5416698cae
/usr partition must be mounted. PR: docs/50469 Submitted by: Victor Sudakov <sudakov@sibptus.tomsk.ru>
979 lines
34 KiB
Text
979 lines
34 KiB
Text
<!--
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The FreeBSD Documentation Project
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$FreeBSD$
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-->
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<chapter id="l10n">
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<chapterinfo>
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<authorgroup>
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<author>
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<firstname>Andrey A.</firstname>
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<surname>Chernov</surname>
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<contrib>Contributed by </contrib>
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</author>
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</authorgroup>
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<authorgroup>
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<author>
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<firstname>Michael C.</firstname>
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<surname>Wu</surname>
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<contrib>Rewritten by </contrib>
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</author>
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<!-- 30 Nv 2000 -->
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</authorgroup>
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</chapterinfo>
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<title>Localization - I18N/L10N Usage and Setup</title>
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<sect1 id="l10n-synopsis">
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<title>Synopsis</title>
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<para>FreeBSD is a very distributed project with users and
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contributors located all over the world. This chapter discusses
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the internationalization and localization features of FreeBSD
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that allow non-English speaking users to get real work done.
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There are many aspects of the i18n implementation in both the system
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and application levels, so where applicable we refer the reader
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to more specific sources of documentation.</para>
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<para>After reading this chapter, you will know:</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem><para>How different languages and locales are encoded
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on modern operating systems.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>How to set the locale for your login
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shell.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>How to configure your console for non-English
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languages.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>How to use X Windows effectively with different
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languages.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Where to find more information about writing
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i18n-compliant applications.</para></listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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<para>Before reading this chapter, you should:</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem><para>Know how to install additional third-party
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applications (<xref linkend="ports">).</para></listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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</sect1>
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<sect1 id="l10n-basics">
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<title>The Basics</title>
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<sect2>
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<title>What Is I18N/L10N?</title>
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<indexterm><primary>internationalization</primary></indexterm>
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<indexterm><primary>localization</primary></indexterm>
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<para>Developers shortened internationalization into the term I18N,
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counting the number of letters between the first and the last
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letters of internationalization. L10N uses the same naming
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scheme, coming from <quote>localization</quote>. Combined
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together, I18N/L10N methods, protocols, and applications allow
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users to use languages of their choice.</para>
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<para>I18N applications are programmed using I18N kits under
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libraries. It allows for developers to write a simple file and
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translate displayed menus and texts to each language. We strongly
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encourage programmers to follow this convention.</para>
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</sect2>
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<sect2>
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<title>Why Should I Use I18N/L10N?</title>
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<para>I18N/L10N is used whenever you wish to either view, input, or
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process data in non-English languages.</para>
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</sect2>
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<sect2>
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<title>What Languages Are Supported in the I18N Effort?</title>
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<para>I18N and L10N are not FreeBSD specific. Currently, one can
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choose from most of the major languages of the World, including
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but not limited to: Chinese, German, Japanese, Korean, French,
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Russian, Vietnamese and others.</para>
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</sect2>
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</sect1>
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<sect1 id="using-localization">
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<title>Using Localization</title>
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<para>In all its splendor, I18N is not FreeBSD-specific and is a
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convention. We encourage you to help FreeBSD in following this
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convention.</para>
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<indexterm><primary>locale</primary></indexterm>
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<para>Localization settings are based on three main terms:
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Language Code, Country Code, and Encoding. Locale names are
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constructed from these parts as follows:</para>
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<programlisting><replaceable>LanguageCode</replaceable>_<replaceable>CountryCode</replaceable>.<replaceable>Encoding</replaceable></programlisting>
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<sect2>
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<title>Language and Country Codes</title>
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<indexterm><primary>language codes</primary></indexterm>
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<indexterm><primary>country codes</primary></indexterm>
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<para>In order to localize a FreeBSD system to a specific language
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(or any other I18N-supporting Unixes), the user needs to find out
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the codes for the specify country and language (country
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codes tell applications what variation of given
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language to use). In addition, web
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browsers, SMTP/POP servers, web servers, etc. make decisions based on
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them. The following are examples of language/country codes:</para>
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<informaltable frame="none">
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<tgroup cols="2">
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<thead>
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<row>
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<entry>Language/Country Code</entry>
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<entry>Description</entry>
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</row>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<row>
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<entry>en_US</entry>
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<entry>English - United States</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry>ru_RU</entry>
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<entry>Russian for Russia</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry>zh_TW</entry>
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<entry>Traditional Chinese for Taiwan</entry>
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</row>
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</tbody>
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</tgroup>
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</informaltable>
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</sect2>
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<sect2>
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<title>Encodings</title>
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<indexterm><primary>encodings</primary></indexterm>
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<indexterm><primary>ASCII</primary></indexterm>
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<para>Some languages use non-ASCII encodings that are 8-bit, wide
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or multibyte characters, see &man.multibyte.3; for more
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details. Older applications do not recognize them
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and mistake them for control characters. Newer applications
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usually do recognize 8-bit characters. Depending on the
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implementation, users may be required to compile an application
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with wide or multibyte characters support, or configure it correctly.
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To be able to input and process wide or multibyte characters, the <ulink
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url="../../../../ports/index.html">FreeBSD Ports collection</ulink> has provided
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each language with different programs. Refer to the I18N
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documentation in the respective FreeBSD Port.</para>
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<para>Specifically, the user needs to look at the application
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documentation to decide on how to configure it correctly or to
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pass correct values into the configure/Makefile/compiler.</para>
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<para>Some things to keep in mind are:</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>Language specific single C chars character sets
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(see &man.multibyte.3;), i.e.,
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ISO-8859-1, ISO-8859-15, KOI8-R, CP437.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>Wide or multibyte encodings, i.e. EUC, Big5.</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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<para>You can check the active list of character sets at the
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<ulink
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url="http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets">IANA Registry</ulink>.</para>
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<note>
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<para>FreeBSD versions 4.5 and up use X11-compatible locale
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encodings instead.</para>
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</note>
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</sect2>
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<sect2>
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<title>I18N Applications</title>
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<para>In the FreeBSD Ports and Package system, I18N applications
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have been named with <literal>I18N</literal> in their names for
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easy identification. However, they do not always support the
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language needed.</para>
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</sect2>
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<sect2 id="setting-locale">
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<title>Setting Locale</title>
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<para>Usually it is sufficient to export the value of the locale name
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as <envar>LANG</envar> in the login shell. This could be done in
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the user's <filename>~/.login_conf</filename> file or in the
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startup file of the user's shell (<filename>~/.profile</filename>,
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<filename>~/.bashrc</filename>, <filename>~/.cshrc</filename>).
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There is no need to set the locale subsets such as
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<envar>LC_CTYPE</envar>, <envar>LC_CTIME</envar>. Please
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refer to language-specific FreeBSD documentation for more
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information.</para>
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<para>You should set the following two environment variables in your configuration
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files:</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<indexterm><primary>POSIX</primary></indexterm>
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<listitem>
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<para><envar>LANG</envar> for POSIX &man.setlocale.3; family
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functions</para>
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</listitem>
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<indexterm><primary>MIME</primary></indexterm>
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<listitem>
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<para><envar>MM_CHARSET</envar> for applications' MIME character
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set</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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<para>This includes the user shell configuration, the specific application
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configuration, and the X11 configuration.</para>
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<sect3>
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<title>Setting Locale Methods</title>
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<indexterm><primary>locale</primary></indexterm>
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<indexterm><primary>login class</primary></indexterm>
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<para>There are two methods for setting locale, and both are
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described below. The first (recommended one) is by assigning
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the environment variables in <link linkend="login-class">login
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class</link>, and the second is by adding the environment
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variable assignments to the system's shell <link
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linkend="startup-file">startup file</link>.</para>
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<sect4 id="login-class">
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<title>Login Classes Method</title>
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<para>This method allows environment variables needed for locale
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name and MIME character sets to be assigned once for every
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possible shell instead of adding specific shell assignments to
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each shell's startup file. <link linkend="usr-setup">User
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Level Setup</link> can be done by an user himself and <link
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linkend="adm-setup">Administrator Level Setup</link> require
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superuser privileges.</para>
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<sect5 id="usr-setup">
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<title>User Level Setup</title>
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<para>Here is a minimal example of a
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<filename>.login_conf</filename> file in user's home
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directory which has both variables set for Latin-1
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encoding:</para>
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<programlisting>me:\
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:charset=ISO-8859-1:\
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:lang=de_DE.ISO8859-1:</programlisting>
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<indexterm><primary>Traditional Chinese</primary><secondary>BIG-5 encoding</secondary></indexterm>
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<para>Here is an example of a
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<filename>.login_conf</filename> that sets the variables
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for Traditional Chinese in BIG-5 encoding. Notice the many
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more variables set because some software does not respect
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locale variables correctly for Chinese, Japanese, and Korean.</para>
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<programlisting>#Users who do not wish to use monetary units or time formats
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#of Taiwan can manually change each variable
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me:\
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lang=zh_TW.Big5:\
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lc_all=zh_TW.Big:\
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lc_collate=zh_TW.Big5:\
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lc_ctype=zh_TW.Big5:\
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lc_messages=zh_TW.Big5:\
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lc_monetary=zh_TW.Big5:\
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lc_numeric=zh_TW.Big5:\
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lc_time=zh_TW.Big5:\
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charset=big5:\
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xmodifiers="@im=xcin": #Setting the XIM Input Server</programlisting>
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<para>See <link linkend="adm-setup">Administrator Level
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Setup</link> and &man.login.conf.5; for more details.</para>
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</sect5>
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<sect5 id="adm-setup">
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<title>Administrator Level Setup</title>
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<para>Verify that the user's login class in
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<filename>/etc/login.conf</filename> sets the correct
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language. Make sure these settings
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appear in <filename>/etc/login.conf</filename>:</para>
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<programlisting><replaceable>language_name</replaceable>:<replaceable>accounts_title</replaceable>:\
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:charset=<replaceable>MIME_charset</replaceable>:\
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:lang=<replaceable>locale_name</replaceable>:\
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:tc=default:</programlisting>
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<para>So sticking with our previous example using Latin-1, it
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would look like this:</para>
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<programlisting>german:German Users Accounts:\
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:charset=ISO-8859-1:\
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:lang=de_DE.ISO8859-1:\
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:tc=default:</programlisting>
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<bridgehead renderas=sect4>Changing Login Classes with &man.vipw.8;</bridgehead>
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<indexterm>
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<primary><command>vipw</command></primary>
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</indexterm>
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<para>Use <command>vipw</command> to add new users, and make
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the entry look like this:</para>
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<programlisting>user:password:1111:11:<replaceable>language</replaceable>:0:0:User Name:/home/user:/bin/sh</programlisting>
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<bridgehead renderas=sect4>Changing Login Classes with &man.adduser.8;</bridgehead>
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<indexterm>
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<primary><command>adduser</command></primary>
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</indexterm>
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<indexterm><primary>login class</primary></indexterm>
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<para>Use <command>adduser</command> to add new users, and do
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the following:</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>Set <literal>defaultclass =
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<replaceable>language</replaceable></literal> in
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<filename>/etc/adduser.conf</filename>. Keep in mind
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you must enter a <literal>default</literal> class for
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all users of other languages in this case.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>An alternative variant is answering the specified
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language each time that
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<screen><prompt>Enter login class: default []: </prompt></screen>
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appears from &man.adduser.8;.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>Another alternative is to use the following for each
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user of a different language that you wish to
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add:</para>
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<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>adduser -class <replaceable>language</replaceable></userinput></screen>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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<bridgehead renderas=sect4>Changing Login Classes with &man.pw.8;</bridgehead>
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<indexterm>
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<primary><command>pw</command></primary>
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</indexterm>
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<para>If you use &man.pw.8; for adding new users, call it in
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this form:</para>
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<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>pw useradd <replaceable>user_name</replaceable> -L <replaceable>language</replaceable></userinput></screen>
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</sect5>
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</sect4>
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<sect4 id="startup-file">
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<title>Shell Startup File Method</title>
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<note>
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<para>This method is not recommended because it requires a
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different setup for each possible shell program chosen. Use
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the <link linkend="login-class">Login Class Method</link>
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instead.</para>
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</note>
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<indexterm><primary>MIME</primary></indexterm>
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<indexterm><primary>locale</primary></indexterm>
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<para>To add the locale name and MIME character set, just set
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the two environment variables shown below in the
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<filename>/etc/profile</filename> and/or
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<filename>/etc/csh.login</filename> shell startup files. We
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will use the German language as an example below:</para>
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<para>In <filename>/etc/profile</filename>:</para>
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<programlisting><envar>LANG=de_DE.ISO8859-1; export LANG</envar>
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<envar>MM_CHARSET=ISO-8859-1; export MM_CHARSET</envar></programlisting>
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<para>Or in <filename>/etc/csh.login</filename>:</para>
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<programlisting><envar>setenv LANG de_DE.ISO8859-1</envar>
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<envar>setenv MM_CHARSET ISO-8859-1</envar></programlisting>
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<para>Alternatively, you can add the above instructions to
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<filename>/usr/share/skel/dot.profile</filename> (similar to
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what was used in <filename>/etc/profile</filename> above), or
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<filename>/usr/share/skel/dot.login</filename> (similar to
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what was used in <filename>/etc/csh.login</filename>
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above).</para>
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<para>For X11:</para>
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<para>In <filename>$HOME/.xinitrc</filename>:</para>
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<programlisting><envar>LANG=de_DE.ISO8859-1; export LANG</envar></programlisting>
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<para>Or:</para>
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<programlisting><envar>setenv LANG de_DE.ISO8859-1</envar></programlisting>
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<para>Depending on your shell (see above).</para>
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</sect4>
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</sect3>
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</sect2>
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|
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<sect2 id="setting-console">
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<title>Console Setup</title>
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<para>For all single C chars character sets, set the correct
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console fonts in <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename> for the
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language in question with:</para>
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<programlisting>font8x16=<replaceable>font_name</replaceable>
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font8x14=<replaceable>font_name</replaceable>
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font8x8=<replaceable>font_name</replaceable></programlisting>
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<para>The <replaceable>font_name</replaceable> here is taken from
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the <filename>/usr/share/syscons/fonts</filename> directory,
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without the <filename>.fnt</filename> suffix.</para>
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<indexterm>
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<primary><application>sysinstall</application></primary>
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</indexterm>
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<indexterm><primary>keymap</primary></indexterm>
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<indexterm><primary>screenmap</primary></indexterm>
|
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<para>Also be sure to set the correct keymap and screenmap for your
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single C chars character set through
|
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<filename>/stand/sysinstall</filename>.
|
|
Once inside <application>sysinstall</application>, choose <guimenuitem>Configure</guimenuitem>, then
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<guimenuitem>Console</guimenuitem>. Alternatively, you can add the
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following to <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>:</para>
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<programlisting>scrnmap=<replaceable>screenmap_name</replaceable>
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keymap=<replaceable>keymap_name</replaceable>
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keychange="<replaceable>fkey_number sequence</replaceable>"</programlisting>
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<para>The <replaceable>screenmap_name</replaceable> here is taken
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from the <filename>/usr/share/syscons/scrnmaps</filename>
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directory, without the <filename>.scm</filename> suffix. A
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screenmap with a corresponding mapped font is usually needed as a
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workaround for expanding bit 8 to bit 9 on a VGA adapter's font
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character matrix in pseudographics area, i.e., to move letters out
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of that area if screen font uses a bit 8 column.</para>
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|
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<para>If you have the <application>moused</application> daemon
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enabled by setting the following
|
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in your <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>:</para>
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<programlisting>moused_enable="YES"</programlisting>
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<para>then examine the mouse cursor information in the next
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paragraph.</para>
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<indexterm>
|
|
<primary><application>moused</application></primary>
|
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</indexterm>
|
|
<para>By default the mouse cursor of the &man.syscons.4; driver occupies the
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0xd0-0xd3 range in the character set. If your language uses this
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range, you need to move the cursor's range outside of it. To enable
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|
the workaround for FreeBSD versions before 5.0, insert the following
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line into your kernel configuration:</para>
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|
|
<programlisting>options SC_MOUSE_CHAR=0x03</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>For the FreeBSD versions 4.4 and up insert the following line
|
|
into <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>mousechar_start=3</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>The <replaceable>keymap_name</replaceable> here is taken from
|
|
the <filename>/usr/share/syscons/keymaps</filename> directory,
|
|
without the <filename>.kbd</filename> suffix. If you're
|
|
uncertain which keymap to use, you use can &man.kbdmap.1; to test
|
|
keymaps without rebooting.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>The <literal>keychange</literal> is usually needed to program
|
|
function keys to match the selected terminal type because
|
|
function key sequences cannot be defined in the key map.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Also be sure to set the correct console terminal type in
|
|
<filename>/etc/ttys</filename> for all <literal>ttyv*</literal>
|
|
entries. Current pre-defined correspondences are:</para>
|
|
|
|
<informaltable frame="none">
|
|
<tgroup cols="2">
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>Character Set</entry>
|
|
<entry>Terminal Type</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>ISO-8859-1 or ISO-8859-15</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>cons25l1</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>ISO-8859-2</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>cons25l2</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>ISO-8859-7</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>cons25l7</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>KOI8-R</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>cons25r</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>KOI8-U</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>cons25u</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>CP437 (VGA default)</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>cons25</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>US-ASCII</entry>
|
|
<entry><literal>cons25w</literal></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</tgroup>
|
|
</informaltable>
|
|
|
|
<para>For wide or multibyte characters languages, use the correct
|
|
FreeBSD port in your
|
|
<filename>/usr/ports/<replaceable>language</replaceable></filename>
|
|
directory. Some ports appear as console while the system sees it
|
|
as serial vtty's, hence you must reserve enough vtty's for both
|
|
X11 and the pseudo-serial console. Here is a partial list of
|
|
applications for using other languages in console:</para>
|
|
|
|
<informaltable frame="none">
|
|
<tgroup cols="2">
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>Language</entry>
|
|
<entry>Location</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>Traditional Chinese (BIG-5)</entry>
|
|
<entry><filename role="package">chinese/big5con</filename></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>Japanese</entry>
|
|
<entry><filename role="package">japanese/ja-kon2-*</filename> or
|
|
<filename role="package">japanese/Mule_Wnn</filename></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>Korean</entry>
|
|
<entry><filename role="package">korean/ko-han</filename></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</tgroup>
|
|
</informaltable>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>X11 Setup</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>Although X11 is not part of the FreeBSD Project, we have
|
|
included some information here for FreeBSD users. For more
|
|
details, refer to the <ulink url="http://www.xfree86.org/">XFree86
|
|
web site</ulink> or whichever X11 Server you use.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>In <filename>~/.Xresources</filename>, you can additionally
|
|
tune application specific I18N settings (e.g., fonts, menus,
|
|
etc.).</para>
|
|
|
|
<sect3>
|
|
<title>Displaying Fonts</title>
|
|
<indexterm><primary>X11 True Type font server</primary></indexterm>
|
|
<para>Install the X11 True Type-Common server (<filename role="package">x11-servers/XttXF86srv-common</filename>) and
|
|
install the language truetype fonts. Setting the correct
|
|
locale should allow you to view your selected language in menus
|
|
and such.</para>
|
|
</sect3>
|
|
|
|
<sect3>
|
|
<title>Inputting Non-English Characters</title>
|
|
<indexterm><primary>X11 Input Method (XIM)</primary></indexterm>
|
|
<para>The X11 Input Method (XIM) Protocol is a new standard for
|
|
all X11 clients. All X11 applications should be written as XIM
|
|
clients that take input from XIM Input servers. There are
|
|
several XIM servers available for different languages.</para>
|
|
</sect3>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Printer Setup</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>Some single C chars character sets are usually hardware
|
|
coded into printers. Wide or multibyte
|
|
character sets require special setup and we recommend using
|
|
<application>apsfilter</application>. You may also convert the
|
|
document to PostScript or PDF formats using language specific
|
|
converters.</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Kernel and File Systems</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>The FreeBSD fast filesystem (FFS) is 8-bit clean, so it can be used
|
|
with any single C chars character set (see &man.multibyte.3;),
|
|
but there is no character set
|
|
name stored in the filesystem; i.e., it is raw 8-bit and does not
|
|
know anything about encoding order. Officially, FFS does not
|
|
support any form of wide or multibyte character sets yet. However, some
|
|
wide or multibyte character sets have independent patches for FFS
|
|
enabling such support. They are only temporary unportable
|
|
solutions or hacks and we have decided to not include them in the
|
|
source tree. Refer to respective languages' web sites for more
|
|
informations and the patch files.</para>
|
|
|
|
<indexterm><primary>DOS</primary></indexterm>
|
|
<indexterm><primary>Unicode</primary></indexterm>
|
|
<para>The FreeBSD MS-DOS filesystem has the configurable ability to
|
|
convert between MS-DOS, Unicode character sets and chosen
|
|
FreeBSD filesystem character sets. See &man.mount.msdos.8; for
|
|
details.</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1 id="l10n-compiling">
|
|
<title>Compiling I18N Programs</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>Many FreeBSD Ports have been ported with I18N support. Some
|
|
of them are marked with -I18N in the port name. These and many
|
|
other programs have built in support for I18N and need no special
|
|
consideration.</para>
|
|
|
|
<indexterm>
|
|
<primary><application>MySQL</application></primary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
<para>However, some applications such as
|
|
<application>MySQL</application> need to be have the
|
|
<filename>Makefile</filename> configured with the specific
|
|
charset. This is usually done in the
|
|
<filename>Makefile</filename> or done by passing a value to
|
|
<application>configure</application> in the source.</para>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1 id="lang-setup">
|
|
<title>Localizing FreeBSD to Specific Languages</title>
|
|
|
|
<sect2 id="ru-localize">
|
|
<sect2info>
|
|
<authorgroup>
|
|
<author>
|
|
<firstname>Andrey A.</firstname>
|
|
<surname>Chernov</surname>
|
|
<contrib>Originally contributed by </contrib>
|
|
</author>
|
|
</authorgroup>
|
|
</sect2info>
|
|
<title>Russian Language (KOI8-R Encoding)</title>
|
|
<indexterm>
|
|
<primary>localization</primary>
|
|
<secondary>Russian</secondary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
|
|
<para>For more information about KOI8-R encoding, see the <ulink
|
|
url="http://koi8.pp.ru/">KOI8-R References
|
|
(Russian Net Character Set)</ulink>.</para>
|
|
|
|
<sect3>
|
|
<title>Locale Setup</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>Put the following lines into your
|
|
<filename>~/.login_conf</filename> file:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>me:My Account:\
|
|
:charset=KOI8-R:\
|
|
:lang=ru_RU.KOI8-R:</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>See earlier in this chapter for examples of setting up the
|
|
<link linkend="setting-locale">locale</link>.</para>
|
|
</sect3>
|
|
|
|
<sect3>
|
|
<title>Console Setup</title>
|
|
|
|
<itemizedlist>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>For the FreeBSD versions before 5.0 add the following line
|
|
to your kernel configuration file:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>options SC_MOUSE_CHAR=0x03</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>For the FreeBSD versions 4.4 and up insert the following
|
|
line into <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>mousechar_start=3</programlisting>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Use following settings in
|
|
<filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>keymap="ru.koi8-r"
|
|
scrnmap="koi8-r2cp866"
|
|
font8x16="cp866b-8x16"
|
|
font8x14="cp866-8x14"
|
|
font8x8="cp866-8x8"</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>For each <literal>ttyv*</literal> entry in
|
|
<filename>/etc/ttys</filename>, use
|
|
<literal>cons25r</literal> as the terminal type.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</itemizedlist>
|
|
|
|
<para>See earlier in this chapter for examples of setting up the
|
|
<link linkend="setting-console">console</link>.</para>
|
|
</sect3>
|
|
|
|
<sect3>
|
|
<title>Printer Setup</title>
|
|
<indexterm><primary>printers</primary></indexterm>
|
|
<para>Since most printers with Russian characters come with
|
|
hardware code page CP866, a special output filter is needed
|
|
to convert from KOI8-R to CP866. Such a filter is installed by
|
|
default as <filename>/usr/libexec/lpr/ru/koi2alt</filename>.
|
|
A Russian printer <filename>/etc/printcap</filename> entry
|
|
should look like:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>lp|Russian local line printer:\
|
|
:sh:of=/usr/libexec/lpr/ru/koi2alt:\
|
|
:lp=/dev/lpt0:sd=/var/spool/output/lpd:lf=/var/log/lpd-errs:</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>See &man.printcap.5; for a detailed description.</para>
|
|
</sect3>
|
|
|
|
<sect3>
|
|
<title>MS-DOS FS and Russian Filenames</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>The following example &man.fstab.5; entry enables support
|
|
for Russian filenames in mounted MS-DOS filesystems:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>/dev/ad0s2 /dos/c msdos rw,-Wkoi2dos,-Lru_RU.KOI8-R 0 0</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>The option <option>-L</option> selects the locale name
|
|
used, and <option>-W</option> sets the character conversion
|
|
table. To use the <option>-W</option> option, be sure to
|
|
mount <filename>/usr</filename> before the MS-DOS partition
|
|
because the conversion tables are located in
|
|
<filename>/usr/libdata/msdosfs</filename>. For more
|
|
informations, see the &man.mount.msdos.8; manual
|
|
page.</para>
|
|
</sect3>
|
|
|
|
<sect3>
|
|
<title>X11 Setup</title>
|
|
|
|
<orderedlist>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Do <link linkend="setting-locale">non-X locale
|
|
setup</link> first as described.</para>
|
|
|
|
<note>
|
|
<para><anchor id="russian-note">The Russian KOI8-R locale
|
|
may not work with old <application>XFree86</application> releases (lower than 3.3).
|
|
<application>XFree86 4.X</application> is now the default
|
|
version of the X Window System on FreeBSD.
|
|
This should not be an
|
|
issue unless you are using an old version of
|
|
FreeBSD.</para>
|
|
</note>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Go to the
|
|
<filename role="package">russian/X.language</filename> directory
|
|
and issue the following command:</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>make install</userinput></screen>
|
|
|
|
<para>The above port installs the latest version of the KOI8-R
|
|
fonts. <application>XFree86 3.3</application> already has some KOI8-R fonts, but these
|
|
are scaled better.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Check the <literal>"Files"</literal> section
|
|
in your <filename>/etc/XF86Config</filename> file.
|
|
The following
|
|
lines must be added <emphasis>before</emphasis> any other
|
|
<literal>FontPath</literal> entries:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>FontPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/cyrillic/misc"
|
|
FontPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/cyrillic/75dpi"
|
|
FontPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/cyrillic/100dpi"</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>If you use a high resolution video mode, swap the 75 dpi
|
|
and 100 dpi lines.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>To activate a Russian keyboard, add the following to the
|
|
<literal>"Keyboard"</literal> section of your
|
|
<filename>XF86Config</filename> file.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>For <application>XFree86 3.X</application>:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>XkbLayout "ru"
|
|
XkbOptions "grp:caps_toggle"</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>For <application>XFree86 4.X</application>:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>Option "XkbLayout" "ru"
|
|
Option "XkbOptions" "grp:caps_toggle"</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>Also make sure that <literal>XkbDisable</literal> is
|
|
turned off (commented out) there.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>The RUS/LAT switch will be <keycap>CapsLock</keycap>.
|
|
The old <keycap>CapsLock</keycap> function is still
|
|
available via <keycombo action="simul"><keycap>Shift</keycap><keycap>CapsLock</keycap></keycombo> (in LAT mode
|
|
only).</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>If you have <quote>Windows</quote> keys on your keyboard,
|
|
and notice that some non-alphabetical keys are mapped
|
|
incorrectly in RUS mode, add the following line in your
|
|
<filename>XF86Config</filename> file.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>For <application>XFree86 3.X</application>:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>XkbVariant "winkeys"</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>For <application>XFree86 4.X</application>:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>Option "XkbVariant" "winkeys"</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<note>
|
|
<para>The Russian XKB keyboard may not work with old <application>XFree86</application>
|
|
versions, see the <link linkend="russian-note">above
|
|
note</link> for more information. The Russian XKB
|
|
keyboard may also not work with non-localized
|
|
applications as well. Minimally localized applications
|
|
should call a <function>XtSetLanguageProc (NULL, NULL,
|
|
NULL);</function> function early in the program.
|
|
See <ulink
|
|
url="http://koi8.pp.ru/xwin.html">
|
|
KOI8-R for X Window</ulink> for more instructions on
|
|
localizing X11 applications.</para>
|
|
</note>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</orderedlist>
|
|
</sect3>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Traditional Chinese Localization for Taiwan</title>
|
|
<indexterm>
|
|
<primary>localization</primary>
|
|
<secondary>Traditional Chinese</secondary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
<para>The FreeBSD-Taiwan Project has an I18N/L10N tutorial for
|
|
FreeBSD at <ulink url="http://freebsd.sinica.edu.tw/~ncvs/zh-l10n-tut/"></ulink>
|
|
using many Chinese ports.
|
|
The editor for the <literal>zh-L10N-tut</literal> is Clive Lin
|
|
<email>Clive@CirX.org</email>. You can also cvsup the following
|
|
collections at <hostid
|
|
role="fqdn">freebsd.sinica.edu.tw</hostid>:</para>
|
|
|
|
<informaltable frame="none">
|
|
<tgroup cols="2">
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>Collection</entry>
|
|
<entry>Description</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>outta-port tag=.</entry>
|
|
<entry>Beta-quality ports collection for Chinese</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>zh-L10N-tut tag=.</entry>
|
|
<entry>Localizing FreeBSD Tutorial in BIG-5 Traditional
|
|
Chinese</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>zh-doc tag=.</entry>
|
|
<entry>FreeBSD Documentation Translation to BIG-5 Traditional
|
|
Chinese</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</tgroup>
|
|
</informaltable>
|
|
|
|
<para>Chuan-Hsing Shen <email>s874070@mail.yzu.edu.tw</email> has
|
|
created the <ulink url="http://cnpa.yzu.edu.tw/~cfc/">Chinese
|
|
FreeBSD Collection (CFC)</ulink> using FreeBSD-Taiwan's
|
|
<literal>zh-L10N-tut</literal>. The packages and the script files
|
|
are available at <ulink url="ftp://ftp.csie.ncu.edu.tw/OS/FreeBSD/taiwan/CFC/"></ulink>.</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>German Language Localization (for All ISO 8859-1
|
|
Languages)</title>
|
|
<indexterm>
|
|
<primary>localization</primary>
|
|
<secondary>German</secondary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
|
|
<para>Slaven Rezic <email>eserte@cs.tu-berlin.de</email> wrote a
|
|
tutorial how to use umlauts on a FreeBSD machine. The tutorial
|
|
is written in German and available at
|
|
<ulink url="http://www.de.FreeBSD.org/de/umlaute/"></ulink>.</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Japanese and Korean Language Localization</title>
|
|
<indexterm>
|
|
<primary>localization</primary>
|
|
<secondary>Japanese</secondary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
<indexterm>
|
|
<primary>localization</primary>
|
|
<secondary>Korean</secondary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
<para>For Japanese, refer to
|
|
<ulink url="http://www.jp.FreeBSD.org/"></ulink>,
|
|
and for Korean, refer to
|
|
<ulink url="http://www.kr.FreeBSD.org/"></ulink>.</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Non-English FreeBSD Documentation</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>Some FreeBSD contributors have translated parts of FreeBSD to
|
|
other languages. They are available through links on the <ulink
|
|
url="../../../../index.html">main site</ulink> or in
|
|
<filename>/usr/share/doc</filename>.</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
</chapter>
|