10b0b0a21e
most of the other spurious comments. Two comments relating to copyright have *not* been merged in from the LinuxDoc version yet -- I've contacted the original authors to ask if they would be willing to assign the copyright to the project. When I get their response the copyright comments will either be merged in, or left out, as necessary.
567 lines
23 KiB
Text
567 lines
23 KiB
Text
<!--
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The FreeBSD Documentation Project
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$Id: chapter.sgml,v 1.8 1999-03-08 22:04:44 nik Exp $
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-->
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<chapter id="mail">
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<title>Electronic Mail</title>
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<para><emphasis>Contributed by &a.wlloyd;.</emphasis></para>
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<para>Electronic Mail configuration is the subject of many <link
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linkend="bibliography">System Administration</link> books. If you plan
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on doing anything beyond setting up one mailhost for your network, you
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need industrial strength help.</para>
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<para>Some parts of E-Mail configuration are controlled in the Domain Name
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System (DNS). If you are going to run your own own DNS server check out
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<filename>/etc/namedb</filename> and <command>man -k named</command> for
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more information.</para>
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<sect1>
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<title>Basic Information</title>
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<para>These are the major programs involved in an E-Mail exchange. A
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“mailhost” is a server that is responsible for delivering
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and receiving all email for your host, and possibly your network.</para>
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<sect2>
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<title>User program</title>
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<para>This is a program like <application >elm</application>,
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<application>pine</application>, <application>mail</application>, or
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something more sophisticated like a WWW browser. This program will
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simply pass off all e-mail transactions to the local
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“mailhost” , either by calling <command>sendmail</command>
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or delivering it over TCP.</para>
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</sect2>
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<sect2>
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<title>Mailhost Server Daemon</title>
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<para>Usually this program is <command>sendmail</command> or
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<command>smail</command> running in the background. Turn it off or
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change the command line options in <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>
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(or, prior to FreeBSD 2.2.2, <filename>/etc/sysconfig</filename>). It
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is best to leave it on, unless you have a specific reason to want it
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off. Example: You are building a <link
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linkend="firewalls">Firewall</link>.</para>
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<para>You should be aware that <command>sendmail</command> is a
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potential weak link in a secure site. Some versions of
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<command>sendmail</command> have known security problems.</para>
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<para><command>sendmail</command> does two jobs. It looks after
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delivering and receiving mail.</para>
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<para>If <command>sendmail</command> needs to deliver mail off your site
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it will look up in the DNS to determine the actual host that will
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receive mail for the destination.</para>
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<para>If it is acting as a delivery agent <command>sendmail</command>
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will take the message from the local queue and deliver it across the
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Internet to another sendmail on the receivers computer.</para>
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</sect2>
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<sect2>
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<title>DNS — Name Service</title>
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<para>The Domain Name System and its daemon <command>named</command>,
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contain the database mapping hostname to IP address, and hostname to
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mailhost. The IP address is specified in an A record. The MX record
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specifies the mailhost that will receive mail for you. If you do not
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have a MX record mail for your hostname, the mail will be delivered to
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your host directly.</para>
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<para>Unless you are running your own DNS server, you will not be able
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to change any information in the DNS yourself. If you are using an
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Internet Provider, speak to them.</para>
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</sect2>
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<sect2>
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<title>POP Servers</title>
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<para>This program gets the mail from your mailbox and gives it to your
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browser. If you want to run a POP server on your computer, you will
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need to do 2 things.</para>
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<procedure>
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<step>
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<para>Get pop software from the <ulink
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URL="../ports/mail.html">Ports collection</ulink> that can be
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found in <filename>/usr/ports</filename> or packages collection.
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This handbook section has a complete reference on the <link
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linkend="ports">Ports</link> system.</para>
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</step>
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<step>
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<para>Modify <filename>/etc/inetd.conf</filename> to load the POP
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server.</para>
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</step>
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</procedure>
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<para>The pop program will have instructions with it. Read them.</para>
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</sect2>
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</sect1>
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<sect1>
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<title>Configuration</title>
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<sect2>
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<title>Basic</title>
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<para>As your FreeBSD system comes “out of the box”[TM], you
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should be able to send E-mail to external hosts as long as you have
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<filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename> setup or are running a name
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server. If you want to have mail for your host delivered to your
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specific host,there are two methods:</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>Run a name server (<command>man -k named</command>) and have
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your own domain <hostid role="domainname">smallminingco.com
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</hostid></para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>Get mail delivered to the current DNS name for your host. Ie:
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<hostid role="fqdn">dorm6.ahouse.school.edu </hostid></para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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<para>No matter what option you choose, to have mail delivered directly
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to your host, you must be a full Internet host. You must have a
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permanent IP address. IE: NO dynamic PPP. If you are behind a
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firewall, the firewall must be passing on smtp traffic to you. From
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<filename>/etc/services</filename>:</para>
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<programlisting>
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smtp 25/tcp mail #Simple Mail Transfer</programlisting>
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<para>If you want to receive mail at your host itself, you must make
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sure that the DNS MX entry points to your host address, or there is no
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MX entry for your DNS name.</para>
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<para>Try this:</para>
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<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>hostname</userinput>
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newbsdbox.freebsd.org
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&prompt.root; <userinput>host newbsdbox.freebsd.org</userinput>
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newbsdbox.freebsd.org has address 204.216.27.xx</screen>
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<para>If that is all that comes out for your machine, mail directory to
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<email>root@newbsdbox.freebsd.org</email> will work no
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problems.</para>
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<para>If instead, you have this:</para>
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<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>host newbsdbox.freebsd.org</userinput>
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newbsdbox.FreeBSD.org has address 204.216.27.xx
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newbsdbox.FreeBSD.org mail is handled (pri=10) by freefall.FreeBSD.org</screen>
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<para>All mail sent to your host directly will end up on
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<hostid>freefall</hostid>, under the same username.</para>
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<para>This information is setup in your domain name server. This should
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be the same host that is listed as your primary nameserver in
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<filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename></para>
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<para>The DNS record that carries mail routing information is the Mail
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eXchange entry. If no MX entry exists, mail will be delivered directly
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to the host by way of the Address record.</para>
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<para>The MX entry for <hostid role="fqdn">freefall.freebsd.org</hostid>
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at one time.</para>
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<programlisting>
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freefall MX 30 mail.crl.net
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freefall MX 40 agora.rdrop.com
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freefall HINFO Pentium FreeBSD
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freefall MX 10 freefall.FreeBSD.org
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freefall MX 20 who.cdrom.com
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freefall A 204.216.27.xx
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freefall CNAME www.FreeBSD.org</programlisting>
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<para><hostid>freefall</hostid> has many MX entries. The lowest MX
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number gets the mail in the end. The others will queue mail
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temporarily, if <hostid>freefall</hostid> is busy or down.</para>
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<para>Alternate MX sites should have separate connections to the
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Internet, to be most useful. An Internet Provider or other friendly
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site can provide this service.</para>
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<para><command>dig</command>, <command>nslookup</command>, and
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<command>host</command> are your friends.</para>
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</sect2>
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<sect2 id="mail-domain">
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<title>Mail for your Domain (Network).</title>
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<para>To setup up a network mailhost, you need to direct the mail from
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arriving at all the workstations. In other words, you want to hijack
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all mail for <hostid role="domainname">*.smallminingco.com </hostid>
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and divert it to one machine, your “mailhost”.</para>
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<para>The network users on their workstations will most likely pick up
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their mail over POP or telnet.</para>
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<para>A user account with the <emphasis>same username</emphasis> should
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exist on both machines. Please use <command>adduser</command> to do
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this as required. If you set the <literal>shell</literal> to
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<literal>/nonexistent</literal> the user will not be allowed to
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login.</para>
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<para>The mailhost that you will be using must be designated the
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Mail eXchange for each workstation. This must be arranged in DNS (ie
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BIND, named). Please refer to a Networking book for in-depth
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information.</para>
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<para>You basically need to add these lines in your DNS server.</para>
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<programlisting>
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pc24.smallminingco.com A <replaceable>xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx</replaceable> ; Workstation ip
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MX 10 smtp.smallminingco.com ; Your mailhost</programlisting>
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<para>You cannot do this yourself unless you are running a DNS server.
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If you do not want to run a DNS server, get somebody else like your
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Internet Provider to do it.</para>
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<para>This will redirect mail for the workstation to the Mail eXchange
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host. It does not matter what machine the A record points to, the mail
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will be sent to the MX host.</para>
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<para>This feature is used to implement Virtual E-Mail Hosting.</para>
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<para>Example</para>
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<para>I have a customer with domain foo.bar and I want all mail for
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foo.bar to be sent to my machine smtp.smalliap.com. You must make an
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entry in your DNS server like:</para>
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<programlisting>
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foo.bar MX 10 smtp.smalliap.com ; your mailhost</programlisting>
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<para>The A record is not needed if you only want E-Mail for the domain.
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IE: Don't expect <command>ping foo.bar</command> to work unless an
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Address record for <filename>foo.bar</filename> exists as well.</para>
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<para>On the mailhost that actually accepts mail for final delivery to a
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mailbox, <command>sendmail</command> must be told what hosts it will
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be accepting mail for.</para>
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<para>Add <literal>pc24.smallminingco.com</literal> to
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<filename>/etc/sendmail.cw</filename> (if you are using
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<literal>FEATURE(use_cw_file)</literal>), or add a <literal>Cw
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myhost.smalliap.com</literal> line to
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<filename>/etc/sendmail.cf</filename></para>
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<para>If you plan on doing anything serious with
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<command>sendmail</command> you should install the
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<command>sendmail</command> source. The source has plenty of
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documentation with it. You will find information on getting
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<command>sendmail</command> source from <link
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linkend="sendmailuucp">the UUCP information</link>.</para>
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</sect2>
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<sect2 id="sendmailuucp">
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<title>Setting up UUCP.</title>
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<para><emphasis>Stolen from the FAQ.</emphasis></para>
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<para>The sendmail configuration that ships with FreeBSD is suited for
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sites that connect directly to the Internet. Sites that wish to
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exchange their mail via UUCP must install another
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<command>sendmail</command> configuration file.</para>
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<para>Tweaking <filename>/etc/sendmail.cf</filename> manually is
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considered something for purists. Sendmail version 8 comes with a new
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approach of generating config files via some <command>m4</command>
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preprocessing, where the actual hand-crafted configuration is on a
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higher abstraction level. You should use the configuration files under
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<filename>/usr/src/usr.sbin/sendmail/cf</filename>.</para>
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<para>If you did not install your system with full sources, the
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<command>sendmail</command> config stuff has been broken out into a
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separate source distribution tarball just for you. Assuming you have
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your CD-ROM mounted, do:</para>
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<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /usr/src</userinput>
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&prompt.root; <userinput>tar -xvzf /cdrom/dists/src/ssmailcf.aa</userinput></screen>
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<para>Do not panic, this is only a few hundred kilobytes in size. The
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file <filename>README</filename> in the <filename>cf</filename>
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directory can serve as a basic introduction to m4
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configuration.</para>
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<para>For UUCP delivery, you are best advised to use the
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<emphasis>mailertable</emphasis> feature. This constitutes a database
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that <command>sendmail</command> can use to base its routing decision
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upon.</para>
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<para>First, you have to create your <filename>.mc</filename> file. The
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directory <filename>/usr/src/usr.sbin/sendmail/cf/cf</filename> is the
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home of these files. Look around, there are already a few examples.
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Assuming you have named your file <filename>foo.mc</filename>, all you
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need to do in order to convert it into a valid
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<filename>sendmail.cf</filename> is:</para>
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<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /usr/src/usr.sbin/sendmail/cf/cf</userinput>
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&prompt.root; <userinput>make foo.cf</userinput></screen>
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<para>If you don't have a <filename>/usr/obj</filename> hiearchy,
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then:</para>
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<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cp foo.cf /etc/sendmail.cf</userinput></screen>
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<para>Otherwise:</para>
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<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cp /usr/obj/`pwd`/foo.cf /etc/sendmail.cf</userinput></screen>
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<para>A typical <filename>.mc</filename> file might look like:</para>
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<programlisting>
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include(`../m4/cf.m4')
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VERSIONID(`<replaceable>Your version number</replaceable>')
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OSTYPE(bsd4.4)
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FEATURE(nodns)
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FEATURE(nocanonify)
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FEATURE(mailertable)
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define(`UUCP_RELAY', <replaceable>your.uucp.relay</replaceable>)
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define(`UUCP_MAX_SIZE', 200000)
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MAILER(local)
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MAILER(smtp)
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MAILER(uucp)
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Cw <replaceable>your.alias.host.name</replaceable>
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Cw <replaceable>youruucpnodename.UUCP</replaceable></programlisting>
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<para>The <literal>nodns</literal> and <literal>nocanonify</literal>
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features will prevent any usage of the DNS during mail delivery. The
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<literal>UUCP_RELAY</literal> clause is needed for bizarre reasons, do
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not ask. Simply put an Internet hostname there that is able to handle
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.UUCP pseudo-domain addresses; most likely, you will enter the mail
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relay of your ISP there.</para>
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<para>Once you have this, you need this file called
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<filename>/etc/mailertable</filename>. A typical example of this
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gender again:</para>
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<programlisting>
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#
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# makemap hash /etc/mailertable.db < /etc/mailertable
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#
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horus.interface-business.de uucp-dom:horus
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.interface-business.de uucp-dom:if-bus
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interface-business.de uucp-dom:if-bus
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.heep.sax.de smtp8:%1 horus.UUCP
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uucp-dom:horus if-bus.UUCP
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uucp-dom:if-bus . uucp-dom:sax</programlisting>
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<para>As you can see, this is part of a real-life file. The first three
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lines handle special cases where domain-addressed mail should not be
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sent out to the default route, but instead to some UUCP neighbor in
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order to “shortcut” the delivery path. The next line
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handles mail to the local Ethernet domain that can be delivered using
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SMTP. Finally, the UUCP neighbors are mentioned in the .UUCP
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pseudo-domain notation, to allow for a
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<literal>uucp-neighbor!recipient</literal> override of the default
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rules. The last line is always a single dot, matching everything else,
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with UUCP delivery to a UUCP neighbor that serves as your universal
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mail gateway to the world. All of the node names behind the
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<literal>uucp-dom:</literal> keyword must be valid UUCP neighbors, as
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you can verify using the command <command>uuname</command>.</para>
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<para>As a reminder that this file needs to be converted into a DBM
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database file before being usable, the command line to accomplish this
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is best placed as a comment at the top of the
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<filename>mailertable</filename>. You always have to execute this
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command each time you change your
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<filename>mailertable</filename>.</para>
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<para>Final hint: if you are uncertain whether some particular mail
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routing would work, remember the <option>-bt</option> option to
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<command>sendmail</command>. It starts <command>sendmail</command> in
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“address test mode”; simply enter <literal>0</literal>,
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followed by the address you wish to test for the mail routing. The
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last line tells you the used internal mail agent, the destination host
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this agent will be called with, and the (possibly translated) address.
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Leave this mode by typing Control-D.</para>
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<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>sendmail -bt</userinput>
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ADDRESS TEST MODE (ruleset 3 NOT automatically invoked)
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Enter <ruleset> <address>
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<prompt>></prompt> <userinput>0 foo@interface-business.de</userinput>
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rewrite: ruleset 0 input: foo @ interface-business . de
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…
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rewrite: ruleset 0 returns: $# uucp-dom $@ if-bus $: foo < @ interface-business . de</screen>
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</sect2>
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</sect1>
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<sect1 id="mailfaq">
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<title>FAQ</title>
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<para><emphasis>Migration from FAQ.</emphasis></para>
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<sect2>
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<title>Why do I have to use the FQDN for hosts on my site?</title>
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<para>You will probably find that the host is actually in a different
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domain; for example, if you are in <hostid
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role="fqdn">foo.bar.edu</hostid> and you wish to reach a host called
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<hostid>mumble</hostid> in the <hostid
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role="domainname">bar.edu</hostid> domain, you will have to refer to
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it by the fully-qualified domain name, <hostid
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role="fqdn">mumble.bar.edu</hostid>, instead of just
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<hostid>mumble</hostid>.</para>
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<para>Traditionally, this was allowed by BSD BIND resolvers. However the
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current version of <application>BIND</application> that ships with
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FreeBSD no longer provides default abbreviations for non-fully
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qualified domain names other than the domain you are in. So an
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unqualified host <hostid>mumble</hostid> must either be found as
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<hostid role="fqdn">mumble.foo.bar.edu</hostid>, or it will be
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searched for in the root domain.</para>
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<para>This is different from the previous behavior, where the search
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continued across <hostid role="domainname">mumble.bar.edu</hostid>,
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and <hostid role="domainname">mumble.edu</hostid>. Have a look at RFC
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1535 for why this was considered bad practice, or even a security
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hole.</para>
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<para>As a good workaround, you can place the line
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<programlisting>
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search foo.bar.edu bar.edu</programlisting>
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instead of the previous
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<programlisting>
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domain foo.bar.edu</programlisting>
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into your <filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename>. However, make sure
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that the search order does not go beyond the “boundary between
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local and public administration”, as RFC 1535 calls it.</para>
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</sect2>
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<sect2>
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<title>Sendmail says <errorname>mail loops back to
|
|
myself</errorname></title>
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|
|
|
<para>This is answered in the sendmail FAQ as follows:</para>
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|
|
|
<programlisting>
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|
* I am getting "Local configuration error" messages, such as:
|
|
|
|
553 relay.domain.net config error: mail loops back to myself
|
|
554 <user@domain.net>... Local configuration error
|
|
|
|
How can I solve this problem?
|
|
|
|
You have asked mail to the domain (e.g., domain.net) to be
|
|
forwarded to a specific host (in this case, relay.domain.net)
|
|
by using an MX record, but the relay machine does not recognize
|
|
itself as domain.net. Add domain.net to /etc/sendmail.cw
|
|
(if you are using FEATURE(use_cw_file)) or add "Cw domain.net"
|
|
to /etc/sendmail.cf.</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>The sendmail FAQ is in
|
|
<filename>/usr/src/usr.sbin/sendmail</filename> and is recommended
|
|
reading if you want to do any “tweaking” of your mail
|
|
setup.</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>How can I do E-Mail with a dialup PPP host?</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>You want to connect a FreeBSD box on a lan, to the Internet. The
|
|
FreeBSD box will be a mail gateway for the lan. The PPP connection is
|
|
non-dedicated.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>There are at least two way to do this.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>The other is to use UUCP.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>The key is to get a Internet site to provide secondary MX services
|
|
for your domain. For example:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
bigco.com. MX 10 bigco.com.
|
|
MX 20 smalliap.com.</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>Only one host should be specified as the final recipient ( add
|
|
<literal>Cw bigco.com</literal> in
|
|
<filename>/etc/sendmail.cf</filename> on bigco.com).</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>When the senders <command>sendmail</command> is trying to deliver
|
|
the mail it will try to connect to you over the modem link. It will
|
|
most likely time out because you are not online.
|
|
<command>sendmail</command> will automatically deliver it to the
|
|
secondary MX site, ie your Internet provider. The secondary MX site
|
|
will try every (<literal>sendmail_flags = "-bd -q15m"</literal> in
|
|
<filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename> ) 15 minutes to connect to your host
|
|
to deliver the mail to the primary MX site.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>You might want to use something like this as a login
|
|
script.</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
#!/bin/sh
|
|
# Put me in /usr/local/bin/pppbigco
|
|
( sleep 60 ; /usr/sbin/sendmail -q ) &
|
|
/usr/sbin/ppp -direct pppbigco</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>If you are going to create a separate login script for a user you
|
|
could use <command>sendmail -qRbigco.com</command> instead in the
|
|
script above. This will force all mail in your queue for bigco.com to
|
|
be processed immediately.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>A further refinement of the situation is as follows.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Message stolen from the freebsd-isp mailing list.</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
> we provide the secondary mx for a customer. The customer connects to
|
|
> our services several times a day automatically to get the mails to
|
|
> his primary mx (We do not call his site when a mail for his domains
|
|
> arrived). Our sendmail sends the mailqueue every 30 minutes. At the
|
|
> moment he has to stay 30 minutes online to be sure that all mail is
|
|
> gone to the primary mx.
|
|
>
|
|
> Is there a command that would initiate sendmail to send all the mails
|
|
> now? The user has not root-privileges on our machine of course.
|
|
|
|
In the 'privacy flags' section of sendmail.cf, there is a definition
|
|
Opgoaway,restrictqrun
|
|
|
|
Remove restrictqrun to allow non-root users to start the queue processing.
|
|
You might also like to rearrange the MXs. We are the 1st MX for our
|
|
customers like this, and we have defined:
|
|
|
|
# If we are the best MX for a host, try directly instead of generating
|
|
# local config error.
|
|
OwTrue
|
|
|
|
That way a remote site will deliver straight to you, without trying
|
|
the customer connection. You then send to your customer. Only works for
|
|
"hosts", so you need to get your customer to name their mail machine
|
|
"customer.com" as well as "hostname.customer.com" in the DNS. Just put
|
|
an A record in the DNS for "customer.com".</programlisting>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
</chapter>
|
|
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