362 lines
12 KiB
Text
362 lines
12 KiB
Text
<!--
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The FreeBSD Documentation Project
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$FreeBSD$
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-->
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<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//DTD DocBook V4.1-Based Extension//EN" [
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<!ENTITY % man PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//ENTITIES DocBook Manual Page Entities//EN">
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%man;
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<!ENTITY % trademarks PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//ENTITIES DocBook Trademark Entities//EN">
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%trademarks;
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]>
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<article>
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<articleinfo>
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<title>Diskless X Server: a how to guide</title>
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<authorgroup>
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<author>
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<firstname>Jerry</firstname>
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<surname>Kendall</surname>
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<affiliation>
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<address>
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<email>jerry@kcis.com</email>
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</address>
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</affiliation>
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</author></authorgroup>
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<pubdate>28-December-1996</pubdate>
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<copyright>
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<year>1996</year>
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<holder>Jerry Kendall</holder>
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</copyright>
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<legalnotice id="trademarks" role="trademarks">
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&tm-attrib.freebsd;
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&tm-attrib.3com;
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&tm-attrib.microsoft;
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&tm-attrib.sun;
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&tm-attrib.general;
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</legalnotice>
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<abstract>
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<para>With the help of some friends on the FreeBSD-hackers list, I have
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been able to create a diskless X terminal. The creation of the X
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terminal required first creating a diskless system with minimal
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utilities mounted via NFS. These same steps were used to create 2
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separate diskless systems. The first is <hostid
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role="fqdn">altair.example.com</hostid>. A diskless X terminal that I
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run on my old 386DX-40. It has a 340Meg hard disk but, I did not want
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to change it. So, it boots from <hostid
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role="fqdn">antares.example.com</hostid> across a Ethernet. The second
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system is a 486DX2-66. I set up a diskless FreeBSD (complete) that
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uses no local disk. The server in that case is a Sun 670MP running
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&sunos; 4.1.3. The same setup configuration was needed for both.</para>
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<para>I am sure that there is stuff that needs to be added
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to this. Please send me any comments.</para>
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</abstract>
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</articleinfo>
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<sect1>
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<title>Creating the boot floppy (On the diskless system)</title>
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<para>Since the network boot loaders will not work with some of the TSR's
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and such that &ms-dos; uses, it is best to create a dedicated boot floppy
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or, if you can, create an &ms-dos; menu that will (via the
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<filename>config.sys</filename>/<filename>autoexec.bat</filename> files)
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ask what configuration to load when the system starts. The later is the
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method that I use and it works great. My &ms-dos; (6.x) menu is
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below.</para>
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<example>
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<title><filename>config.sys</filename></title>
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<programlisting>[menu]
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menuitem=normal, normal
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menuitem=unix, unix
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[normal]
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....
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normal config.sys stuff
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...
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[unix]</programlisting>
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</example>
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<example>
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<title><filename>autoexec.bat</filename></title>
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<programlisting>@ECHO OFF
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goto %config%
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:normal
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...
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normal autoexec.bat stuff
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...
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goto end
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:unix
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cd \netboot
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nb8390.com
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:end</programlisting>
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</example>
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</sect1>
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<sect1>
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<title>Getting the network boot programs (On the server)</title>
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<para>Compile the <quote>net-boot</quote> programs that are located in
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<filename>/usr/src/sys/i386/boot/netboot</filename>. You should read
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the comments at the top of the <filename>Makefile</filename>. Adjust as
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required. Make a backup of the original in case something goes wrong. When
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the build is done, there should be 2 &ms-dos; executables,
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<filename>nb8390.com</filename> and <filename>nb3c509.com</filename>.
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One of these two programs will be what you need to run on the diskless
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server. It will load the kernel from the boot server. At this point,
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put both programs on the &ms-dos; boot floppy created earlier.</para>
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</sect1>
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<sect1>
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<title>Determine which program to run (On the diskless system)</title>
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<para>If you know the chipset that your Ethernet adapter uses, this is
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easy. If you have the NS8390 chipset, or a NS8390 based chipset, use
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<filename>nb8390.com</filename>. If you have a &tm.3com; 509 based chipset,
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use the <filename>nb3C509.com</filename> boot program. If you are not
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sure which you have, try using one, if it says <errorname>No adapter
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found</errorname>, try the other. Beyond that, you are pretty much on
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your own.</para>
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</sect1>
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<sect1>
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<title>Booting across the network</title>
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<para>Boot the diskless system with out any config.sys/autoexec.bat
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files. Try running the boot program for your Ethernet adapter.</para>
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<para>My Ethernet adapter is running in WD8013 16bit mode so I run
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<filename>nb8390.com</filename></para>
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<screen><prompt>C:></prompt> <userinput>cd \netboot</userinput>
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<prompt>C:></prompt> <userinput>nb8390</userinput>
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<prompt>Boot from Network (Y/N) ?</prompt> <userinput>Y</userinput>
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BOOTP/TFTP/NFS bootstrap loader ESC for menu
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Searching for adapter..
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WD8013EBT base 0x0300, memory 0x000D8000, addr 00:40:01:43:26:66
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Searching for server...</screen>
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<para>At this point, my diskless system is trying to find a machine to act
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as a boot server. Make note of the <literal>addr</literal> line above,
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you will need this number later. Reset the diskless system and modify
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your <filename>config.sys</filename> and
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<filename>autoexec.bat</filename> files to do these steps automatically
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for you. Perhaps in a menu. If you had to run
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<command>nb3c509.com</command> instead of <command>nb8390.com</command>
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the output is the same as above. If you got <errorname>No adapter
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found</errorname> at the <literal>Searching for adapter...</literal>
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message, verify that you did indeed set the compile time defines in the
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<filename>Makefile</filename> correctly.</para>
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</sect1>
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<sect1>
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<title>Allowing systems to boot across the network (On the server)</title>
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<para>Make sure the <filename>/etc/inetd.conf</filename> file has entries
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for tftp and bootps. Mine are listed below:</para>
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<programlisting>tftp dgram udp wait nobody /usr/libexec/tftpd tftpd /tftpboot
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#
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# Additions by who ever you are
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bootps dgram udp wait root /usr/libexec/bootpd bootpd /etc/bootptab</programlisting>
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<para>If you have to change the <filename>/etc/inetd.conf</filename> file,
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send a <literal>HUP</literal> signal to &man.inetd.8;. To do this, get the
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process ID of <command>inetd</command> with <command>ps -ax | grep inetd | grep -v
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grep</command>. Once you have it, send it a <literal>HUP</literal> signal. Do this by
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<command>kill -HUP <pid></command>. This will force <command>inetd</command> to
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re-read its config file.</para>
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<para>Did you remember to note the <literal>addr</literal> line from the
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output of the boot loader on the diskless system? Guess what, here is
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where you need it.</para>
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<para>Add an entry to <filename>/etc/bootptab</filename> (maybe creating the
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file). It should be laid out identical to this:</para>
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<programlisting>altair:\
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:ht=ether:\
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:ha=004001432666:\
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:sm=255.255.255.0:\
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:hn:\
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:ds=199.246.76.1:\
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:ip=199.246.76.2:\
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:gw=199.246.76.1:\
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:vm=rfc1048:</programlisting>
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<para>The lines are as follows:</para>
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<informaltable frame="none">
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<tgroup cols="2">
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<tbody>
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<row>
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<entry><literal>altair</literal></entry>
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<entry>the diskless systems name without the domain name.</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry><literal>ht=ether</literal></entry>
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<entry>the hardware type of <quote>ethernet</quote>.</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry><literal>ha=004001432666</literal></entry>
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<entry>the hardware address (the number noted above).</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry><literal>sm=255.255.255.0</literal></entry>
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<entry>the subnet mask.</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry><literal>hn</literal></entry>
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<entry>tells server to send client's hostname to the
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client.</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry><literal>ds=199.246.76.1</literal></entry>
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<entry>tells the client who the domain server is.</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry><literal>ip=199.246.76.2</literal></entry>
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<entry>tells the client what its IP address is.</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry><literal>gw=199.246.76.1</literal></entry>
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<entry>tells the client what the default gateway is.</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry><literal>vm=...</literal></entry>
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<entry>just leave it there.</entry>
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</row>
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</tbody>
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</tgroup>
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</informaltable>
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<note>
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<para>Be sure to set up the IP addresses correctly, the addresses above
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are my own.</para>
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</note>
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<para>Create the directory <filename>/tftpboot</filename> on the server it will contain the
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configuration files for the diskless systems that the server will serve.
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These files will be named <filename>cfg.<replaceable>ip</replaceable></filename> where <replaceable>ip</replaceable> is the IP
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address of the diskless system. The config file for <hostid>altair</hostid> is
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<filename>/tftpboot/cfg.199.246.76.2</filename>. The contents is:</para>
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<programlisting>rootfs 199.246.76.1:/DiskLess/rootfs/altair
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hostname altair.example.com</programlisting>
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<para>The line <literal>hostname altair.example.com</literal> simply tells
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the diskless system what its fully qualified domain name is.</para>
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<para>The line <literal>rootfs
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199.246.76.1:/DiskLess/rootfs/altair</literal> tells the diskless
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system where its NFS mountable root filesystem is located.</para>
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<note>
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<para>The NFS mounted root filesystem will be mounted <emphasis>read
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only</emphasis>.</para>
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</note>
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<para>The hierarchy for the diskless system can be re-mounted allowing
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read-write operations if required.</para>
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<para>I use my spare 386DX-40 as a dedicated X terminal.</para>
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<para>The hierarchy for <hostid>altair</hostid> is:</para>
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<literallayout>/
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/bin
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/etc
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/tmp
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/sbin
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/dev
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/dev/fd
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/usr
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/var
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/var/run</literallayout>
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<para>The actual list of files is:</para>
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<screen>-r-xr-xr-x 1 root wheel 779984 Dec 11 23:44 ./kernel
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-r-xr-xr-x 1 root bin 299008 Dec 12 00:22 ./bin/sh
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-rw-r--r-- 1 root wheel 499 Dec 15 15:54 ./etc/rc
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-rw-r--r-- 1 root wheel 1411 Dec 11 23:19 ./etc/ttys
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-rw-r--r-- 1 root wheel 157 Dec 15 15:42 ./etc/hosts
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-rw-r--r-- 1 root bin 1569 Dec 15 15:26 ./etc/XF86Config.altair
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-r-x------ 1 bin bin 151552 Jun 10 1995 ./sbin/init
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-r-xr-xr-x 1 bin bin 176128 Jun 10 1995 ./sbin/ifconfig
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-r-xr-xr-x 1 bin bin 110592 Jun 10 1995 ./sbin/mount_nfs
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-r-xr-xr-x 1 bin bin 135168 Jun 10 1995 ./sbin/reboot
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-r-xr-xr-x 1 root bin 73728 Dec 13 22:38 ./sbin/mount
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-r-xr-xr-x 1 root wheel 1992 Jun 10 1995 ./dev/MAKEDEV.local
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-r-xr-xr-x 1 root wheel 24419 Jun 10 1995 ./dev/MAKEDEV</screen>
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<para>If you are not using &man.devfs.5; (which is the default
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in FreeBSD 5.X), you should make sure that you
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do not forget to run <command>MAKEDEV all</command> in the
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<filename>dev</filename> directory.</para>
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<para>My <filename>/etc/rc</filename> for <hostid>altair</hostid>
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is:</para>
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<programlisting>#!/bin/sh
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#
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PATH=/bin:/
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export PATH
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#
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# configure the localhost
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/sbin/ifconfig lo0 127.0.0.1
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#
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# configure the ethernet card
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/sbin/ifconfig ed0 199.246.76.2 netmask 0xffffff00
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#
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# mount the root filesystem via NFS
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/sbin/mount antares:/DiskLess/rootfs/altair /
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#
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# mount the /usr filesystem via NFS
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/sbin/mount antares:/DiskLess/usr /usr
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#
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/usr/X11R6/bin/XF86_SVGA -query antares -xf86config /etc/XF86Config.altair > /dev/null 2>&1
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#
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# Reboot after X exits
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/sbin/reboot
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#
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# We blew up....
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exit 1</programlisting>
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<para>Any comments and all questions welcome.</para>
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</sect1>
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</article>
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<!--
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