá óåëßäá êåöáëßäáò áðëïý êåéìÝíïõ,
êáôÜëëçëç ãéá ðïëëïýò åêôõðùôÝò. Ïé åêôõðùôÝò &postscript;,
öõóéêÜ, äåí ìðïñïýí íá ôõðþóïõí êáôåõèåßáí áðëü êåßìåíï, åðïìÝíùò
áõôÞ ç äõíáôüôçôá ôïõ <application>LPD</application> ãéá ôéò
óåëßäåò êåöáëßäáò åßíáé Ü÷ñçóôç óå áõôÞ ôçí ðåñßðôùóç.</para>
<para>¸íáò ðñïöáíÞò ôñüðïò íá ðáñÝ÷ïíôáé óåëßäåò êåöáëßäáò åßíáé íá
äçìéïõñãïýíôáé áðü êÜèå ößëôñï ìåôáôñïðÞò êáé ôï ößëôñï êåéìÝíïõ.
Ôá ößëôñá èá ðñÝðåé íá äÝ÷ïíôáé ùò ðáñáìÝôñïõò ôï üíïìá ôïõ ÷ñÞóôç
êáé ôïõ õðïëïãéóôÞ þóôå íá äçìéïõñãïýí ôçí êáôÜëëçëç óåëßäá
êåöáëßäáò. Ôï ìåéïíÝêôçìá áõôÞò ôçò ìåèüäïõ åßíáé ðùò ïé
÷ñÞóôåò èá åêôõðþíïõí ðÜíôá óåëßäá êåöáëßäáò, áêüìç êé áí
áðïóôÝëëïõí ôçí åñãáóßá ôïõò ìå
<command>lpr <option>-h</option></command>.</para>
<para>ÅðéôñÝøôå ìáò íá åîåñåõíÞóïõìå áõôÞ ôç ìÝèïäï. Ôï áêüëïõèï
script äÝ÷åôáé ôñåéò ðáñáìÝôñïõò (ôï üíïìá ÷ñÞóôç - login name, ôï
üíïìá ôïõ õðïëïãéóôÞ - host name, êáé ôï üíïìá åñãáóßáò) êáé
äçìéïõñãåß ìßá áðëÞ óåëßäá êåöáëßäáò &postscript;:</para>
<programlisting>#!/bin/sh
#
# make-ps-header - make a PostScript header page on stdout
# Installed in /usr/local/libexec/make-ps-header
#
#
# These are PostScript units (72 to the inch). Modify for A4 or
# whatever size paper you are using:
#
page_width=612
page_height=792
border=72
#
# Check arguments
#
if [ $# -ne 3 ]; then
echo "Usage: `basename $0` <user> <host> <job>" 1>&2
exit 1
fi
#
# Save these, mostly for readability in the PostScript, below.
#
user=$1
host=$2
job=$3
date=`date`
#
# Send the PostScript code to stdout.
#
exec cat <<EOF
%!PS
%
% Make sure we do not interfere with user's job that will follow
%
save
%
% Make a thick, unpleasant border around the edge of the paper.
%
$border $border moveto
$page_width $border 2 mul sub 0 rlineto
0 $page_height $border 2 mul sub rlineto
currentscreen 3 -1 roll pop 100 3 1 roll setscreen
$border 2 mul $page_width sub 0 rlineto closepath
0.8 setgray 10 setlinewidth stroke 0 setgray
%
% Display user's login name, nice and large and prominent
%
/Helvetica-Bold findfont 64 scalefont setfont
$page_width ($user) stringwidth pop sub 2 div $page_height 200 sub moveto
($user) show
%
% Now show the boring particulars
%
/Helvetica findfont 14 scalefont setfont
/y 200 def
[ (Job:) (Host:) (Date:) ] {
200 y moveto show /y y 18 sub def }
forall
/Helvetica-Bold findfont 14 scalefont setfont
/y 200 def
[ ($job) ($host) ($date) ] {
270 y moveto show /y y 18 sub def
} forall
%
% That is it
%
restore
showpage
EOF</programlisting>
<para>Ôþñá, êáèÝíá áðü ôá ößëôñá ìåôáôñïðÞò êáé ôï ößëôñï êåéìÝíïõ
ìðïñïýí íá êáëÝóïõí ôï script, ðñþôá ãéá íá äçìéïõñãÞóïõí ôç óåëßäá
êåöáëßäáò, êáé Ýðåéôá ãéá íá åêôõðþóïõí ôçí åñãáóßá ôïõ ÷ñÞóôç.
Áêïëïõèåß ôï ößëôñï ìåôáôñïðÞò DVI ðïõ äåßîáìå íùñßôåñá, åéäéêÜ
äéáìïñöùìÝíï ãéá íá öôéÜîïõìå ìéá óåëßäá êåöáëßäáò:</para>
<programlisting>#!/bin/sh
#
# psdf - DVI to PostScript printer filter
# Installed in /usr/local/libexec/psdf
#
# Invoked by lpd when user runs lpr -d
#
orig_args="$@"
fail() {
echo "$@" 1>&2
exit 2
}
while getopts "x:y:n:h:" option; do
case $option in
x|y) ;; # Ignore
n) login=$OPTARG ;;
h) host=$OPTARG ;;
*) echo "LPD started `basename $0` wrong." 1>&2
exit 2
;;
esac
done
[ "$login" ] || fail "No login name"
[ "$host" ] || fail "No host name"
( /usr/local/libexec/make-ps-header $login $host "DVI File"
/usr/local/bin/dvips -f ) | eval /usr/local/libexec/lprps $orig_args</programlisting>
<para>ÐáñáôçñÞóôå ðùò ôï ößëôñï ðñÝðåé íá áíáëýóåé ôçí ëßóôá
ðáñáìÝôñùí ãéá íá ðñïóäéïñßóåé ôï üíïìá ÷ñÞóôç êáé õðïëïãéóôÞ. Ç
ìÝèïäïò áíÜëõóçò åßíáé ðáñüìïéá êáé ãéá ôá õðüëïéðá ößëôñá
ìåôáôñïðÞò. Ôï ößëôñï êåéìÝíïõ ðáßñíåé Ýíá åëáöñþò äéáöïñåôéêü
óåô ðáñáìÝôñùí, (äåßôå ôçí åíüôçôá <link
linkend="printing-advanced-filters">Ðùò äïõëåýïõí ôá
Ößëôñá</link>).</para>
<para>¼ðùò áíáöÝñáìå ðñïçãïýìåíá, ï ðáñáðÜíù ó÷åäéáóìüò, áí êáé
ðñáãìáôéêÜ áðëüò, áðåíåñãïðïéåß ôçí åðéëïãÞ
<quote>ðáñåìðüäéóçò óåëßäùí êåöáëßäáò</quote> (ôçí åðéëïãÞ
<option>-h</option>) ôïõ <command>lpr</command>. Áí ïé ÷ñÞóôåò
åðéèõìïýí íá óþóïõí Ýíá äÝíôñï (Þ ëßãá ÷ñÞìáôá, áí ÷ñåþíåôå ôéò
óåëßäåò êåöáëßäáò), äåí èá õðÜñ÷åé ôñüðïò ãéá íá ãßíåé áõôü, áðü
ôç óôéãìÞ ðïõ êÜèå åêôýðùóç ìÝóù ôùí ößëôñùí èá óõíïäåýåôáé êáé áðü
ìéá óåëßäá êåöáëßäáò ãéá êÜèå åñãáóßá.</para>
<para>Ãéá íá åðéôñÝøåôå óôïõò ÷ñÞóôåò íá áðåíåñãïðïéïýí ôéò óåëßäåò
êåöáëßäáò áíÜ åñãáóßá, èá ðñÝðåé íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôï ôÝ÷íáóìá
ðïõ ðáñïõóéÜóáìå óôçí åíüôçôá <link
linkend="printing-advanced-header-pages-accounting">ÊáôáìÝôñçóç ìå
Óåëßäåò Êåöáëßäáò</link>: äçëáäÞ íá ãñÜøåôå Ýíá ößëôñï åîüäïõ ðïõ
íá áíáëýåé ôçí óåëßäá êåöáëßäáò ðïõ äçìéïõñãåßôáé áðü ôï
<application>LPD</application> êáé íá êáôáóêåõÜæåé ìéá
&postscript; Ýêäïóç. Áí ï ÷ñÞóôçò óôåßëåé ìéá åñãáóßá ìå
<command>lpr <option>-h</option></command>, ôüôå ïýôå ôï
<application>LPD</application>, ïýôå ôï ößëôñï åîüäïõ èá öôéÜîïõí
óåëßäá êåöáëßäáò. Óå üëåò ôéò Üëëåò ðåñéðôþóåéò, ôï ößëôñï åîüäïõ
èá äéáâÜæåé ôï êåßìåíï áðü ôï <application>LPD</application> êáé èá
óôÝëíåé ôïí êáôÜëëçëï êþäéêá &postscript; óôïí åêôõðùôÞ þóôå íá
åêôõðþíåôáé ç óåëßäá êåöáëßäáò.</para>
<para>Áí Ý÷åôå åêôõðùôÞ &postscript; ìå óåéñéáêÞ óýíäåóç, ìðïñåßôå íá
êÜíåôå ÷ñÞóç ôçò <command>lprps</command>, ç ïðïßá óõíïäåýåôáé áðü
Ýíá ößëôñï åîüäïõ, ôï <command>psof</command>, ôï ïðïßá êÜíåé ôá
ðáñáðÜíù. Óçìåéþóôå ðùò ôï <command>psof</command> äåí ÷ñåþíåé ãéá
ôéò óåëßäåò êåöáëßäáò.</para>
</sect3>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="printing-advanced-network-printers">
<title>Åêôõðþóåéò ìÝóù Äéêôýïõ</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>åêôõðùôÝò</primary>
<secondary>äßêôõï</secondary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>åêôõðþóåéò ìÝóù äéêôýïõ</primary></indexterm>
<para>Ôï &os; õðïóôçñßæåé ôéò åêôõðþóåéò ìÝóù äéêôýïõ: ìðïñåß íá óôåßëåé
åñãáóßåò óå áðïìáêñõóìÝíïõò åêôõðùôÝò. Ç Ýííïéá ôçò äéêôõáêÞò
åêôýðùóçò áíáöÝñåôáé ãåíéêÜ óå äýï äéáöïñåôéêÜ ðñÜãìáôá:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Ðñüóâáóç óå åêôõðùôÞ óõíäåäåìÝíï óå áðïìáêñõóìÝíï õðïëïãéóôÞ
(host). ÅãêáèéóôÜôå Ýíáí åêôõðùôÞ ìå óõìâáôéêÞ óåéñéáêÞ Þ
ðáñÜëëçëç óýíäåóç óå Ýíá õðïëïãéóôÞ. ¸ðåéôá, ñõèìßæåôå ôï
<application>LPD</application> ãéá íá åíåñãïðïéçèåß ç ðñüóâáóç
óôïí åêôõðùôÞ áðü Üëëïõò õðïëïãéóôÝò ôïõ äéêôýïõ. Ç åíüôçôá
<link linkend="printing-advanced-network-rm">ÅêôõðùôÝò
ÅãêáôåóôçìÝíïé óå ÁðïìáêñõóìÝíïõò ÕðïëïãéóôÝò</link> åîçãåß ôéò
áðáñáßôçôåò åíÝñãåéåò.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Ðñüóâáóç óå åêôõðùôÞ óõíäåäåìÝíï êáôåõèåßáí óôï äßêôõï.
Åêôüò (Þ áíôß) ôçò óõìâáôéêÞò óåéñéáêÞò Þ ðáñÜëëçëçò èýñáò, ï
åêôõðùôÞò ðñÝðåé íá Ý÷åé åðéðñüóèåôá ìéá äéêôõáêÞ äéáóýíäåóç.
¸íáò ôÝôïéïò åêôõðùôÞò äïõëåýåé ùò åîÞò:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Ìðïñåß íá êáôáëáâáßíåé ôï ðñùôüêïëëï
<application>LPD</application> êáé íá äçìéïõñãåß ïõñÜ
áíáìïíÞò ãéá ôéò åñãáóßåò ðïõ ðñïÝñ÷ïíôáé áðü áðïìáêñõóìÝíïõò
õðïëïãéóôÝò. Óå áõôÞ ôçí ðåñßðôùóç, åíåñãåß óáí Ýíáò
êáíïíéêüò õðïëïãéóôÞò ðïõ åêôåëåß ôï
<application>LPD</application>. ÁêïëïõèÞóôå ôçí ßäéá
äéáäéêáóßá ìå ôçí åíüôçôá <link
linkend="printing-advanced-network-rm">ÅêôõðùôÝò
ÅãêáôåóôçìÝíïé óå ÁðïìáêñõóìÝíïõò ÕðïëïãéóôÝò</link> ãéá íá
åãêáôáóôÞóåôå áõôüí ôïí åêôõðùôÞ.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Ìðïñåß íá õðïóôçñßæåé óýíäåóç äéêôõáêÞò ñïÞò äåäïìÝíùí
(data stream). Óå áõôÞ ôçí ðåñßðôùóç, <quote>óõíäÝåôå</quote>
ôïí åêôõðùôÞ óå Ýíáí õðïëïãéóôÞ óõíäåäåìÝíï óôï äßêôõï, ï
ïðïßïò èá åßíáé õðåýèõíïò ãéá ôçí ðáñï÷Ýôåõóç ôùí åñãáóéþí
êáé ôçí áðïóôïëÞ ôïõò óôïí åêôõðùôÞ. Ç åíüôçôá <link
linkend="printing-advanced-network-net-if">ÅêôõðùôÝò Ìå
ÓõíäÝóåéò Äéêôýïõ</link> äßíåé ìåñéêÝò óõìâïõëÝò ãéá ôçí
åãêáôÜóôáóç åêôõðùôþí áõôïý ôïõ ôýðïõ.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<sect3 id="printing-advanced-network-rm">
<title>ÅêôõðùôÝò ÅãêáôåóôçìÝíïé óå ÁðïìáêñõóìÝíïõò ÕðïëïãéóôÝò</title>
<para>Ôï óýóôçìá ðáñï÷Ýôåõóçò <application>LPD</application> Ý÷åé
åíóùìáôùìÝíç õðïóôÞñéîç ãéá ôçí áðïóôïëÞ åñãáóéþí óå Üëëïõò
õðïëïãéóôÝò ðïõ åêôåëïýí ôï <application>LPD</application> (Þ ðïõ
åßíáé óõìâáôïß ìå ôï <application>LPD</application>). Áõôü ôï
÷áñáêôçñéóôéêü óáò åðéôñÝðåé íá åãêáôáóôÞóåôå Ýíáí åêôõðùôÞ óå Ýíá
õðïëïãéóôÞ êáé íá Ý÷åôå ðñüóâáóç óå áõôüí áðü Üëëïõò. Åðßóçò
äïõëåýåé êáé ìå åêôõðùôÝò ðïõ Ý÷ïõí äéêôõáêÝò äéáóõíäÝóåéò ðïõ
êáôáëáâáßíïõí ôï ðñùôüêïëëï <application>LPD</application>.</para>
<para>Ãéá íá åíåñãïðïéÞóåôå áõôüí ôïí ôýðï áðïìáêñõóìÝíçò åêôýðùóçò,
åãêáôáóôÞóôå ðñþôá Ýíáí åêôõðùôÞ óå Ýíá õðïëïãéóôÞ, ôïí
<emphasis>õðïëïãéóôÞ åêôýðùóçò (printer host)</emphasis>,
÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôçí áðëÞ åãêáôÜóôáóç åêôõðùôÞ ðïõ ðåñéãñÜöåôáé óôçí
åíüôçôá <link
linkend="printing-simple">ÂáóéêÝò Ñõèìßóåéò Åêôõðùôþí</link>.
ÊÜíôå üóåò ðñï÷ùñçìÝíåò ñõèìßóåéò ÷ñåéÜæåóôå üðùò áíáöÝñåôáé óôéò
<link linkend="printing-advanced">Ñõèìßóåéò Åêôõðùôþí ãéá
Ðñï÷ùñçìÝíïõò</link>. ÅëÝãîôå ôïí åêôõðùôÞ êáé äåßôå áí äïõëåýåé
ìå ôá ÷áñáêôçñéóôéêÜ ôïõ <application>LPD</application> ðïõ Ý÷åôå
åíåñãïðïéÞóåé. Åðßóçò âåâáéùèåßôå ðùò ï
<emphasis>ôïðéêüò õðïëïãéóôÞò (local host)</emphasis> åßíáé
åîïõóéïäïôçìÝíïò íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß ôéò õðçñåóßåò ôïõ
<application>LPD</application> óôïí
<emphasis>áðïìáêñõóìÝíï õðïëïãéóôÞ (remote host)</emphasis>
(äåßôå <link
linkend="printing-advanced-restricting-remote">Ðáñåìðüäéóç
Åñãáóéþí áðü ÁðïìáêñõóìÝíïõò ÕðïëïãéóôÝò</link>).</para>
<indexterm>
<primary>åêôõðùôÝò</primary>
<secondary>äßêôõï</secondary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>äéêôõáêÝò åêôõðþóåéò</primary></indexterm>
<para>ÅÜí ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå åêôõðùôÞ ìå äéêôõáêÞ äéáóýíäåóç ðïõ åßíáé
óõìâáôüò ìå ôï <application>LPD</application>, ôüôå ï
<emphasis>ï õðïëïãéóôÞò åêôýðùóçò (printer host)</emphasis> åßíáé ï
åí ëüãù åêôõðùôÞò, êáé ôï <emphasis>üíïìá ôïõ åêôõðùôÞ</emphasis>
åßíáé ôï üíïìá ðïõ Ý÷åôå ïñßóåé ãéá ôïí åêôõðùôÞ. Äåßôå ôçí
ôåêìçñßùóç ðïõ óõíïäåýåé ôïí åêôõðùôÞ óáò êáé/Þ ôçí êÜñôá äéêôýïõ
ôïõ.</para>
<tip>
<para>Áí ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå Hewlett Packard Laserjet ìå üíïìá åêôõðùôÞ
<literal>text</literal> èá ãßíïíôáé áõôüìáôá ïé ìåôáôñïðÝò áðü
LF óå CRLF, åðïìÝíùò äåí ÷ñåéÜæåôáé íá ôñÝîåôå ôï script
<filename>hpif</filename>.</para>
</tip>
<para>ÅðïìÝíùò, óôïõò õðüëïéðïõò õðïëïãéóôÝò üðïõ åðéèõìåßôå íá Ý÷åôå
ðñüóâáóç óôïí åêôõðùôÞ, áðëÜ êÜíôå ìéá êáôá÷þñéóç óôï áñ÷åßï
<filename>/etc/printcap</filename> ìå ôá áêüëïõèá óôïé÷åßá:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>ÏíïìÜóôå ôçí êáôá÷þñéóç üðùò åðéèõìåßôå: Ãéá äéêÞ óáò
åõêïëßá ðéèáíþò íá èÝëåôå íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôï ßäéï üíïìá êáé
ôá ßäéá ðáñùíýìéá ìå áõôÜ ôïõ õðïëïãéóôÞ åêôýðùóçò.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>ÁöÞóôå ôçí éêáíüôçôá <literal>lp</literal> êåíÞ, ãéá ôçí
áêñßâåéá (<literal>:lp=:</literal>).</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>ÄçìéïõñãÞóôå Ýíá êáôÜëïãï spooling êáé ðñïóäéïñßóôå ôçí
ôïðïèåóßá ôïõ ìå ôçí éêáíüôçôá <literal>sd</literal>. Ôï
<application>LPD</application> èá áðïèçêåýåé åäþ ôéò åñãáóßåò
ðñéí ôçí áðïóôïëÞ ôïõò óôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ åêôýðùóçò.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>ÔïðïèåôÞóôå ôï üíïìá ôïõ õðïëïãéóôÞ åêôýðùóçò óôçí éêáíüôçôá
<literal>rm</literal>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>ÔïðïèåôÞóôå ôï üíïìá ôïõ åêôõðùôÞ óôçí éêáíüôçôá
<literal>rp</literal>, óôïí
<emphasis>õðïëïãéóôÞ åêôýðùóçò</emphasis>.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para>Áõôü åßíáé üëï. Äåí ÷ñåéÜæåôáé íá äçìéïõñãÞóåôå ëßóôá ößëôñùí
ìåôáôñïðÞò, äéáóôÜóåéò óåëßäáò, Þ ïôéäÞðïôå Üëëï óôï
áñ÷åßï<filename>/etc/printcap</filename>.</para>
<para>Åäþ åßíáé Ýíá ðáñÜäåéãìá. Ï õðïëïãéóôÞò <hostid>rose</hostid>
Ý÷åé äýï åêôõðùôÝò, ôïí <literal>bamboo</literal> êáé ôïí
<literal>rattan</literal>. ÈÝëïõìå íá åíåñãïðïéÞóïõìå ôéò
åêôõðþóåéò óå áõôïýò ôïõò åêôõðùôÝò ãéá ôïõò ÷ñÞóôåò ôïõ
áðïìáêñõóìÝíïõ õðïëïãéóôÞ <hostid>orchid</hostid>. Åäþ åßíáé ôï
áñ÷åßï <filename>/etc/printcap</filename> ôïõ õðïëïãéóôÞ
<hostid>orchid</hostid> (äåßôå ðéï ðßóù óôçí åíüôçôá <link
linkend="printing-advanced-header-pages-enabling">Åíåñãïðïßçóç
Óåëßäùí Êåöáëßäáò</link>). ¹äç Ý÷åé ìéá êáôá÷þñéóç ãéá ôïí
åêôõðùôÞ <literal>teak</literal>. Åäþ ðñïóèÝóáìå ôéò áðáñáßôçôåò
êáôá÷ùñßóåéò ãéá ôïõò äýï åêôõðùôÝò ôïõ õðïëïãéóôÞ
<hostid>rose</hostid>:</para>
<programlisting>#
# /etc/printcap for host orchid - added (remote) printers on rose
#
#
# teak is local; it is connected directly to orchid:
#
teak|hp|laserjet|Hewlett Packard LaserJet 3Si:\
:lp=<filename class="devicefile">/dev/lpt0</filename>:sd=<filename class="directory">/var/spool/lpd/teak</filename>:mx#0:\
:if=<filename>/usr/local/libexec/ifhp</filename>:\
:vf=<filename>/usr/local/libexec/vfhp</filename>:\
:of=<filename>/usr/local/libexec/ofhp</filename>:
#
# rattan is connected to rose; send jobs for rattan to rose:
#
rattan|line|diablo|lp|Diablo 630 Line Printer:\
:lp=:rm=rose:rp=rattan:sd=<filename class="directory">/var/spool/lpd/rattan</filename>:
#
# bamboo is connected to rose as well:
#
bamboo|ps|PS|S|panasonic|Panasonic KX-P4455 PostScript v51.4:\
:lp=:rm=rose:rp=bamboo:sd=<filename class="directory">/var/spool/lpd/bamboo</filename>:</programlisting>
<para>Ôï ìüíï ðïõ áðïìÝíåé åßíáé íá äçìéïõñãÞóïõìå ôïõò êáôáëüãïõò
spooling óôïí êüìâï <hostid>orchid</hostid>:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput><command>mkdir <option>-p</option> <filename class="directory">/var/spool/lpd/rattan</filename> <filename class="directory">/var/spool/lpd/bamboo</filename></command></userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput><command>chmod 770 <filename class="directory">/var/spool/lpd/rattan</filename> <filename class="directory">/var/spool/lpd/bamboo</filename></command></userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput><command>chown daemon:daemon <filename class="directory">/var/spool/lpd/rattan</filename> <filename class="directory">/var/spool/lpd/bamboo</filename></command></userinput></screen>
<para>Ôþñá, ïé ÷ñÞóôåò ôïõ <hostid>orchid</hostid> ìðïñïýí íá
åêôõðþíïõí óôïí <literal>rattan</literal> êáé óôïí
<literal>bamboo</literal>. Áí, ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, Ýíáò ÷ñÞóôçò ôïõ
<hostid>orchid</hostid> ðëçêôñïëïãÞóåé:
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput><command>lpr <option>-P</option> bamboo <option>-d</option> <filename><replaceable>sushi-review.dvi</replaceable></filename></command></userinput></screen>
ôï óýóôçìá <application>LPD</application> óôïí
<hostid>orchid</hostid> èá áíôéãñÜøåé ôçí åñãáóßá óôïí êáôÜëïãï
spooling
<filename class="directory">/var/spool/lpd/bamboo</filename> êáé èá
óçìåéþóåé ðùò ðñüêåéôáé ãéá åñãáóßá DVI. Ìüëéò ï õðïëïãéóôÞò
<hostid>rose</hostid> Ý÷åé äéáèÝóéìï ÷þñï óôïí êáôÜëïãï spooling ôïõ
<literal>bamboo</literal>, ôá äýï <application>LPDs</application>
èá ìåôáöÝñïõí ôï áñ÷åßï óôïí <hostid>rose</hostid>. Ôï áñ÷åßï èá
ìðåé óå ïõñÜ áíáìïíÞò óôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ <hostid>rose</hostid> Ýùò
üôïõ åêôõðùèåß. Èá ìåôáôñáðåß áðü DVI óå &postscript; (áöïý ï
<literal>bamboo</literal> åßíáé åêôõðùôÞò &postscript;) óôïí
õðïëïãéóôÞ <hostid>rose</hostid>.</para>
</sect3>
<sect3 id="printing-advanced-network-net-if">
<title>ÅêôõðùôÝò ìå ÓõíäÝóåéò Äéêôýïõ</title>
<para>Óõ÷íÜ, üôáí áãïñÜæåôå êÜñôá äéêôýïõ ãéá åêôõðùôÞ, Ý÷åôå ôç
äõíáôüôçôá åðéëïãÞò äýï åêäüóåùí: ç ìßá åßíáé ðñïóïìïßùóç ôïõ
spooler (ç ðéï áêñéâÞ Ýêäïóç) åíþ ç Üëëç áðëÜ óáò åðéôñÝðåé íá
óôÝëíåôå äåäïìÝíá ìÝóù áõôÞò óáí íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýóáôå ìéá óåéñéáêÞ
Þ ðáñÜëëçëç èýñá (ç öôçíÞ Ýêäïóç). ÁõôÞ ç åíüôçôá ðåñéãñÜöåé ðùò íá
÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå ôçí öôçíÞ Ýêäïóç. Ãéá ôçí ðéï áêñéâÞ Ýêäïóç ìðïñåßôå
íá âñåßôå ðåñéóóüôåñåò ðëçñïöïñßåò óôçí ðñïçãïýìåíç åíüôçôá <link
linkend="printing-advanced-network-rm">ÅêôõðùôÝò ÅãêáôåóôçìÝíïé
óå ÁðïìáêñõóìÝíïõò ÕðïëïãéóôÝò</link>.</para>
<para>Ç ìïñöÞ ôïõ áñ÷åßïõ <filename>/etc/printcap</filename> óáò
åðéôñÝðåé íá ïñßóåôå ôç äéáóýíäåóç - óåéñéáêÞ Þ ðáñÜëëçëç - ðïõ èá
÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå, êáé (áí ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå óåéñéáêÞ äéáóýíäåóç) ôïí
ñõèìü baud, ðéèáíïýò åëÝã÷ïõò ñïÞò, êáèõóôåñÞóåéò ãéá tabs,
ìåôáôñïðÝò ãéá ÷áñáêôÞñåò íÝáò ãñáììÞò, êáé Üëëá. ÁëëÜ äåí õðÜñ÷åé
ôñüðïò íá ïñßóåôå ìéá óýíäåóç óå åêôõðùôÞ ðïõ áêïýåé óå èýñá TCP/IP
Þ Üëëï ôýðï äéêôýïõ.</para>
<para>Ãéá íá óôåßëåôå äåäïìÝíá óå Ýíá äéêôõáêü åêôõðùôÞ, ÷ñåéÜæåôáé
íá áíáðôýîåôå ðñïãñÜììáôá åðéêïéíùíßáò ðïõ íá êáëïýíôáé áðü ößëôñá
êåéìÝíïõ êáé ößëôñá ìåôáôñïðÞò. Åäþ Ý÷ïõìå Ýíá ôÝôïéï ðáñÜäåéãìá:
ôï script <command>netprint</command> ðáßñíåé üëá ôá äåäïìÝíá áðü
ôï standard input êáé ôá óôÝëíåé óå Ýíáí åêôõðùôÞ óõíäåäåìÝíï óôï
äßêôõï. Ïñßæïõìå óôï <command>netprint</command> ôï üíïìá
ôïõ åêôõðùôÞ ùò ðñþôç ðáñÜìåôñï, êáé ôïí áñéèìü èýñáò óôçí ïðïßá
óõíäÝåôáé ùò äåýôåñç. Óçìåéþóôå ðùò áõôüò ï ôñüðïò õðïóôçñßæåé
ìüíï åðéêïéíùíßá ìéáò êáôåýèõíóçò (áðü ôï &os; óôïí åêôõðùôÞ).
Ðïëëïß äéêôõáêïß åêôõðùôÝò õðïóôçñßæïõí áìößäñïìç åðéêïéíùíßá, êáé
åßíáé ðïëý ðéèáíü íá åðéèõìåßôå íá åêìåôáëëåõôåßôå ôá ðñïôåñÞìáôá
ôïõò (ãéá íá åëÝã÷åôå ôçí êáôÜóôáóç ôïõ åêôõðùôÞ, ãéá êáôáìÝôñçóç
åêôõðþóåùí, êëð.).</para>
<programlisting>#!/usr/bin/perl
#
# netprint - Text filter for printer attached to network
# Installed in /usr/local/libexec/netprint
#
$#ARGV eq 1 || die "Usage: $0 <printer-hostname> <port-number>";
$printer_host = $ARGV[0];
$printer_port = $ARGV[1];
require 'sys/socket.ph';
($ignore, $ignore, $protocol) = getprotobyname('tcp');
($ignore, $ignore, $ignore, $ignore, $address)
= gethostbyname($printer_host);
$sockaddr = pack('S n a4 x8', &AF_INET, $printer_port, $address);
socket(PRINTER, &PF_INET, &SOCK_STREAM, $protocol)
|| die "Can't create TCP/IP stream socket: $!";
connect(PRINTER, $sockaddr) || die "Can't contact $printer_host: $!";
while (<STDIN>) { print PRINTER; }
exit 0;</programlisting>
<para>Ìðïñåßôå íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå áõôü ôï script óå äéÜöïñá ößëôñá.
Áò õðïèÝóïõìå ðùò Ý÷ïõìå Ýíáí åêôõðùôÞ ãñáììÞò Diablo 750-N
óõíäåäåìÝíï óôï äßêôõï. Ï åêôõðùôÞò äÝ÷åôáé äåäïìÝíá ðñïò åêôýðùóç
óôçí èýñá 5100. Ôï üíïìá ôïõ åêôõðùôÞ óôï äßêôõï åßíáé
<hostid>scrivener</hostid>. Åäþ åßíáé ôï ößëôñï êåéìÝíïõ ãéá ôïí
åêôõðùôÞ:</para>
<programlisting>#!/bin/sh
#
# diablo-if-net - Text filter for Diablo printer `scrivener' listening
# on port 5100. Installed in /usr/local/libexec/diablo-if-net
#
exec /usr/libexec/lpr/lpf "$@" | /usr/local/libexec/netprint scrivener 5100</programlisting>
</sect3>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="printing-advanced-restricting">
<title>¸ëåã÷ïò Ðñüóâáóçò êáé Ðåñéïñéóìïß óôç ×ñÞóç ôùí Åêôõðùôþí</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>åêôõðùôÝò</primary>
<secondary>Ýëåã÷ïò ðñüóâáóçò</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>ÁõôÞ ç åíüôçôá äßíåé ðëçñïöïñßåò ãéá ôïí Ýëåã÷ï ðñüóâáóçò êáé ôïí
ðåñéïñéóìü ÷ñÞóçò ôùí åêôõðùôþí. Ôï óýóôçìá
<application>LPD</application> óáò åðéôñÝðåé íá åëÝã÷åôå ðïéüò ìðïñåß
íá Ý÷åé ðñüóâáóç óå êÜèå åêôõðùôÞ, ôüóï ôïðéêÜ üóï êáé áðïìáêñõóìÝíá,
êáé åðßóçò áí ìðïñïýí ïé ÷ñÞóôåò íá åêôõðþíïõí ðïëëáðëÜ áíôßãñáöá,
ðüóï ìåãÜëåò ìðïñïýí íá åßíáé ïé åñãáóßåò ôïõò, êáé ðüóï ìåãÜëåò
ìðïñïýí íá ãßíïõí ïé ïõñÝò áíáìïíÞò (print queues).</para>
<sect3 id="printing-advanced-restricting-copies">
<title>Ðåñéïñéóìüò Åêôýðùóçò Ðïëëáðëþí ÁíôéãñÜöùí</title>
<para>Ôï óýóôçìá <application>LPD</application> äéåõêïëýíåé ôïõò
÷ñÞóôåò íá åêôõðþóïõí ðïëëáðëÜ áíôßãñáöá åíüò áñ÷åßïõ. Ïé ÷ñÞóôåò
ìðïñïýí íá åêôõðþíïõí åñãáóßåò ìå
<command>lpr <option>-#5</option></command> (ãéá
ðáñÜäåéãìá) êáé íá ðáßñíïõí ðÝíôå áíôßãñáöá êÜèå áñ÷åßïõ ôçò
åñãáóßáò åêôýðùóçò. Ôï áí áõôü åßíáé êáëü, åîáñôÜôáé áðü
åóÜò.</para>
<para>Áí ðéóôåýåôå ðùò ôá ðïëëáðëÜ áíôßãñáöá äçìéïõñãïýí Üóêïðç
êáôáðüíçóç ôùí åêôõðùôþí óáò, ìðïñåßôå íá áðåíåñãïðïéÞóåôå
ôçí åðéëïãÞ <option>-#</option> óôï &man.lpr.1; ðñïóèÝôïíôáò ôçí
éêáíüôçôá <literal>sc</literal> óôï áñ÷åßï
<filename>/etc/printcap</filename>. ¼ôáí ïé ÷ñÞóôåò áðïóôÝëëïõí
åñãáóßåò ìå ôçí åðéëïãÞ <option>-#</option>, èá âëÝðïõí:</para>
<screen>lpr: multiple copies are not allowed</screen>
<para>Óçìåéþóôå ðùò áí Ý÷åôå ñõèìßóåé ðñüóâáóç óå Ýíáí åêôõðùôÞ
áðïìáêñõóìÝíá (äåßôå ôçí åíüôçôá <link
linkend="printing-advanced-network-rm">ÅêôõðùôÝò ÅãêáôåóôçìÝíïé óå
ÁðïìáêñõóìÝíïõò ÕðïëïãéóôÝò</link>), èá ÷ñåéáóôåß íá ðñïóèÝóåôå
ôçí éêáíüôçôá <literal>sc</literal> óå üëá ôá áðïìáêñõóìÝíá áñ÷åßá
<filename>/etc/printcap</filename>, äéáöïñåôéêÜ ïé ÷ñÞóôåò èá
Ý÷ïõí áêüìç ôçí äõíáôüôçôá íá áðïóôÝëëïõí åñãáóßåò ðïëëáðëþí
áíôéãñÜöùí ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò äéáöïñåôéêü êüìâï.</para>
<para>Åäþ åßíáé Ýíá ðáñÜäåéãìá. Áõôü åßíáé ôï áñ÷åßï
<filename>/etc/printcap</filename> ãéá ôïí êüìâï
<hostid>rose</hostid>. Ï åêôõðùôÞò <literal>rattan</literal>
åßíáé äõíáôü ìç÷Üíçìá êáé åðéôñÝðåé ôçí åêôýðùóç ðïëëáðëþí
áíôéãñÜöùí, áëëÜ ï åêôõðùôÞò laser <literal>bamboo</literal> åßíáé
ðéï åõáßóèçôï, åðïìÝíùò èá áðåíåñãïðïéÞóïõìå ôç äõíáôüôçôá
ðïëëáðëþí áíôéãñÜöùí ðñïóèÝôïíôáò ôçí éêáíüôçôá
<literal>sc</literal>:</para>
<programlisting>#
# /etc/printcap for host rose - restrict multiple copies on bamboo
#
rattan|line|diablo|lp|Diablo 630 Line Printer:\
:sh:sd=<filename class="directory">/var/spool/lpd/rattan</filename>:\
:lp=<filename class="devicefile">/dev/lpt0</filename>:\
:if=<filename>/usr/local/libexec/if-simple</filename>:
bamboo|ps|PS|S|panasonic|Panasonic KX-P4455 PostScript v51.4:\
:sh:sd=<filename class="directory">/var/spool/lpd/bamboo</filename>:sc:\
:lp=<filename class="devicefile">/dev/ttyd5</filename>:ms#-parenb cs8 clocal crtscts:rw:\
:if=<filename>/usr/local/libexec/psif</filename>:\
:df=<filename>/usr/local/libexec/psdf</filename>:</programlisting>
<para>Ôþñá, èá ÷ñåéáóôåß íá ðñïóèÝóïõìå åðßóçò ôçí éêáíüôçôá
<literal>sc</literal> óôï áñ÷åßï <filename>/etc/printcap</filename>
ôïõ êüìâïõ <hostid>orchid</hostid> (êáé åíþ âñéóêüìáóôå óå áõôü,
åðéôñÝøôå ìáò íá áðåíåñãïðïéÞóïõìå ôá ðïëëáðëÜ áíôßãñáöá ãéá ôïí
åêôõðùôÞ <literal>teak</literal>):</para>
<programlisting>#
# /etc/printcap for host orchid - no multiple copies for local
# printer teak or remote printer bamboo
teak|hp|laserjet|Hewlett Packard LaserJet 3Si:\
:lp=<filename class="devicefile">/dev/lpt0</filename>:sd=<filename class="directory">/var/spool/lpd/teak</filename>:mx#0:sc:\
:if=<filename>/usr/local/libexec/ifhp</filename>:\
:vf=<filename>/usr/local/libexec/vfhp</filename>:\
:of=<filename>/usr/local/libexec/ofhp</filename>:
rattan|line|diablo|lp|Diablo 630 Line Printer:\
:lp=:rm=rose:rp=rattan:sd=<filename class="directory">/var/spool/lpd/rattan</filename>:
bamboo|ps|PS|S|panasonic|Panasonic KX-P4455 PostScript v51.4:\
:lp=:rm=rose:rp=bamboo:sd=<filename class="directory">/var/spool/lpd/bamboo</filename>:sc:</programlisting>
<para>×ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôçí éêáíüôçôá <literal>sc</literal>,
ðñïëáìâÜíïõìå ôçí ÷ñÞóç ôùí åíôïëþí
<command>lpr <option>-#</option></command>,
áëëÜ äåí Ý÷ïõìå áêüìç ôçí äõíáôüôçôá íá ðáñåìðïäßóïõìå ôïõò ÷ñÞóôåò
íá ôñÝîïõí ôçí åíôïëÞ &man.lpr.1; ðïëëÝò öïñÝò, Þ íá áðïóôåßëïõí
ôï ßäéï áñ÷åßï ðïëëÝò öïñÝò óå ìßá ìïíáäéêÞ åñãáóßá, üðùò
åäþ:</para>
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput><command>lpr <filename><replaceable>forsale.sign forsale.sign forsale.sign forsale.sign forsale.sign</replaceable></filename></command></userinput></screen>
<para>ÕðÜñ÷ïõí ðïëëïß ôñüðïé ðñüëçøçò áõôþí ôùí åíåñãåéþí
(óõìðåñéëáìâÜíïíôáò êáé ôçí ðåñßðôùóç íá ôï áãíïÞóåôå) ðïõ åßóôå
åëåýèåñïé íá åîåñåõíÞóåôå.</para>
</sect3>
<sect3 id="printing-advanced-restricting-access">
<title>Ðåñéïñßæïíôáò ôçí Ðñüóâáóç óå ÅêôõðùôÝò</title>
<para>Ìðïñåßôå íá åëÝã÷åôå ðïéüò ìðïñåß íá åêôõðþíåé óå ðïéüí
åêôõðùôÞ ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôïõò ìç÷áíéóìïýò ïìÜäùí (groups) ôïõ &unix;
êáé ôçí éêáíüôçôá <literal>rg</literal> óôï
<filename>/etc/printcap</filename>. ÁðëÜ ôïðïèåôÞóôå ôïõò ÷ñÞóôåò
ðïõ èÝëåôå íá Ý÷ïõí ðñüóâáóç óå êÜðïéïí åêôõðùôÞ óå ìéá
óõãêåêñéìÝíç ïìÜäá (÷ñçóôþí), êáé äçëþóôå áõôÞ ôçí ïìÜäá óôçí
éêáíüôçôá <literal>rg</literal>.</para>
<para>¼ëïé ïé ÷ñÞóôåò ðïõ äåí áíÞêïõí óôçí ïìÜäá (óõìðåñéëáìâáíïìÝíïõ
êáé ôïõ <username>root</username>) èá äÝ÷ïíôáé ôï áêüëïõèï ìÞíõìá:
<errorname>lpr: Not a member of the restricted group</errorname>
üôáí ðñïóðáèïýí íá åêôõðþóïõí óôïí åëåã÷üìåíï åêôõðùôÞ.</para>
<para>¼ðùò êáé ìå ôçí éêáíüôçôá <literal>sc</literal>
(ðåñéïñéóìïý ðïëëáðëþí áíôéãñÜöùí), èá ÷ñåéáóôåß íá ðñïóäéïñßóåôå
ôçí <literal>rg</literal> óôïõò áðïìáêñõóìÝíïõò êüìâïõò ðïõ èá
Ý÷ïõí ðñüóâáóç óôïõò åêôõðùôÝò óáò, áí íïìßæåôå ðùò áõôü åßíáé
óùóôü (äåßôå ôçí åíüôçôá <link
linkend="printing-advanced-network-rm">ÅêôõðùôÝò ÅãêáôåóôçìÝíïé
óå ÁðïìáêñõóìÝíïõò ÕðïëïãéóôÝò</link>).</para>
<para>Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, èá áöÞóïõìå ãéá üëïõò åëåýèåñç ôçí ðñüóâáóç
óôïí åêôõðùôÞ <literal>rattan</literal>, áëëÜ ìüíï ïé ÷ñÞóôåò ôçò
ïìÜäáò <literal>artists</literal> èá ìðïñïýí íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóïõí ôïí
<literal>bamboo</literal>. Åäþ åßíáé ôï ãíùóôü ìáò
<filename>/etc/printcap</filename> ãéá ôïí êüìâï
<hostid>rose</hostid>:</para>
<programlisting>#
# /etc/printcap for host rose - restricted group for bamboo
#
rattan|line|diablo|lp|Diablo 630 Line Printer:\
:sh:sd=<filename class="directory">/var/spool/lpd/rattan</filename>:\
:lp=<filename class="devicefile">/dev/lpt0</filename>:\
:if=<filename>/usr/local/libexec/if-simple</filename>:
bamboo|ps|PS|S|panasonic|Panasonic KX-P4455 PostScript v51.4:\
:sh:sd=<filename class="directory">/var/spool/lpd/bamboo</filename>:sc:rg=artists:\
:lp=<filename class="devicefile">/dev/ttyd5</filename>:ms#-parenb cs8 clocal crtscts:rw:\
:if=<filename>/usr/local/libexec/psif</filename>:\
:df=<filename>/usr/local/libexec/psdf</filename>:</programlisting>
<para>ÅðéôñÝøôå ìáò íá ìçí áëëÜîïõìå ôï áñ÷åßï
<filename>/etc/printcap</filename> áðü ôï Üëëï ðáñÜäåéãìá
(ãéá ôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ <hostid>orchid</hostid>). ÖõóéêÜ, ïðïéïóäÞðïôå
÷ñÞóôçò ôïõ <hostid>orchid</hostid> ìðïñåß íá åêôõðþóåé óôïí
<literal>bamboo</literal>. ºóùò üìùò íá åðéôñÝðïõìå ìüíïí óå
óõãêåêñéìÝíïõò ÷ñÞóôåò ôçí ðñüóâáóç óôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ
<hostid>orchid</hostid>, êáé èÝëïõìå áõôïß ïé ÷ñÞóôåò íá Ý÷ïõí
ðñüóâáóç óôïí åêôõðùôÞ. ¹ ßóùò ðÜëé, êáé ü÷é.</para>
<note>
<para>ÅðéôñÝðåôáé ìüíï ìéá ðåñéïñéóìÝíç ïìÜäá áíÜ åêôõðùôÞ.</para>
</note>
</sect3>
<sect3 id="printing-advanced-restricting-sizes">
<title>¸ëåã÷ïò ÌåãÝèïõò ôùí ÁðåóôáëìÝíùí Åñãáóéþí</title>
<indexterm><primary>åñãáóßåò åêôýðùóçò</primary></indexterm>
<para>Áí ðïëëïß ÷ñÞóôåò Ý÷ïõí ðñüóâáóç óôïõò åêôõðùôÝò óáò, ðéèáíþò
íá ÷ñåéÜæåôáé íá èÝóåôå Ýíá áíþôáôï üñéï óôï åðéôñåðüìåíï ìÝãåèïò
áñ÷åßùí ðïõ ìðïñïýí íá áðïóôåßëïõí ïé ÷ñÞóôåò ãéá åêôýðùóç. Áêüìá
êáé áí õðÜñ÷åé áñêåôüò ÷þñïò óôï óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí ðïõ öéëïîåíåß ôïõò
êáôáëüãïõò spool, èá ðñÝðåé ùóôüóï íá âåâáéùèåßôå üôé åðáñêåß ãéá
ôéò åñãáóßåò üëùí ôùí ÷ñçóôþí.</para>
<indexterm>
<primary>åñãáóßåò åêôýðùóçò</primary>
<secondary>Ýëåã÷ïò</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>Ôï <application>LPD</application> óáò åðéôñÝðåé íá
ïñéïèåôÞóåôå ôï ìÝãéóôï áñéèìü bytes ðïõ ðåñéÝ÷åé ìéá åñãáóßá, ìå
ôçí éêáíüôçôá <literal>mx</literal>. Ç ìïíÜäá ìÝôñçóçò åßíáé óå
<literal>BUFSIZ</literal> blocks, ôá ïðïßá åßíáé 1024 bytes. Áí
èÝóåôå ìçäÝí óå áõôÞ ôçí éêáíüôçôá, äåí èá õðÜñ÷ïõí üñéá óôï
ìÝãåèïò ôùí áñ÷åßùí. Ùóôüóï, áí äåí Ý÷åé ïñéóôåß ç éêáíüôçôá
<literal>mx</literal>, ôüôå èá ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé ç ðñïåðéëåãìÝíç ôéìÞ
ôùí 1000 blocks.</para>
<note>
<para>Ôï üñéï åöáñìüæåôáé óôá <emphasis>áñ÷åßá</emphasis> ìéáò
åñãáóßáò, êáé <emphasis>ü÷é</emphasis> óôï óõíïëéêü ìÝãåèïò ôçò
åñãáóßáò.</para>
</note>
<para>Ôï <application>LPD</application> äåí èá áðïññßøåé Ýíá áñ÷åßï
ðïõ îåðåñíÜ ôï üñéï ìåãÝèïõò ðïõ Ý÷åôå èÝóåé. ÁíôéèÝôùò, èá ôï
ôïðïèåôÞóåé óôçí ïõñÜ áíáìïíÞò ìå ìÝãåèïò ßóï ìå ôï ìÝãéóôï
åðéôñåðôü, ôï ïðïßï êáé èá åêôõðþóåé ôåëéêÜ. Ôï õðüëïéðï áñ÷åßï
áðïññßðôåôáé. Áí áõôüò åßíáé óùóôüò Þ ëáíèáóìÝíïò ôñüðïò
áíôéìåôþðéóçò ãéá ôçí õðÝñâáóç ôïõ ïñßïõ, åßíáé èÝìá ðñïò
óõæÞôçóç.</para>
<para>Áò ïñéïèåôÞóïõìå óôï ðáñÜäåéãìá ìáò ôïõò åêôõðùôÝò
<literal>rattan</literal> êáé <literal>bamboo</literal>. ÅðåéäÞ
ôá áñ÷åßá &postscript; ôùí <groupname>artists</groupname> ôåßíïõí
ðñïò ìåãÜëá ìåãÝèç, èá èÝóïõìå Ýíá üñéï ðÝíôå megabytes. Äåí èá
èÝóïõìå üñéá ãéá ôïí åêôõðùôÞ ãñáììÞò áðëïý êåéìÝíïõ:</para>
<programlisting>#
# /etc/printcap for host rose
#
#
# No limit on job size:
#
rattan|line|diablo|lp|Diablo 630 Line Printer:\
:sh:mx#0:sd=<filename class="directory">/var/spool/lpd/rattan</filename>:\
:lp=<filename class="devicefile">/dev/lpt0</filename>:\
:if=<filename>/usr/local/libexec/if-simple</filename>:
#
# Limit of five megabytes:
#
bamboo|ps|PS|S|panasonic|Panasonic KX-P4455 PostScript v51.4:\
:sh:sd=<filename class="directory">/var/spool/lpd/bamboo</filename>:sc:rg=artists:mx#5000:\
:lp=<filename class="devicefile">/dev/ttyd5</filename>:ms#-parenb cs8 clocal crtscts:rw:\
:if=<filename>/usr/local/libexec/psif</filename>:\
:df=<filename>/usr/local/libexec/psdf</filename>:</programlisting>
<para>Êáé ðÜëé, ôá üñéá åöáñìüæïíôáé ìüíï ãéá ôïõò ôïðéêïýò ÷ñÞóôåò.
Áí Ý÷åôå åíåñãïðïéÞóåé áðïìáêñõóìÝíç ðñüóâáóç ãéá ôïõò åêôõðùôÝò
óáò, ôá üñéá áõôÜ äåí éó÷ýïõí ãéá ôïõò áðïìáêñõóìÝíïõò ÷ñÞóôåò. Èá
÷ñåéáóôåß íá ðñïóäéïñßóåôå ìå ôçí éêáíüôçôá <literal>mx</literal>
êáé ôá áðïìáêñõóìÝíá áñ÷åßá <filename>/etc/printcap</filename>.
Äåßôå ôçí åíüôçôá <link
linkend="printing-advanced-network-rm">ÅêôõðùôÝò ÅãêáôåóôçìÝíïé óå
ÁðïìáêñõóìÝíïõò ÕðïëïãéóôÝò</link> ãéá ðåñéóóüôåñåò ðëçñïöïñßåò
ó÷åôéêÜ ìå ôéò åêôõðþóåéò áðü áðïìáêñõóìÝíïõò õðïëïãéóôÝò.</para>
<para>ÕðÜñ÷åé êáé Üëëïò åîåéäéêåõìÝíïò ôñüðïò ðåñéïñéóìïý ôïõ ìåãÝèïõò
åñãáóéþí ãéá áðïìáêñõóìÝíïõò åêôõðùôÝò. Äåßôå ôçí åíüôçôá <link
linkend="printing-advanced-restricting-remote">Ðåñéïñéóìüò
Åñãáóéþí áðü ÁðïìáêñõóìÝíïõò ÕðïëïãéóôÝò</link>.</para>
</sect3>
<sect3 id="printing-advanced-restricting-remote">
<title>Ðåñéïñéóìüò Åñãáóéþí áðü ÁðïìáêñõóìÝíïõò ÕðïëïãéóôÝò</title>
<para>Ôï óýóôçìá ðáñï÷Ýôåõóçò <application>LPD</application> ðáñÝ÷åé
äéÜöïñïõò ôñüðïõò ðåñéïñéóìïý ôùí åñãáóéþí áðü áðïìáêñõóìÝíïõò
õðïëïãéóôÝò:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>Ðáñåìðüäéóç õðïëïãéóôþí</term>
<listitem>
<para>Ìðïñåßôå íá åëÝã÷åôå áðü ðïéïõò áðïìáêñõóìÝíïõò
õðïëïãéóôÝò èá äÝ÷åôáé áéôÞóåéò åêôýðùóçò ôï ôïðéêü
<application>LPD</application>, ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôá áñ÷åßá
<filename>/etc/hosts.equiv</filename> êáé
<filename>/etc/hosts.lpd</filename>. Ôï
<application>LPD</application> åëÝã÷åé íá äåé áí ç åéóåñ÷üìåíç
áßôçóç ðñïÝñ÷åôáé áðü Ýíáí õðïëïãéóôÞ ðïõ áíáöÝñåôáé óå êÜðïéï
áðü ôá äýï áñ÷åßá. Áí ü÷é, ôï <application>LPD</application>
áðïññßðôåé ôçí áßôçóç.</para>
<para>Ç ìïñöÞ áõôþí ôùí áñ÷åßùí åßíáé áðëÞ: Ýíá üíïìá õðïëïãéóôÞ
áíÜ ãñáììÞ. ÐáñáôçñÞóôå ðùò ôï áñ÷åßï
<filename>/etc/hosts.equiv</filename> ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé êáé áðü
ôï ðñùôüêïëëï &man.ruserok.3;, êáé åðçñåÜæåé ðñïãñÜììáôá üðùò
ôï &man.rsh.1; êáé ôï &man.rcp.1;, åðïìÝíùò íá åßóôå
ðñïóåêôéêïß.</para>
<para>Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, åäþ åßíáé ôï áñ÷åßï
<filename>/etc/hosts.lpd</filename> óôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ
<hostid>rose</hostid>:</para>
<programlisting>orchid
violet
madrigal.fishbaum.de</programlisting>
<para>Áõôü óçìáßíåé ðùò ï <hostid>rose</hostid> äÝ÷åôáé
áéôÞóåéò áðü ôïõò õðïëïãéóôÝò <hostid>orchid</hostid>,
<hostid>violet</hostid>, êáé
<hostid role="fqdn">madrigal.fishbaum.de</hostid>. Áí
êÜðïéïò Üëëïò õðïëïãéóôÞò ðñïóðáèÞóåé íá áðïêôÞóåé ðñüóâáóç
óôï <application>LPD</application> ôïõ <hostid>rose</hostid>,
ç åñãáóßá èá áðïññéöèåß.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Ðåñéïñéóìïß óôï ÌÝãåèïò</term>
<listitem>
<para>Ìðïñåßôå íá åëÝã÷åôå ðüóïò åëåýèåñïò ÷þñïò ðñÝðåé íá
áðïìÝíåé óôï óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí üðïõ âñßóêåôáé ï êáôÜëïãïò
spool. ÄçìéïõñãÞóôå Ýíá áñ÷åßï ìå üíïìá
<filename>minfree</filename> óôïí êáôÜëïãï spool ãéá ôïí
ôïðéêü åêôõðùôÞ. ÅéóÜãåôå óå áõôü ôï áñ÷åßï Ýíáí áñéèìü ðïõ
áíôéðñïóùðåýåé ðüóá blocks äßóêïõ (512 bytes) åëåýèåñïõ ÷þñïõ
ðñÝðåé íá õðÜñ÷ïõí ãéá íá åßíáé äåêôÞ ìéá áðïìáêñõóìÝíç
åñãáóßá.</para>
<para>Áõôü óáò åðéôñÝðåé íá åßóôå âÝâáéïé ðùò ïé áðïìáêñõóìÝíïé
÷ñÞóôåò äåí èá ãåìßóïõí ôï óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí óáò. Ìðïñåßôå
åðßóçò íá ôï ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ãéá íá äþóåôå ìåñéêÞ
ðñïôåñáéüôçôá óôïõò ôïðéêïýò ÷ñÞóôåò: ïé ôïðéêïß ÷ñÞóôåò èá
ìðïñïýí íá óôÝëíïõí åñãáóßåò óôçí ïõñÜ áíáìïíÞò áêüìç êáé
üôáí ï åëåýèåñïò ÷þñïò ôïõ äßóêïõ Ý÷åé ðÝóåé êÜôù áðü ôïí
áñéèìü ðïõ áíáöÝñåôáé óôï áñ÷åßï
<filename>minfree</filename>.</para>
<para>Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, áò ðñïóèÝóïõìå Ýíá áñ÷åßï
<filename>minfree</filename> ãéá ôïí åêôõðùôÞ
<literal>bamboo</literal>. ÅîåôÜæïõìå ôï
<filename>/etc/printcap</filename> ãéá íá âñïýìå ôïí êáôÜëïãï
spool ãéá áõôüí ôïí åêôõðùôÞ. Åäþ åßíáé ç êáôá÷þñéóç ãéá ôïí
<literal>bamboo</literal>:</para>
<programlisting>bamboo|ps|PS|S|panasonic|Panasonic KX-P4455 PostScript v51.4:\
:sh:sd=<filename class="directory">/var/spool/lpd/bamboo</filename>:sc:rg=artists:mx#5000:\
:lp=<filename class="devicefile">/dev/ttyd5</filename>:ms#-parenb cs8 clocal crtscts:rw:mx#5000:\
:if=<filename>/usr/local/libexec/psif</filename>:\
:df=<filename>/usr/local/libexec/psdf</filename>:</programlisting>
<para>Ï êáôÜëïãïò spool êáèïñßæåôáé óôçí éêáíüôçôá
<literal>sd</literal>. Èá èÝóïõìå ôñßá megabytes (éóïäõíáìåß
ìå 6144 disk blocks) ùò ôï ìÝãåèïò ôïõ åëåýèåñïõ ÷þñïõ ðïõ
ðñÝðåé íá õðÜñ÷åé óôï óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí, þóôå ôï
<application>LPD</application> íá äÝ÷åôáé áðïìáêñõóìÝíåò
åñãáóßåò:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput><command>echo 6144 > <filename>/var/spool/lpd/bamboo/minfree</filename></command></userinput></screen>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Ðåñéïñéóìïß ÷ñçóôþí</term>
<listitem>
<para>Ìðïñåßôå íá åëÝã÷åôå ðïéüò áðïìáêñõóìÝíïò ÷ñÞóôçò ìðïñåß
íá åêôõðþíåé óôïõò ôïðéêïýò åêôõðùôÝò ïñßæïíôáò ôçí éêáíüôçôá
<literal>rs</literal> óôï <filename>/etc/printcap</filename>.
¼ôáí åìöáíßæåôáé ç <literal>rs</literal> óå ìéá êáôá÷þñéóç
êÜðïéïõ ôïðéêÜ óõíäåäåìÝíïõ åêôõðùôÞ, ôï
<application>LPD</application> èá äå÷èåß åñãáóßåò áðü
áðïìáêñõóìÝíïõò õðïëïãéóôÝò <emphasis>áí</emphasis> ï ÷ñÞóôçò
ðïõ áðïóôÝëëåé ôçí åñãáóßá Ý÷åé ëïãáñéáóìü óôïí ôïðéêü
õðïëïãéóôÞ êáé ìå ôï ßäéï üíïìá ÷ñÞóôç. ÄéáöïñåôéêÜ, ôï
<application>LPD</application> èá áðïññßøåé ôçí
åñãáóßá.</para>
<para>ÁõôÞ ç éêáíüôçôá åßíáé éäéáßôåñá ÷ñÞóéìç óå ðåñéâÜëëïíôá
üðïõ õðÜñ÷ïõí (ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá) äéáöïñåôéêÜ åðé÷åéñçóéáêÜ
ôìÞìáôá ðïõ ìïéñÜæïíôáé ôï äßêôõï, êáé êÜðïéïé ÷ñÞóôåò
ðñÝðåé íá õðåñâáßíïõí ôá óýíïñá ôïõ ôìÞìáôïò. Äçìéïõñãþíôáò
ëïãáñéáóìïýò óôá óõóôÞìáôá óáò, èá ìðïñïýí íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýí
ôïõò åêôõðùôÝò óáò áðü ôï äéêü ôïõò ôìÞìá ôçò åðé÷åßñçóçò.
Áí åðéèõìåßôå íá ôïõò åðéôñÝðåôå íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýí
<emphasis>ìüíï</emphasis> ôïõò åêôõðùôÝò êáé ü÷é ôá
ìç÷áíÞìáôá óáò, ôüôå ìðïñåßôå íá äçìéïõñãÞóåôå
ëïãáñéáóìïýò <quote>token</quote>, äß÷ùò ðñïóùðéêïýò
êáôáëüãïõò êáé ìå êÝëõöïò ðïõ äåí ìðïñåß íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéçèåß,
üðùò ôï <filename>/usr/bin/false</filename>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</sect3>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="printing-advanced-acct">
<title>ÊáôáìÝôñçóç ×ñÞóçò Åêôõðùôþí</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>êáôáìÝôñçóç</primary>
<secondary>åêôõðùôÞò</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>Áðïöáóßóáôå üôé ÷ñåéÜæåôáé íá ÷ñåþíåôå ãéá ôéò åêôõðþóåéò óáò.
Êáé ãéáôß ü÷é; Ôï ÷áñôß êáé ôï ìåëÜíé êïóôßæïõí ÷ñÞìáôá. Êáé
åðéðëÝïí õðÜñ÷åé êüóôïò óõíôÞñçóçò — ïé åêôõðùôÝò áðïôåëïýíôáé
áðü êéíçôÜ ìÝñç êáé Ý÷ïõí ôçí ôÜóç íá ÷áëÜíå. ¸÷åôå åîåôÜóåé ôïõò
åêôõðùôÝò óáò, ôïí ôñüðï ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýíôáé, êáé ôï êüóôïò
óõíôÞñçóçò êáé Ý÷åôå õðïëïãßóåé ìéá ÷ñÝùóç áíÜ óåëßäá (Þ áíÜ ìÝôñï,
áíÜ ðüäé, Þ Üëëç ìïíÜäá ìÝôñçóçò). Ôï èÝìá åßíáé ôþñá ðùò ìðïñåßôå
ðñáãìáôéêÜ íá îåêéíÞóåôå íá êáôáìåôñÜôå ôéò åêôõðþóåéò óáò.</para>
<para>Ôá Üó÷çìá íÝá åßíáé ðùò ôï óýóôçìá ðáñï÷Ýôåõóçò ôïõ
<application>LPD</application> äåí ðáñÝ÷åé ðïëý âïÞèåéá óå áõôüí ôïí
ôïìÝá. Ç êáôáìÝôñçóç åîáñôÜôáé óå ìåãÜëï âáèìü áðü ôïí ôýðï ôïõ
åêôõðùôÞ ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå, ôïõò ôýðïõò áñ÷åßùí ðïõ åêôõðþíåôå, êáé
ôéò <emphasis>äéêÝò óáò</emphasis> áðáéôÞóåéò ãéá ôçí ÷ñÝùóç ôùí
åêôõðþóåùí.</para>
<para>Ãéá ôçí êáôáìÝôñçóç, èá ðñÝðåé íá ìåôáôñÝøåôå ôï ößëôñï êåéìÝíïõ
(ãéá ôç ÷ñÝùóç åñãáóéþí áðëïý êåéìÝíïõ) ôïõ åêôõðùôÞ êáé ôá ößëôñá
ìåôáôñïðÞò (ãéá ôç ÷ñÝùóç üëùí ôùí Üëëùí ôýðùí áñ÷åßùí) þóôå íá
ìåôñïýí óåëßäåò Þ íá æçôïýí íá ìÜèïõí áðü ôïí åêôõðùôÞ ôïí áñéèìü ôùí
åêôõðùìÝíùí óåëßäùí. Äåí èá óáò âïçèÞóåé éäéáßôåñá ç ÷ñÞóç ößëôñïõ
åîüäïõ, áðü ôç óôéãìÞ ðïõ äåí ìðïñåß íá êÜíåé êáôáìÝôñçóç. Äåßôå ôçí
åíüôçôá <link linkend="printing-advanced-filter-intro">Ößëôñá</link>.</para>
<para>ÃåíéêÜ, õðÜñ÷ïõí äýï ôñüðïé ãéá íá êÜíåôå êáôáìÝôñçóç:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Ç <emphasis>ÐåñéïäéêÞ êáôáìÝôñçóç</emphasis> åßíáé ï ðéï
óõíçèéóìÝíïò ôñüðïò, ðéèáíþò ãéáôß åßíáé ï åõêïëüôåñïò. ÊÜèå öïñÜ
ðïõ êÜðïéïò åêôõðþíåé ìéá åñãáóßá, ôï ößëôñï äçìéïõñãåß Ýíá
áñ÷åßï êáôáãñáöÞò üðïõ áíáöÝñåé ôïí ÷ñÞóôç, ôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ, êáé
ôïí áñéèìü ôùí óåëßäùí. ÊÜèå ìÞíá, åîÜìçíï, ÷ñüíï, Þ Üëëç ÷ñïíéêÞ
ðåñßïäï ôçò áñåóêåßáò óáò, óõëëÝãåôå ôá áñ÷åßá êáôáãñáöÞò ãéá ôïõò
äéÜöïñïõò åêôõðùôÝò, ëïãáñéÜæåôå ôéò óåëßäåò ðïõ áíáëïãïýí óôïõò
÷ñÞóôåò, êáé ÷ñåþíåôå áíáëüãùò. ¸ðåéôá óâÞíåôå ôá óôïé÷åßá áðü ôá
áñ÷åßá êáôáãñáöÞò, îåêéíþíôáò áðü êáèáñÞ êáôÜóôáóç ãéá ôçí åðüìåíç
ðåñßïäï.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Ç <emphasis>ÊáôáìÝôñçóç êáôÜ ôç ÷ñÞóç</emphasis> åßíáé
ëéãüôåñï ãíùóôÞ, ßóùò åðåéäÞ åßíáé ðéï äýóêïëïò ôñüðïò. Óå áõôÞ
ôç ìÝèïäï ôá ößëôñá ÷ñåþíïõí ôïõò ÷ñÞóôåò ãéá ôéò åêôõðþóåéò ôïõò
áìÝóùò ìüëéò áõôÝò ðñáãìáôïðïéçèïýí. ¼ðùò êáé ìå ôçí êáôáãñáöÞ
÷ñÞóçò äßóêïõ (disk quotas), ç êáôáìÝôñçóç åßíáé Üìåóç. Ìðïñåßôå
íá ðñïëáìâÜíåôå ôçí ÷ñÞóç åêôõðùôþí áðü ÷ñÞóôåò ðïõ Ý÷ïõí ÷ôõðÞóåé
êüêêéíï, êáé ìðïñåßôå íá ðáñÝ÷åôå óôïõò ÷ñÞóôåò Ýíá ôñüðï ãéá íá
åëÝã÷ïõí êáé íá ñõèìßæïõí ôïí <quote>üãêï åêôõðþóåùí (print
quotas).</quote> ÁëëÜ áõôÞ ç ìÝèïäïò ðñïûðïèÝôåé ëßãï êþäéêá
âÜóåùí äåäïìÝíùí ãéá ôçí êáôáãñáöÞ ÷ñçóôþí êáé ôùí åí ëüãù
ìåãåèþí.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>Ôï óýóôçìá ðáñï÷Ýôåõóçò <application>LPD</application>
õðïóôçñßæåé åýêïëá êáé ôéò äýï ìåèüäïõò: áðü ôç óôéãìÞ ðïõ ðñÝðåé
åóåßò íá ðáñÝ÷åôå ôá ößëôñá (ôéò ðåñéóóüôåñåò öïñÝò), èá ðñÝðåé
åðßóçò íá ðáñÝ÷åôå êáé ôïí êþäéêá êáôáìÝôñçóçò. ÁëëÜ õðÜñ÷åé êáé Ýíá
êáëü óå áõôÞ ôçí õðüèåóç: Ý÷åôå áðåñéüñéóôç åõåëéîßá óôéò ìåèüäïõò
êáôáìÝôñçóçò. Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, ìðïñåßôå íá åðéëÝîåôå ðåñéïäéêÞ Þ êáôÜ
ôç ÷ñÞóç êáôáìÝôñçóç. Ìðïñåßôå íá åðéëÝîåôå ôéò ðëçñïöïñßåò ðïõ èá
êáôáãñÜöïíôáé: ïíüìáôá ÷ñçóôþí, ïíüìáôá õðïëïãéóôþí, ôýðïõò åñãáóéþí,
ôõðùìÝíåò óåëßäåò, ôåôñáãùíéêÜ ìÝôñá ÷áñôéïý ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞèçêå,
ðüóïò ÷ñüíïò ÷ñåéÜóôçêå ãéá íá ãßíåé ç åêôýðùóç, êáé ðïëëÜ áêüìá. Êáé
üëá áõôÜ ãßíïíôáé ìåôáôñÝðïíôáò ôá ößëôñá ãéá íá áðïèçêåýïõí áõôÝò ôéò
ðëçñïöïñßåò.</para>
<sect3>
<title>ÃñÞãïñç êáé Ðñü÷åéñç ÊáôáìÝôñçóç Åêôõðþóåùí</title>
<para>Ôï &os; äéáôßèåôáé ìå äýï ðñïãñÜììáôá ðïõ ìðïñïýí íá ðáñÝ÷ïõí
Üìåóá áðëÞ ðåñéïäéêÞ êáôáìÝôñçóç. Åßíáé ôï ößëôñï êåéìÝíïõ
<command>lpf</command>, ðïõ ðåñéãñÜöåôáé óôçí åíüôçôá <link
linkend="printing-advanced-lpf">lpf: Ýíá Ößëôñï ÊåéìÝíïõ</link>,
êáé ôï &man.pac.8;, Ýíá ðñüãñáììá ðïõ óõëëÝãåé êáé áèñïßæåé
êáôá÷ùñßóåéò áðü áñ÷åßá êáôáìåôñÞóåùí.</para>
<para>¼ðùò áíáöÝñáìå óôçí åíüôçôá ôùí ößëôñùí (<link
linkend="printing-advanced-filters">Ößëôñá</link>), ôï
<application>LPD</application> îåêéíÜ ôá ößëôñá êåéìÝíïõ êáé
ìåôáôñïðÞò ðåñíþíôáò óôçí ãñáììÞ åíôïëþí ôïõ ößëôñïõ êáé ôï üíïìá
ôïõ áñ÷åßïõ êáôáãñáöÞò. Ôá ößëôñá ìðïñïýí íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóïõí áõôÞ
ôçí ðáñÜìåôñï ãéá íá îÝñïõí ðïõ íá ãñÜöïõí ôéò êáôá÷ùñßóåéò
êáôáìÝôñçóçò. Ôï üíïìá ôïõ áñ÷åßïõ êáôáìÝôñçóçò öáßíåôáé óôçí
éêáíüôçôá <literal>af</literal> óôï
<filename>/etc/printcap</filename>, êáé áí äåí ïñßæåôáé ç ðëÞñçò
äéáäñïìÞ ôïõ, ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé ç ó÷åôéêÞ äéáäñïìÞ ùò ðñïò ôïí
êáôÜëïãï spool.</para>
<para>Ôï <application>LPD</application> îåêéíÜ ôï
<command>lpf</command> ìå ðáñáìÝôñïõò ðëÜôïõò êáé ìÞêïõò óåëßäáò
(áðü ôéò éêáíüôçôåò <literal>pw</literal> êáé
<literal>pl</literal>). Ôï <command>lpf</command> ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß
áõôÝò ôéò ðáñáìÝôñïõò ãéá íá ðñïóäéïñßóåé ôçí ðïóüôçôá ÷áñôéïý ðïõ
÷ñçóéìïðïéÞèçêå. ÌåôÜ ôçí áðïóôïëÞ ôïõ áñ÷åßïõ óôïí åêôõðùôÞ,
ãñÜöåé ìéá êáôá÷þñéóç êáôáìÝôñçóçò óôï áñ÷åßï êáôáãñáöÞò. Ïé
êáôá÷ùñßóåéò ìïéÜæïõí ìå ôéò ðáñáêÜôù:</para>
<programlisting>2.00 rose:andy
3.00 rose:kelly
3.00 orchid:mary
5.00 orchid:mary
2.00 orchid:zhang</programlisting>
<para>Èá ðñÝðåé íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå îå÷ùñéóôü áñ÷åßï êáôáãñáöÞò ãéá
êÜèå åêôõðùôÞ, áöïý ôï <command>lpf</command> äåí Ý÷åé åíóùìáôùìÝíç
äõíáôüôçôá êëåéäþìáôïò áñ÷åßïõ (file locking), êáé äýï
<command>lpf</command> ìðïñïýí íá êáôáóôñÝøïõí ôï Ýíá ôçí
êáôá÷þñéóç ôïõ Üëëïõ áí ðñüêåéôáé íá ãñÜøïõí ôáõôü÷ñïíá óôï ßäéï
áñ÷åßï. ¸íáò åýêïëïò ôñüðïò ãéá íá âåâáéþóåôå ôçí ìïíáäéêüôçôá
áñ÷åßïõ êáôáãñáöÞò áíÜ åêôõðùôÞ åßíáé íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôçí
éêáíüôçôá <literal>af=acct</literal> óôï
<filename>/etc/printcap</filename>. ¸ôóé, êÜèå áñ÷åßï êáôáãñáöÞò
èá âñßóêåôáé óôïí êáôÜëïãï spool ôïõ áíôßóôïé÷ïõ åêôõðùôÞ, óå Ýíá
áñ÷åßï ìå üíïìá <filename>acct</filename>.</para>
<para>¼ôáí åßóôå Ýôïéìïé íá ÷ñåþóåôå ôïõò ÷ñÞóôåò ãéá ôéò åêôõðþóåéò,
åêôåëÝóôå ôï ðñüãñáììá &man.pac.8;. ÁðëÜ ìåôáâåßôå óôïí êáôÜëïãï
spool ãéá ôïí åêôõðùôÞ ðïõ êÜíåôå êáôáìÝôñçóç êáé ðëçêôñïëïãÞóôå
<literal>pac</literal>. Èá åìöáíéóôåß Ýíáò áðïëïãéóìüò ìå ÷ñåþóåéò
óå äïëÜñéá, üðùò âëÝðåôå óôç óõíÝ÷åéá:</para>
<screen> Login pages/feet runs price
orchid:kelly 5.00 1 $ 0.10
orchid:mary 31.00 3 $ 0.62
orchid:zhang 9.00 1 $ 0.18
rose:andy 2.00 1 $ 0.04
rose:kelly 177.00 104 $ 3.54
rose:mary 87.00 32 $ 1.74
rose:root 26.00 12 $ 0.52
total 337.00 154 $ 6.74</screen>
<para>ÐáñáêÜôù åßíáé ïé ðáñÜìåôñïé ðïõ äÝ÷åôáé ôï &man.pac.8;:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>-P<replaceable>printer</replaceable></option></term>
<listitem>
<para>Ãéá ðïéü <replaceable>printer</replaceable> íá
êÜíåé áðïëïãéóìü. ÁõôÞ ç åðéëïãÞ äïõëåýåé ìüíï áí õðÜñ÷åé ç
ðëÞñçò äéáäñïìÞ óôçí éêáíüôçôá <literal>af</literal> óôï
<filename>/etc/printcap</filename>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>-c</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>Ôáîéíïìåß ôï áðïôÝëåóìá áíÜ êüóôïò áíôß ôçò áëöáâçôéêÞò
ôáîéíüìçóçò ôùí ÷ñçóôþí.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>-m</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>Áãíïåß ôï üíïìá ôïõ õðïëïãéóôÞ óôá áñ÷åßá êáôáãñáöÞò. Ìå
áõôÞ ôçí åðéëïãÞ, ï ÷ñÞóôçò <username>smith</username> óôïí
õðïëïãéóôÞ <hostid>alpha</hostid> åßíáé ï ßäéïò ÷ñÞóôçò ìå ôïí
<username>smith</username> óôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ
<hostid>gamma</hostid>. ×ùñßò ôçí åðéëïãÞ áõôÞ, åßíáé
äéáöïñåôéêïß ÷ñÞóôåò.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>-p<replaceable>price</replaceable></option></term>
<listitem>
<para>Õðïëïãßæåé ôéò ÷ñåþóåéò ìå
<replaceable>price</replaceable> (ôéìÞ) óå äïëÜñéá áíÜ óåëßäá
Þ áíÜ ðüäé áíôß ãéá ôçí ôéìÞ áðü ôçí éêáíüôçôá
<literal>pc</literal> óôï <filename>/etc/printcap</filename>,
Þ áëëéþò äýï óåíôò (áðü ðñïåðéëïãÞ). Ìðïñåßôå íá ïñßóåôå
ùò <replaceable>price</replaceable> ìéá ôéìÞ ìå äåêáäéêÜ
øçößá (floating point).</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>-r</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>ÁíôéóôñÝöåé ôçí óåéñÜ ôáîéíüìçóçò.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>-s</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>Äçìéïõñãåß Ýíá áñ÷åßï áðïëïãéóìïý ôùí êáôáìåôñÞóåùí êáé
êáèáñßæåé ôá ðåñéå÷üìåíá ôùí áñ÷åßùí êáôáãñáöÞò.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><replaceable>name</replaceable>
<replaceable>…</replaceable></term>
<listitem>
<para>Ôõðþíåé ðëçñïöïñßåò áíáöïñÜò ìüíï ãéá ôá óõãêåêñéìÝíá
<replaceable>name</replaceable> (ïíüìáôá) ÷ñçóôþí.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>Óôïí ðñïåðéëåãìÝíï áðïëïãéóìü ðïõ ðáñÜãåé ôï &man.pac.8;,
âëÝðåôå ôùí áñéèìü ôùí ôõðùìÝíùí óåëßäùí áíÜ ÷ñÞóôç áðü ôïõò
äéÜöïñïõò õðïëïãéóôÝò. Áí, óôï ÷þñï óáò, ï õðïëïãéóôÞò äåí Ý÷åé
óçìáóßá (ãéáôß ïé ÷ñÞóôåò ìðïñïýí íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóïõí ïðïéïíäÞðïôå
èÝëïõí), åêôåëÝóôå ôçí åíôïëÞ
<command>pac <option>-m</option></command>, ãéá íá
äçìéïõñãÞóåôå ôïí áêüëïõèï áðïëïãéóìü:</para>
<screen> Login pages/feet runs price
andy 2.00 1 $ 0.04
kelly 182.00 105 $ 3.64
mary 118.00 35 $ 2.36
root 26.00 12 $ 0.52
zhang 9.00 1 $ 0.18
total 337.00 154 $ 6.74</screen>
<para>Ãéá ôïí ïñéóìü ðïóïóôïý ÷ñÝùóçò óå äïëÜñéá, ôï &man.pac.8;
÷ñçóéìïðïéåß ôçí éêáíüôçôá <literal>pc</literal> óôï áñ÷åßï
<filename>/etc/printcap</filename> (ðñïåðéëåãìÝíç ôéìÞ 200, Þ 2
óåíôò áíÜ óåëßäá). Ðñïóäéïñßóôå óå áõôÞí ôçí éêáíüôçôá, óå
åêáôïóôÜ ôïõ óåíô, ôçí ôéìÞ áíÜ óåëßäá Þ áíÜ ðüäé ðïõ èÝëåôå íá
÷ñåþíåôå ãéá ôéò åêôõðþóåéò. Ìðïñåßôå íá ðñïóðåñÜóåôå áõôÞ ôçí
ôéìÞ üôáí ôñÝ÷åôå ôï &man.pac.8; ìå ôçí åðéëïãÞ
<option>-p</option>. H ìïíÜäá ìÝôñçóçò ãéá ôçí åðéëïãÞ
<option>-p</option> åßíáé óå äïëÜñéá, ü÷é óå åêáôïóôÜ ôïõ óåíô.
Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá,
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput><command>pac <option>-p1.50</option></command></userinput></screen>
ïñßæåé êüóôïò êÜèå óåëßäáò Ýíá äïëÜñéï êáé ðåíÞíôá óåíôò.
Ìðïñåßôå ðñáãìáôéêÜ íá Ý÷åôå ðïëëÜ Ýóïäá ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò áõôÝò ôéò
÷ñåþóåéò.</para>
<para>ÔÝëïò, åêôåëþíôáò <command>pac <option>-s</option></command> èá
áðïèçêåýóåôå ôéò ðëçñïöïñßåò ôïõ áðïëïãéóìïý óå Ýíá áñ÷åßï
êáôáãñáöÞò áðïëïãéóìïý, ðïõ èá Ý÷åé ôï ßäéï üíïìá ìå ôï áñ÷åßï
êáôáãñáöÞò ôïõ åêôõðùôÞ, áëëÜ ìå êáôÜëçîç <literal>_sum</literal>.
¸ðåéôá êáèáñßæåôáé ôï áñ÷åßï êáôáãñáöÞò. ¼ôáí åêôåëÝóåôå ðÜëé ôï
&man.pac.8;, èá îáíáäéáâÜóåé ôï áñ÷åßï áðïëïãéóìïý, ãéá íá ðÜñåé ôá
áñ÷éêÜ óýíïëá, êáé èá ðñïóèÝóåé ôéò ðëçñïöïñßåò áðü ôï êáíïíéêü
áñ÷åßï êáôáãñáöÞò.</para>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>Ðùò Ìðïñåßôå íá ÌåôñÞóåôå ôéò ÔõðùìÝíåò Óåëßäåò;</title>
<para>Ãéá íá ìåôñÞóåôå ôéò ôõðùìÝíåò óåëßäåò ìå Ýóôù óôïé÷åéþäç
ëåðôïìÝñåéá, èá ðñÝðåé íá ðñïóäéïñßóåôå ðüóï ÷áñôß ÷ñåéÜæåôáé ìéá
åñãáóßá. Áõôü åßíáé ôï ïõóéáóôéêüôåñï ðñüâëçìá óôçí êáôáìÝôñçóç
åêôõðþóåùí.</para>
<para>Ãéá åñãáóßåò áðëïý êåéìÝíïõ, ôï ðñüâëçìá äåí åßíáé äýóêïëï íá
ëõèåß: ÌåôñÜôå ðüóåò ãñáììÝò õðÜñ÷ïõí óå ìéá åñãáóßá êáé ôéò
óõãêñßíåôå ìå ðüóåò ãñáììÝò ìðïñåß íá ôõðþóåé ï åêôõðùôÞò óáò óå
ìéá óåëßäá. Ìçí îå÷Üóåôå íá óõìðåñéëÜâåôå ôá backspaces ðïõ
ðñïêáëïýí õðåñôýðùóç, Þ åðéìÞêçò ëïãéêÝò ãñáììÝò ðïõ áíáäéðëþíïíôáé
óå ðåñéóóüôåñåò áðü ìßá öõóéêÝò ãñáììÝò.</para>
<para>Ôï ößëôñï êåéìÝíïõ <command>lpf</command> (ðïõ ðáñïõóéÜóáìå óôï
<link linkend="printing-advanced-lpf">lpf: Ýíá Ößëôñï
ÊåéìÝíïõ</link>) ëáìâÜíåé õðüøéí ôïõ áõôÜ ôá óôïé÷åßá üôáí êÜíåé
êáôáìÝôñçóç. Áí ãñÜöåôå êÜðïéï ößëôñï êåéìÝíïõ ðïõ ÷ñåéÜæåôáé íá
êÜíåé êáôáìÝôñçóç, ßóùò íá èÝëåôå íá åëÝãîåôå ôïí ðçãáßï êþäéêá
ôïõ <command>lpf</command>.</para>
<para>Ðùò ÷åéñßæåóôå üìùò ôïõò õðüëïéðïõò ôýðïõò áñ÷åßùí;</para>
<para>Ãéá ôéò ìåôáôñïðÝò áðü DVI-óå-LaserJet Þ áðü
DVI-óå-&postscript;, ìðïñåßôå íá êÜíåôå ôï ößëôñï óáò íá áíáëýåé
ôçí Ýîïäï ôïõ <command>dvilj</command> Þ ôïõ
<command>dvips</command> êáé íá åëÝã÷åé ðüóåò óåëßäåò
äçìéïõñãÞèçêáí áðü ôç ìåôáôñïðÞ. ºóùò ìðïñÝóåôå íá êÜíåôå êÜôé
ðáñüìïéï êáé ìå äéáöïñåôéêïýò ôýðïõò áñ÷åßùí êáé ðñïãñÜììáôá
ìåôáôñïðÞò</para>
<para>Ùóôüóï, üëåò áõôÝò ïé ìÝèïäïé Ý÷ïõí ôï ìåéïíÝêôçìá ðùò ï
åêôõðùôÞò ðéèáíþò óôçí ðñáãìáôéêüôçôá íá ìçí åêôõðþóåé üëåò ôéò
óåëßäåò. Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, èá ìðïñïýóå íá ìðëïêáñéóôåß ôï ÷áñôß, Þ íá
ôåëåéþóåé ôï ôüíåñ, Þ áêüìç íá óõìâåß êáé Ýêñçîç —åíþ ï
÷ñÞóôçò èá óõíå÷ßóåé íá ÷ñåþíåôáé.</para>
<para>Ôé èá ìðïñïýóáôå íá êÜíåôå;</para>
<para>ÕðÜñ÷åé ìüíï Ýíáò <emphasis>óßãïõñïò</emphasis> ôñüðïò ãéá íá
êÜíåôå êáôáìÝôñçóç <emphasis>áêñéâåßáò</emphasis>. Íá ðÜñåôå Ýíáí
åêôõðùôÞ ðïõ íá ìðïñåß íá óáò ðåé ðüóï ÷áñôß ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß, êáé íá
ôïí óõíäÝóåôå ìÝóù óåéñéáêÞò èýñáò Þ ìÝóù äéêôýïõ. Ó÷åäüí
üëïé ïé åêôõðùôÝò &postscript; õðïóôçñßæïõí áõôÞ ôçí äõíáôüôçôá. Èá
âñåßôå êáé Üëëïõò ôýðïõò êáé êáôáóêåõáóôÝò ðïõ êÜíïõí åðßóçò ôï ßäéï
(ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, ïé laser åêôõðùôÝò äéêôýïõ ôçò Imagen).
ÌåôáôñÝøôå ôá ößëôñá ãéá áõôïýò ôïõò åêôõðùôÝò þóôå íá êáôáãñÜöïõí
ôéò ôõðùìÝíåò óåëßäåò ìåôÜ ôçí ïëïêëÞñùóç ôçò åêÜóôïôå åñãáóßáò
åêôýðùóçò, êáé ñõèìßóôå ôïõò íá êñáôïýí áñ÷åßá êáôáãñáöÞò ìå
<emphasis>ìüíï</emphasis> áõôÞ ôçí ðëçñïöïñßá. Äåí ÷ñåéÜæåôáé
êáôáìÝôñçóç ãñáììþí ïýôå áíáöïñÜ óöáëìÜôùí.</para>
<para>ÖõóéêÜ, ðÜíôá Ý÷åôå ôç äõíáôüôçôá íá öáíåßôå ãåííáéüäùñïò êáé íá
ðáñÝ÷åôå ôéò åêôõðþóåéò óáò äùñåÜí.</para>
</sect3>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="printing-using">
<title>×ñÞóç Åêôõðùôþí</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>printers</primary>
<secondary>usage</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>ÁõôÞ ç åíüôçôá ðåñéãñÜöåé ðùò íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå ôïõò åêôõðùôÝò ðïõ
Ý÷åôå åãêáôáóôÞóåé óôï &os;. Ïé âáóéêÝò åíôïëÝò ãéá ôïí ôåëéêü ÷ñÞóôç
åßíáé ïé áêüëïõèåò:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>&man.lpr.1;</term>
<listitem>
<para>Åêôýðùóç åñãáóéþí</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>&man.lpq.1;</term>
<listitem>
<para>¸ëåã÷ïò ïõñÜò áíáìïíÞò (print queue) ôïõ åêôõðùôÞ</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>&man.lprm.1;</term>
<listitem>
<para>ÄéáãñáöÞ åñãáóéþí áðü ôçí ïõñÜ áíáìïíÞò</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>ÕðÜñ÷åé åðßóçò ìéá åíôïëÞ ãéá ôïõò äéá÷åéñéóôÝò, ç &man.lpc.8;,
ðïõ ðåñéãñÜöåôáé óôçí åíüôçôá <link
linkend="printing-lpc">Äéá÷åßñéóç Åêôõðùôþí</link>, êáé
÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé ãéá íá åëÝã÷åé ôïõò åêôõðùôÝò êáé ôéò ïõñÝò
áíáìïíÞò.</para>
<para>Êáé ïé ôñåéò åíôïëÝò &man.lpr.1;, &man.lprm.1;, êáé &man.lpq.1;
äÝ÷ïíôáé ôçí åðéëïãÞ
<option>-P <replaceable>printer-name</replaceable></option> ìå ôçí
ïðïßá êáèïñßæåôáé óå ðïéïí åêôõðùôÞ Þ ïõñÜ áíáìïíÞò èá åíåñãÞóïõí, üðùò
áíáöÝñåôáé óôï áñ÷åßï <filename>/etc/printcap</filename>. Áõôü óáò
åðéôñÝðåé íá áðïóôåßëåôå, íá äéáãñÜøåôå, êáé íá åëÝãîåôå åñãáóßåò óå
äéÜöïñïõò åêôõðùôÝò. Áí äåí ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå ôçí åðéëïãÞ
<option>-P</option>, ôüôå ïé åíôïëÝò ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýí ôïí åêôõðùôÞ ðïõ
áíáöÝñåôáé óôç ìåôáâëçôÞ ðåñéâÜëëïíôïò <envar>PRINTER</envar>. ÔÝëïò,
áí äåí Ý÷åôå èÝóåé ìéá ìåôáâëçôÞ ðåñéâÜëëïíôïò <envar>PRINTER</envar>,
ïé åíôïëÝò åêôåëïýíôáé ìå ôïí ðñïåðéëåãìÝíï åêôõðùôÞ ðïõ ïíïìÜæåôáé
<literal>lp</literal>.</para>
<para>Áðü äù êáé óôï åîÞò, ìå ôçí ïñïëïãßá <emphasis>ðñïåðéëåãìÝíïò
åêôõðùôÞò</emphasis> èá åííïïýìå ôïí åêôõðùôÞ ðïõ áíáöÝñåôáé óôçí
ìåôáâëçôÞ ðåñéâÜëëïíôïò <envar>PRINTER</envar>, Þ áí äåí õðÜñ÷åé, ôïí
åêôõðùôÞ ìå ôï üíïìá <literal>lp</literal>.</para>
<sect2 id="printing-lpr">
<title>Åêôýðùóç Åñãáóéþí</title>
<para>Ãéá íá åêôõðþóåôå áñ÷åßá, ðëçêôñïëïãÞóôå:</para>
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput><command>lpr <filename><replaceable>filename</replaceable></filename> <replaceable>...</replaceable></command></userinput></screen>
<indexterm><primary>printing</primary></indexterm>
<para>Èá åêôõðùèïýí üëá ôá áíáöåñüìåíá áñ÷åßá óôïí ðñïåðéëåãìÝíï
åêôõðùôÞ. Áí äåí áíáöÝñåôå áñ÷åßá, ôï &man.lpr.1; äéáâÜæåé
äåäïìÝíá áðü ôï standard input. Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, áõôÞ ç åíôïëÞ
èá åêôõðþóåé ìåñéêÜ óçìáíôéêÜ áñ÷åßá ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò:</para>
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput><command>lpr <filename>/etc/host.conf</filename> <filename>/etc/hosts.equiv</filename></command></userinput></screen>
<para>Ãéá íá åðéëÝîåôå Ýíá óõãêåêñéìÝíï åêôõðùôÞ, ðëçêôñïëïãÞóôå:</para>
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput><command>lpr <option>-P</option> <replaceable>printer-name</replaceable> <filename><replaceable>filename</replaceable></filename> <replaceable>...</replaceable></command></userinput></screen>
<para>Óôï ðáñÜäåéãìá ìáò èá åêôõðùèåß ìéá ìåãÜëç ëßóôá áñ÷åßùí ôïõ
ôñÝ÷ïíôïò êáôáëüãïõ óôïí åêôõðùôÞ ðïõ ïíïìÜæåôáé
<literal>rattan</literal>:</para>
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput><command>ls <option>-l</option> | lpr <option>-P</option> rattan</command></userinput></screen>
<para>Áöïý äåí áíáöÝñïíôáé ïíüìáôá áñ÷åßùí óôçí åíôïëÞ &man.lpr.1;,
ôï <command>lpr</command> äéáâÜæåé ôá äåäïìÝíá ðïõ èá åêôõðþóåé áðü
ôï standard input, ôá ïðïßá åßíáé ç Ýîïäïò ôçò åíôïëÞò
<command>ls <option>-l</option></command>.</para>
<para>Ç åíôïëÞ &man.lpr.1; ìðïñåß íá äå÷èåß Ýíá ìåãÜëï áñéèìü åðéëïãþí
ãéá íá åëÝã÷åé ôçí ìïñöïðïßçóç, íá ìåôáôñÝðåé áñ÷åßá, íá äçìéïõñãåß
ðïëëáðëÜ áíôßãñáöá, ê.ë.ð. Ãéá ðåñéóóüôåñåò ðëçñïöïñßåò, äåßôå ôçí
åíüôçôá <link
linkend="printing-lpr-options">ÅðéëïãÝò Åêôýðùóçò</link>.</para>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="printing-lpq">
<title>¸ëåã÷ïò Åñãáóéþí</title>
<indexterm><primary>åêôýðùóç åñãáóéþí</primary></indexterm>
<para>¼ôáí åêôõðþíåôå ìå ôï &man.lpr.1;, ôá äåäïìÝíá ðïõ èÝëåôå íá
åêôõðþóåôå ôïðïèåôïýíôáé óå Ýíá ðáêÝôï (package) ðïõ ïíïìÜæåôáé
<quote>åñãáóßá åêôýðùóçò (print job)</quote>, ç ïðïßá áðïóôÝëëåôáé
óôï óýóôçìá ðáñï÷Ýôåõóçò <application>LPD</application>. ÊÜèå
åêôõðùôÞò Ý÷åé ìéá ïõñÜ áíáìïíÞò åñãáóéþí, êáé ç åñãáóßá óáò
áíáìÝíåé ìáæß ìå Üëëåò äéêÝò óáò êáé Üëëùí ÷ñçóôþí. Ï åêôõðùôÞò ôéò
åêôõðþíåé ìå ôçí óåéñÜ Üöéîçò óôçí ïõñÜ áíáìïíÞò.</para>
<para>Ãéá íá åìöáíßóåôå ôçí ïõñÜ áíáìïíÞò ãéá ôïí ðñïåðéëåãìÝíï
åêôõðùôÞ, ðëçêôñïëïãÞóôå &man.lpq.1;. Ãéá êÜðïéïí óõãêåêñéìÝíï
åêôõðùôÞ, ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóôå ôçí åðéëïãÞ <option>-P</option>. Ãéá
ðáñÜäåéãìá, ç åíôïëÞ:
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput><command>lpq <option>-P</option> bamboo</command></userinput></screen>
åìöáíßæåé ôçí ïõñÜ áíáìïíÞò ãéá ôïí åêôõðùôÞ ìå ôï üíïìá
<literal>bamboo</literal>. Áêïëïõèåß Ýíá ðáñÜäåéãìá åîüäïõ ôçò
åíôïëÞò <command>lpq</command>:</para>
<screen>bamboo is ready and printing
Rank Owner Job Files Total Size
active kelly 9 /etc/host.conf, /etc/hosts.equiv 88 bytes
2nd kelly 10 (standard input) 1635 bytes
3rd mary 11 ... 78519 bytes</screen>
<para>Åìöáíßæïíôáé ôñåéò åñãáóßåò óôç ëßóôá áíáìïíÞò ãéá ôïí
<literal>bamboo</literal>. Óôçí ðñþôç åñãáóßá, ðïõ Ý÷åé óôáëåß áðü
ôïí ÷ñÞóôç kelly, Ý÷åé áðïäïèåß ï
<quote>áñéèìüò åñãáóßáò (job number)</quote> 9. ÊÜèå åñãáóßá åíüò
åêôõðùôÞ ÷áñáêôçñßæåôáé áðü Ýíá ìïíáäéêü ôÝôïéï áñéèìü. Ôéò
ðåñéóóüôåñåò öïñÝò ìðïñåßôå íá ôïí áãíïÞóåôå, áëëÜ èá ôïí ÷ñåéáóôåßôå
áí èÝëåôå íá äéáãñÜøåôå êÜðïéá åñãáóßá. Äåßôå ôçí åíüôçôá <link
linkend="printing-lprm">ÄéáãñáöÞ Åñãáóéþí</link> ãéá
ðåñéóóüôåñåò ðëçñïöïñßåò.</para>
<para>Ç åñãáóßá ìå ôï íïýìåñï åííÝá áðïôåëåßôáé áðü äýï áñ÷åßá. Ôá
ðïëëáðëÜ áñ÷åßá ðïõ äüèçêáí óôç ãñáììÞ åíôïëþí ôïõ &man.lpr.1;
èåùñïýíôáé ìÝñïò ìßáò ìüíï åñãáóßáò. ÁõôÞ åßíáé êáé ç ôñÝ÷ïõóá åíåñãÞ
åñãáóßá (ðáñáôçñÞóôå ôç ëÝîç <literal>active</literal> ôçò óôÞëçò
<quote>Rank</quote>), ðïõ óçìáßíåé ðùò ç åñãáóßá åêôõðþíåôáé áõôÞ ôç
óôéãìÞ. Ç äåýôåñç åñãáóßá áðïôåëåßôáé áðü äåäïìÝíá ðïõ Ý÷ïõí ðåñÜóåé
óôçí standard input ôçò åíôïëÞò &man.lpr.1;. Ç ôñßôç åñãáóßá
ðñïÝñ÷åôáé áðü ôïí ÷ñÞóôç <username>mary</username>, êáé ðñüêåéôáé
ãéá ìéá ðïëý ïãêþäç åñãáóßá. Ôï üíïìá äéáäñïìÞò ôïõ áñ÷åßïõ ðïõ
ðñüêåéôáé íá åêôõðùèåß åßíáé ðïëý ìåãÜëï ãéá íá ÷ùñÝóåé óôç óôÞëç,
êáé ãéá áõôü ç åíôïëÞ &man.lpq.1; áðëÜ ôï óõìâïëßæåé ìå ôñåéò
ôåëåßåò.</para>
<para>Ç ðñþôç ãñáììÞ ôçò åîüäïõ áðü ôçí &man.lpq.1; åßíáé åðßóçò ðïëý
÷ñÞóéìç: ìáò åíçìåñþíåé ãéá ôï ôé êÜíåé ôçí ðáñïýóá óôéãìÞ ï
åêôõðùôÞò (Þ ôïõëÜ÷éóôïí ãéá ôï ôé ðéóôåýåé ôï
<application>LPD</application> ðùò êÜíåé ï åêôõðùôÞò áõôÞ ôç
óôéãìÞ).</para>
<para>Ç åíôïëÞ &man.lpq.1; åðßóçò õðïóôçñßæåé ôçí åðéëïãÞ
<option>-l</option> ãéá íá äçìéïõñãÞóåé ìéá ìåãÜëç, ëåðôïìåñÞ ëßóôá.
Áêïëïõèåß Ýíá ðáñÜäåéãìá ôïõ
<command>lpq <option>-l</option></command>:</para>
<screen>waiting for bamboo to become ready (offline ?)
kelly: 1st [job 009rose]
/etc/host.conf 73 bytes
/etc/hosts.equiv 15 bytes
kelly: 2nd [job 010rose]
(standard input) 1635 bytes
mary: 3rd [job 011rose]
/home/orchid/mary/research/venus/alpha-regio/mapping 78519 bytes</screen>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="printing-lprm">
<title>Áöáßñåóç Åñãáóéþí</title>
<para>Áí áëëÜîåôå ãíþìç ãéá ìéá åñãáóßá ðïõ åß÷áôå áðïóôåßëåé ðñïò
åêôýðùóç, ìðïñåßôå íá ôçí áöáéñÝóåôå áðü ôçí ëßóôá áíáìïíÞò ìå ôçí
åíôïëÞ &man.lprm.1;. Ìðïñåßôå áêüìç íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôçí
&man.lprm.1; ãéá íá áöáéñÝóåôå ìéá åíåñãÞ åñãáóßá, áëëÜ ðéèáíüí
êÜðïéï ìÝñïò ôçò íá åêôõðùèåß Ýôóé êáé áëëéþò.</para>
<para>Ãéá íá áöáéñÝóåôå ìéá åñãáóßá áðü ôïí ðñïåðéëåãìÝíï åêôõðùôÞ,
÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóôå ðñþôá ôçí &man.lpq.1; ãéá íá âñåßôå ôïí áñéèìü ôçò.
¸ðåéôá ðëçêôñïëïãÞóôå:</para>
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput><command>lprm <replaceable>job-number</replaceable></command></userinput></screen>
<para>Ãéá íá áöáéñÝóåôå ìéá åñãáóßá áðü êÜðïéïí óõãêåêñéìÝíï åêôõðùôÞ,
ðñïóèÝóôå ôçí åðéëïãÞ <option>-P</option>. Ç áêüëïõèç åíôïëÞ áöáéñåß
ôçí åñãáóßá ìå áñéèìü 10 áðü ôçí ïõñÜ áíáìïíÞò ãéá ôïí åêôõðùôÞ
<literal>bamboo</literal>:</para>
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput><command>lprm <option>-P</option> bamboo 10</command></userinput></screen>
<para>Ç åíôïëÞ &man.lprm.1; Ý÷åé ìåñéêÝò óõíôïìåýóåéò:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>lprm -</term>
<listitem>
<para>Áöáéñåß üëåò ôéò åñãáóßåò (ãéá ôïí ðñïåðéëåãìÝíï åêôõðùôÞ)
ðïõ áíÞêïõí óå åóÜò.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>lprm <replaceable>user</replaceable></term>
<listitem>
<para>Áöáéñåß üëåò ôéò åñãáóßåò (ãéá ôïí ðñïåðéëåãìÝíï åêôõðùôÞ)
ðïõ áíÞêïõí óôïí <replaceable>÷ñÞóôç (user)</replaceable>.
Ï õðåñ÷ñÞóôçò (superuser) ìðïñåß íá áöáéñÝóåé åñãáóßåò Üëëùí
÷ñçóôþí, åóåßò ìðïñåßôå íá áöáéñÝóåôå ìüíï ôéò äéêÝò óáò.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>lprm</term>
<listitem>
<para>Ç åíôïëÞ &man.lprm.1; ÷ùñßò áñéèìü åñãáóßáò, üíïìá ÷ñÞóôç,
Þ <option>-</option> ðïõ åìöáíßæåôáé óôçí ãñáììÞ åíôïëþí,
áöáéñåß ôçí ôñÝ÷ïõóá åíåñãÞ åñãáóßá óôïí ðñïåðéëåãìÝíï
åêôõðùôÞ, áí áíÞêåé óå óÜò. Ï õðåñ÷ñÞóôçò (superuser) ìðïñåß
íá áöáéñÝóåé ïðïéáäÞðïôå åíåñãÞ åñãáóßá.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>Ãéá íá äïõëÝøåôå óå êÜðïéïí óõãêåêñéìÝíï åêôõðùôÞ áíôß ôïõ
ðñïåðéëåãìÝíïõ, áðëÜ ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóôå ôçí åðéëïãÞ <option>-P</option>
ìå ôéò ðáñáðÜíù óõíôïìåýóåéò. Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, ç áêüëïõèç åíôïëÞ
áöáéñåß üëåò ôéò åñãáóßåò ôïõ ôñÝ÷ïíôïò ÷ñÞóôç áðü ôçí ïõñÜ áíáìïíÞò
ôïõ åêôõðùôÞ <literal>rattan</literal>:</para>
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput><command>lprm <option>-P</option> rattan -</command></userinput></screen>
<note>
<para>Áí åñãÜæåóôå óå ðåñéâÜëëïí äéêôýïõ, ç &man.lprm.1; èá óáò
åðéôñÝøåé íá áöáéñÝóåôå åñãáóßåò ìüíï áðü ôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ ðïõ
ôéò Ý÷åôå óôåßëåé, áíåîÜñôçôá áí ï åêôõðùôÞò åßíáé ðñïóâÜóéìïò êáé
áðü Üëëïõò õðïëïãéóôÝò. Ç áêüëïõèç åíôïëÞ åðéäåéêíýåé áêñéâþò áõôü
ôï ÷áñáêôçñéóôéêü:</para>
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput><command>lpr <option>-P</option> rattan <filename><replaceable>myfile</replaceable></filename></command></userinput>
&prompt.user; <userinput><command>rlogin orchid</command></userinput>
&prompt.user; <userinput><command>lpq <option>-P</option> rattan</command></userinput>
Rank Owner Job Files Total Size
active seeyan 12 ... 49123 bytes
2nd kelly 13 myfile 12 bytes
&prompt.user; <userinput><command>lprm <option>-P</option> rattan 13</command></userinput>
rose: Permission denied
&prompt.user; <userinput><command>logout</command></userinput>
&prompt.user; <userinput><command>lprm <option>-P</option> rattan 13</command></userinput>
dfA013rose dequeued
cfA013rose dequeued
</screen>
</note>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="printing-lpr-options">
<title>ÐÝñá áðü ôï Áðëü Êåßìåíï: Ðåñéóóüôåñåò ÅðéëïãÝò Åêôýðùóçò</title>
<para>Ç åíôïëÞ &man.lpr.1; õðïóôçñßæåé ìéá ãêÜìá åðéëïãþí ãéá ôïí Ýëåã÷ï
ìïñöïðïßçóçò êåéìÝíïõ, ìåôáôñïðÞò ãñáöéêþí êáé Üëëùí ìïñöþí áñ÷åßùí,
ðáñáãùãÞò ðïëëáðëþí áíôéãñÜöùí, ÷åéñéóìïý åñãáóéþí, êáé Üëëá. Ïé
åðéëïãÝò áõôÝò ðåñéãñÜöïíôáé óôçí ðáñïýóá åíüôçôá.</para>
<sect3 id="printing-lpr-options-format">
<title>ÅðéëïãÝò Ìïñöïðïßçóçò êáé ÌåôáôñïðÞò</title>
<para>Ïé áêüëïõèåò åðéëïãÝò ôçò &man.lpr.1; åëÝã÷ïõí ôçí ìïñöïðïßçóç
ôùí áñ÷åßùí ôçò åñãáóßáò åêôýðùóçò. ×ñçóéìïðïéÞóôå ôéò áí ç åñãáóßá
óáò äåí ðåñéÝ÷åé áðëü êåßìåíï Þ áí åðéèõìåßôå íá ìïñöïðïéÞóåôå áðëü
êåßìåíï äéáìÝóïõ ôïõ åñãáëåßïõ &man.pr.1;.</para>
<indexterm><primary>&tex;</primary></indexterm>
<para>Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, ç áêüëïõèç åíôïëÞ ôõðþíåé Ýíá áñ÷åßï DVI (áðü ôï
óýóôçìá óôïé÷åéïèåóßáò &tex;) ìå üíïìá
<filename><replaceable>fish-report.dvi</replaceable></filename>
óôïí åêôõðùôÞ ìå üíïìá <literal>bamboo</literal>:</para>
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput><command>lpr <option>-P</option> bamboo <option>-d</option> <filename><replaceable>fish-report.dvi</replaceable></filename></command></userinput></screen>
<para>ÁõôÝò ïé åðéëïãÝò åöáñìüæïíôáé óå êÜèå áñ÷åßï ôçò åñãáóßáò, êáé
Ýôóé äåí ìðïñåßôå íá áíáìßîåôå (áò ðïýìå) áñ÷åßá DVI êáé ditroff
ìáæß óôçí ßäéá åñãáóßá. Áðëþò óôåßëôå ôá áñ÷åßá óáí äéáöïñåôéêÝò
åñãáóßåò, ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò äéáöïñåôéêÝò åðéëïãÝò ìåôáôñïðÞò ãéá êÜèå
åñãáóßá.</para>
<note>
<para>¼ëåò áõôÝò ïé åðéëïãÝò åêôüò ôçò <option>-p</option> êáé ôçò
<option>-T</option> áðáéôïýí åãêáôåóôçìÝíá ößëôñá ìåôáôñïðÞò ãéá
ôïí åêôõðùôÞ ðñïïñéóìïý. Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, ç åðéëïãÞ
<option>-d</option> áðáéôåß ôï ößëôñï ìåôáôñïðÞò DVI. Ç åíüôçôá
<link linkend="printing-advanced-convfilters">Ößëôñá
ÌåôáôñïðÞò</link> äßíåé ðåñéóóüôåñåò ëåðôïìÝñåéåò.</para>
</note>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>-c</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>Åêôõðþíåé áñ÷åßá cifplot.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>-d</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>Åêôõðþíåé áñ÷åßá DVI.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>-f</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>Åêôõðþíåé áñ÷åßá êåéìÝíïõ FORTRAN.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>-g</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>Åêôõðþíåé äåäïìÝíá ó÷åäßáóçò (plot).</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>-i <replaceable>number</replaceable></option>
</term>
<listitem>
<para>Åêôõðþíåé ôçí Ýîïäï ìå åóï÷Þ
<replaceable>number</replaceable> óôçëþí. Áí ðáñáëåßøåôå
ôï <replaceable>number</replaceable>, ç åóï÷Þ èá åßíáé
8 óôÞëåò. ÁõôÞ ç åðéëïãÞ äïõëåýåé ìüíï ìå ïñéóìÝíá ößëôñá
ìåôáôñïðÞò.</para>
<note>
<para>Ìçí ôïðïèåôåßôå êåíü äéÜóôçìá ìåôáîý ôïõ
<option>-i</option> êáé ôïõ áñéèìïý.</para>
</note>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>-l</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>Åêôõðþíåé äåäïìÝíá êåéìÝíïõ êáôÜ ãñÜììá (literal),
óõìðåñéëáìâÜíïíôáò êáé ôïõò ÷áñáêôÞñåò åëÝã÷ïõ.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>-n</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>Åêôõðþíåé äåäïìÝíá ditroff (äåäïìÝíá troff áíåîÜñôçôá áðü
ôç óõóêåõÞ).</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>-p</term>
<listitem>
<para>Ìïñöïðïéåß ôï áðëü êåßìåíï ìå ôçí &man.pr.1; ðñéí íá ôï
åêôõðþóåé. Äåßôå ôçí &man.pr.1; ãéá ðåñéóóüôåñåò
ðëçñïöïñßåò.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>-T <replaceable>title</replaceable></option></term>
<listitem>
<para>×ñçóéìïðïéåß ôï <replaceable>title</replaceable> óôçí
êåöáëßäá ôïõ &man.pr.1; áíôß ãéá ôï üíïìá áñ÷åßïõ. ÁõôÞ ç
åðéëïãÞ åðéäñÜ ìüíï üôáí ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé ìå ôçí åðéëïãÞ
<option>-p</option></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>-t</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>Åêôõðþíåé äåäïìÝíá troff.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>-v</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>Åêôõðþíåé äåäïìÝíá ñÜóôåñ.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>Åäþ åßíáé Ýíá ðáñÜäåéãìá: áõôÞ ç åíôïëÞ åêôõðþíåé ìéá êïìøÜ
ìïñöïðïéçìÝíç Ýêäïóç ôçò óåëßäáò âïçèåßáò &man.ls.1; óôïí
ðñïåðéëåãìÝíï åêôõðùôÞ:</para>
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput><command>zcat <filename>/usr/share/man/man1/ls.1.gz</filename> | troff <option>-t</option> -man | lpr <option>-t</option></command></userinput></screen>
<para>Ç åíôïëÞ &man.zcat.1; áðïóõìðéÝæåé ôïí ðçãáßï êþäéêá ôçò
óåëßäáò âïçèåßáò &man.ls.1; êáé ôïí ðåñíÜåé óôçí åíôïëÞ
&man.troff.1;, ç ïðïßá ôïí ìïñöïðïéåß êáé äçìéïõñãåß óôçí Ýîïäï ôçò
äåäïìÝíá GNU troff, ôá áðïóôÝëëåé óôçí &man.lpr.1;, ç ïðïßá ìå
ôç óåéñÜ ôçò áðïóôÝëëåé ôçí åñãáóßá óôï
<application>LPD</application>. ÅðåéäÞ ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóáìå ôçí åðéëïãÞ
<option>-t</option> óôï &man.lpr.1;, ï spooler, êáôÜ ôç äéÜñêåéá ôçò
åêôýðùóçò, èá ìåôáôñÝøåé ôçí Ýîïäï GNU troff óå Ýíá ôýðï äåäïìÝíùí
êáôáíïçôü áðü ôïí ðñïåðéëåãìÝíï åêôõðùôÞ.</para>
</sect3>
<sect3 id="printing-lpr-options-job-handling">
<title>ÅðéëïãÝò ×åéñéóìïý Åñãáóéþí</title>
<para>Ïé áêüëïõèåò åðéëïãÝò ôïõ &man.lpr.1; ïäçãïýí ôï
<application>LPD</application> íá ÷åéñéóôåß ôéò åñãáóßåò ìå åéäéêü
ôñüðï:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>-# <replaceable>copies</replaceable></term>
<listitem>
<para>Äçìéïõñãåß Ýíáí áñéèìü <replaceable>copies</replaceable>
(áíôéãñÜöùí) ãéá êÜèå áñ÷åßï ôçò åñãáóßáò áíôß ãéá Ýíá ìüíï
áíôßãñáöï. Ï äéá÷åéñéóôÞò ìðïñåß íá áðåíåñãïðïéÞóåé áõôÞ ôçí
åðéëïãÞ ãéá íá ìåéþóåé ôçí êáôáðüíçóç ôùí åêôõðùôþí êáé íá
åíèáññýíåé ôçí ÷ñÞóç öùôïôõðéêþí ìç÷áíçìÜôùí. Äåßôå ôçí
åíüôçôá <link
linkend="printing-advanced-restricting-copies">Ðåñéïñéóìüò
Åêôýðùóçò Ðïëëáðëþí ÁíôéãñÜöùí</link>.</para>
<para>Óå áõôü ôï ðáñÜäåéãìá, åêôõðþíïõìå óôïí ðñïåðéëåãìÝíï
åêôõðùôÞ ôñßá áíôßãñáöá ôïõ
<filename><replaceable>parser.c</replaceable></filename>
êáé ôñßá áíôßãñáöá ôïõ
<filename><replaceable>parser.h</replaceable></filename>:</para>
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput><command>lpr <option>-#3</option> <filename><replaceable>parser.c parser.h</replaceable></filename></command></userinput></screen>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>-m</term>
<listitem>
<para>ÁðïóôïëÞ mail ìåôÜ ôçí ïëïêëÞñùóç åêôýðùóçò ôçò åñãáóßáò.
Ìå áõôÞ ôçí åðéëïãÞ, ôï óýóôçìá
<application>LPD</application> óôÝëíåé mail óôï ëïãáñéáóìü
óáò ìüëéò ïëïêëçñùèåß ï ÷åéñéóìüò åêôýðùóçò ôçò åñãáóßáò
óáò. Óôï ìÞíõìá ôïõ, èá óáò åíçìåñþóåé áí ç åñãáóßá
ïëïêëçñþèçêå åðéôõ÷þò Þ áí ðáñïõóéÜóôçêå óöÜëìá êáé (óõ÷íÜ)
ðïéü Þôáí ôï óöÜëìá.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>-s</term>
<listitem>
<para>Äåí áíôéãñÜöåé ôá áñ÷åßá óôïí êáôÜëïãï spool, áëëÜ
áíôß ãéá áõôü, äçìéïõñãåß óõìâïëéêÝò óõíôïìåýóåéò (symbolic
links) ðñïò áõôÜ.</para>
<para>Áí åêôõðþíåôå ìéá ìåãÜëç åñãáóßá, ßóùò èÝëåôå íá
÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå áõôÞ ôçí åðéëïãÞ. Èá óáò ãëõôþóåé ÷þñï óôïí
êáôÜëïãï spool (ßóùò ç åñãáóßá óáò íá õðåñâáßíåé ôïí åëåýèåñï
÷þñï ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò áñ÷åßùí ðïõ ðåñéÝ÷åé ôïí êáôÜëïãï
spool). Åðßóçò èá êåñäßóåôå ÷ñüíï áöïý ôï
<application>LPD</application> äåí èá ÷ñåéáóôåß íá áíôéãñÜøåé
üëç ôçí åñãáóßá óáò óôïí êáôÜëïãï spool.</para>
<para>Áõôü, ùóôüóï, Ý÷åé êáé Ýíá ìåéïíÝêôçìá: áðü ôç óôéãìÞ ðïõ
ôï <application>LPD</application> èá êÜíåé áíáöïñÜ êáôåõèåßáí
óôï ðñùôüôõðï áñ÷åßï, äåí èá Ý÷åôå äõíáôüôçôá íá ìåôáôñÝøåôå
Þ íá äéáãñÜøåôå ôï áñ÷åßï Ýùò üôïõ åêôõðùèåß.</para>
<note>
<para>Áí åêôõðþíåôå óå Ýíá áðïìáêñõóìÝíï åêôõðùôÞ, ôï
<application>LPD</application> ðéèáíþò èá ÷ñåéáóôåß ôåëéêÜ
íá áíôéãñÜøåé ôá áñ÷åßá áðü ôïí ôïðéêü õðïëïãéóôÞ óôïí
áðïìáêñõóìÝíï, åðïìÝíùò ç åðéëïãÞ <option>-s</option> óå
áõôÞ ôçí ðåñßðôùóç åîïéêïíïìåß ÷þñï óôïí ôïðéêü êáôÜëïãï
spool, áëëÜ ü÷é óôïí áðïìáêñõóìÝíï. Åîáêïëïõèåß ùóôüóï íá
åßíáé éäéáßôåñá ÷ñÞóéìç.</para>
</note>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>-r</term>
<listitem>
<para>Áðïìáêñýíåé ôá áñ÷åßá ôçò åñãáóßáò ìåôÜ ôçí áíôéãñáöÞ
ôïõò óôïí êáôÜëïãï spool, Þ ìåôÜ ôçí åêôýðùóç ôïõò ìå ôçí
åðéëïãÞ <option>-s</option>. Íá åßóôå ðñïóåêôéêïß ìå áõôÞ
ôçí åðéëïãÞ!</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</sect3>
<sect3 id="printing-lpr-options-misc">
<title>ÅðéëïãÝò Óåëßäùí Êåöáëßäáò</title>
<para>ÁõôÝò ïé åðéëïãÝò ôïõ &man.lpr.1; ñõèìßæïõí ôï êåßìåíï ðïõ
êáíïíéêÜ åìöáíßæåôáé óôçí óåëßäá êåöáëßäáò ôçò åñãáóßáò. Áí ïé
óåëßäåò êåöáëßäáò ðáñåìðïäßæïíôáé ãéá ôïí óõãêåêñéìÝíï åêôõðùôÞ,
áõôÝò ïé åðéëïãÝò äåí Ý÷ïõí êáìßá åðßäñáóç. Äåßôå ôçí åíüôçôá
<link linkend="printing-advanced-header-pages">Óåëßäåò
Êåöáëßäáò</link> ãéá ðëçñïöïñßåò ó÷åôéêÜ ìå ôéò ñõèìßóåéò ôùí
óåëßäùí êåöáëßäáò.</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>-C <replaceable>text</replaceable></term>
<listitem>
<para>ÁíôéêáèéóôÜ ôï üíïìá õðïëïãéóôÞ óôç óåëßäá êåöáëßäáò ìå
<replaceable>text</replaceable>. Ôï üíïìá õðïëïãéóôÞ ðïõ
åìöáíßæåôáé åßíáé, áðü ðñïåðéëïãÞ, ôï üíïìá ôïõ õðïëïãéóôÞ
áðü ôïí ïðïßï Ýãéíå ç áðïóôïëÞ ôçò åñãáóßáò.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>-J <replaceable>text</replaceable></term>
<listitem>
<para>ÁíôéêáèéóôÜ ôï üíïìá åñãáóßáò óôç óåëßäá êåöáëßäáò ìå
<replaceable>text</replaceable>. Ôï üíïìá åñãáóßáò ðïõ
åìöáíßæåôáé áðü ðñïåðéëïãÞ, åßíáé ôï üíïìá ôïõ ðñþôïõ áñ÷åßïõ
ôçò åñãáóßáò, Þ <filename>stdin</filename> áí ç åêôýðùóç
ãßíåôáé áðü ôï standard input.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>-h</term>
<listitem>
<para>Äåí åêôõðþíåé óåëßäá êåöáëßäáò.</para>
<note>
<para>ÁíÜëïãá ìå ôéò ñõèìßóåéò, áõôÞ ç åðéëïãÞ ßóùò íá ìçí
Ý÷åé åðßäñáóç ëüãù ôïõ ôñüðïõ ìå ôïí ïðïßï äçìéïõñãïýíôáé ïé
óåëßäåò êåöáëßäáò. Ãéá ðåñéóóüôåñåò ëåðôïìÝñåéåò, äåßôå ôçí
åíüôçôá <link
linkend="printing-advanced-header-pages">Óåëßäåò
Êåöáëßäáò</link>.</para>
</note>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</sect3>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="printing-lpc">
<title>Äéá÷åßñéóç Åêôõðùôþí</title>
<para>Ùò äéá÷åéñéóôÞò, ÷ñåéÜóôçêå íá åãêáôáóôÞóåôå, íá ñõèìßóåôå êáé íá
äïêéìÜóåôå ôïõò åêôõðùôÝò óáò. ×ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôçí åíôïëÞ
&man.lpc.8;, ìðïñåßôå íá åðéêïéíùíÞóåôå ìå ôïõò åêôõðùôÝò óáò ìå áêüìç
ðåñéóóüôåñïõò ôñüðïõò. Ìå ôçí &man.lpc.8;, ìðïñåßôå:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Íá åêêéíåßôå êáé íá óôáìáôÜôå ôïõò åêôõðùôÝò</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Íá åíåñãïðïéåßôå êáé íá áðåíåñãïðïéåßôå ôéò ïõñÝò
áíáìïíÞò</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Íá áíáêáôáôÜóóåôå ôçí óåéñÜ åñãáóéþí óå êÜèå ïõñÜ
áíáìïíÞò.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>Êáôáñ÷Þí, ìßá óçìåßùóç ó÷åôéêÜ ìå ôçí ïñïëïãßá: áí Ýíáò
åêôõðùôÞò åßíáé <emphasis>óôáìáôçìÝíïò (stopped)</emphasis>, äåí èá
åêôõðþóåé ôßðïôå áðü ôçí ïõñÜ áíáìïíÞò åñãáóéþí. Ïé ÷ñÞóôåò ìðïñïýí
áêüìç íá óôÝëíïõí åñãáóßåò, ïé ïðïßåò ìðáßíïõí óôçí ïõñÜ áíáìïíÞò Ýùò
üôïõ ï åêôõðùôÞò <emphasis>îåêéíÞóåé</emphasis> Þ êáèáñéóôåß ç ïõñÜ
áíáìïíÞò.</para>
<para>Áí Ý÷åé <emphasis>áðåíåñãïðïéçèåß</emphasis> ç ïõñÜ áíáìïíÞò,
êáíåßò ÷ñÞóôçò (åêôüò ôïõ <username>root</username>) äåí ìðïñåß íá
áðïóôåßëåé åñãáóßåò óôïí åêôõðùôÞ. Ìéá <emphasis>åíåñãÞ</emphasis>
ïõñÜ áíáìïíÞò åðéôñÝðåé íá áðïóôáëïýí åñãáóßåò óôïí åêôõðùôÞ. ¸íáò
åêôõðùôÞò ìðïñåß íá <emphasis>îåêéíÞóåé</emphasis> ìå ïõñÜ
áíáìïíÞò áðåíåñãïðïéçìÝíç, êáé óå áõôÞ ôçí ðåñßðôùóç èá óõíå÷ßóåé íá
åêôõðþíåé ôéò åñãáóßåò ôçò ïõñÜò Ýùò üôïõ áõôÞ áäåéÜóåé.</para>
<para>ÃåíéêÜ, ðñÝðåé íá Ý÷åôå ðñïíüìéá <username>root</username> ãéá íá
÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôçí åíôïëÞ &man.lpc.8;. Ïé êáíïíéêïß ÷ñÞóôåò
ìðïñïýí íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýí ôçí åíôïëÞ &man.lpc.8; ìüíï ãéá íá âëÝðïõí
ôçí êáôÜóôáóç ôïõ åêôõðùôÞ êáé íá åðáíåêêéíïýí ôïí åêôõðùôÞ óå
ðåñßðôùóç ìðëïêáñßóìáôïò.</para>
<para>ÐáñáêÜôù èá âñåßôå ìéá ëßóôá åíôïëþí ôïõ &man.lpc.8;. Ïé
ðåñéóóüôåñåò áðü ôéò åíôïëÝò ðáßñíïõí ùò ðáñÜìåôñï ôï
<replaceable>printer-name</replaceable> ãéá ôç ñýèìéóç ôïõ
óõãêåêñéìÝíïõ åêôõðùôÞ. Ìðïñåßôå íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå
<literal>all</literal> óôç èÝóç ôïõ
<replaceable>printer-name</replaceable> ãéá íá áíáöåñèåßôå óå üëïõò
ôïõò åêôõðùôÝò ðïõ åßíáé êáôá÷ùñéóìÝíïé óôï
<filename>/etc/printcap</filename>.</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>abort <replaceable>printer-name</replaceable></command></term>
<listitem>
<para>ÄéáãñÜöåé ôçí ôñÝ÷ïõóá åñãáóßá êáé óôáìáôÜåé ôïí åêôõðùôÞ.
Ïé ÷ñÞóôåò ìðïñïýí áêüìç íá áðïóôåßëïõí åñãáóßåò áí ç ïõñÜ
áíáìïíÞò åßíáé áêüìç åíåñãÞ.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>clean <replaceable>printer-name</replaceable></command></term>
<listitem>
<para>ÄéáãñÜöåé ôá ðáëéÜ áñ÷åßá áðü ôïí êáôÜëïãï spool ôïõ
åêôõðùôÞ. Óå êÜðïéåò ðåñéðôþóåéò, ôá áñ÷åßá áðü ôá ïðïßá
áðïôåëåßôáé êÜðïéá åñãáóßá äåí áöáéñïýíôáé êáíïíéêÜ áðü ôï
<application>LPD</application>, åéäéêÜ áí õðÞñîáí óöÜëìáôá êáôÜ
ôçí åêôýðùóç Þ êÜðïéåò åíÝñãåéåò áðü ôïí äéá÷åéñéóôÞ. ÁõôÞ ç
åíôïëÞ âñßóêåé áñ÷åßá ðïõ äåí áíÞêïõí óôïí êáôÜëïãï spool êáé
ôá áöáéñåß.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>disable <replaceable>printer-name</replaceable></command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Áðåíåñãïðïéåß ôçí ïõñÜ áíáìïíÞò ãéá íÝåò åñãáóßåò. Áí ï
åêôõðùôÞò äïõëåýåé, èá óõíå÷ßóåé íá åêôõðþíåé ôéò
åíáðïìåßíáíôåò åñãáóßåò óôçí ïõñÜ áíáìïíÞò. Ï superuser
(<username>root</username>) ìðïñåß ðÜíôá íá óôÝëíåé åñãáóßåò,
áêüìç êáé óå áðåíåñãïðïéçìÝíç óåéñÜ áíáìïíÞò.</para>
<para>ÁõôÞ ç åíôïëÞ åßíáé ÷ñÞóéìç, üôáí åëÝã÷åôå Ýíá íÝï åêôõðùôÞ
Þ üôáí åãêáèéóôÜôå Ýíá ößëôñï: áðåíåñãïðïéÞóôå ôçí ïõñÜ
áíáìïíÞò êáé óôåßëôå åñãáóßåò óáí <username>root</username>.
Ïé õðüëïéðïé ÷ñÞóôåò äåí èá Ý÷ïõí äõíáôüôçôá íá áðïóôåßëïõí
åñãáóßåò Ýùò üôïõ ïëïêëçñþóåôå ôïõò åëÝã÷ïõò óáò êáé
åðáíåíåñãïðïéÞóåôå ôçí ïõñÜ áíáìïíÞò ìå ôçí åíôïëÞ
<command>enable</command>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>down <replaceable>printer-name</replaceable>
<replaceable>message</replaceable></command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Ïäçãåß ôïí åêôõðùôÞ óå "êáôÝâáóìá" (down). Åßíáé éóïäýíáìï
ìå ôï <command>disable</command> áêïëïõèïýìåíï áðü Ýíá
<command>stop</command>. Ôï <replaceable>message</replaceable>
(ìÞíõìá) åìöáíßæåôáé üôáí êÜðïéïò ÷ñÞóôçò åëÝã÷åé ôçí óåéñÜ
áíáìïíÞò ìå &man.lpq.1; Þ ôçí êáôÜóôáóç ôïõ åêôõðùôÞ ìå
<command>lpc status</command>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>enable
<replaceable>printer-name</replaceable></command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Åíåñãïðïßçóç ôçò ïõñÜò áíáìïíÞò ôïõ åêôõðùôÞ. Ïé ÷ñÞóôåò
ìðïñïýí íá áðïóôåßëïõí åñãáóßåò áëëÜ ï åêôõðùôÞò äåí èá ôõðþóåé
Ýùò üôïõ îåêéíÞóåé.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>help
<replaceable>command-name</replaceable></command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Ôõðþíåé óåëßäåò âïçèåßáò ãéá ôçí åíôïëÞ
<replaceable>command-name</replaceable>. Äß÷ùò ôï
<replaceable>command-name</replaceable>, åêôõðþíåé ìéá ðåñßëçøç
üëùí ôùí äéáèÝóéìùí åíôïëþí.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>restart <replaceable>printer-name</replaceable></command></term>
<listitem>
<para>ÎåêéíÜ ôïí åêôõðùôÞ. Ïé êáíïíéêïß ÷ñÞóôåò ìðïñïýí íá
÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóïõí áõôÞ ôçí åíôïëÞ ìüíï óå êÜðïéá åéäéêÞ
ðåñßðôùóç ðïõ ôï <application>LPD</application> äåí áðïêñßíåôáé,
áëëÜ äåí ìðïñïýí íá îåêéíÞóïõí Ýíá åêôõðùôÞ ðïõ Ý÷åé óôáìáôÞóåé
åîáéôßáò ôùí åíôïëþí <command>stop</command> Þ
<command>down</command>. Ç åíôïëÞ <command>restart</command>
åßíáé éóïäýíáìç ìå ôçí <command>abort</command> áêïëïõèïýìåíç
áðü ôç <command>start</command>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>start <replaceable>printer-name</replaceable></command></term>
<listitem>
<para>ÎåêéíÜ ôïí åêôõðùôÞ. Ï åêôõðùôÞò èá ôõðþóåé åñãáóßåò áðü
ôçí ïõñÜ áíáìïíÞò ôïõ.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>stop
<replaceable>printer-name</replaceable></command></term>
<listitem>
<para>ÓôáìáôÜåé ôïí åêôõðùôÞ. Ï åêôõðùôÞò èá ïëïêëçñþóåé ôçí
ôñÝ÷ïõóá åñãáóßá ôïõ êáé äåí èá ôõðþóåé êáìßá Üëëç åñãáóßá áðü
ôçí ïõñÜ áíáìïíÞò ôïõ. Áêüìç êáé áí ï åêôõðùôÞò åßíáé
óôáìáôçìÝíïò, ïé ÷ñÞóôåò ìðïñïýí áêüìç íá óôÝëíïõí åñãáóßåò áí
åßíáé åíåñãïðïéçìÝíç ç ïõñÜ áíáìïíÞò.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>topq <replaceable>printer-name</replaceable>
<replaceable>job-or-username</replaceable></command></term>
<listitem>
<para>ÁíáêáôÜôáîç ôçò ïõñÜò áíáìïíÞò ãéá ôïí
<replaceable>printer-name</replaceable>. Ôïðïèåôïýíôáé ðñþôåò
ïé åñãáóßåò ìå áñéèìü áíáöïñÜò <replaceable>job</replaceable> Þ
áõôÝò ðïõ áíÞêïõí óôï ÷ñÞóôç
<replaceable>username</replaceable>. Ãéá áõôÞ ôçí åíôïëÞ, äåí
ìðïñåßôå íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå <literal>all</literal> óôçí èÝóç ôïõ
<replaceable>printer-name</replaceable>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>up <replaceable>printer-name</replaceable></command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Ïäçãåß ôïí åêôõðùôÞ óå "áíÝâáóìá" (up). Ôï áíôßèåôï ôçò
åíôïëÞò <command>down</command>. Éóïäõíáìåß ìå ôçí
<command>start</command> áêïëïõèïýìåíç áðü ôçí åíôïëÞ
<command>enable</command>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>Ôï &man.lpc.8; äÝ÷åôáé ôéò ðáñáðÜíù åíôïëÝò óôçí ãñáììÞ åíôïëþí.
Áí äåí åéóÜãåôå êáìßá åíôïëÞ, ôï &man.lpc.8; ìðáßíåé óå êáôÜóôáóç
áëëçëåðßäñáóçò (interactive), üðïõ ìðïñåßôå íá ðëçêôñïëïãåßôå åíôïëÝò
ìÝ÷ñé íá äþóåôå <command>exit</command>,
<command>quit</command>, Þ end-of-file.</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="printing-lpd-alternatives">
<title>ÅíáëëáêôéêÝò Ëýóåéò ãéá ôïí ÓôÜíôáñ Spooler</title>
<para>Áí Ý÷åôå ìåëåôÞóåé ðéóôÜ üëï ôï êåöÜëáéï ìÝ÷ñé åäþ, èá Ý÷åôå ìÜèåé
ó÷åäüí ôá ðÜíôá ó÷åôéêÜ ìå ôï óýóôçìá ðáñï÷Ýôåõóçò
<application>LPD</application> ðïõ äéáôßèåôáé ìå ôï &os;. Èá Ý÷åôå
êáôáíïÞóåé êáé ðïëëÝò áðü ôéò åëëåßøåéò ôïõ, ðïõ öõóéêÜ ãåííïýí ôï
åñþôçìá: <quote>Ðïéá Üëëá óõóôÞìáôá ðáñï÷Ýôåõóçò (ðïõ íá ëåéôïõñãïýí
óôï &os;) õðÜñ÷ïõí äéáèÝóéìá;</quote></para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>LPRng</term>
<indexterm><primary>LPRng</primary></indexterm>
<listitem>
<para>Ôï <application>LPRng</application>, ôï ïðïßï óêüðéìá
óçìáßíåé <quote>LPR: the Next Generation (ç Åðüìåíç
ÃåíéÜ)</quote> åßíáé ìéá áðü ôçí áñ÷Þ õëïðïßçóç ôïõ PLP.
Ï Patrick Powell êáé ï Justin Mason (êýñéïò óõíôçñçôÞò ôïõ PLP)
óõíåñãÜóôçêáí ãéá íá öôéÜîïõí ôï
<application>LPRng</application>. Ç êýñéá ôïðïèåóßá ôïõ
<application>LPRng</application> åßíáé ç <ulink
url="http://www.lprng.org/"></ulink>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>CUPS</term>
<indexterm><primary>CUPS</primary></indexterm>
<listitem>
<para>Ôï <application>CUPS</application>, Þ áëëéþò Common UNIX
Printing System, ðáñÝ÷åé ìéá öïñçôÞ ðëáôöüñìá åêôõðþóåùí ãéá
ëåéôïõñãéêÜ óõóôÞìáôá âáóéóìÝíá óôï &unix;. Áíáðôý÷èçêå áðü ôçí
Easy Software Products ãéá íá ðñïùèÞóåé ìéá óôÜíôáñ ëýóç
åêôõðþóåùí ãéá üëïõò ôïõò ÷ñÞóôåò êáé êáôáóêåõáóôÝò
&unix;.</para>
<para>Ôï <application>CUPS</application> ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß ôï ðñùôüêïëëï
Internet Printing Protocol (<acronym>IPP</acronym>) ùò âÜóç ôïõ
ãéá ôç äéá÷åßñéóç åñãáóéþí åêôýðùóçò êáé ïõñþí áíáìïíÞò.
Õðïóôçñßæïíôáé åðßóçò, áëëÜ ìå ìåéùìÝíç ëåéôïõñãéêüôçôá, ôá
ðñùôüêïëëá Line Printer Daemon (<acronym>LPD</acronym>), Server
Message Block (<acronym>SMB</acronym>), êáé AppSocket (ãíùóôü ùò
JetDirect). Ôï CUPS ðñïóèÝôåé äõíáôüôçôåò áíß÷íåõóçò äéêôõáêþí
åêôõðùôþí, åíþ ìÝóù ôùí åðéëïãþí PostScript Printer Description
(<acronym>PPD</acronym>) ãßíåôáé åöéêôÞ ç õðïóôÞñéîç
óýã÷ñïíùí åêôõðùôþí óôïí êüóìï ôïõ &unix;.</para>
<para>Ç êýñéá ôïðïèåóßá ôïõ <application>CUPS</application> åßíáé ç
<ulink url="http://www.cups.org/"></ulink>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="printing-troubleshooting">
<title>Åíôïðéóìüò Âëáâþí</title>
<para>ÌåôÜ ôçí åêôÝëåóç ôïõ áðëïý ôåóô ìå ôï &man.lptest.1;, áíôß ôçò
êáíïíéêÞò åêôýðùóçò, ìðïñåß íá Ý÷åôå ëÜâåé ùò áðïôÝëåóìá ìßá áðü ôéò
áêüëïõèåò êáôáóôÜóåéò:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>Ï åêôõðùôÞò êáèõóôÝñçóå íá îåêéíÞóåé Þ äåí åêôýðùóå ïëüêëçñç ôç
óåëßäá.</term>
<listitem>
<para>Ï åêôõðùôÞò ôýðùóå ôï ôåóô, áëëÜ äåí îåêßíçóå áìÝóùò. ºóùò
÷ñåéÜóôçêå íá ðéÝóåôå ôï ðëÞêôñï PRINT REMAINING Þ ôï FORM FEED
ôïõ åêôõðùôÞ óáò ãéá íá åìöáíéóôåß ôï åðéèõìçôü áðïôÝëåóìá.</para>
<para>ÅÜí åßíáé üíôùò áõôÞ ç ðåñßðôùóç óáò, ï åêôõðùôÞò ðéèáíþò
íá Þôáí óå áíáìïíÞ ãéá íá åîáêñéâþóåé áí õðÞñ÷áí ðñüóèåôá äåäïìÝíá
óôçí åñãáóßá åêôýðùóçò ðñéí îåêéíÞóåé íá åêôõðþíåé ïôéäÞðïôå. Ãéá
íá äéïñèþóåôå ôï ðñüâëçìá, ìðïñåßôå íá èÝóåôå ôï ößëôñï êåéìÝíïõ
íá óôÝëíåé Ýíá ÷áñáêôÞñá FORM FEED (Þ Üëëï êáôÜëëçëï) óôïí
åêôõðùôÞ. Áõôü óõíÞèùò åßíáé áñêåôü ãéá íá ìðïñåßôå íá åêôõðþíåôå
êáôåõèåßáí ïðïéïäÞðïôå êåßìåíï áðïìÝíåé óå áíáìïíÞ óôçí åóùôåñéêÞ
ìíÞìç (buffer) ôïõ åêôõðùôÞ. Åßíáé åðßóçò ÷ñÞóéìï íá ñõèìßæåôå
ôéò åêôõðþóåéò óáò þóôå íá ôåëåéþíïõí ìå ãåìÜôç ôçí ôåëåõôáßá
óåëßäá, þóôå ç åðüìåíç åñãáóßá íá ìçí áñ÷ßæåé áðü ôá ìéóÜ ôïõ
ðñïçãïýìåíïõ öýëëïõ.</para>
<para>Ç áêüëïõèç ôñïðïðïßçóç óôï shell script
<filename>/usr/local/libexec/if-simple</filename> åêôõðþíåé Ýíá
form feed ìåôÜ ôçí áðïóôïëÞ ôçò åñãáóßáò óôïí åêôõðùôÞ:</para>
<programlisting>#!/bin/sh
#
# if-simple - Simple text input filter for lpd
# Installed in /usr/local/libexec/if-simple
#
# Simply copies stdin to stdout. Ignores all filter arguments.
# Writes a form feed character (\f) after printing job.
/bin/cat && printf "\f" && exit 0
exit 2</programlisting>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Ç åêôýðùóç ðáñïõóéÜæåé <quote>öáéíüìåíï óêÜëáò (staircase
effect).</quote></term>
<listitem>
<para>Óôçí åêôýðùóç óáò öáßíåôáé ôï áêüëïõèï:</para>
<screen>!"#$%&'()*+,-./01234
"#$%&'()*+,-./012345
#$%&'()*+,-./0123456</screen>
<indexterm><primary>MS-DOS</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>OS/2</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>ASCII</primary></indexterm>
<para>Ãßíáôå Ýíá áêüìá èýìá ôïõ
<emphasis>öáéíïìÝíïõ óêÜëáò</emphasis>, ðïõ ðñïêëÞèçêå áðü
áíôéöáôéêÝò åñìçíåßåò ôùí ÷áñáêôÞñùí ìå ôïõò ïðïßïõò äçëþíåôáé ç
ôñïöïäïóßá íÝáò ãñáììÞò. Ôá ëåéôïõñãéêÜ óõóôÞìáôá ôýðïõ &unix;
÷ñçóéìïðïéïýí Ýíáí ìüíï ÷áñáêôÞñá ASCII ìå êùäéêü 10, ôïí line
feed (ôñïöïäïóßá ãñáììÞò, LF). Ôï &ms-dos;, ôï &os2;, êáé äéÜöïñá
Üëëá, ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýí Ýíá æåýãïò ÷áñáêôÞñùí ASCII êùäéêïý 10
<emphasis>êáé</emphasis> ASCII êùäéêïý 13 (ôïí carriage return Þ
áëëéþò CR). Ðïëëïß åêôõðùôÝò ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýí ôçí óýìâáóç ôïõ
&ms-dos; ãéá ôçí áëëáãÞ ãñáììÞò.</para>
<para>¼ôáí åêôõðþíåôå ìå ôï &os;, ôï êåßìåíï óáò áðëÜ ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß
ôïí ÷áñáêôÞñá ôñïöïäïóßáò ãñáììÞò (line feed). Ï åêôõðùôÞò, ìüëéò
áíôéëçöèåß ôïí ÷áñáêôÞñá line feed, ðñïùèåß ôï ÷áñôß êáôÜ ìßá
ãñáììÞ, áëëÜ êñáôÜåé ôçí ßäéá èÝóç ïñéæüíôéá êáèþò êáëåßôáé íá
åêôõðþóåé ôïí åðüìåíï ÷áñáêôÞñá. Óå áõôü ôï óçìåßï
÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé ôï CR (carriage return): ìåôáêéíåß äçëáäÞ ôçí
èÝóç åñãáóßáò ãéá ôïí åðüìåíï ÷áñáêôÞñá ðïõ ðñüêåéôáé íá
åêôõðùèåß óôï áñéóôåñü Üêñï ôïõ ÷áñôéïý.</para>
<para>Ôï &os; åðéèõìåß ï åêôõðùôÞò íá ìðïñåß íá åíåñãåß ùò
åîÞò:</para>
<informaltable frame="none" pgwide="1">
<tgroup cols="2">
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>¼ôáí ï åêôõðùôÞò ëáìâÜíåé CR</entry>
<entry>Íá åêôõðþíåé CR</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>¼ôáí ï åêôõðùôÞò ëáìâÜíåé LF</entry>
<entry>Íá åêôõðþíåé CR + LF</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>ÕðÜñ÷ïõí äéÜöïñïé ôñüðïé ãéá íá åðéôåõ÷èåß áõôü:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>×ñçóéìïðïéÞóôå ôá ðëÞêôñá ñýèìéóçò ôïõ åêôõðùôÞ Þ
ôïí ðßíáêá åëÝã÷ïõ ãéá íá áëëÜîåôå ôïí ôñüðï ìå ôïí ïðïßï
åñìçíåýåé áõôïýò ôïõò ÷áñáêôÞñåò ï åêôõðùôÞò óáò.
Óõìâïõëåõôåßôå ôï åã÷åéñßäéï ÷ñÞóçò ôïõ ãéá íá äåßôå ðùò
ìðïñåß íá ãßíåé áõôü.</para>
<note>
<para>Áí Ý÷åôå êáé Üëëá ëåéôïõñãéêÜ óôï óýóôçìá óáò åêôüò áðü
ôï &os;, ðéèáíüí íá ÷ñåéáóôåß, üôáí ôá ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå, íá
<emphasis>åðáíáñõèìßóåôå</emphasis> ôïí åêôõðùôÞ óáò þóôå
íá åñìçíåýåé äéáöïñåôéêÜ ôïõò ÷áñáêôÞñåò CR êáé LF.
Óôçí ðåñßðôùóç áõôÞ, ßóùò åßíáé êáëýôåñï íá ðñïôéìÞóåôå
êÜðïéá áðü ôéò ëýóåéò ðïõ áêïëïõèïýí.</para>
</note>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Ï ïäçãüò (driver) ôçò óåéñéáêÞò ãñáììÞò ôïõ &os; ìðïñåß íá
ìåôáôñÝðåé áõôüìáôá áðü LF óå CR+LF. ÖõóéêÜ, áõôü äïõëåýåé
<emphasis>ìüíï</emphasis> óå óåéñéáêÝò èýñåò.
Ãéá íá åíåñãïðïéÞóåôå áõôÞ ôçí ëåéôïõñãßá, ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóôå ôçí
éêáíüôçôá <literal>ms#</literal> êáé ïñßóôå ôçí êáôÜóôáóç
ëåéôïõñãßáò <literal>onlcr</literal> óôï áñ÷åßï
<filename>/etc/printcap</filename> ãéá ôïí åêôõðùôÞ.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Óôåßëôå Ýíá
<emphasis>êùäéêü äéáöõãÞò (escape code)</emphasis> óôïí
åêôõðùôÞ þóôå íá ÷åéñßæåôáé ðñïóùñéíÜ ôïõò ÷áñáêôÞñåò LF ìå
äéáöïñåôéêü ôñüðï. Óõìâïõëåõôåßôå ôï åã÷åéñßäéï ÷ñÞóçò ôïõ
åêôõðùôÞ óáò ãéá ôïõò êþäéêåò äéáöõãÞò ðïõ õðïóôçñßæïíôáé.
¼ôáí áíáêáëýøåôå ôïí êáôÜëëçëï, ìåôáôñÝøôå ôï ößëôñï êåéìÝíïõ
þóôå íá óôÝëíåé ðñþôá ôïí êùäéêü, êáé Ýðåéôá ôçí åñãáóßá óôïí
åêôõðùôÞ.</para>
<indexterm><primary>PCL</primary></indexterm>
<para>Åäþ åßíáé Ýíá ðáñÜäåéãìá ößëôñïõ êåéìÝíïõ ãéá åêôõðùôÝò
ðïõ êáôáëáâáßíïõí ôïõò êùäéêïýò äéáöõãÞò PCL ôçò
Hewlett-Packard. Áõôü ôï ößëôñï êÜíåé ôïí åêôõðùôÞ íá
÷åéñßæåôáé ôïõò ÷áñáêôÞñåò LF ùò LF êáé CR. ¸ðåéôá áðïóôÝëëåé
ôçí åñãáóßá, óôÝëíïíôáò óôï ôÝëïò ôçò Ýíá ÷áñáêôÞñá áëëáãÞò
óåëßäáò (form feed) þóôå íá ãßíåé óùóôÞ åîáãùãÞ ôçò ôåëåõôáßáò
óåëßäáò. Ôï ößëôñï áõôü èá ðñÝðåé íá äïõëåýåé ìå ó÷åäüí
üëïõò ôïõò åêôõðùôÝò ôçò Hewlett Packard.</para>
<programlisting>#!/bin/sh
#
# hpif - Simple text input filter for lpd for HP-PCL based printers
# Installed in /usr/local/libexec/hpif
#
# Simply copies stdin to stdout. Ignores all filter arguments.
# Tells printer to treat LF as CR+LF. Ejects the page when done.
printf "\033&k2G" && cat && printf "\033&l0H" && exit 0
exit 2</programlisting>
<para>Åäþ åßíáé Ýíá ðáñÜäåéãìá ãéá ôï
<filename>/etc/printcap</filename> åíüò õðïëïãéóôÞ ìå üíïìá
<hostid>orchid</hostid>. ¸÷åé Ýíá ìüíï åêôõðùôÞ óôçí ðñþôç
ðáñÜëëçëç èýñá ôïõ, Ýíá Hewlett Packard LaserJet 3Si ìå üíïìá
<literal>teak</literal>. ×ñçóéìïðïéåß ôï ðáñáðÜíù script ùò
ößëôñï êåéìÝíïõ:</para>
<programlisting>#
# /etc/printcap for host orchid
#
teak|hp|laserjet|Hewlett Packard LaserJet 3Si:\
:lp=<filename class="devicefile">/dev/lpt0</filename>:sh:sd=<filename class="directory">/var/spool/lpd/teak</filename>:mx#0:\
:if=<filename>/usr/local/libexec/hpif</filename>:</programlisting>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Åêôõðþíåôáé ç ìßá ãñáììÞ ðÜíù óôçí Üëëç.</term>
<listitem>
<para>Ï åêôõðùôÞò äåí ðñïùèåß êáèüëïõ ôï ÷áñôß êáé üëåò ïé ãñáììÝò
êåéìÝíïõ ôõðþíïíôáé ç ìßá ðÜíù áðü ôçí Üëëç, óå ìßá ãñáììÞ.</para>
<para>Áõôü ôï ðñüâëçìá åßíáé ôï <quote>áíôßóôñïöï</quote> ôïõ
öáéíüìåíïõ óêÜëáò, ðïõ ðåñéãñÜøáìå ðñïçãïõìÝíùò, êáé åßíáé ðïëý
óðÜíéï. Óå êÜðïéï óçìåßï, ïé ÷áñáêôÞñåò LF ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß ôï
&os; ãéá íá ôåñìáôßóåé ôçí ãñáììÞ, åñìçíåýïíôáé ùò ÷áñáêôÞñåò CR
ïé ïðïßïé åðéóôñÝöïõí ôçí êåöáëÞ óôï áñéóôåñü Üêñï ôïõ ÷áñôéïý,
áëëÜ äß÷ùò íá ðñïùèÞóïõí ôï ÷áñôß ìßá ãñáììÞ ðñïò ôá êÜôù.</para>
<para>×ñçóéìïðïéÞóôå ôïõò äéáêüðôåò ñõèìßóåùí ôïõ åêôõðùôÞ Þ ôïí
ðßíáêá åëÝã÷ïõ ãéá íá èÝóåôå ôéò áêüëïõèåò åðéëïãÝò ãéá ôá LF êáé
CR characters:</para>
<informaltable frame="none" pgwide="1">
<tgroup cols="2">
<thead>
<row>
<entry>Ï åêôõðùôÞò ëáìâÜíåé</entry>
<entry>Ï åêôõðùôÞò ôõðþíåé</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>CR</entry>
<entry>CR</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>LF</entry>
<entry>CR + LF</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Ï åêôõðùôÞò äåí åêôõðþíåé (÷Üíåé) êÜðïéïõò ÷áñáêôÞñåò.</term>
<listitem>
<para>Ï åêôõðùôÞò, åíþ åßíáé óå ëåéôïõñãßá åêôýðùóçò, äåí åêôõðþíåé
êÜðïéïõò ÷áñáêôÞñåò óå üëåò ôéò ãñáììÝò. Ôï ðñüâëçìá ðéèáíþò íá
ãßíåôáé åíôïíüôåñï êáèþò ç åêôýðùóç åîåëßóóåôáé, ÷Üíïíôáò áêüìç
ðåñéóóüôåñïõò ÷áñáêôÞñåò.</para>
<para>Ôï ðñüâëçìá åßíáé ðùò ï åêôõðùôÞò, êáèþò åêôõðþíåé, äåí
ðñïëáâáßíåé íá áêïëïõèÞóåé ôçí ôá÷ýôçôá ìå ôçí ïðïßá ï
õðïëïãéóôÞò óôÝëíåé äåäïìÝíá ìÝóù ôçò óåéñéáêÞò äéáóýíäåóçò (áõôü
ôï ðñüâëçìá äåí ðñÝðåé êáíïíéêÜ íá óõìâáßíåé óå åêôõðùôÝò
óõíäåìÝíïõò óå ðáñÜëëçëåò èýñåò). ÕðÜñ÷ïõí äýï ôñüðïé ãéá íá
îåðåñáóôåß áõôü ôï ðñüâëçìá:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>ÅÜí ï åêôõðùôÞò õðïóôçñßæåé Ýëåã÷ï ñïÞò XON/XOFF, ñõèìßóôå
ôï &os; íá ôïí ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåé ïñßæïíôáò ôçí êáôÜóôáóç
ëåéôïõñãßáò <literal>ixon</literal> ìå ôçí éêáíüôçôá
<literal>ms#</literal>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>ÅÜí ï åêôõðùôÞò õðïóôçñßæåé Ýëåã÷ï ñïÞò ôýðïõ Request to
Send / Clear to Send (hardware handshake, ãíùóôü êáé ìå ôçí
ïíïìáóßá <literal>RTS/CTS</literal>), ðñÝðåé íá ïñéóôåß ç
êáôÜóôáóç ëåéôïõñãßáò <literal>crtscts</literal> óôçí
éêáíüôçôá <literal>ms#</literal>. Âåâáéùèåßôå ðùò ôï êáëþäéï
ðïõ óõíäÝåé ôïí åêôõðùôÞ ìå ôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ åßíáé óùóôÜ
öôéáãìÝíï ãéá ÷ñÞóç áõôïý ôïõ åëÝã÷ïõ ñïÞò.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Ï åêôõðùôÞò ôõðþíåé óêïõðßäéá.</term>
<listitem>
<para>Ï åêôõðùôÞò ôýðùóå êÜôé ðïõ áðïêáëïýìå ôõ÷áßá óêïõðßäéá,
åííïþíôáò ïôéäÞðïôå åêôüò ôïõ åðéèõìçôïý êåéìÝíïõ.</para>
<para>Áõôü åßíáé óõíÞèùò Ýíá áêüìá óýìðôùìá ëáíèáóìÝíùí ðáñáìÝôñùí
óåéñéáêÞò åðéêïéíùíßáò ìå ôïí åêôõðùôÞ. ÅëÝãîôå îáíÜ ôçí ôéìÞ bps
rate óôçí éêáíüôçôá <literal>br</literal>, êáé ôçí ñýèìéóç parity
óôçí éêáíüôçôá <literal>ms#</literal>. Âåâáéùèåßôå ðùò ï
åêôõðùôÞò ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß ôéò ßäéåò ñõèìßóåéò ðïõ Ý÷ïõí êáèïñéóôåß
óôï áñ÷åßï <filename>/etc/printcap</filename>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Äåí óõíÝâç ôßðïôå, ï åêôõðùôÞò äåí îåêßíçóå êáí.</term>
<listitem>
<para>Áí äåí óõíÝâç ôßðïôå, ôï ðñüâëçìá ðéèáíüí íá ïöåßëåôáé
óôï &os; êáé ü÷é óôï hardware. ÐñïóèÝóôå ôçí éêáíüôçôá áñ÷åßïõ
êáôáãñáöÞò (log file, <literal>lf</literal>) óôï áñ÷åßï
<filename>/etc/printcap</filename>, óôçí êáôá÷þñéóç ôïõ åêôõðùôÞ
ðïõ Ý÷åé ôï ðñüâëçìá. Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, åäþ åßíáé ç êáôá÷þñéóç ãéá
ôïí <literal>rattan</literal>, ìå ôçí éêáíüôçôá
<literal>lf</literal>:</para>
<programlisting>rattan|line|diablo|lp|Diablo 630 Line Printer:\
:sh:sd=<filename class="directory">/var/spool/lpd/rattan</filename>:\
:lp=<filename class="devicefile">/dev/lpt0</filename>:\
:if=<filename>/usr/local/libexec/if-simple</filename>:\
:lf=<filename>/var/log/rattan.log</filename></programlisting>
<para>¸ðåéôá, ðñïóðáèÞóôå íá îáíáåêôõðþóåôå. ÅëÝãîôå ôï áñ÷åßï
êáôáãñáöÞò (log) (óôï ðáñÜäåéãìá ìáò,
<filename>/var/log/rattan.log</filename>) ãéá íá âñåßôå ðéèáíÝò
áíáöïñÝò óöáëìÜôùí. Ìå âÜóç ôá ìçíýìáôá ðïõ âëÝðåôå, ðñïóðáèÞóôå
íá äéïñèþóåôå ôï ðñüâëçìá.</para>
<para>Áí äåí êáèïñßóåôå ôçí éêáíüôçôá <literal>lf</literal>, ôï
<application>LPD</application> ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß áðü ðñïåðéëïãÞ ôï
<filename class="devicefile">/dev/console</filename>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</sect1>
</chapter>
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