947 lines
36 KiB
Text
947 lines
36 KiB
Text
<!-- $Id: admin.sgml,v 1.2 1998-01-18 20:48:29 brian Exp $ -->
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<!-- The FreeBSD Documentation Project -->
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<sect>
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<heading>System Administration<label id="admin"></heading>
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<sect1>
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<heading>Where are the system start-up configuration files?</heading>
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<p>From 2.0.5R to 2.2.1R, the primary configuration file is
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<tt>/etc/sysconfig</tt>. All the options are to be specified in
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this file and other files such as <htmlurl
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url="http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?rc" name="/etc/rc"> and
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<tt>/etc/netstart</tt> just include it.
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<p>Look in the <tt>/etc/sysconfig</tt> file and change the value to
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match your system. This file is filled with comments to show what
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to put in there.
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<p>In post-2.2.1 and 3.0, <tt>/etc/sysconfig</tt> was renamed
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to a more self-describing <htmlurl
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url="http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?rc.conf(5)" name="rc.conf">
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file and the syntax cleaned up a bit in the process.
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<tt>/etc/netstart</tt> was also renamed to <tt>/etc/rc.network</tt>
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so that all files could be copied with a <tt><htmlurl
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url="http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?cp" name="cp"> /usr/src/etc/rc*
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/etc</tt> command.
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<p><tt>/etc/rc.local</tt> is here as always and may be used to
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start up additional local services like <htmlurl
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url="http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/ports.cgi?^inn" name="INN">
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or set custom options.
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<p>The <tt>/etc/rc.serial</tt> is for serial port initialization
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(e.g. locking the port characteristics, and so on.).
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<p>The <tt>/etc/rc.i386</tt> is for Intel-specifics settings, such
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as iBCS2 emulation or the PC system console configuration.
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<p>Starting with 2.1.0R, you can also have "local" startup files in a
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directory specified in <tt>/etc/sysconfig</tt> (or
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<tt>/etc/rc.conf</tt>):
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<verb>
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# Location of local startup files.
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local_startup=/usr/local/etc/rc.local.d
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</verb>
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<p>Each file ending in <tt/.sh/ will be executed in alphabetical order.
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<p>If you want to ensure a certain execution order without changing all
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the file names, you can use a scheme similar to the following with
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digits prepended to each file name to insure the ordering:
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<verb>
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10news.sh
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15httpd.sh
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20ssh.sh
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</verb>
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<p>It can be seen as ugly (or SysV :-)) but it provides a simple and
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regular scheme for locally-added packages without resorting to
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magical editing of <tt>/etc/rc.local</tt>. Many of the ports/packages
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assume that <tt>/usr/local/etc/rc.d</tt> is a local startup directory.
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<sect1>
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<heading>How do I add a user easily?</heading>
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<p>Use the <htmlurl url="http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?adduser"
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name="adduser"> command.
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<p>There is another package called ``<tt/new-account/'' also written
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in Perl by Ollivier Robert. Ask <tt><roberto@FreeBSD.ORG></tt>
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about it. It is currently undergoing further development.
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<p>To remove the user again, use the <htmlurl
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url="http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?rmuser" name="rmuser"> command.
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<sect1>
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<heading>How can I add my new hard disk to my FreeBSD system?</heading>
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<p>The easiest way to do this is from the installation program. You
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can start the installation program by running
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<tt>/stand/sysinstall</tt> as root.
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<p>Alternatively, if you still have the install floppy, you can just
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reboot from that and use the partition & label editors while
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the system is totally quiescent.
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<p><label id="2_1-disklabel-fix">If the above does not work for you,
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or if you're a total masochist who likes arcane interfaces, this is how
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to use <htmlurl url="http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?disklabel"
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name="disklabel"> manually:
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<p><em>WARNING: There is no substitute for reading carefully
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& understanding what you are doing! Things described here may
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DESTROY your system. Proceed with caution! Remember, a BACKUP is your
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friend!</em>
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<p><tt /sysinstall/ used to be broken up to 2.1.5-RELEASE and will
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insist on mounting something at / in the disklabel editor. You will
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have to manually run
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<htmlurl url="http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?disklabel"
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name="disklabel"> before you can run
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<htmlurl url="http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?newfs" name="newfs">/.
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This means doing the math for partitions yourself. This is rumored to
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be easy :-) See if you can obtain a skeletal label with
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''<tt>disklabel -r <diskname></tt>'' <em>(e.g.
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</em>''<tt>disklabel -r /dev/rwd0s2</tt>''<em>, assuming that your new
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disk is wd0, the first IDE drive, and the FreeBSD slice is the second
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one, s2)</em>. You should see something like:-
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<verb>
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# /dev/rwd0s2:
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type: ESDI
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disk: wd0s2
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label:
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flags:
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bytes/sector: 512
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sectors/track: 63
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tracks/cylinder: 64
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sectors/cylinder: 4032
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cylinders: 610
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sectors/unit: 2459520
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rpm: 3600
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interleave: 1
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trackskew: 0
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cylinderskew: 0
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headswitch: 0 # milliseconds
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track-to-track seek: 0 # milliseconds
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drivedata: 0
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8 partitions:
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# size offset fstype [fsize bsize bps/cpg]
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c: 2459520 0 unused 0 0 # (Cyl. 0 - 609)
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e: 2459520 0 4.2BSD 0 0 0 # (Cyl. 0 - 609)
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</verb>
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<p>Make sure that the size is correct, in this case, 2459520
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sectors/unit x 512 bytes/sector / 2**20 (1 Megabyte) = 1200
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Megabytes. The rest of the stuff (b/s, t/c, s/c, interleave, etc.)
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should get suitable defaults from <htmlurl
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url="http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?disklabel"
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name="disklabel">, but see <ref id="ESDI" name="this note"> for older
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disks. 'fsize' is the <ref id="fsize" name="Fragment size"> for the
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filesystem, and 'bsize' is the <ref id="bsize" name="Block size">. 'c'
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is the partition covering the entire slice (or entire disk for a
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non-sliced disk), and must remain as it is. <em>It should not be
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used for a filesystem</em>. The 'c' partition is magic in that it
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is faked by the kernel even if no disklabel exists.
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<p>In the trivial case, where you want a single filesystem spanning
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the whole slice, the entry for 'e' has to be corrected. Setting fsize
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to 1024 and bsize to 8192 (8 fragments/block), which are reasonable
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values for a filesystem, the correct entry for 'e' would be:-
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<verb>
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e: 2459520 0 4.2BSD 1024 8192
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</verb>
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<p>Now, the (slightly) harder case, where we want 2 partitions for 2
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filesystems. Following the <ref id="fsname" name="BSD naming
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conventions">, the partitions will be <tt /wd0s2e/ &
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<tt /wd0s2f/. Suppose we split up the 1200 MB into 300 MB for
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'e' and the remaining 900 MB for 'f'. The partition entries would
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be:-
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<verb>
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8 partitions:
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# size offset fstype [fsize bsize bps/cpg]
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c: 2459520 0 unused 0 0 # (Cyl. 0 - 609)
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e: 614400 0 4.2BSD 1024 8192
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f: 1843200 614400 4.2BSD 1024 8192
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</verb>
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<p><bf /Note:/ You can directly edit the disklabel with
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''<tt>disklabel -e wd0s2</tt>''. See
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<htmlurl url="http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?disklabel"
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name="disklabel">.
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<p>If you have at least FreeBSD 2.1.5, and you want to dedicate
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an entire disk to FreeBSD without any care for other
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systems, you might shorten the steps above to something like:
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<verb>
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# dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/rwd0 count=100
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# disklabel -Brw wd0 auto
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# disklabel -e wd0
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</verb>
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<p>The first <htmlurl url="http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?dd"
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name="dd"> command ensures there is no old junk at
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the beginning of the disk that might confuse the disk code
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in the kernel. Following is an automatic skeleton label
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generation using the defaults that have been probed from the
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disk at boot time. Editing this label continues as described
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above.
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<p>You're done! Time to initialize the filesystems with something
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like:-
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<verb>
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newfs -d0 /dev/rwd0s2e
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newfs -d0 /dev/rwd0s2f
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</verb>
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<p>Depending on the disk name and slice number, it might be
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required that you run the script <htmlurl
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url="http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?MAKEDEV" name="/dev/MAKEDEV">
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before in order to create the desired device nodes.
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<p>And mount your new filesystems (See
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<htmlurl url="http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?mount" name="mount">):-
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<verb>
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mount /dev/wd0s2e /mnt/foo
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mount /dev/wd0s2f /mnt/bar
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</verb>
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<p>You may wish to edit <htmlurl
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url="http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?fstab(5)" name="/etc/fstab"> to
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automatically mount the filesystems at boot time.
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<p><bf /Glossary:/
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<descrip>
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<tag><label id="fsize"><bf>Fragment Size (fsize)</bf></tag>
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The basic unit of storage for <tt /ffs/. See
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M. McKusick, W. Joy, S. Leffler, and R. Fabry,
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"A Fast File System for UNIX",
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ACM Transactions on Computer Systems 2, 3, pp 181-197, August
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1984, (reprinted in the BSD System Manager's Manual, SMM:5) or
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<url url="file:/usr/share/doc/smm/05.fastfs/paper.ascii.gz"
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name="/usr/share/doc/smm/05.fastfs/paper.ascii.gz"> on your system.
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<tag><label id="bsize"><bf>Block Size (bsize)</bf></tag>
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A block comprises one or more fragments. See the
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reference above and
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<url url="file:/usr/include/sys/disklabel.h"
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name="<sys/disklabel.h>">
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<tag><label id="ESDI">
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<bf>Disklabel Characteristics for Older Disks (ESDI)</bf></tag>
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You may need to provide more information to <htmlurl
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url="http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?disklabel"
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name="disklabel"> if you happen to own a ``true disk'', i.e. one with a
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uniform geometry, real heads, sectors, and cylinders,
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such as an old ESDI drive. All of this should be easily
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obtainable from the drive case, owner's manual, fellow
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sufferers, etc. :-)
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<tag><label id="fsname">
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<bf>BSD Filesystem Naming Conventions</bf></tag>
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Partition 'a' is by convention reserved for a bootable
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partition, and partition 'b' for swap space. Regular
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partition names should start with 'd'. ('d' used to be
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magic in 386BSD 0.1 through FreeBSD 2.0, thus partition
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'e' is often used for the first non-bootable partition
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containing a filesystem.)
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<tag><label id="swap">
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<bf>Warning about swap space</bf></tag>
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The space required by the BSD partition table is allowed
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for in the file system. It's not allowed for by the swap
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partition. So don't start swap at cylinder 0, either offset
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it or put a file system in partition 'a'.
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</descrip>
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<sect1>
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<heading>I have a new removable drive, how do I use it?</heading>
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<p>Whether it's a removable drive like a ZIP or an EZ drive (or
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even a floppy, if you want to use it that way), or a new hard
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disk, once it's installed and recognized by the system, and
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you have your cartridge/floppy/whatever slotted in, things are
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pretty much the same for all devices.
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<p><label id="disklabel">(this section is based on <url
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url="http://vinyl.quickweb.com/mark/FreeBSD/ZIP-FAQ.html"
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name="Mark Mayo's ZIP FAQ">)
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<p>If it's a ZIP drive or a floppy , you've already got a DOS
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filesystem on it, you can use a command like this:
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<verb>
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mount -t msdos /dev/fd0c /floppy
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</verb>
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<p>if it's a floppy, or this:
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<verb>
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mount -t msdos /dev/sd2s4 /zip
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</verb>
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<p>for a ZIP disk with the factory configuration.
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<p>For other disks, see how they're laid out using <tt/fdisk/ or
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<tt>/stand/sysinstall</tt>.
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<p>The rest of the examples will be for a ZIP drive on sd2, the third
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SCSI disk.
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<p>Unless it's a floppy, or a removable you plan on sharing with
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other people, it's probably a better idea to stick a BSD file
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system on it. You'll get long filename support, at least a 2X
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improvement in performance, and a lot more stability. First, you
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need to redo the DOS-level partitions/filesystems. You can either
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use <htmlurl url="http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?fdisk"
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name="fdisk"> or <tt>/stand/sysinstall</tt>, or for a small
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drive that you don't want to bother with multiple operating system
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support on, just blow away the whole FAT partition table (slices)
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and just use the BSD partitioning:
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<verb>
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dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/rsd2 count=2
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disklabel -Brw sd2 auto
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</verb>
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<p>You can use disklabel (more info in <ref id="2_1-disklabel-fix"
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name="this note">) or <tt>/stand/sysinstall</tt> to create multiple
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BSD partitions. You'll certainly want to do this if you're adding
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swap space on a fixed disk, but it's probably irrelevant on a
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removable drive like a ZIP.
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<p>Finally, create a new file system, this one's on our ZIP drive
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using the whole disk:
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<verb>
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newfs /dev/rsd2c
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</verb>
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<p>and mount it:
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<verb>
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mount /dev/sd2c /zip
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</verb>
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<p>and it's probably a good idea to add a line like this to
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<htmlurl url="http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?fstab"
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name="/etc/fstab"> so you can just type "mount /zip" in the
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future:
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<verb>
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/dev/sd2c /zip ffs rw,noauto 0 0
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</verb>
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<sect1>
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<heading>How do I mount a secondary DOS partition?</heading>
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<p>The secondary DOS partitions are found after ALL the primary
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partitions. For example, if you have an "E" partition as the
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second DOS partition on the second SCSI drive, you need to create
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the special files for "slice 5" in /dev, then mount /dev/sd1s5:
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<verb>
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# cd /dev
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# ./MAKEDEV sd1s5
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# mount -t msdos /dev/sd1s5 /dos/e
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</verb>
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<sect1>
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<heading>Can I mount other foreign filesystems under FreeBSD?</heading>
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<p><bf/ Digital UNIX/ UFS CDROMs can be mounted directly on FreeBSD.
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Mounting disk partitions from Digital UNIX and other systems
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that support UFS may be more complex, depending on the details
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of the disk partitioning for the operating system in question.
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<p><bf/ Linux/: 2.2 and later have support for <bf/ext2fs/ partitions.
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See <htmlurl url="http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?mount_ext2fs"
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name="mount_ext2fs"> for more information.
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<p>Any other information on this subject would be appreciated.
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<sect1>
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<heading>How can I use the NT loader to boot FreeBSD?</heading>
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<p>The general idea is that you copy the first sector of your
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native root FreeBSD partition into a file in the DOS/NT
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partition. Assuming you name that file something like
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<tt>c:\bootsect.bsd</tt> (inspired by <tt>c:\bootsect.dos</tt>),
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you can then edit the <tt>c:\boot.ini</tt> file to come up with
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something like this:
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<verb>
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[boot loader]
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timeout=30
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default=multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\WINDOWS
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[operating systems]
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multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\WINDOWS="Windows NT"
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C:\BOOTSECT.BSD="FreeBSD"
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C:\="DOS"
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</verb>
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<p>This procedure assumes that DOS, NT, FreeBSD, or whatever
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have been installed into their respective fdisk partitions on the
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<bf/same/ disk. In my case DOS & NT are in the first fdisk
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partition and FreeBSD is in the second. I also installed FreeBSD
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to boot from its native partition, <bf/not/ the disk MBR.
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<p>Mount a DOS-formatted floppy (if you've converted to NTFS) or the
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FAT partition, under, say, <tt>/mnt</tt>.
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<verb>
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dd if=/dev/rsd0a of=/mnt/bootsect.bsd bs=512 count=1
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</verb>
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<p>Reboot into DOS or NT. NTFS users copy the <tt/bootsect.bsd/
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and/or the <tt/bootsect.lnx/ file from the floppy to
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<tt/C:\/. Modify the attributes (permissions) on
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<tt/boot.ini/ with:
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<verb>
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attrib -s -r c:\boot.ini
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</verb>
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<p>Edit to add the appropriate entries from the example
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<tt/boot.ini/ above, and restore the attributes:
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<verb>
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attrib -r -s c:\boot.ini
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</verb>
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<p>If FreeBSD is booting from the MBR, restore it with the DOS
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``<tt/fdisk/'' command after you reconfigure them to boot from their
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native partitions.
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<sect1>
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<heading>
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How do I boot FreeBSD and Linux from LILO?
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</heading>
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<p>Theoretically you should be able to boot FreeBSD from LILO by
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treating it as a DOS-style operating system, but I haven't been
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able to get it to work. If you put LILO at the start of your Linux
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boot partition instead of in the MBR, you can boot LILO from the
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FreeBSD boot manager. This is what I do.
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<p>If you're running Windows-95 and Linux this is recommended anyway,
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to make it simpler to get Linux booting again if you should need
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to reinstall Windows95 (which is a Jealous Operating System, and
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will bear no other Operating Systems in the Master Boot Record).
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<sect1>
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<heading>
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Will a ``dangerously dedicated'' disk endanger my health?
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</heading>
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<p><label id="dedicate">The installation procedure allows you to chose
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two different methods in partitioning your harddisk(s). The default way
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makes it compatible with other operating systems on the same machine,
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by using fdisk table entries (called ``slices'' in FreeBSD),
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with a FreeBSD slice that employs partitions of its own.
|
|
Optionally, one can chose to install a boot-selector to switch
|
|
between the possible operating systems on the disk(s).
|
|
|
|
<p>Now, while this is certainly the common case for people
|
|
coming from a PC background, those people coming more from a
|
|
Unix background and who are going to setup a machine just to
|
|
run FreeBSD and only FreeBSD, are more used to the classic
|
|
Unix way where the operating system owns the entire disks,
|
|
from the very first sector through the end. A true fdisk
|
|
table isn't of any use in this case, the machine is running
|
|
FreeBSD 24 hours per day, 7 days per week, no other operating
|
|
system should ever be booted on it. So, if you select
|
|
``A)ll FreeBSD'' in sysinstall's fdisk editor, and answer the
|
|
next question with ``No'', you'll get this mode. Note that
|
|
this means the BSD bootstrap also forms the MBR for this drive,
|
|
so there's no space left for anything like a boot manager.
|
|
Don't ever try to install one, or you'll damage the BSD
|
|
bootstrap.
|
|
|
|
<p>So why it is called ``dangerous''? A disk in this mode
|
|
doesn't contain what normal PC utilities would consider a
|
|
valid fdisk table. Depending on how well they have been
|
|
designed, they might complain at you once they are getting
|
|
in contact with such a disk, or even worse, they might
|
|
damage the BSD bootstrap without even asking or notifying
|
|
you. Some kind of operating system that is in rather
|
|
widespread use on PCs is known for this kind of
|
|
user-unfriendliness (of course, it does this in the name of
|
|
``user-friendliness''). At least one Award BIOS that is for
|
|
example used in HP Netservers (but not only there) is known
|
|
to ignore any harddisk that doesn't have what it believes to
|
|
be a valid fdisk table. When it comes to booting, it simply
|
|
ignores such a disk drive, advances to the floppy drive, and
|
|
barfs at you with just ``Read error''. Very impressive, eh?
|
|
They probably also call this ``user-friendly'', who knows?
|
|
|
|
<p>The advantages of this mode are: FreeBSD owns the entire
|
|
disk, no need to waste several fictitious `tracks' for just
|
|
nothing but a 1980-aged simplistic partitioning model
|
|
enforcing some artificial and now rather nonsensical
|
|
constraints on how this partitioning needs to be done.
|
|
These constraints often lead to what might be the biggest
|
|
headaches for OS installations on PCs, geometry mismatch
|
|
hassles resulting out of two different, redundant ways how
|
|
to store the partitioning information in the fdisk table.
|
|
See the chapter about <ref id="missing_os" name="Missing
|
|
Operating System">. In ``dangerously dedicated'' mode, the
|
|
BSD bootstrap starts at sector 0, and this one is the only
|
|
sector that always translates into the same C/H/S values,
|
|
regardless of which `translation' your BIOS is using for
|
|
your disk. Thus, you can also swap disks between
|
|
systems/controllers that use a different translation scheme,
|
|
without risking that they won't boot anymore.
|
|
|
|
<p>To return a ``dangerously dedicated'' disk for normal PC
|
|
use, there are basically two options. The first is, you
|
|
write enough NULL bytes over the MBR to make any subsequent
|
|
installation believe this to be a blank disk. You can do
|
|
this for example with
|
|
|
|
<verb>
|
|
dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/rsd0 count=15
|
|
</verb>
|
|
|
|
<p>Alternatively, the undocumented DOS ``feature''
|
|
|
|
<verb>
|
|
fdisk /mbr
|
|
</verb>
|
|
|
|
<p>will to install a new master boot record as well, thus clobbering the
|
|
BSD bootstrap.
|
|
|
|
<sect1>
|
|
<heading>How can I add more swap space?</heading>
|
|
|
|
<p>The best way is to increase the size of your swap partition, or
|
|
take advantage of this convenient excuse to add another disk (and
|
|
see <ref id="swap" name="this note"> if you do).
|
|
|
|
<p>Adding swap onto a separate disk makes things faster than
|
|
simply adding swap onto the same disk. As an example, if you
|
|
are compiling source located on one disk, and the swap is on
|
|
another disk, this is much faster than both swap and compile
|
|
on the same disk. This is true for SCSI disks specifically.
|
|
|
|
<p> IDE drives are not able to allow access to both drives on
|
|
the same channel at the same time (FreeBSD doesn't support mode 4, so
|
|
all IDE disk I/O is ``programmed''). I would still suggest putting
|
|
your swap on a separate drive however. The drives are so cheap,
|
|
it is not worth worrying about.
|
|
|
|
<p>It is a really bad idea to locate your swap file over NFS
|
|
unless you are running in a very fast networking environment, with
|
|
a good server.
|
|
|
|
<p>Here is an example for 64Mb vn-swap (<tt>/usr/swap0</tt>, though
|
|
of course you can use any name that you want).
|
|
|
|
<p>Make sure your kernel was built with the line
|
|
|
|
<verb>
|
|
pseudo-device vn 1 #Vnode driver (turns a file into a device)
|
|
</verb>
|
|
|
|
<p>in your config-file. The GENERIC kernel already contains this.
|
|
|
|
<enum>
|
|
<item>create a vn-device
|
|
|
|
<verb>
|
|
cd /dev
|
|
sh ./MAKEDEV vn0
|
|
</verb>
|
|
|
|
<item>create a swapfile (<tt>/usr/swap0</tt>)
|
|
|
|
<verb>
|
|
dd if=/dev/zero of=/usr/swap0 bs=1024k count=64
|
|
</verb>
|
|
|
|
<item>enable the swap file in <tt>/etc/rc.conf</tt>
|
|
|
|
<verb>
|
|
swapfile="/usr/swap0" # Set to name of swapfile if aux swapfile desired.
|
|
</verb>
|
|
|
|
<item>reboot the machine
|
|
</enum>
|
|
|
|
<p>To enable the swap file immediately, type
|
|
|
|
<verb>
|
|
vnconfig -ce /dev/vn0c /usr/swap0 swap
|
|
</verb>
|
|
|
|
<sect1>
|
|
<heading>I'm having problems setting up my printer.</heading>
|
|
|
|
<p>Please have a look at the Handbook entry on printing. It
|
|
should cover most of your problem. See the
|
|
<url url="../handbook/printing.html" name="Handbook entry on printing.">
|
|
|
|
<sect1>
|
|
<heading>The keyboard mappings are wrong for my system.</heading>
|
|
|
|
<p>The kbdcontrol program has an option to load a keyboard map file.
|
|
Under <tt>/usr/share/syscons/keymaps</tt> are a number of map
|
|
files. Choose the one relevant to your system and load it.
|
|
|
|
<verb>
|
|
kbdcontrol -l uk.iso
|
|
</verb>
|
|
|
|
<p>Both the <tt>/usr/share/syscons/keymaps</tt> and the <tt/.kbd/
|
|
extension are assumed by
|
|
<htmlurl url="http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?kbdcontrol"
|
|
name="kbdcontrol">.
|
|
|
|
<p>This can be configured in <tt>/etc/sysconfig</tt> (or <htmlurl
|
|
url="http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?rc.conf(5)" name="rc.conf">).
|
|
See the appropriate comments in this file.
|
|
|
|
<p>In 2.0.5R and later, everything related to text fonts, keyboard
|
|
mapping is in <tt>/usr/share/examples/syscons</tt>.
|
|
|
|
<p>The following mappings are currently supported:
|
|
|
|
<itemize>
|
|
<!-- generate by `kbdmap -p' -->
|
|
<item>Belgian ISO-8859-1
|
|
<item>Brazilian 275 keyboard Codepage 850
|
|
<item>Brazilian 275 keyboard ISO-8859-1
|
|
<item>Danish Codepage 865
|
|
<item>Danish ISO-8859-1
|
|
<item>French ISO-8859-1
|
|
<item>German Codepage 850
|
|
<item>German ISO-8859-1
|
|
<item>Italian ISO-8859-1
|
|
<item>Japanese 106
|
|
<item>Japanese 106x
|
|
<item>Latin American
|
|
<item>Norwegian ISO-8859-1
|
|
<item>Polish ISO-8859-2 (programmer's)
|
|
<item>Russian Codepage 866 (alternative)
|
|
<item>Russian koi8-r (shift)
|
|
<item>Russian koi8-r
|
|
<item>Spanish ISO-8859-1
|
|
<item>Swedish Codepage 850
|
|
<item>Swedish ISO-8859-1
|
|
<item>Swiss-German ISO-8859-1
|
|
<item>United Kingdom Codepage 850
|
|
<item>United Kingdom ISO-8859-1
|
|
<item>United States of America ISO-8859-1
|
|
<item>United States of America dvorak
|
|
<item>United States of America dvorakx
|
|
</itemize>
|
|
|
|
<sect1>
|
|
<heading>I can't get user quotas to work properly.</heading>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<enum>
|
|
<item>Don't turn on quotas on '/',
|
|
|
|
<item>Put the quota file on the file system that the quotas are
|
|
to be enforced on. ie:
|
|
|
|
<verb>
|
|
FS QUOTA FILE
|
|
/usr /usr/admin/quotas
|
|
/home /home/admin/quotas
|
|
...
|
|
</verb>
|
|
</enum>
|
|
|
|
<sect1>
|
|
<heading>What's inappropriate about my ccd?</heading>
|
|
|
|
<p>The symptom of this is:
|
|
|
|
<verb>
|
|
# ccdconfig -C
|
|
ccdconfig: ioctl (CCDIOCSET): /dev/ccd0c: Inappropriate file type or format
|
|
#
|
|
</verb>
|
|
|
|
<p>This usually happens when you are trying to concatenate the
|
|
`c' partitions, which default to type `unused'. The ccd
|
|
driver requires the underlying partition type to be
|
|
FS_BSDFFS. Edit the disklabel of the disks you are trying
|
|
to concatenate and change the types of partitions to
|
|
`4.2BSD'.
|
|
|
|
<sect1>
|
|
<heading>Why can't I edit the disklabel on my ccd?</heading>
|
|
|
|
<p>The symptom of this is:
|
|
|
|
<verb>
|
|
# disklabel ccd0
|
|
(it prints something sensible here, so let's try to edit it)
|
|
# disklabel -e ccd0
|
|
(edit, save, quit)
|
|
disklabel: ioctl DIOCWDINFO: No disk label on disk;
|
|
use "disklabel -r" to install initial label
|
|
#
|
|
</verb>
|
|
|
|
<p>This is because the disklabel returned by ccd is actually a
|
|
`fake' one that is not really on the disk. You can solve
|
|
this problem by writing it back explicitly, as in:
|
|
|
|
<verb>
|
|
# disklabel ccd0 > /tmp/disklabel.tmp
|
|
# disklabel -Rr ccd0 /tmp/disklabel.tmp
|
|
# disklabel -e ccd0
|
|
(this will work now)
|
|
</verb>
|
|
|
|
<sect1>
|
|
<heading>Does FreeBSD support System V IPC primitives?</heading>
|
|
|
|
<p>Yes, FreeBSD supports System V-style IPC. This includes shared
|
|
memory, messages and semaphores. You need to add the following
|
|
lines to your kernel config to enable them.
|
|
|
|
<verb>
|
|
options SYSVSHM
|
|
options "SHMMAXPGS=64" # 256Kb of sharable memory
|
|
options SYSVSEM # enable for semaphores
|
|
options SYSVMSG # enable for messaging
|
|
</verb>
|
|
|
|
<p>Recompile and install.
|
|
|
|
<p><bf/NOTE:/ You may need to increase SHMMAXPGS to some
|
|
ridiculous number like 4096 (16M!) if you want to run
|
|
GIMP. 256Kb is plenty for X11R6 shared memory.
|
|
|
|
<sect1>
|
|
<heading>
|
|
How do I use sendmail for mail delivery with UUCP?<label id="uucpmail">
|
|
</heading>
|
|
|
|
<p>The sendmail configuration that ships with FreeBSD is
|
|
suited for sites that connect directly to the Internet.
|
|
Sites that wish to exchange their mail via UUCP must install
|
|
another sendmail configuration file.
|
|
|
|
<p>Tweaking <tt>/etc/sendmail.cf</tt> manually is considered
|
|
something for purists. Sendmail version 8 comes with a
|
|
new approach of generating config files via some
|
|
<htmlurl url="http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?m4"
|
|
name="m4"> preprocessing, where the actual hand-crafted configuration
|
|
is on a higher abstraction level. You should use the
|
|
configuration files under
|
|
|
|
<verb>
|
|
/usr/src/usr.sbin/sendmail/cf
|
|
</verb>
|
|
|
|
<p>If you didn't install your system with full sources, the sendmail
|
|
config stuff has been broken out into a separate source distribution
|
|
tarball just for you. Assuming you've got your CD-ROM mounted, do:
|
|
|
|
<verb>
|
|
cd /usr/src
|
|
tar -xvzf /cdrom/dists/src/ssmailcf.aa
|
|
</verb>
|
|
|
|
<p>Don't panic, this is only a few hundred kilobytes in size.
|
|
The file <tt>README</tt> in the <tt>cf</tt> directory can
|
|
serve as a basic introduction to m4 configuration.
|
|
|
|
<p>For UUCP delivery, you are best advised to use the
|
|
<em>mailertable</em> feature. This constitutes a database
|
|
that sendmail can use to base its routing decision upon.
|
|
|
|
<p>First, you have to create your <tt>.mc</tt> file. The
|
|
directory <tt>/usr/src/usr.sbin/sendmail/cf/cf</tt> is the
|
|
home of these files. Look around, there are already a few
|
|
examples. Assuming you have named your file <tt>foo.mc</tt>,
|
|
all you need to do in order to convert it into a valid
|
|
<tt>sendmail.cf</tt> is:
|
|
|
|
<verb>
|
|
cd /usr/src/usr.sbin/sendmail/cf/cf
|
|
make foo.cf
|
|
cp foo.cf /etc/sendmail.cf
|
|
</verb>
|
|
|
|
<p>A typical <tt>.mc</tt> file might look like:
|
|
|
|
<verb>
|
|
include(`../m4/cf.m4')
|
|
VERSIONID(`Your version number')
|
|
OSTYPE(bsd4.4)
|
|
|
|
FEATURE(nodns)
|
|
FEATURE(nocanonify)
|
|
FEATURE(mailertable)
|
|
|
|
define(`UUCP_RELAY', your.uucp.relay)
|
|
define(`UUCP_MAX_SIZE', 200000)
|
|
|
|
MAILER(local)
|
|
MAILER(smtp)
|
|
MAILER(uucp)
|
|
|
|
Cw your.alias.host.name
|
|
Cw youruucpnodename.UUCP
|
|
</verb>
|
|
|
|
<p>The <em>nodns</em> and <em>nocanonify</em> features will
|
|
prevent any usage of the DNS during mail delivery. The
|
|
<em>UUCP_RELAY</em> clause is needed for bizarre reasons,
|
|
don't ask. Simply put an Internet hostname there that
|
|
is able to handle .UUCP pseudo-domain addresses; most likely,
|
|
you will enter the mail relay of your ISP there.
|
|
|
|
<p>Once you've got this, you need this file called
|
|
<tt>/etc/mailertable</tt>. A typical example of this
|
|
gender again:
|
|
|
|
<verb>
|
|
#
|
|
# makemap hash /etc/mailertable.db < /etc/mailertable
|
|
#
|
|
horus.interface-business.de uucp-dom:horus
|
|
.interface-business.de uucp-dom:if-bus
|
|
interface-business.de uucp-dom:if-bus
|
|
.heep.sax.de smtp8:%1
|
|
horus.UUCP uucp-dom:horus
|
|
if-bus.UUCP uucp-dom:if-bus
|
|
. uucp-dom:sax
|
|
</verb>
|
|
|
|
<p>As you can see, this is part of a real-life file. The first
|
|
three lines handle special cases where domain-addressed mail
|
|
should not be sent out to the default route, but instead to
|
|
some UUCP neighbor in order to ``shortcut'' the delivery
|
|
path. The next line handles mail to the local Ethernet
|
|
domain that can be delivered using SMTP. Finally, the UUCP
|
|
neighbors are mentioned in the .UUCP pseudo-domain notation,
|
|
to allow for a ``uucp-neighbor!recipient'' override of the
|
|
default rules. The last line is always a single dot, matching
|
|
everything else, with UUCP delivery to a UUCP neighbor that
|
|
serves as your universal mail gateway to the world. All of
|
|
the node names behind the <tt>uucp-dom:</tt> keyword must
|
|
be valid UUCP neighbors, as you can verify using the
|
|
command <tt>uuname</tt>.
|
|
|
|
<p>As a reminder that this file needs to be converted into a
|
|
DBM database file before being usable, the command line to
|
|
accomplish this is best placed as a comment at the top of
|
|
the mailertable. You always have to execute this command
|
|
each time you change your mailertable.
|
|
|
|
<p>Final hint: if you are uncertain whether some particular
|
|
mail routing would work, remember the <tt>-bt</tt> option to
|
|
sendmail. It starts sendmail in <em>address test mode</em>;
|
|
simply enter ``0 '', followed by the address you wish to
|
|
test for the mail routing. The last line tells you the used
|
|
internal mail agent, the destination host this agent will be
|
|
called with, and the (possibly translated) address. Leave
|
|
this mode by typing Control-D.
|
|
|
|
<verb>
|
|
j@uriah 191% sendmail -bt
|
|
ADDRESS TEST MODE (ruleset 3 NOT automatically invoked)
|
|
Enter <ruleset> <address>
|
|
> 0 foo@interface-business.de
|
|
rewrite: ruleset 0 input: foo @ interface-business . de
|
|
...
|
|
rewrite: ruleset 0 returns: $# uucp-dom $@ if-bus $: foo \
|
|
< @ interface-business . de >
|
|
> ^D
|
|
j@uriah 192%
|
|
</verb>
|
|
|
|
<sect1>
|
|
<heading>
|
|
How do I set up mail with a dialup connection to the 'net?
|
|
<label id="ispmail">
|
|
</heading>
|
|
|
|
<p>If you've got a statically assigned IP number, you should not
|
|
need to adjust anything from the default. Set your host name up
|
|
as your assigned internet name and sendmail will do the rest.
|
|
|
|
<p>If you've got a dynamically assigned IP number and use a dialup
|
|
<bf/ppp/ connection to the internet, you will probably be given a
|
|
mailbox on your ISPs mail server. Lets assume your ISPs domain is
|
|
<tt/myISP.com/, and that your user name is <tt/user/. Lets also
|
|
assume you've called your machine <tt/bsd.home/ and that your ISP
|
|
has told you that you may use <tt/relay.myISP.com/ as a mail relay.
|
|
|
|
<p>In order to retrieve mail from your mailbox, you'll need to
|
|
install a retrieval agent. <bf/Fetchmail/ is a good choice as it
|
|
supports many different protocols. Usually, POP3 will be provided
|
|
by your ISP. If you've chosen to use user-ppp, you can automatically
|
|
fetch your mail when a connection to the 'net is established with the
|
|
following entry in <tt>/etc/ppp/ppp.linkup</tt>:
|
|
|
|
<verb>
|
|
MYADDR:
|
|
!bg su user -c fetchmail
|
|
</verb>
|
|
|
|
<p>I'm assuming that you have an account for <tt/user/ on <tt/bsd.home/.
|
|
In the home directory of <tt/user/ on <tt/bsd.home/, create a
|
|
<tt/.fetchmailrc/ file:
|
|
|
|
<verb>
|
|
poll myISP.com protocol pop3 fetchall pass MySecret;
|
|
</verb>
|
|
|
|
<p>Needless to say, this file should not be readable by anyone except
|
|
<tt/user/ as it contains the password <tt/MySecret/.
|
|
|
|
<p>In order to send mail with the correct <bf/from:/ header, you must
|
|
tell sendmail to use <tt/user@myISP.com/ rather than
|
|
<tt/user@bsd.home/. You may also wish to tell sendmail to send all
|
|
mail via <tt/relay.myISP.com/, allowing quicker mail transmission.
|
|
|
|
<p>The following <tt/.mc/ file should suffice:
|
|
|
|
<verb>
|
|
VERSIONID(`bsd.home.mc version 1.0')
|
|
OSTYPE(bsd4.4)dnl
|
|
FEATURE(nouucp)dnl
|
|
MAILER(local)dnl
|
|
MAILER(smtp)dnl
|
|
Cwlocalhost
|
|
Cwbsd.home
|
|
CwmyISP.com
|
|
MASQUERADE_AS(`myISP.com')dnl
|
|
FEATURE(allmasquerade)dnl
|
|
FEATURE(masquerade_envelope)dnl
|
|
FEATURE(nocanonify)dnl
|
|
FEATURE(nodns)dnl
|
|
define(SMART_HOST, `relay.myISP.com')
|
|
DmmyISP.com
|
|
define(`confDOMAIN_NAME',`myISP.com')dnl
|
|
define(`confDELIVERY_MODE',`deferred')dnl
|
|
</verb>
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<p>Refer to the previous section for details of how to turn this
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<tt/.mc/ file into a <tt/sendmail.rc/ file. Also, don't forget to
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restart sendmail after updating sendmail.cf.
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</sect>
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