81ada0706b
docs/7082 Fix grammar errors (Dag-Erling Coidan <dag-erli@ifi.uio.no>) admin.sgml: Add section on amd applications.sgml: Add section on installing FrontPage hardware.sgml: Add sections on CAM, P&P modems, serial consoles install.sgml: Add section on why not to remove sc0 preface.sgml: Sync versions-graph with our current temporal co-ordinates x.sgml: Add sections on missing Imake.tmpl, reversing mouse buttons docs/7083 (FAQ maintainer, dwhite) admin.sgml: Something about mounting root. With -a. Dooh! docs/7084 (FAQ maintainer, dwhite)
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529 lines
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<!-- $Id: preface.sgml,v 1.13 1998-06-27 01:13:49 hoek Exp $ -->
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<!-- The FreeBSD Documentation Project -->
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<sect>
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<heading>Preface<label id="preface"></heading>
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<p>Welcome to the FreeBSD 2.X FAQ!
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<sect1>
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<heading>What is the purpose of this FAQ?</heading>
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<p>As is usual with Usenet FAQs, this document aims to cover the most
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frequently asked questions concerning the FreeBSD operating system
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(and of course answer them!). Although originally intended to reduce
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bandwidth and avoid the same old questions being asked over and over
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again, FAQs have become recognized as valuable information resources.
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<p>Every effort has been made to make this FAQ as informative as
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possible; if you have any suggestions as to how it may be improved,
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please feel free to mail them to the <url url="mailto:FAQ@FreeBSD.ORG"
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name="FAQ maintainer">.
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<sect1>
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<heading>What is FreeBSD?</heading>
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<p>Briefly, FreeBSD 2.X is a UN*X-like operating system based on
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U.C. Berkeley's 4.4BSD-lite release for the i386 platform. It is
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also based indirectly on William Jolitz's port of U.C. Berkeley's
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Net/2 to the i386, known as 386BSD, though very little of the 386BSD
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code remains. A fuller description of what FreeBSD is and how
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it can work for you may be found on the <url url="http://www.freebsd.org"
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name="FreeBSD home page">.
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<p>FreeBSD is used by companies, Internet Service Providers, researchers,
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computer professionals, students and home users all over the world
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in their work, education and recreation. See some of them in the
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<url url="http://www.freebsd.org/gallery.html" name="FreeBSD Gallery.">
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<p>For more detailed information on FreeBSD, please see the
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<url url="../handbook/handbook.html" name="FreeBSD Handbook.">
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<sect1>
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<heading>What are the goals of FreeBSD?</heading>
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<p>The goals of the FreeBSD Project are to provide software that may
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be used for any purpose and without strings attached. Many of us
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have a significant investment in the code (and project) and would
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certainly not mind a little financial compensation now and then,
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but we're definitely not prepared to insist on it. We believe
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that our first and foremost "mission" is to provide code to any
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and all comers, and for whatever purpose, so that the code gets
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the widest possible use and provides the widest possible benefit.
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This is, we believe, one of the most fundamental goals of Free
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Software and one that we enthusiastically support.
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<p>That code in our source tree which falls under the GNU Public License
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(GPL) or GNU Library Public License (GLPL) comes with slightly more
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strings attached, though at least on the side of enforced
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access rather than the usual opposite. Due to the additional
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complexities that can evolve in the commercial use of GPL software,
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we do, however, endeavor to replace such software with submissions
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under the more relaxed BSD copyright whenever possible.
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<sect1>
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<heading>Why is it called FreeBSD?</heading>
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<p>
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<itemize>
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<item>It may be used free of charge, even by commercial users.
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<item>Full source for the operating system is freely available, and
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the minimum possible restrictions have been placed upon its
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use, distribution and incorporation into other work (commercial
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or non-commercial).
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<item>Anyone who has an improvement and/or bug fix is free to submit
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their code and have it added to the source tree (subject to
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one or two obvious provisos).
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</itemize>
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<p>For those of our readers whose first language is not English, it
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may be worth pointing out that the word ``free'' is being used in two
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ways here, one meaning ``at no cost'', the other meaning ``you can do
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whatever you like''. Apart from one or two things you <tt /cannot/
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do with the FreeBSD code, for example pretending you wrote it, you
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really can do whatever you like with it.
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<sect1>
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<heading>What is the latest version of FreeBSD?</heading>
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<p>Version <url url="ftp://ftp.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/2.2.6-RELEASE"
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name="2.2.6"> is the latest <em>stable</em> version; it was released
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in October, 1997. This is also the latest <em>release</em> version.
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<p>Briefly explained, <bf>-stable</bf> is aimed at the ISP or other
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corporate user who wants stability and a low change count over
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the wizzy new features of the latest release. At the moment, these
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versions are one and the same, but it shouldn't be long before the
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<bf>-current</bf> branch is polished enough for general release.
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<p>This is not to say that a 3.0-current snapshot is unusable for
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business services, and many people who need some 3.0 specific feature
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(newer compiler technology, faster networking code, etc) have decided
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to take a chance with it with very good results. We simply do not
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wish to "certify" 3.0 as mission-worthy until it's been better
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shaken-out.
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<sect1>
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<heading>What is FreeBSD-current?<label id="current"></heading>
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<p><url url="../handbook/current.html" name="FreeBSD-current"> is the
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development version of the operating system, which will in due
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course become 3.0-RELEASE. As such, it is really only of interest
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to developers working on the system and die-hard hobbyists.
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See the <url url="../handbook/current.html" name="relevant section">
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in the <url url="../handbook/handbook.html" name="handbook"> for
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details on running -current.
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<p>If you are not familiar with the operating system or are not
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capable of identifying the difference between a real problem and
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a temporary problem, you should not use FreeBSD-current. This
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branch sometimes evolves quite quickly and can be un-buildable
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for a number of days at a time. People that use FreeBSD-current
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are expected to be able to analyze any problems and only report them
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if they are deemed to be mistakes rather than ``glitches''. Questions
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such as ``make world produces some error about groups'' on the
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-current mailing list are sometimes treated with contempt.
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<p>Every now and again, a <url url="../releases/snapshots.html"
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name="snapshot"> release is also made of this -current development
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code, CDROM distributions of the occasional snapshot even now being
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made available. The goals behind each snapshot release are:
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<itemize>
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<item>To test the latest version of the installation software.
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<item>To give people who would like to run -current but who don't
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have the time and/or bandwidth to follow it on a day-to-day
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basis an easy way of bootstrapping it onto their systems.
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<item>To preserve a fixed reference point for the code in question,
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just in case we break something really badly later. (Although
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CVS normally prevents anything horrible like this happening :)
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<item>To ensure that any new features in need of testing have the
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greatest possible number of potential testers.
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</itemize>
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<p>No claims are made that any snapshot can be considered
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``production quality'' for any purpose. For stability
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and tested mettle, you will have to stick to full releases.
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<p>Snapshot releases are directly available from <url
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url="ftp://current.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/"> and are generated,
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on the average, once a day for both the 3.0-current and 2.2-stable
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branches.
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<sect1>
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<heading>What is the FreeBSD-stable concept?</heading>
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<p>Back when FreeBSD 2.0.5 was released, we decided to branch FreeBSD
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development into two parts. One branch was named <url
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url="../handbook/stable.html" name="-stable">, with the
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intention that only well-tested bug fixes and small incremental
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enhancements would be made to it (for Internet Service Providers
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and other commercial enterprises for whom sudden shifts or
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experimental features are quite undesirable). The other branch was
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<url url="../handbook/current.html" name="-current">, which
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essentially has been one unbroken line leading towards 3.0-RELEASE
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(and beyond) since 2.0 was released. If a little ASCII art would
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help, this is how it looks:
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<verb>
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2.0
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| [2.1-stable]
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*BRANCH* 2.0.5 -> 2.1 -> 2.1.5 -> 2.1.6 -> 2.1.7.1 [2.1-stable ends]
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| (Mar 1997)
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| [2.2-stable]
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*BRANCH* 2.2.1 -> 2.2.2-RELEASE -> 2.2.5 -> 2.2.6 -> 2.2.7
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| (Mar 1997) (Oct 97) (Apr 98) (Jul 98)
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3.0-SNAPs (started Q1 1997)
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3.0.0-RELEASE (Oct 1998)
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\|/
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+
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[future 3.x releases]
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</verb>
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<p>The -current branch is slowly progressing towards 3.0 and beyond,
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whereas the previous 2.1-stable branch was superceded by the
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release of 2.2.0, the new "stability branch" aka 2.2-stable.
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3.0-current will continue to be where the active development takes
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place, up until the actual release of 3.0. At that point, 3.0 will
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become yet another branch and 3.1-current will become the next
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"current branch".
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<sect1>
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<heading>Why did the 2.1-stable branch end with 2.1.7.1?</heading>
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<p>While we'd certainly like to be able to continue 3 branches of
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development, we've found that the version control tools available to
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us are not particularly well-suited for this; in fact, they quickly
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result in a maintenance nightmare for any branch which lives much
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beyond 2-3 months. The 2.1-stable branch has, by contrast, lasted for
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well over a year and what little sanity the FreeBSD developers have
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left would be in serious jeopardy if we continued in this way.
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Perhaps in the future we'll figure out another model which gives
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everyone what they want, and we are working on such a model, but in
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the meantime it's probably best to think of the old -stable coming
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to an end with <url
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url="ftp://ftp.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/pub/2.1.7.1-RELEASE"
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name="2.1.7.1-RELEASE"> (the final point release after 2.1.7), and
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the new -stable beginning with 2.2.2.
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<sect1>
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<heading>When are FreeBSD releases made?</heading>
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<p>As a general principle, the FreeBSD core team only release a new
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version of FreeBSD when they believe that there are sufficient new
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features and/or bug fixes to justify one, and are satisfied that the
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changes made have settled down sufficiently to avoid compromising the
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stability of the release. Many users regard this caution as one of
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the best things about FreeBSD, although it can be a little
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frustrating when waiting for all the latest goodies to become
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available...
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<p>Releases are made about every 6 months on average.
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<p>For people needing (or wanting) a little more excitement, there are
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SNAPs released more frequently, particularly during the month or so
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leading up to a release.
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<sect1>
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<heading>Is FreeBSD only available for PCs ?</heading>
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<p>At present, yes, though a port to the <url
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url="http://www.freebsd.org/~wosch/freebsd-alpha/" name="DEC Alpha">
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and <url url="http://www.freebsd.org/~jseger/freebsd-sparc/"
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name="UltraSPARC"> architecture
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is under way. If your machine has a different architecture and
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you need something right now, we suggest you look at
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<url url="http://www.netbsd.org/" name="NetBSD"> or
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<url url="http://www.openbsd.org/" name="OpenBSD">.
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<sect1>
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<heading> Who is responsible for FreeBSD?</heading>
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<p>The key decisions concerning the FreeBSD project, such as the
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overall direction of the project and who is allowed to add code to
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the source tree, are made by a <url url="../handbook/staff:core.html"
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name="core team"> of some 17 people. There is a much larger team of
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around 80+ <url url="../handbook/staff:committers.html"
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name="committers"> who are authorized to make changes directly to the
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FreeBSD source tree.
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<p>However, most non-trivial changes are discussed in advance in the
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<ref id="mailing" name="mailing lists">, and there are no restrictions
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on who may take part in the discussion.
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<sect1>
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<heading>Where can I get FreeBSD?<label id="where-get"></heading>
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<p>Every significant release of FreeBSD is available via anonymous ftp
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from the <url url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.ORG/pub/FreeBSD/"
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name="FreeBSD FTP site">:
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<itemize>
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<item>For the current 2.2-stable release, 2.2.6R see the
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<url url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.ORG/pub/FreeBSD/2.2.6-RELEASE/"
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name="2.2.6-RELEASE"> directory.
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<item>For the current 3.0-current release, 3.0-SNAP, see the
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<url url="ftp://current.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/" name="3.0"> directory.
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<item><url url="ftp://releng22.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/"
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name="2.2 Snapshot"> releases are made once a day along the
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RELENG_2_2 branch (2.2.6 -> 2.2.x) as it winds its way towards the
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next point release on the 2.2 branch. With the occasional
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exception of accidental breakage, the RELENG_2_2 branch is
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being carefully maintained (no experimental changes, fixes made
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only after testing in -current).
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<item><url url="ftp://current.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/"
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name="3.0 Snapshot">releases are also made once a day for the
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<ref id="current" name="-current"> branch, these being of service
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purely to bleeding-edge testers and developers.
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</itemize>
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<p>FreeBSD is also available via CDROM, from the following place(s):
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<p>Walnut Creek CDROM<newline>
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4041 Pike Lane, Suite F<newline>
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Concord, CA 94520 USA<newline>
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Orders: +1 800 786-9907<newline>
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Questions: +1 925 674-0783<newline>
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FAX: +1 925 674-0821<newline>
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email: <url url="mailto:orders@cdrom.com" name="WC Orders address">
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<newline>
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WWW: <url url="http://www.cdrom.com/" name="WC Home page">
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<newline>
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<p>In Australia, you may find it at:
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<p>Advanced Multimedia Distributors<newline>
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Factory 1/1 Ovata Drive<newline>
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Tullamarine, Melbourne<newline>
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Victoria<newline>
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Australia<newline>
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Voice: +61 3 9338 6777<newline>
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CDROM Support BBS<newline>
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17 Irvine St<newline>
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Peppermint Grove WA 6011<newline>
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Voice: +61 9 385-3793<newline>
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Fax: +61 9 385-2360<newline>
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And in the UK:
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The Public Domain & Shareware Library<newline>
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Winscombe House, Beacon Rd<newline>
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Crowborough<newline>
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Sussex. TN6 1UL<newline>
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Voice: +44 1892 663-298<newline>
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Fax: +44 1892 667-473<newline>
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<sect1>
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<heading>
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Where do I find info on the FreeBSD mailing lists?<label id="mailing">
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</heading>
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<p>You can find full information in the <url
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url="../handbook/eresources:mail.html"
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name="Handbook entry on mailing-lists.">
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<sect1>
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<heading>What FreeBSD news groups are available?</heading>
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<p>You can find full information in the<url
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url="../handbook/eresources:news.html"
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name="Handbook entry on newsgroups.">
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<sect1>
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<heading>
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Are there FreeBSD IRC (Internet Relay Chat) channels?
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</heading>
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<p>Yes, most major IRC networks host a FreeBSD chat
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channel:
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<itemize>
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<item>Channel <tt>#FreeBSD</tt> on EFNET is perhaps the most
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popular. Available at server <tt>irc.chat.org</tt>.
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<item>Channel <tt>#FreeBSD</tt> on DALNET
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is available at <tt>irc.dal.net</tt> in the US and
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<tt>irc.eu.dal.net</tt> in Europe.
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<item>Channel <tt>#FreeBSD</tt> on UNDERNET is
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available at <tt>us.undernet.org</tt> in the US and
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<tt>eu.undernet.org</tt> in Europe.
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<item>Finally, you can also join <tt>#FreeBSD</tt> on BSDNET,
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a smaller BSD only chat network, at <tt>irc.FreeBSD.org</tt>.
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</itemize>
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<p>Each of these channels are distinct and are not connected to
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each other. Their chat styles also differ, so you may need to try
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each to find one suited to your chat style.
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<sect1>
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<heading>Books on FreeBSD</heading>
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<p>Greg Lehey's book ``Installing and Running FreeBSD'' is available
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from Walnut Creek and ships with the 2.2.6 CDROM. There is also
|
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a larger book entitled ``The Complete FreeBSD'', which comes with
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additional printed manpages and includes the 2.2.6 CDROM set. It
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should be available in most good book shops now.
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<p>There is a FreeBSD Documentation Project which you may contact (or
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even better, join) on the <tt>doc</tt> mailing list:
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<url url="mailto:freebsd-doc@FreeBSD.ORG"
|
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name="<freebsd-doc@FreeBSD.ORG>">.
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This list is for discussion of the FreeBSD documentation. For
|
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actual questions about FreeBSD, there is the <tt>questions</tt>
|
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mailing list:
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<url url="mailto:freebsd-questions@FreeBSD.ORG"
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name="<freebsd-questions@FreeBSD.ORG>">.
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<p>A FreeBSD ``handbook'' is available, and can be found as:
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<url url="../handbook/handbook.html" name="the FreeBSD Handbook">.
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Note that this is a work in progress, and so parts may be incomplete.
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<p>The definitive printed guide on FreeBSD is ``The Complete FreeBSD'',
|
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written by Greg Lehey and published by Walnut Creek CDROM Books. Now
|
|
in its second edition, the book contains 1,750 pages of install &
|
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system administration guidance, program setup help, and manual pages.
|
|
The book (and current FreeBSD release) can be ordered from
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<url url="http://www.cdrom.com" name="Walnut Creek">,
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<url url="http://www.cheapbytes.com" name="CheapBytes">, or at your
|
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favorite bookstore. The ISBN is 1-57176-227-2.
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|
|
<p>However, as FreeBSD 2.2.X is based upon Berkeley 4.4BSD-Lite2, most
|
|
of the 4.4BSD manuals are applicable to FreeBSD 2.2.X. O'Reilly
|
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and Associates publishes these manuals:
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|
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<itemize>
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<item>4.4BSD System Manager's Manual <newline>
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By Computer Systems Research Group, UC Berkeley <newline>
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1st Edition June 1994, 804 pages <newline>
|
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<url url="&isbn.amazon/1-56592-080-5" name="ISBN">: 1-56592-080-5 <newline>
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<item>4.4BSD User's Reference Manual <newline>
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|
By Computer Systems Research Group, UC Berkeley <newline>
|
|
1st Edition June 1994, 905 pages <newline>
|
|
<url url="&isbn.amazon/1-56592-075-9" name="ISBN">: 1-56592-075-9 <newline>
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|
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<item>4.4BSD User's Supplementary Documents <newline>
|
|
By Computer Systems Research Group, UC Berkeley <newline>
|
|
1st Edition July 1994, 712 pages <newline>
|
|
<url url="&isbn.amazon/1-56592-076-7" name="ISBN">: 1-56592-076-7 <newline>
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|
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<item>4.4BSD Programmer's Reference Manual <newline>
|
|
By Computer Systems Research Group, UC Berkeley <newline>
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1st Edition June 1994, 886 pages <newline>
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<url url="&isbn.amazon/1-56592-078-3" name="ISBN">: 1-56592-078-3 <newline>
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<item>4.4BSD Programmer's Supplementary Documents <newline>
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By Computer Systems Research Group, UC Berkeley <newline>
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1st Edition July 1994, 596 pages <newline>
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<url url="&isbn.amazon/1-56592-079-1" name="ISBN">: 1-56592-079-1 <newline>
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</itemize>
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<p>A description of these can be found via WWW as:
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|
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<url url="http://gnn.com/gnn/bus/ora/category/bsd.html"
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name="4.4BSD books description">. Due to poor sales, however, these
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|
manuals may be hard to get a hold of.
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|
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<p>For a more in-depth look at the 4.4BSD kernel organization,
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|
you can't go wrong with:
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|
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<p>McKusick, Marshall Kirk, Keith Bostic, Michael J Karels,
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|
and John Quarterman.<newline>
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|
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|
<p><em>The Design and Implementation of the 4.4BSD Operating
|
|
System</em>. Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley, 1996.<newline>
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|
<url url="&isbn.amazon/0-201-54979-4" name="ISBN"> 0-201-54979-4<newline>
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|
|
|
<p>A good book on system administration is:
|
|
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|
<p>Evi Nemeth, Garth Snyder, Scott Seebass & Trent R. Hein,<newline>
|
|
``Unix System Administration Handbook'', Prentice-Hall, 1995<newline>
|
|
<url url="&isbn.amazon/0-13-151051-7" name="ISBN">: 0-13-151051-7<newline>
|
|
|
|
<p><bf/NOTE/ make sure you get the second edition, with a red cover,
|
|
instead of the first edition.
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|
|
|
<p>This book covers the basics, as well as TCP/IP, DNS, NFS,
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|
SLIP/PPP, sendmail, INN/NNTP, printing, etc.. It's expensive
|
|
(approx. US$45-$55), but worth it. It also
|
|
includes a CDROM with the sources for various tools; most of
|
|
these, however, are also on the FreeBSD 2.2.6R CDROM (and the
|
|
FreeBSD CDROM often has newer versions).
|
|
|
|
<sect1>
|
|
<heading>How do I access your Problem Report database?</heading>
|
|
|
|
<p>The Problem Report database of all open user change requests
|
|
may be queried (or submitted to) by using our web-based PR
|
|
<url url="http://www.freebsd.org/send-pr.html" name="submission">
|
|
and <url url="http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/query-pr-summary.cgi"
|
|
name="query"> interfaces. The <em>send-pr(1)</em> command
|
|
can also be used to submit problem reports and change requests via
|
|
electronic mail.
|
|
|
|
<sect1>
|
|
<heading>Other sources of information.</heading>
|
|
|
|
<p>The following newsgroups contain pertinent discussion for FreeBSD
|
|
users:
|
|
|
|
<itemize>
|
|
<item><url url="news:comp.unix.bsd.freebsd.announce"
|
|
name="comp.unix.bsd.freebsd.announce"> (moderated)
|
|
|
|
<item><url url="news:comp.unix.bsd.freebsd.misc"
|
|
name="comp.unix.bsd.freebsd.misc">
|
|
|
|
<item><url url="news:comp.unix.bsd.misc" name="comp.unix.bsd.misc">
|
|
</itemize>
|
|
|
|
<p>Web resources:
|
|
|
|
<itemize>
|
|
<item>The <url url="http://www.freebsd.org/" name="FreeBSD Home Page">.
|
|
|
|
<item><label id="pao">If you have a laptop, be sure and see
|
|
<url url="http://www.jp.FreeBSD.org/PAO/"
|
|
name="Tatsumi Hosokawa's Mobile Computing page"> in Japan.
|
|
|
|
<item><label id="smp">For information on SMP (Symmetric
|
|
MultiProcessing), please see the <url
|
|
url="http://www.freebsd.org/~fsmp/SMP/SMP.html"
|
|
name="SMP support page">.
|
|
|
|
<item><label id="multimedia">For information on FreeBSD multimedia
|
|
applications, please see the <url
|
|
url="http://www.freebsd.org/~faulkner/multimedia/mm.html"
|
|
name="multimedia">page. If you're interested specifically in
|
|
the <url url="http://www.freebsd.org/~ahasty/Bt848.html"
|
|
name="Bt848"> video capture chip, then follow that link.
|
|
</itemize>
|
|
|
|
<p>The FreeBSD handbook also has a fairly complete
|
|
<url url="../handbook/bibliography.html" name="bibliography">
|
|
section which is worth reading if you're looking for actual
|
|
books to buy.
|
|
|
|
</sect>
|
|
|