Jim Mock Restructured and parts updated by Brian N. Handy Originally contributed by Rich Murphey Linux binary compatibility binary compatibility Linux &os; provides binary compatibility with &linux;, allowing users to install and run most &linux; binaries on a &os; system without having to first modify the binary. It has even been reported that, in some situations, &linux; binaries perform better on &os; than they do on &linux;. However, some &linux;-specific operating system features are not supported under &os;. For example, &linux; binaries will not work on &os; if they overly use &i386; specific calls, such as enabling virtual 8086 mode. Support for 64-bit binary compatibility with &linux; was added in &os; 10.3. After reading this chapter, you will know: How to enable &linux; binary compatibility on a &os; system. How to install additional &linux; shared libraries. How to install &linux; applications on a &os; system. The implementation details of &linux; compatibility in &os;. Before reading this chapter, you should: Know how to install additional third-party software. Ports Collection By default, &linux; libraries are not installed and &linux; binary compatibility is not enabled. &linux; libraries can either be installed manually or from the &os; Ports Collection. Before attempting to build the port, load the &linux; kernel module, otherwise the build will fail: &prompt.root; kldload linux For 64-bit compatibility: &prompt.root; kldload linux64 To verify that the module is loaded: &prompt.user; kldstat Id Refs Address Size Name 1 2 0xc0100000 16bdb8 kernel 7 1 0xc24db000 d000 linux.ko The emulators/linux_base-c6 package or port is the easiest way to install a base set of &linux; libraries and binaries on a &os; system. To install the port: &prompt.root; printf "compat.linux.osrelease=2.6.18\n" >> /etc/sysctl.conf &prompt.root; sysctl compat.linux.osrelease=2.6.18 &prompt.root; pkg install emulators/linux_base-c6 For &linux; compatibility to be enabled at boot time, add this line to /etc/rc.conf: linux_enable="YES" On 64-bit machines, /etc/rc.d/abi will automatically load the module for 64-bit emulation. kernel options COMPAT_LINUX Users who prefer to statically link &linux; binary compatibility into a custom kernel should add options COMPAT_LINUX to their custom kernel configuration file. Compile and install the new kernel as described in . shared libraries If a &linux; application complains about missing shared libraries after configuring &linux; binary compatibility, determine which shared libraries the &linux; binary needs and install them manually. From a &linux; system, ldd can be used to determine which shared libraries the application needs. For example, to check which shared libraries linuxdoom needs, run this command from a &linux; system that has Doom installed: &prompt.user; ldd linuxdoom libXt.so.3 (DLL Jump 3.1) => /usr/X11/lib/libXt.so.3.1.0 libX11.so.3 (DLL Jump 3.1) => /usr/X11/lib/libX11.so.3.1.0 libc.so.4 (DLL Jump 4.5pl26) => /lib/libc.so.4.6.29 symbolic links Then, copy all the files in the last column of the output from the &linux; system into /compat/linux on the &os; system. Once copied, create symbolic links to the names in the first column. This example will result in the following files on the &os; system: /compat/linux/usr/X11/lib/libXt.so.3.1.0 /compat/linux/usr/X11/lib/libXt.so.3 -> libXt.so.3.1.0 /compat/linux/usr/X11/lib/libX11.so.3.1.0 /compat/linux/usr/X11/lib/libX11.so.3 -> libX11.so.3.1.0 /compat/linux/lib/libc.so.4.6.29 /compat/linux/lib/libc.so.4 -> libc.so.4.6.29 If a &linux; shared library already exists with a matching major revision number to the first column of the ldd output, it does not need to be copied to the file named in the last column, as the existing library should work. It is advisable to copy the shared library if it is a newer version, though. The old one can be removed, as long as the symbolic link points to the new one. For example, these libraries already exist on the &os; system: /compat/linux/lib/libc.so.4.6.27 /compat/linux/lib/libc.so.4 -> libc.so.4.6.27 and ldd indicates that a binary requires a later version: libc.so.4 (DLL Jump 4.5pl26) -> libc.so.4.6.29 Since the existing library is only one or two versions out of date in the last digit, the program should still work with the slightly older version. However, it is safe to replace the existing libc.so with the newer version: /compat/linux/lib/libc.so.4.6.29 /compat/linux/lib/libc.so.4 -> libc.so.4.6.29 Generally, one will need to look for the shared libraries that &linux; binaries depend on only the first few times that a &linux; program is installed on &os;. After a while, there will be a sufficient set of &linux; shared libraries on the system to be able to run newly installed &linux; binaries without any extra work. Linux ELF binaries ELF binaries sometimes require an extra step. When an unbranded ELF binary is executed, it will generate an error message: &prompt.user; ./my-linux-elf-binary ELF binary type not known Abort To help the &os; kernel distinguish between a &os; ELF binary and a &linux; binary, use &man.brandelf.1;: &prompt.user; brandelf -t Linux my-linux-elf-binary GNU toolchain Since the GNU toolchain places the appropriate branding information into ELF binaries automatically, this step is usually not necessary. To install a &linux; RPM-based application, first install the archivers/rpm4 package or port. Once installed, root can use this command to install a .rpm: &prompt.root; cd /compat/linux &prompt.root; rpm2cpio < /path/to/linux.archive.rpm | cpio -id If necessary, brandelf the installed ELF binaries. Note that this will prevent a clean uninstall. If DNS does not work or this error appears: resolv+: "bind" is an invalid keyword resolv+: "hosts" is an invalid keyword configure /compat/linux/etc/host.conf as follows: order hosts, bind multi on This specifies that /etc/hosts is searched first and DNS is searched second. When /compat/linux/etc/host.conf does not exist, &linux; applications use /etc/host.conf and complain about the incompatible &os; syntax. Remove bind if a name server is not configured using /etc/resolv.conf. Boris Hollas Updated for Mathematica 5.X by applications Mathematica This section describes the process of installing the &linux; version of &mathematica; 9.X onto a &os; system. &mathematica; is a commercial, computational software program used in scientific, engineering, and mathematical fields. A 30 day trial version is available for download from wolfram.com/mathematica. Before installing &mathematica;, make sure that the textproc/linux-c6-aspell package or port is installed and that the &man.linprocfs.5; file system is mounted. &prompt.root; sysctl kern.fallback_elf_brand=3 &os; will now assume that unbranded ELF binaries use the &linux; ABI which should allow the installer to execute from the CDROM. The downloaded file will be saved to /tmp/Mathematica_9.0.1_LINUX.sh. Become the superuser and run this installer file: &prompt.root; sh /tmp/Mathematica_9.0.1_LINUX.sh Mathematica Secured 9.0.1 for LINUX Installer Archive Verifying archive integrity. Extracting installer. ... Wolfram Mathematica 9 Installer Copyright (c) 1988-2013 Wolfram Research, Inc. All rights reserved. WARNING: Wolfram Mathematica is protected by copyright law and international treaties. Unauthorized reproduction or distribution may result in severe civil and criminal penalties and will be prosecuted to the maximum extent possible under law. Enter the installation directory, or press ENTER to select /usr/local/Wolfram/Mathematica/9.0: > Now installing... *********************** Installation complete. &mathematica; uses some special fonts to display characters not present in any of the standard font sets. Xorg requires these fonts to be installed locally. This means that these fonts need to be copied from the CDROM or from a host with &mathematica; installed to the local machine. These fonts are normally stored in /cdrom/Unix/Files/SystemFiles/Fonts on the CDROM, or /usr/local/mathematica/SystemFiles/Fonts on the hard drive. The actual fonts are in the subdirectories Type1 and X. There are several ways to use them, as described below. The first way is to copy the fonts into one of the existing font directories in /usr/local/lib/X11/fonts then running &man.mkfontdir.1; within the directory containing the new fonts. The second way to do this is to copy the directories to /usr/local/lib/X11/fonts: &prompt.root; cd /usr/local/lib/X11/fonts &prompt.root; mkdir X &prompt.root; mkdir MathType1 &prompt.root; cd /cdrom/Unix/Files/SystemFiles/Fonts &prompt.root; cp X/* /usr/local/lib/X11/fonts/X &prompt.root; cp Type1/* /usr/local/lib/X11/fonts/MathType1 &prompt.root; cd /usr/local/lib/X11/fonts/X &prompt.root; mkfontdir &prompt.root; cd ../MathType1 &prompt.root; mkfontdir Now add the new font directories to the font path: &prompt.root; xset fp+ /usr/local/lib/X11/fonts/X &prompt.root; xset fp+ /usr/local/lib/X11/fonts/MathType1 &prompt.root; xset fp rehash When using the &xorg; server, these font directories can be loaded automatically by adding them to /etc/X11/xorg.conf. fonts If /usr/local/lib/X11/fonts/Type1 does not already exist, change the name of the MathType1 directory in the example above to Type1. -->