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<!--
The FreeBSD Documentation Project
$FreeBSD$
-->
<chapter id="isa-driver">
<title>ISA device drivers</title>
<para>
<emphasis>
This chapter was written by &a.babkin; Modifications for the
handbook made by &a.murray;, &a.wylie;, and &a.logo;.
</emphasis>
</para>
<sect1 id="isa-driver-synopsis">
<title>Synopsis</title>
<para>This chapter introduces the issues relevant to writing a
driver for an ISA device. The pseudo-code presented here is
rather detailed and reminiscent of the real code but is still
only pseudo-code. It avoids the details irrelevant to the
subject of the discussion. The real-life examples can be found
in the source code of real drivers. In particular the drivers
<literal>ep</literal> and <literal>aha</literal> are good sources of information.</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="isa-driver-basics">
<title>Basic information</title>
<para>A typical ISA driver would need the following include
files:</para>
<programlisting>#include &lt;sys/module.h&gt;
#include &lt;sys/bus.h&gt;
#include &lt;machine/bus.h&gt;
#include &lt;machine/resource.h&gt;
#include &lt;sys/rman.h&gt;
#include &lt;isa/isavar.h&gt;
#include &lt;isa/pnpvar.h&gt;</programlisting>
<para>They describe the things specific to the ISA and generic
bus subsystem.</para>
<para>The bus subsystem is implemented in an object-oriented
fashion, its main structures are accessed by associated method
functions.</para>
<para>The list of bus methods implemented by an ISA driver is like
one for any other bus. For a hypothetical driver named <quote>xxx</quote>
they would be:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para><function>static void xxx_isa_identify (driver_t *,
device_t);</function> Normally used for bus drivers, not
device drivers. But for ISA devices this method may have
special use: if the device provides some device-specific
(non-PnP) way to auto-detect devices this routine may
implement it.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><function>static int xxx_isa_probe (device_t
dev);</function> Probe for a device at a known (or PnP)
location. This routine can also accommodate device-specific
auto-detection of parameters for partially configured
devices.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><function>static int xxx_isa_attach (device_t
dev);</function> Attach and initialize device.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><function>static int xxx_isa_detach (device_t
dev);</function> Detach device before unloading the driver
module.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><function>static int xxx_isa_shutdown (device_t
dev);</function> Execute shutdown of the device before
system shutdown.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><function>static int xxx_isa_suspend (device_t
dev);</function> Suspend the device before the system goes
to the power-save state. May also abort transition to the
power-save state.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><function>static int xxx_isa_resume (device_t
dev);</function> Resume the device activity after return
from power-save state.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para><function>xxx_isa_probe()</function> and
<function>xxx_isa_attach()</function> are mandatory, the rest of
the routines are optional, depending on the device's
needs.</para>
<para>The driver is linked to the system with the following set of
descriptions.</para>
<programlisting> /* table of supported bus methods */
static device_method_t xxx_isa_methods[] = {
/* list all the bus method functions supported by the driver */
/* omit the unsupported methods */
DEVMETHOD(device_identify, xxx_isa_identify),
DEVMETHOD(device_probe, xxx_isa_probe),
DEVMETHOD(device_attach, xxx_isa_attach),
DEVMETHOD(device_detach, xxx_isa_detach),
DEVMETHOD(device_shutdown, xxx_isa_shutdown),
DEVMETHOD(device_suspend, xxx_isa_suspend),
DEVMETHOD(device_resume, xxx_isa_resume),
{ 0, 0 }
};
static driver_t xxx_isa_driver = {
"xxx",
xxx_isa_methods,
sizeof(struct xxx_softc),
};
static devclass_t xxx_devclass;
DRIVER_MODULE(xxx, isa, xxx_isa_driver, xxx_devclass,
load_function, load_argument);</programlisting>
<para>Here struct <structname>xxx_softc</structname> is a
device-specific structure that contains private driver data
and descriptors for the driver's resources. The bus code
automatically allocates one softc descriptor per device as
needed.</para>
<para>If the driver is implemented as a loadable module then
<function>load_function()</function> is called to do
driver-specific initialization or clean-up when the driver is
loaded or unloaded and load_argument is passed as one of its
arguments. If the driver does not support dynamic loading (in
other words it must always be linked into the kernel) then these
values should be set to 0 and the last definition would look
like:</para>
<programlisting> DRIVER_MODULE(xxx, isa, xxx_isa_driver,
xxx_devclass, 0, 0);</programlisting>
<para>If the driver is for a device which supports PnP then a
table of supported PnP IDs must be defined. The table
consists of a list of PnP IDs supported by this driver and
human-readable descriptions of the hardware types and models
having these IDs. It looks like:</para>
<programlisting> static struct isa_pnp_id xxx_pnp_ids[] = {
/* a line for each supported PnP ID */
{ 0x12345678, "Our device model 1234A" },
{ 0x12345679, "Our device model 1234B" },
{ 0, NULL }, /* end of table */
};</programlisting>
<para>If the driver does not support PnP devices it still needs
an empty PnP ID table, like:</para>
<programlisting> static struct isa_pnp_id xxx_pnp_ids[] = {
{ 0, NULL }, /* end of table */
};</programlisting>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="isa-driver-device-t">
<title>Device_t pointer</title>
<para><structname>Device_t</structname> is the pointer type for
the device structure. Here we consider only the methods
interesting from the device driver writer's standpoint. The
methods to manipulate values in the device structure
are:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para><function>device_t
device_get_parent(dev)</function> Get the parent bus of a
device.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><function>driver_t
device_get_driver(dev)</function> Get pointer to its driver
structure.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><function>char
*device_get_name(dev)</function> Get the driver name, such
as <literal>"xxx"</literal> for our example.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><function>int device_get_unit(dev)</function>
Get the unit number (units are numbered from 0 for the
devices associated with each driver).</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><function>char
*device_get_nameunit(dev)</function> Get the device name
including the unit number, such as <quote>xxx0</quote>, <quote>xxx1</quote> and so
on.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><function>char
*device_get_desc(dev)</function> Get the device
description. Normally it describes the exact model of device
in human-readable form.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><function>device_set_desc(dev,
desc)</function> Set the description. This makes the device
description point to the string desc which may not be
deallocated or changed after that.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><function>device_set_desc_copy(dev,
desc)</function> Set the description. The description is
copied into an internal dynamically allocated buffer, so the
string desc may be changed afterwards without adverse
effects.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><function>void
*device_get_softc(dev)</function> Get pointer to the device
descriptor (struct <structname>xxx_softc</structname>)
associated with this device.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><function>u_int32_t
device_get_flags(dev)</function> Get the flags specified for
the device in the configuration file.</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>A convenience function <function>device_printf(dev, fmt,
...)</function> may be used to print the messages from the
device driver. It automatically prepends the unitname and
colon to the message.</para>
<para>The device_t methods are implemented in the file
<filename>kern/bus_subr.c</filename>.</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="isa-driver-config">
<title>Configuration file and the order of identifying and probing
during auto-configuration</title>
<para>The ISA devices are described in the kernel configuration file
like:</para>
<programlisting>device xxx0 at isa? port 0x300 irq 10 drq 5
iomem 0xd0000 flags 0x1 sensitive</programlisting>
<para>The values of port, IRQ and so on are converted to the
resource values associated with the device. They are optional,
depending on the device's needs and abilities for
auto-configuration. For example, some devices do not need DRQ
at all and some allow the driver to read the IRQ setting from
the device configuration ports. If a machine has multiple ISA
buses the exact bus may be specified in the configuration
line, like <literal>isa0</literal> or <literal>isa1</literal>, otherwise the device would be
searched for on all the ISA buses.</para>
<para><literal>sensitive</literal> is a resource requesting that this device must
be probed before all non-sensitive devices. It is supported
but does not seem to be used in any current driver.</para>
<para>For legacy ISA devices in many cases the drivers are still
able to detect the configuration parameters. But each device
to be configured in the system must have a config line. If two
devices of some type are installed in the system but there is
only one configuration line for the corresponding driver, ie:
<programlisting>device xxx0 at isa?</programlisting> then only
one device will be configured.</para>
<para>But for the devices supporting automatic identification by
the means of Plug-n-Play or some proprietary protocol one
configuration line is enough to configure all the devices in
the system, like the one above or just simply:</para>
<programlisting>device xxx at isa?</programlisting>
<para>If a driver supports both auto-identified and legacy
devices and both kinds are installed at once in one machine
then it is enough to describe in the config file the legacy
devices only. The auto-identified devices will be added
automatically.</para>
<para>When an ISA bus is auto-configured the events happen as
follows:</para>
<para>All the drivers' identify routines (including the PnP
identify routine which identifies all the PnP devices) are
called in random order. As they identify the devices they add
them to the list on the ISA bus. Normally the drivers'
identify routines associate their drivers with the new
devices. The PnP identify routine does not know about the
other drivers yet so it does not associate any with the new
devices it adds.</para>
<para>The PnP devices are put to sleep using the PnP protocol to
prevent them from being probed as legacy devices.</para>
<para>The probe routines of non-PnP devices marked as
<literal>sensitive</literal> are called. If probe for a device went
successfully, the attach routine is called for it.</para>
<para>The probe and attach routines of all non-PNP devices are
called likewise.</para>
<para>The PnP devices are brought back from the sleep state and
assigned the resources they request: I/O and memory address
ranges, IRQs and DRQs, all of them not conflicting with the
attached legacy devices.</para>
<para>Then for each PnP device the probe routines of all the
present ISA drivers are called. The first one that claims the
device gets attached. It is possible that multiple drivers
would claim the device with different priority; in this case, the
highest-priority driver wins. The probe routines must call
<function>ISA_PNP_PROBE()</function> to compare the actual PnP
ID with the list of the IDs supported by the driver and if the
ID is not in the table return failure. That means that
absolutely every driver, even the ones not supporting any PnP
devices must call <function>ISA_PNP_PROBE()</function>, at
least with an empty PnP ID table to return failure on unknown
PnP devices.</para>
<para>The probe routine returns a positive value (the error
code) on error, zero or negative value on success.</para>
<para>The negative return values are used when a PnP device
supports multiple interfaces. For example, an older
compatibility interface and a newer advanced interface which
are supported by different drivers. Then both drivers would
detect the device. The driver which returns a higher value in
the probe routine takes precedence (in other words, the driver
returning 0 has highest precedence, returning -1 is next,
returning -2 is after it and so on). In result the devices
which support only the old interface will be handled by the
old driver (which should return -1 from the probe routine)
while the devices supporting the new interface as well will be
handled by the new driver (which should return 0 from the
probe routine). If multiple drivers return the same value then
the one called first wins. So if a driver returns value 0 it
may be sure that it won the priority arbitration.</para>
<para>The device-specific identify routines can also assign not
a driver but a class of drivers to the device. Then all the
drivers in the class are probed for this device, like the case
with PnP. This feature is not implemented in any existing
driver and is not considered further in this document.</para>
<para>Because the PnP devices are disabled when probing the
legacy devices they will not be attached twice (once as legacy
and once as PnP). But in case of device-dependent identify
routines it is the responsibility of the driver to make sure
that the same device will not be attached by the driver twice:
once as legacy user-configured and once as
auto-identified.</para>
<para>Another practical consequence for the auto-identified
devices (both PnP and device-specific) is that the flags can
not be passed to them from the kernel configuration file. So
they must either not use the flags at all or use the flags
from the device unit 0 for all the auto-identified devices or
use the sysctl interface instead of flags.</para>
<para>Other unusual configurations may be accommodated by
accessing the configuration resources directly with functions
of families <function>resource_query_*()</function> and
<function>resource_*_value()</function>. Their implementations
are located in <filename>kern/subr_bus.c</filename>. The old IDE disk driver
<filename>i386/isa/wd.c</filename> contains examples of such use. But the standard
means of configuration must always be preferred. Leave parsing
the configuration resources to the bus configuration
code.</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="isa-driver-resources">
<title>Resources</title>
<para>The information that a user enters into the kernel
configuration file is processed and passed to the kernel as
configuration resources. This information is parsed by the bus
configuration code and transformed into a value of structure
device_t and the bus resources associated with it. The drivers
may access the configuration resources directly using
functions resource_* for more complex cases of
configuration. However, generally this is neither needed nor recommended,
so this issue is not discussed further here.</para>
<para>The bus resources are associated with each device. They
are identified by type and number within the type. For the ISA
bus the following types are defined:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis>SYS_RES_IRQ</emphasis> - interrupt
number</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis>SYS_RES_DRQ</emphasis> - ISA DMA channel
number</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis>SYS_RES_MEMORY</emphasis> - range of
device memory mapped into the system memory space
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis>SYS_RES_IOPORT</emphasis> - range of
device I/O registers</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>The enumeration within types starts from 0, so if a device
has two memory regions it would have resources of type
SYS_RES_MEMORY numbered 0 and 1. The resource type has
nothing to do with the C language type, all the resource
values have the C language type <literal>unsigned long</literal> and must be
cast as necessary. The resource numbers do not have to be
contiguous, although for ISA they normally would be. The
permitted resource numbers for ISA devices are:</para>
<programlisting> IRQ: 0-1
DRQ: 0-1
MEMORY: 0-3
IOPORT: 0-7</programlisting>
<para>All the resources are represented as ranges, with a start
value and count. For IRQ and DRQ resources the count would
normally be equal to 1. The values for memory refer to the
physical addresses.</para>
<para>Three types of activities can be performed on
resources:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>set/get</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>allocate/release</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>activate/deactivate</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>Setting sets the range used by the resource. Allocation
reserves the requested range that no other driver would be
able to reserve it (and checking that no other driver reserved
this range already). Activation makes the resource accessible
to the driver by doing whatever is necessary for that (for
example, for memory it would be mapping into the kernel
virtual address space).</para>
<para>The functions to manipulate resources are:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para><function>int bus_set_resource(device_t dev, int type,
int rid, u_long start, u_long count)</function></para>
<para>Set a range for a resource. Returns 0 if successful,
error code otherwise. Normally, this function will
return an error only if one of <literal>type</literal>,
<literal>rid</literal>, <literal>start</literal> or
<literal>count</literal> has a value that falls out of the
permitted range.</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para> dev - driver's device</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para> type - type of resource, SYS_RES_* </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para> rid - resource number (ID) within type </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para> start, count - resource range </para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><function>int bus_get_resource(device_t dev, int type,
int rid, u_long *startp, u_long *countp)</function></para>
<para>Get the range of resource. Returns 0 if successful,
error code if the resource is not defined yet.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><function>u_long bus_get_resource_start(device_t dev,
int type, int rid) u_long bus_get_resource_count (device_t
dev, int type, int rid)</function></para>
<para>Convenience functions to get only the start or
count. Return 0 in case of error, so if the resource start
has 0 among the legitimate values it would be impossible
to tell if the value is 0 or an error occurred. Luckily,
no ISA resources for add-on drivers may have a start value
equal to 0.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><function>void bus_delete_resource(device_t dev, int
type, int rid)</function></para>
<para> Delete a resource, make it undefined.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><function>struct resource *
bus_alloc_resource(device_t dev, int type, int *rid,
u_long start, u_long end, u_long count, u_int
flags)</function></para>
<para>Allocate a resource as a range of count values not
allocated by anyone else, somewhere between start and
end. Alas, alignment is not supported. If the resource
was not set yet it is automatically created. The special
values of start 0 and end ~0 (all ones) means that the
fixed values previously set by
<function>bus_set_resource()</function> must be used
instead: start and count as themselves and
end=(start+count), in this case if the resource was not
defined before then an error is returned. Although rid is
passed by reference it is not set anywhere by the resource
allocation code of the ISA bus. (The other buses may use a
different approach and modify it).</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>Flags are a bitmap, the flags interesting for the caller
are:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis>RF_ACTIVE</emphasis> - causes the resource
to be automatically activated after allocation.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis>RF_SHAREABLE</emphasis> - resource may be
shared at the same time by multiple drivers.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis>RF_TIMESHARE</emphasis> - resource may be
time-shared by multiple drivers, i.e. allocated at the
same time by many but activated only by one at any given
moment of time.</para>
</listitem>
<!-- XXXDONT KNOW IT THESE SHOULD BE TWO SEPARATE LISTS OR NOT -->
<listitem>
<para>Returns 0 on error. The allocated values may be
obtained from the returned handle using methods
<function>rhand_*()</function>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><function>int bus_release_resource(device_t dev, int
type, int rid, struct resource *r)</function></para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Release the resource, r is the handle returned by
<function>bus_alloc_resource()</function>. Returns 0 on
success, error code otherwise.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><function>int bus_activate_resource(device_t dev, int
type, int rid, struct resource *r)</function>
<function>int bus_deactivate_resource(device_t dev, int
type, int rid, struct resource *r)</function></para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Activate or deactivate resource. Return 0 on success,
error code otherwise. If the resource is time-shared and
currently activated by another driver then EBUSY is
returned.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><function>int bus_setup_intr(device_t dev, struct
resource *r, int flags, driver_intr_t *handler, void *arg,
void **cookiep)</function> <function>int
bus_teardown_intr(device_t dev, struct resource *r, void
*cookie)</function></para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Associate or de-associate the interrupt handler with a
device. Return 0 on success, error code otherwise.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>r - the activated resource handler describing the
IRQ</para>
<para>flags - the interrupt priority level, one of:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para><function>INTR_TYPE_TTY</function> - terminals and
other likewise character-type devices. To mask them
use <function>spltty()</function>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><function>(INTR_TYPE_TTY |
INTR_TYPE_FAST)</function> - terminal type devices
with small input buffer, critical to the data loss on
input (such as the old-fashioned serial ports). To
mask them use <function>spltty()</function>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><function>INTR_TYPE_BIO</function> - block-type
devices, except those on the CAM controllers. To mask
them use <function>splbio()</function>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><function>INTR_TYPE_CAM</function> - CAM (Common
Access Method) bus controllers. To mask them use
<function>splcam()</function>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><function>INTR_TYPE_NET</function> - network
interface controllers. To mask them use
<function>splimp()</function>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><function>INTR_TYPE_MISC</function> -
miscellaneous devices. There is no other way to mask
them than by <function>splhigh()</function> which
masks all interrupts.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>When an interrupt handler executes all the other
interrupts matching its priority level will be masked. The
only exception is the MISC level for which no other interrupts
are masked and which is not masked by any other
interrupt.</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis>handler</emphasis> - pointer to the handler
function, the type driver_intr_t is defined as <function>void
driver_intr_t(void *)</function></para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis>arg</emphasis> - the argument passed to the
handler to identify this particular device. It is cast
from void* to any real type by the handler. The old
convention for the ISA interrupt handlers was to use the
unit number as argument, the new (recommended) convention
is using a pointer to the device softc structure.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis>cookie[p]</emphasis> - the value received
from <function>setup()</function> is used to identify the
handler when passed to
<function>teardown()</function></para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>A number of methods are defined to operate on the resource
handlers (struct resource *). Those of interest to the device
driver writers are:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para><function>u_long rman_get_start(r) u_long
rman_get_end(r)</function> Get the start and end of
allocated resource range.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><function>void *rman_get_virtual(r)</function> Get
the virtual address of activated memory resource.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="isa-driver-busmem">
<title>Bus memory mapping</title>
<para>In many cases data is exchanged between the driver and the
device through the memory. Two variants are possible:</para>
<para>(a) memory is located on the device card</para>
<para>(b) memory is the main memory of the computer</para>
<para>In case (a) the driver always copies the data back and
forth between the on-card memory and the main memory as
necessary. To map the on-card memory into the kernel virtual
address space the physical address and length of the on-card
memory must be defined as a SYS_RES_MEMORY resource. That
resource can then be allocated and activated, and its virtual
address obtained using
<function>rman_get_virtual()</function>. The older drivers
used the function <function>pmap_mapdev()</function> for this
purpose, which should not be used directly any more. Now it is
one of the internal steps of resource activation.</para>
<para>Most of the ISA cards will have their memory configured
for physical location somewhere in range 640KB-1MB. Some of
the ISA cards require larger memory ranges which should be
placed somewhere under 16MB (because of the 24-bit address
limitation on the ISA bus). In that case if the machine has
more memory than the start address of the device memory (in
other words, they overlap) a memory hole must be configured at
the address range used by devices. Many BIOSes allow
configuration of a memory hole of 1MB starting at 14MB or
15MB. FreeBSD can handle the memory holes properly if the BIOS
reports them properly (this feature may be broken on old BIOSes).</para>
<para>In case (b) just the address of the data is sent to
the device, and the device uses DMA to actually access the
data in the main memory. Two limitations are present: First,
ISA cards can only access memory below 16MB. Second, the
contiguous pages in virtual address space may not be
contiguous in physical address space, so the device may have
to do scatter/gather operations. The bus subsystem provides
ready solutions for some of these problems, the rest has to be
done by the drivers themselves.</para>
<para>Two structures are used for DMA memory allocation,
bus_dma_tag_t and bus_dmamap_t. Tag describes the properties
required for the DMA memory. Map represents a memory block
allocated according to these properties. Multiple maps may be
associated with the same tag.</para>
<para>Tags are organized into a tree-like hierarchy with
inheritance of the properties. A child tag inherits all the
requirements of its parent tag, and may make them more strict
but never more loose.</para>
<para>Normally one top-level tag (with no parent) is created for
each device unit. If multiple memory areas with different
requirements are needed for each device then a tag for each of
them may be created as a child of the parent tag.</para>
<para>The tags can be used to create a map in two ways.</para>
<para>First, a chunk of contiguous memory conformant with the
tag requirements may be allocated (and later may be
freed). This is normally used to allocate relatively
long-living areas of memory for communication with the
device. Loading of such memory into a map is trivial: it is
always considered as one chunk in the appropriate physical
memory range.</para>
<para>Second, an arbitrary area of virtual memory may be loaded
into a map. Each page of this memory will be checked for
conformance to the map requirement. If it conforms then it is
left at its original location. If it is not then a fresh
conformant <quote>bounce page</quote> is allocated and used as intermediate
storage. When writing the data from the non-conformant
original pages they will be copied to their bounce pages first
and then transferred from the bounce pages to the device. When
reading the data would go from the device to the bounce pages
and then copied to their non-conformant original pages. The
process of copying between the original and bounce pages is
called synchronization. This is normally used on a per-transfer
basis: buffer for each transfer would be loaded, transfer done
and buffer unloaded.</para>
<para>The functions working on the DMA memory are:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para><function>int bus_dma_tag_create(bus_dma_tag_t parent,
bus_size_t alignment, bus_size_t boundary, bus_addr_t
lowaddr, bus_addr_t highaddr, bus_dma_filter_t *filter, void
*filterarg, bus_size_t maxsize, int nsegments, bus_size_t
maxsegsz, int flags, bus_dma_tag_t *dmat)</function></para>
<para>Create a new tag. Returns 0 on success, the error code
otherwise.</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis>parent</emphasis> - parent tag, or NULL to
create a top-level tag.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis>alignment</emphasis> -
required physical alignment of the memory area to be
allocated for this tag. Use value 1 for <quote>no specific
alignment</quote>. Applies only to the future
<function>bus_dmamem_alloc()</function> but not
<function>bus_dmamap_create()</function> calls.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis>boundary</emphasis> - physical address
boundary that must not be crossed when allocating the
memory. Use value 0 for <quote>no boundary</quote>. Applies only to
the future <function>bus_dmamem_alloc()</function> but
not <function>bus_dmamap_create()</function> calls.
Must be power of 2. If the memory is planned to be used
in non-cascaded DMA mode (i.e. the DMA addresses will be
supplied not by the device itself but by the ISA DMA
controller) then the boundary must be no larger than
64KB (64*1024) due to the limitations of the DMA
hardware.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis>lowaddr, highaddr</emphasis> - the names
are slightly misleading; these values are used to limit
the permitted range of physical addresses used to
allocate the memory. The exact meaning varies depending
on the planned future use:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>For <function>bus_dmamem_alloc()</function> all
the addresses from 0 to lowaddr-1 are considered
permitted, the higher ones are forbidden.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>For <function>bus_dmamap_create()</function> all
the addresses outside the inclusive range [lowaddr;
highaddr] are considered accessible. The addresses
of pages inside the range are passed to the filter
function which decides if they are accessible. If no
filter function is supplied then all the range is
considered unaccessible.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>For the ISA devices the normal values (with no
filter function) are:</para>
<para>lowaddr = BUS_SPACE_MAXADDR_24BIT</para>
<para>highaddr = BUS_SPACE_MAXADDR</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis>filter, filterarg</emphasis> - the filter
function and its argument. If NULL is passed for filter
then the whole range [lowaddr, highaddr] is considered
unaccessible when doing
<function>bus_dmamap_create()</function>. Otherwise the
physical address of each attempted page in range
[lowaddr; highaddr] is passed to the filter function
which decides if it is accessible. The prototype of the
filter function is: <function>int filterfunc(void *arg,
bus_addr_t paddr)</function>. It must return 0 if the
page is accessible, non-zero otherwise.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis>maxsize</emphasis> - the maximal size of
memory (in bytes) that may be allocated through this
tag. In case it is difficult to estimate or could be
arbitrarily big, the value for ISA devices would be
BUS_SPACE_MAXSIZE_24BIT.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis>nsegments</emphasis> - maximal number of
scatter-gather segments supported by the device. If
unrestricted then the value BUS_SPACE_UNRESTRICTED
should be used. This value is recommended for the parent
tags, the actual restrictions would then be specified
for the descendant tags. Tags with nsegments equal to
BUS_SPACE_UNRESTRICTED may not be used to actually load
maps, they may be used only as parent tags. The
practical limit for nsegments seems to be about 250-300,
higher values will cause kernel stack overflow (the hardware
can not normally support that many
scatter-gather buffers anyway).</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis>maxsegsz</emphasis> - maximal size of a
scatter-gather segment supported by the device. The
maximal value for ISA device would be
BUS_SPACE_MAXSIZE_24BIT.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis>flags</emphasis> - a bitmap of flags. The
only interesting flags are:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis>BUS_DMA_ALLOCNOW</emphasis> - requests
to allocate all the potentially needed bounce pages
when creating the tag.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis>BUS_DMA_ISA</emphasis> - mysterious
flag used only on Alpha machines. It is not defined
for the i386 machines. Probably it should be used
by all the ISA drivers for Alpha machines but it
looks like there are no such drivers yet.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis>dmat</emphasis> - pointer to the storage
for the new tag to be returned.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</listitem>
<listitem> <!-- Second entry in list alpha -->
<para><function>int bus_dma_tag_destroy(bus_dma_tag_t
dmat)</function></para>
<para>Destroy a tag. Returns 0 on success, the error code
otherwise.</para>
<para>dmat - the tag to be destroyed.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem> <!-- Third entry in list alpha -->
<para><function>int bus_dmamem_alloc(bus_dma_tag_t dmat,
void** vaddr, int flags, bus_dmamap_t
*mapp)</function></para>
<para>Allocate an area of contiguous memory described by the
tag. The size of memory to be allocated is tag's maxsize.
Returns 0 on success, the error code otherwise. The result
still has to be loaded by
<function>bus_dmamap_load()</function> before being used to get
the physical address of the memory.</para>
<!-- XXX What it is Wylie, I got to here -->
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
<emphasis>dmat</emphasis> - the tag
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<emphasis>vaddr</emphasis> - pointer to the storage
for the kernel virtual address of the allocated area
to be returned.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
flags - a bitmap of flags. The only interesting flag is:
</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
<emphasis>BUS_DMA_NOWAIT</emphasis> - if the
memory is not immediately available return the
error. If this flag is not set then the routine
is allowed to sleep until the memory
becomes available.
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<emphasis>mapp</emphasis> - pointer to the storage
for the new map to be returned.
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</listitem>
<listitem> <!-- Fourth entry in list alpha -->
<para>
<function>void bus_dmamem_free(bus_dma_tag_t dmat, void
*vaddr, bus_dmamap_t map)</function>
</para>
<para>
Free the memory allocated by
<function>bus_dmamem_alloc()</function>. At present,
freeing of the memory allocated with ISA restrictions is
not implemented. Because of this the recommended model
of use is to keep and re-use the allocated areas for as
long as possible. Do not lightly free some area and then
shortly allocate it again. That does not mean that
<function>bus_dmamem_free()</function> should not be
used at all: hopefully it will be properly implemented
soon.
</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis>dmat</emphasis> - the tag
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<emphasis>vaddr</emphasis> - the kernel virtual
address of the memory
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<emphasis>map</emphasis> - the map of the memory (as
returned from
<function>bus_dmamem_alloc()</function>)
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</listitem>
<listitem> <!-- The fifth entry in list alpha -->
<para>
<function>int bus_dmamap_create(bus_dma_tag_t dmat, int
flags, bus_dmamap_t *mapp)</function>
</para>
<para>
Create a map for the tag, to be used in
<function>bus_dmamap_load()</function> later. Returns 0
on success, the error code otherwise.
</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
<emphasis>dmat</emphasis> - the tag
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<emphasis>flags</emphasis> - theoretically, a bit map
of flags. But no flags are defined yet, so at present
it will be always 0.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<emphasis>mapp</emphasis> - pointer to the storage
for the new map to be returned
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</listitem>
<listitem> <!-- Sixth entry in the alpha list -->
<para>
<function>int bus_dmamap_destroy(bus_dma_tag_t dmat,
bus_dmamap_t map)</function>
</para>
<para>
Destroy a map. Returns 0 on success, the error code otherwise.
</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
dmat - the tag to which the map is associated
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
map - the map to be destroyed
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</listitem>
<listitem> <!-- Seventh entry in list alpha -->
<para>
<function>int bus_dmamap_load(bus_dma_tag_t dmat,
bus_dmamap_t map, void *buf, bus_size_t buflen,
bus_dmamap_callback_t *callback, void *callback_arg, int
flags)</function>
</para>
<para>
Load a buffer into the map (the map must be previously
created by <function>bus_dmamap_create()</function> or
<function>bus_dmamem_alloc()</function>). All the pages
of the buffer are checked for conformance to the tag
requirements and for those not conformant the bounce
pages are allocated. An array of physical segment
descriptors is built and passed to the callback
routine. This callback routine is then expected to
handle it in some way. The number of bounce buffers in
the system is limited, so if the bounce buffers are
needed but not immediately available the request will be
queued and the callback will be called when the bounce
buffers will become available. Returns 0 if the callback
was executed immediately or EINPROGRESS if the request
was queued for future execution. In the latter case the
synchronization with queued callback routine is the
responsibility of the driver.
</para>
<!--<blockquote>-->
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
<emphasis>dmat</emphasis> - the tag
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<emphasis>map</emphasis> - the map
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<emphasis>buf</emphasis> - kernel virtual address of
the buffer
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<emphasis>buflen</emphasis> - length of the buffer
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<emphasis>callback</emphasis>,<function>
callback_arg</function> - the callback function and
its argument
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<!--</blockquote>-->
<para>
The prototype of callback function is:
</para>
<para>
<function>void callback(void *arg, bus_dma_segment_t
*seg, int nseg, int error)</function>
</para>
<!-- <blockquote> -->
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
<emphasis>arg</emphasis> - the same as callback_arg
passed to <function>bus_dmamap_load()</function>
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<emphasis>seg</emphasis> - array of the segment
descriptors
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<emphasis>nseg</emphasis> - number of descriptors in
array
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<emphasis>error</emphasis> - indication of the
segment number overflow: if it is set to EFBIG then
the buffer did not fit into the maximal number of
segments permitted by the tag. In this case only the
permitted number of descriptors will be in the
array. Handling of this situation is up to the
driver: depending on the desired semantics it can
either consider this an error or split the buffer in
two and handle the second part separately
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<!-- </blockquote> -->
<para>
Each entry in the segments array contains the fields:
</para>
<!-- <blockquote> -->
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
<emphasis>ds_addr</emphasis> - physical bus address
of the segment
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<emphasis>ds_len</emphasis> - length of the segment
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<!-- </blockquote>-->
</listitem>
<listitem> <!-- Eighth entry in alpha list -->
<para>
<function>void bus_dmamap_unload(bus_dma_tag_t dmat,
bus_dmamap_t map)</function>
</para>
<para>unload the map.
</para>
<!-- <blockquote> -->
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
<emphasis>dmat</emphasis> - tag
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<emphasis>map</emphasis> - loaded map
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<!-- </blockquote> -->
</listitem>
<listitem> <!-- Ninth entry list alpha -->
<para>
<function>void bus_dmamap_sync (bus_dma_tag_t dmat,
bus_dmamap_t map, bus_dmasync_op_t op)</function>
</para>
<para>
Synchronise a loaded buffer with its bounce pages before
and after physical transfer to or from device. This is
the function that does all the necessary copying of data
between the original buffer and its mapped version. The
buffers must be synchronized both before and after doing
the transfer.
</para>
<!-- <blockquote> -->
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
<emphasis>dmat</emphasis> - tag
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<emphasis>map</emphasis> - loaded map
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<emphasis>op</emphasis> - type of synchronization
operation to perform:
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<!-- <blockquote> -->
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
<function>BUS_DMASYNC_PREREAD</function> - before
reading from device into buffer
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<function>BUS_DMASYNC_POSTREAD</function> - after
reading from device into buffer
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<function>BUS_DMASYNC_PREWRITE</function> - before
writing the buffer to device
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<function>BUS_DMASYNC_POSTWRITE</function> - after
writing the buffer to device
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist> <!-- End of list alpha -->
<!-- </blockquote>
</blockquote> -->
<para>
As of now PREREAD and POSTWRITE are null operations but that
may change in the future, so they must not be ignored in the
driver. Synchronization is not needed for the memory
obtained from <function>bus_dmamem_alloc()</function>.
</para>
<para>
Before calling the callback function from
<function>bus_dmamap_load()</function> the segment array is
stored in the stack. And it gets pre-allocated for the
maximal number of segments allowed by the tag. Because of
this the practical limit for the number of segments on i386
architecture is about 250-300 (the kernel stack is 4KB minus
the size of the user structure, size of a segment array
entry is 8 bytes, and some space must be left). Because the
array is allocated based on the maximal number this value
must not be set higher than really needed. Fortunately, for
most of hardware the maximal supported number of segments is
much lower. But if the driver wants to handle buffers with a
very large number of scatter-gather segments it should do
that in portions: load part of the buffer, transfer it to
the device, load next part of the buffer, and so on.
</para>
<para>
Another practical consequence is that the number of segments
may limit the size of the buffer. If all the pages in the
buffer happen to be physically non-contiguous then the
maximal supported buffer size for that fragmented case would
be (nsegments * page_size). For example, if a maximal number
of 10 segments is supported then on i386 maximal guaranteed
supported buffer size would be 40K. If a higher size is
desired then special tricks should be used in the driver.
</para>
<para>
If the hardware does not support scatter-gather at all or
the driver wants to support some buffer size even if it is
heavily fragmented then the solution is to allocate a
contiguous buffer in the driver and use it as intermediate
storage if the original buffer does not fit.
</para>
<para>
Below are the typical call sequences when using a map depend
on the use of the map. The characters -> are used to show
the flow of time.
</para>
<para>
For a buffer which stays practically fixed during all the
time between attachment and detachment of a device:</para>
<para>
bus_dmamem_alloc -> bus_dmamap_load -> ...use buffer... ->
-> bus_dmamap_unload -> bus_dmamem_free
</para>
<para>For a buffer that changes frequently and is passed from
outside the driver:
<!-- XXX is this correct? -->
<programlisting> bus_dmamap_create ->
-> bus_dmamap_load -> bus_dmamap_sync(PRE...) -> do transfer ->
-> bus_dmamap_sync(POST...) -> bus_dmamap_unload ->
...
-> bus_dmamap_load -> bus_dmamap_sync(PRE...) -> do transfer ->
-> bus_dmamap_sync(POST...) -> bus_dmamap_unload ->
-> bus_dmamap_destroy </programlisting>
</para>
<para>
When loading a map created by
<function>bus_dmamem_alloc()</function> the passed address
and size of the buffer must be the same as used in
<function>bus_dmamem_alloc()</function>. In this case it is
guaranteed that the whole buffer will be mapped as one
segment (so the callback may be based on this assumption)
and the request will be executed immediately (EINPROGRESS
will never be returned). All the callback needs to do in
this case is to save the physical address.
</para>
<para>
A typical example would be:
</para>
<programlisting> static void
alloc_callback(void *arg, bus_dma_segment_t *seg, int nseg, int error)
{
*(bus_addr_t *)arg = seg[0].ds_addr;
}
...
int error;
struct somedata {
....
};
struct somedata *vsomedata; /* virtual address */
bus_addr_t psomedata; /* physical bus-relative address */
bus_dma_tag_t tag_somedata;
bus_dmamap_t map_somedata;
...
error=bus_dma_tag_create(parent_tag, alignment,
boundary, lowaddr, highaddr, /*filter*/ NULL, /*filterarg*/ NULL,
/*maxsize*/ sizeof(struct somedata), /*nsegments*/ 1,
/*maxsegsz*/ sizeof(struct somedata), /*flags*/ 0,
&#38;tag_somedata);
if(error)
return error;
error = bus_dmamem_alloc(tag_somedata, &#38;vsomedata, /* flags*/ 0,
&#38;map_somedata);
if(error)
return error;
bus_dmamap_load(tag_somedata, map_somedata, (void *)vsomedata,
sizeof (struct somedata), alloc_callback,
(void *) &#38;psomedata, /*flags*/0); </programlisting>
<para>
Looks a bit long and complicated but that is the way to do
it. The practical consequence is: if multiple memory areas
are allocated always together it would be a really good idea
to combine them all into one structure and allocate as one
(if the alignment and boundary limitations permit).
</para>
<para>
When loading an arbitrary buffer into the map created by
<function>bus_dmamap_create()</function> special measures
must be taken to synchronize with the callback in case it
would be delayed. The code would look like:
</para>
<programlisting> {
int s;
int error;
s = splsoftvm();
error = bus_dmamap_load(
dmat,
dmamap,
buffer_ptr,
buffer_len,
callback,
/*callback_arg*/ buffer_descriptor,
/*flags*/0);
if (error == EINPROGRESS) {
/*
* Do whatever is needed to ensure synchronization
* with callback. Callback is guaranteed not to be started
* until we do splx() or tsleep().
*/
}
splx(s);
} </programlisting>
<para>
Two possible approaches for the processing of requests are:
</para>
<para>
1. If requests are completed by marking them explicitly as
done (such as the CAM requests) then it would be simpler to
put all the further processing into the callback driver
which would mark the request when it is done. Then not much
extra synchronization is needed. For the flow control
reasons it may be a good idea to freeze the request queue
until this request gets completed.
</para>
<para>
2. If requests are completed when the function returns (such
as classic read or write requests on character devices) then
a synchronization flag should be set in the buffer
descriptor and <function>tsleep()</function> called. Later
when the callback gets called it will do its processing and
check this synchronization flag. If it is set then the
callback should issue a wakeup. In this approach the
callback function could either do all the needed processing
(just like the previous case) or simply save the segments
array in the buffer descriptor. Then after callback
completes the calling function could use this saved segments
array and do all the processing.
</para>
</sect1>
<!--_________________________________________________________________________-->
<!--~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~END OF SECTION~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-->
<sect1 id="isa-driver-dma">
<title>DMA</title>
<!-- Section Marked up by Wylie -->
<para>
The Direct Memory Access (DMA) is implemented in the ISA bus
through the DMA controller (actually, two of them but that is
an irrelevant detail). To make the early ISA devices simple
and cheap the logic of the bus control and address
generation was concentrated in the DMA controller.
Fortunately, FreeBSD provides a set of functions that mostly
hide the annoying details of the DMA controller from the
device drivers.
</para>
<para>
The simplest case is for the fairly intelligent
devices. Like the bus master devices on PCI they can
generate the bus cycles and memory addresses all by
themselves. The only thing they really need from the DMA
controller is bus arbitration. So for this purpose they
pretend to be cascaded slave DMA controllers. And the only
thing needed from the system DMA controller is to enable the
cascaded mode on a DMA channel by calling the following
function when attaching the driver:
</para>
<para>
<function>void isa_dmacascade(int channel_number)</function>
</para>
<para>
All the further activity is done by programming the
device. When detaching the driver no DMA-related functions
need to be called.
</para>
<para>
For the simpler devices things get more complicated. The
functions used are:
</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
<function>int isa_dma_acquire(int chanel_number)</function>
</para>
<para>
Reserve a DMA channel. Returns 0 on success or EBUSY
if the channel was already reserved by this or a
different driver. Most of the ISA devices are not able
to share DMA channels anyway, so normally this
function is called when attaching a device. This
reservation was made redundant by the modern interface
of bus resources but still must be used in addition to
the latter. If not used then later, other DMA routines
will panic.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<function>int isa_dma_release(int chanel_number)</function>
</para>
<para>
Release a previously reserved DMA channel. No
transfers must be in progress when the channel is
released (in addition the device must not try to
initiate transfer after the channel is released).
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<function>void isa_dmainit(int chan, u_int
bouncebufsize)</function>
</para>
<para>
Allocate a bounce buffer for use with the specified
channel. The requested size of the buffer can not exceed
64KB. This bounce buffer will be automatically used
later if a transfer buffer happens to be not
physically contiguous or outside of the memory
accessible by the ISA bus or crossing the 64KB
boundary. If the transfers will be always done from
buffers which conform to these conditions (such as
those allocated by
<function>bus_dmamem_alloc()</function> with proper
limitations) then <function>isa_dmainit()</function>
does not have to be called. But it is quite convenient
to transfer arbitrary data using the DMA controller.
The bounce buffer will automatically care of the
scatter-gather issues.
</para>
<!-- <blockquote> -->
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
<emphasis>chan</emphasis> - channel number
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<emphasis>bouncebufsize</emphasis> - size of the
bounce buffer in bytes
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<!-- </blockquote> -->
<!--</para> -->
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<function>void isa_dmastart(int flags, caddr_t addr, u_int
nbytes, int chan)</function>
</para>
<para>
Prepare to start a DMA transfer. This function must be
called to set up the DMA controller before actually
starting transfer on the device. It checks that the
buffer is contiguous and falls into the ISA memory
range, if not then the bounce buffer is automatically
used. If bounce buffer is required but not set up by
<function>isa_dmainit()</function> or too small for
the requested transfer size then the system will
panic. In case of a write request with bounce buffer
the data will be automatically copied to the bounce
buffer.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>flags - a bitmask determining the type of operation to
be done. The direction bits B_READ and B_WRITE are mutually
exclusive.
</para>
<!-- <blockquote> -->
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
B_READ - read from the ISA bus into memory
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
B_WRITE - write from the memory to the ISA bus
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
B_RAW - if set then the DMA controller will remember
the buffer and after the end of transfer will
automatically re-initialize itself to repeat transfer
of the same buffer again (of course, the driver may
change the data in the buffer before initiating
another transfer in the device). If not set then the
parameters will work only for one transfer, and
<function>isa_dmastart()</function> will have to be
called again before initiating the next
transfer. Using B_RAW makes sense only if the bounce
buffer is not used.
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<!-- </blockquote> -->
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
addr - virtual address of the buffer
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
nbytes - length of the buffer. Must be less or equal to
64KB. Length of 0 is not allowed: the DMA controller will
understand it as 64KB while the kernel code will
understand it as 0 and that would cause unpredictable
effects. For channels number 4 and higher the length must
be even because these channels transfer 2 bytes at a
time. In case of an odd length the last byte will not be
transferred.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
chan - channel number
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<function>void isa_dmadone(int flags, caddr_t addr, int
nbytes, int chan)</function>
</para>
<para>
Synchronize the memory after device reports that transfer
is done. If that was a read operation with a bounce buffer
then the data will be copied from the bounce buffer to the
original buffer. Arguments are the same as for
<function>isa_dmastart()</function>. Flag B_RAW is
permitted but it does not affect
<function>isa_dmadone()</function> in any way.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<function>int isa_dmastatus(int channel_number)</function>
</para>
<para>
Returns the number of bytes left in the current transfer
to be transferred. In case the flag B_READ was set in
<function>isa_dmastart()</function> the number returned
will never be equal to zero. At the end of transfer it
will be automatically reset back to the length of
buffer. The normal use is to check the number of bytes
left after the device signals that the transfer is
completed. If the number of bytes is not 0 then something
probably went wrong with that transfer.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<function>int isa_dmastop(int channel_number)</function>
</para>
<para>
Aborts the current transfer and returns the number of
bytes left untransferred.
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="isa-driver-probe">
<title>xxx_isa_probe</title>
<!-- Section marked up by Wylie -->
<para>
This function probes if a device is present. If the driver
supports auto-detection of some part of device configuration
(such as interrupt vector or memory address) this
auto-detection must be done in this routine.
</para>
<para>
As for any other bus, if the device cannot be detected or
is detected but failed the self-test or some other problem
happened then it returns a positive value of error. The
value ENXIO must be returned if the device is not
present. Other error values may mean other conditions. Zero
or negative values mean success. Most of the drivers return
zero as success.
</para>
<para>
The negative return values are used when a PnP device
supports multiple interfaces. For example, an older
compatibility interface and a newer advanced interface which
are supported by different drivers. Then both drivers would
detect the device. The driver which returns a higher value
in the probe routine takes precedence (in other words, the
driver returning 0 has highest precedence, one returning -1
is next, one returning -2 is after it and so on). In result
the devices which support only the old interface will be
handled by the old driver (which should return -1 from the
probe routine) while the devices supporting the new
interface as well will be handled by the new driver (which
should return 0 from the probe routine).
</para>
<para>
The device descriptor struct xxx_softc is allocated by the
system before calling the probe routine. If the probe
routine returns an error the descriptor will be
automatically deallocated by the system. So if a probing
error occurs the driver must make sure that all the
resources it used during probe are deallocated and that
nothing keeps the descriptor from being safely
deallocated. If the probe completes successfully the
descriptor will be preserved by the system and later passed
to the routine <function>xxx_isa_attach()</function>. If a
driver returns a negative value it can not be sure that it
will have the highest priority and its attach routine will
be called. So in this case it also must release all the
resources before returning and if necessary allocate them
again in the attach routine. When
<function>xxx_isa_probe()</function> returns 0 releasing the
resources before returning is also a good idea and a
well-behaved driver should do so. But in cases where there is
some problem with releasing the resources the driver is
allowed to keep resources between returning 0 from the probe
routine and execution of the attach routine.
</para>
<para>
A typical probe routine starts with getting the device
descriptor and unit:
</para>
<programlisting> struct xxx_softc *sc = device_get_softc(dev);
int unit = device_get_unit(dev);
int pnperror;
int error = 0;
sc->dev = dev; /* link it back */
sc->unit = unit; </programlisting>
<para>
Then check for the PnP devices. The check is carried out by
a table containing the list of PnP IDs supported by this
driver and human-readable descriptions of the device models
corresponding to these IDs.
</para>
<programlisting>
pnperror=ISA_PNP_PROBE(device_get_parent(dev), dev,
xxx_pnp_ids); if(pnperror == ENXIO) return ENXIO;
</programlisting>
<para>
The logic of ISA_PNP_PROBE is the following: If this card
(device unit) was not detected as PnP then ENOENT will be
returned. If it was detected as PnP but its detected ID does
not match any of the IDs in the table then ENXIO is
returned. Finally, if it has PnP support and it matches on
of the IDs in the table, 0 is returned and the appropriate
description from the table is set by
<function>device_set_desc()</function>.
</para>
<para>
If a driver supports only PnP devices then the condition
would look like:
</para>
<programlisting> if(pnperror != 0)
return pnperror; </programlisting>
<para>
No special treatment is required for the drivers which do not
support PnP because they pass an empty PnP ID table and will
always get ENXIO if called on a PnP card.
</para>
<para>
The probe routine normally needs at least some minimal set
of resources, such as I/O port number to find the card and
probe it. Depending on the hardware the driver may be able
to discover the other necessary resources automatically. The
PnP devices have all the resources pre-set by the PnP
subsystem, so the driver does not need to discover them by
itself.
</para>
<para>
Typically the minimal information required to get access to
the device is the I/O port number. Then some devices allow
to get the rest of information from the device configuration
registers (though not all devices do that). So first we try
to get the port start value:
</para>
<programlisting> sc->port0 = bus_get_resource_start(dev,
SYS_RES_IOPORT, 0 /*rid*/); if(sc->port0 == 0) return ENXIO;
</programlisting>
<para>
The base port address is saved in the structure softc for
future use. If it will be used very often then calling the
resource function each time would be prohibitively slow. If
we do not get a port we just return an error. Some device
drivers can instead be clever and try to probe all the
possible ports, like this:
</para>
<programlisting>
/* table of all possible base I/O port addresses for this device */
static struct xxx_allports {
u_short port; /* port address */
short used; /* flag: if this port is already used by some unit */
} xxx_allports = {
{ 0x300, 0 },
{ 0x320, 0 },
{ 0x340, 0 },
{ 0, 0 } /* end of table */
};
...
int port, i;
...
port = bus_get_resource_start(dev, SYS_RES_IOPORT, 0 /*rid*/);
if(port !=0 ) {
for(i=0; xxx_allports[i].port!=0; i++) {
if(xxx_allports[i].used || xxx_allports[i].port != port)
continue;
/* found it */
xxx_allports[i].used = 1;
/* do probe on a known port */
return xxx_really_probe(dev, port);
}
return ENXIO; /* port is unknown or already used */
}
/* we get here only if we need to guess the port */
for(i=0; xxx_allports[i].port!=0; i++) {
if(xxx_allports[i].used)
continue;
/* mark as used - even if we find nothing at this port
* at least we won't probe it in future
*/
xxx_allports[i].used = 1;
error = xxx_really_probe(dev, xxx_allports[i].port);
if(error == 0) /* found a device at that port */
return 0;
}
/* probed all possible addresses, none worked */
return ENXIO;</programlisting>
<para>
Of course, normally the driver's
<function>identify()</function> routine should be used for
such things. But there may be one valid reason why it may be
better to be done in <function>probe()</function>: if this
probe would drive some other sensitive device crazy. The
probe routines are ordered with consideration of the
<literal>sensitive</literal> flag: the sensitive devices get probed first and
the rest of the devices later. But the
<function>identify()</function> routines are called before
any probes, so they show no respect to the sensitive devices
and may upset them.
</para>
<para>
Now, after we got the starting port we need to set the port
count (except for PnP devices) because the kernel does not
have this information in the configuration file.
</para>
<programlisting>
if(pnperror /* only for non-PnP devices */
&#38;&#38; bus_set_resource(dev, SYS_RES_IOPORT, 0, sc->port0,
XXX_PORT_COUNT)&lt;0)
return ENXIO;</programlisting>
<para>
Finally allocate and activate a piece of port address space
(special values of start and end mean <quote>use those we set by
<function>bus_set_resource()</function></quote>):
</para>
<programlisting>
sc->port0_rid = 0;
sc->port0_r = bus_alloc_resource(dev, SYS_RES_IOPORT,
&#38;sc->port0_rid,
/*start*/ 0, /*end*/ ~0, /*count*/ 0, RF_ACTIVE);
if(sc->port0_r == NULL)
return ENXIO;</programlisting>
<para>
Now having access to the port-mapped registers we can poke
the device in some way and check if it reacts like it is
expected to. If it does not then there is probably some
other device or no device at all at this address.
</para>
<para>
Normally drivers do not set up the interrupt handlers until
the attach routine. Instead they do probes in the polling
mode using the <function>DELAY()</function> function for
timeout. The probe routine must never hang forever, all the
waits for the device must be done with timeouts. If the
device does not respond within the time it is probably broken
or misconfigured and the driver must return error. When
determining the timeout interval give the device some extra
time to be on the safe side: although
<function>DELAY()</function> is supposed to delay for the
same amount of time on any machine it has some margin of
error, depending on the exact CPU.
</para>
<para>
If the probe routine really wants to check that the
interrupts really work it may configure and probe the
interrupts too. But that is not recommended.
</para>
<programlisting>
/* implemented in some very device-specific way */
if(error = xxx_probe_ports(sc))
goto bad; /* will deallocate the resources before returning */
</programlisting>
<para>
The function <function>xxx_probe_ports()</function> may also
set the device description depending on the exact model of
device it discovers. But if there is only one supported
device model this can be as well done in a hardcoded way.
Of course, for the PnP devices the PnP support sets the
description from the table automatically.
</para>
<programlisting> if(pnperror)
device_set_desc(dev, "Our device model 1234");
</programlisting>
<para>
Then the probe routine should either discover the ranges of
all the resources by reading the device configuration
registers or make sure that they were set explicitly by the
user. We will consider it with an example of on-board
memory. The probe routine should be as non-intrusive as
possible, so allocation and check of functionality of the
rest of resources (besides the ports) would be better left
to the attach routine.
</para>
<para>
The memory address may be specified in the kernel
configuration file or on some devices it may be
pre-configured in non-volatile configuration registers. If
both sources are available and different, which one should
be used? Probably if the user bothered to set the address
explicitly in the kernel configuration file they know what
they are doing and this one should take precedence. An
example of implementation could be:
</para>
<programlisting>
/* try to find out the config address first */
sc->mem0_p = bus_get_resource_start(dev, SYS_RES_MEMORY, 0 /*rid*/);
if(sc->mem0_p == 0) { /* nope, not specified by user */
sc->mem0_p = xxx_read_mem0_from_device_config(sc);
if(sc->mem0_p == 0)
/* can't get it from device config registers either */
goto bad;
} else {
if(xxx_set_mem0_address_on_device(sc) &lt; 0)
goto bad; /* device does not support that address */
}
/* just like the port, set the memory size,
* for some devices the memory size would not be constant
* but should be read from the device configuration registers instead
* to accommodate different models of devices. Another option would
* be to let the user set the memory size as "msize" configuration
* resource which will be automatically handled by the ISA bus.
*/
if(pnperror) { /* only for non-PnP devices */
sc->mem0_size = bus_get_resource_count(dev, SYS_RES_MEMORY, 0 /*rid*/);
if(sc->mem0_size == 0) /* not specified by user */
sc->mem0_size = xxx_read_mem0_size_from_device_config(sc);
if(sc->mem0_size == 0) {
/* suppose this is a very old model of device without
* auto-configuration features and the user gave no preference,
* so assume the minimalistic case
* (of course, the real value will vary with the driver)
*/
sc->mem0_size = 8*1024;
}
if(xxx_set_mem0_size_on_device(sc) &lt; 0)
goto bad; /* device does not support that size */
if(bus_set_resource(dev, SYS_RES_MEMORY, /*rid*/0,
sc->mem0_p, sc->mem0_size)&lt;0)
goto bad;
} else {
sc->mem0_size = bus_get_resource_count(dev, SYS_RES_MEMORY, 0 /*rid*/);
} </programlisting>
<para>
Resources for IRQ and DRQ are easy to check by analogy.
</para>
<para>
If all went well then release all the resources and return success.
</para>
<programlisting> xxx_free_resources(sc);
return 0;</programlisting>
<para>
Finally, handle the troublesome situations. All the
resources should be deallocated before returning. We make
use of the fact that before the structure softc is passed to
us it gets zeroed out, so we can find out if some resource
was allocated: then its descriptor is non-zero.
</para>
<programlisting> bad:
xxx_free_resources(sc);
if(error)
return error;
else /* exact error is unknown */
return ENXIO;</programlisting>
<para>
That would be all for the probe routine. Freeing of
resources is done from multiple places, so it is moved to a
function which may look like:
</para>
<programlisting>static void
xxx_free_resources(sc)
struct xxx_softc *sc;
{
/* check every resource and free if not zero */
/* interrupt handler */
if(sc->intr_r) {
bus_teardown_intr(sc->dev, sc->intr_r, sc->intr_cookie);
bus_release_resource(sc->dev, SYS_RES_IRQ, sc->intr_rid,
sc->intr_r);
sc->intr_r = 0;
}
/* all kinds of memory maps we could have allocated */
if(sc->data_p) {
bus_dmamap_unload(sc->data_tag, sc->data_map);
sc->data_p = 0;
}
if(sc->data) { /* sc->data_map may be legitimately equal to 0 */
/* the map will also be freed */
bus_dmamem_free(sc->data_tag, sc->data, sc->data_map);
sc->data = 0;
}
if(sc->data_tag) {
bus_dma_tag_destroy(sc->data_tag);
sc->data_tag = 0;
}
... free other maps and tags if we have them ...
if(sc->parent_tag) {
bus_dma_tag_destroy(sc->parent_tag);
sc->parent_tag = 0;
}
/* release all the bus resources */
if(sc->mem0_r) {
bus_release_resource(sc->dev, SYS_RES_MEMORY, sc->mem0_rid,
sc->mem0_r);
sc->mem0_r = 0;
}
...
if(sc->port0_r) {
bus_release_resource(sc->dev, SYS_RES_IOPORT, sc->port0_rid,
sc->port0_r);
sc->port0_r = 0;
}
}</programlisting>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="isa-driver-attach">
<title>xxx_isa_attach</title>
<!-- Section Marked up by Wylie -->
<para>The attach routine actually connects the driver to the
system if the probe routine returned success and the system
had chosen to attach that driver. If the probe routine
returned 0 then the attach routine may expect to receive the
device structure softc intact, as it was set by the probe
routine. Also if the probe routine returns 0 it may expect
that the attach routine for this device shall be called at
some point in the future. If the probe routine returns a
negative value then the driver may make none of these
assumptions.
</para>
<para>The attach routine returns 0 if it completed successfully or
error code otherwise.
</para>
<para>The attach routine starts just like the probe routine,
with getting some frequently used data into more accessible
variables.
</para>
<programlisting> struct xxx_softc *sc = device_get_softc(dev);
int unit = device_get_unit(dev);
int error = 0;</programlisting>
<para>Then allocate and activate all the necessary
resources. Because normally the port range will be released
before returning from probe, it has to be allocated
again. We expect that the probe routine had properly set all
the resource ranges, as well as saved them in the structure
softc. If the probe routine had left some resource allocated
then it does not need to be allocated again (which would be
considered an error).
</para>
<programlisting> sc->port0_rid = 0;
sc->port0_r = bus_alloc_resource(dev, SYS_RES_IOPORT, &#38;sc->port0_rid,
/*start*/ 0, /*end*/ ~0, /*count*/ 0, RF_ACTIVE);
if(sc->port0_r == NULL)
return ENXIO;
/* on-board memory */
sc->mem0_rid = 0;
sc->mem0_r = bus_alloc_resource(dev, SYS_RES_MEMORY, &#38;sc->mem0_rid,
/*start*/ 0, /*end*/ ~0, /*count*/ 0, RF_ACTIVE);
if(sc->mem0_r == NULL)
goto bad;
/* get its virtual address */
sc->mem0_v = rman_get_virtual(sc->mem0_r);</programlisting>
<para>The DMA request channel (DRQ) is allocated likewise. To
initialize it use functions of the
<function>isa_dma*()</function> family. For example:
</para>
<para><function>isa_dmacascade(sc->drq0);</function></para>
<para>The interrupt request line (IRQ) is a bit
special. Besides allocation the driver's interrupt handler
should be associated with it. Historically in the old ISA
drivers the argument passed by the system to the interrupt
handler was the device unit number. But in modern drivers
the convention suggests passing the pointer to structure
softc. The important reason is that when the structures
softc are allocated dynamically then getting the unit number
from softc is easy while getting softc from the unit number is
difficult. Also this convention makes the drivers for
different buses look more uniform and allows them to share
the code: each bus gets its own probe, attach, detach and
other bus-specific routines while the bulk of the driver
code may be shared among them.
</para>
<programlisting>
sc->intr_rid = 0;
sc->intr_r = bus_alloc_resource(dev, SYS_RES_MEMORY, &#38;sc->intr_rid,
/*start*/ 0, /*end*/ ~0, /*count*/ 0, RF_ACTIVE);
if(sc->intr_r == NULL)
goto bad;
/*
* XXX_INTR_TYPE is supposed to be defined depending on the type of
* the driver, for example as INTR_TYPE_CAM for a CAM driver
*/
error = bus_setup_intr(dev, sc->intr_r, XXX_INTR_TYPE,
(driver_intr_t *) xxx_intr, (void *) sc, &#38;sc->intr_cookie);
if(error)
goto bad;
</programlisting>
<para>If the device needs to make DMA to the main memory then
this memory should be allocated like described before:
</para>
<programlisting> error=bus_dma_tag_create(NULL, /*alignment*/ 4,
/*boundary*/ 0, /*lowaddr*/ BUS_SPACE_MAXADDR_24BIT,
/*highaddr*/ BUS_SPACE_MAXADDR, /*filter*/ NULL, /*filterarg*/ NULL,
/*maxsize*/ BUS_SPACE_MAXSIZE_24BIT,
/*nsegments*/ BUS_SPACE_UNRESTRICTED,
/*maxsegsz*/ BUS_SPACE_MAXSIZE_24BIT, /*flags*/ 0,
&#38;sc->parent_tag);
if(error)
goto bad;
/* many things get inherited from the parent tag
* sc->data is supposed to point to the structure with the shared data,
* for example for a ring buffer it could be:
* struct {
* u_short rd_pos;
* u_short wr_pos;
* char bf[XXX_RING_BUFFER_SIZE]
* } *data;
*/
error=bus_dma_tag_create(sc->parent_tag, 1,
0, BUS_SPACE_MAXADDR, 0, /*filter*/ NULL, /*filterarg*/ NULL,
/*maxsize*/ sizeof(* sc->data), /*nsegments*/ 1,
/*maxsegsz*/ sizeof(* sc->data), /*flags*/ 0,
&#38;sc->data_tag);
if(error)
goto bad;
error = bus_dmamem_alloc(sc->data_tag, &#38;sc->data, /* flags*/ 0,
&#38;sc->data_map);
if(error)
goto bad;
/* xxx_alloc_callback() just saves the physical address at
* the pointer passed as its argument, in this case &#38;sc->data_p.
* See details in the section on bus memory mapping.
* It can be implemented like:
*
* static void
* xxx_alloc_callback(void *arg, bus_dma_segment_t *seg,
* int nseg, int error)
* {
* *(bus_addr_t *)arg = seg[0].ds_addr;
* }
*/
bus_dmamap_load(sc->data_tag, sc->data_map, (void *)sc->data,
sizeof (* sc->data), xxx_alloc_callback, (void *) &#38;sc->data_p,
/*flags*/0);</programlisting>
<para>After all the necessary resources are allocated the
device should be initialized. The initialization may include
testing that all the expected features are functional.</para>
<programlisting> if(xxx_initialize(sc) &lt; 0)
goto bad; </programlisting>
<para>The bus subsystem will automatically print on the
console the device description set by probe. But if the
driver wants to print some extra information about the
device it may do so, for example:</para>
<programlisting>
device_printf(dev, "has on-card FIFO buffer of %d bytes\n", sc->fifosize);
</programlisting>
<para>If the initialization routine experiences any problems
then printing messages about them before returning error is
also recommended.</para>
<para>The final step of the attach routine is attaching the
device to its functional subsystem in the kernel. The exact
way to do it depends on the type of the driver: a character
device, a block device, a network device, a CAM SCSI bus
device and so on.</para>
<para>If all went well then return success.</para>
<programlisting> error = xxx_attach_subsystem(sc);
if(error)
goto bad;
return 0; </programlisting>
<para>Finally, handle the troublesome situations. All the
resources should be deallocated before returning an
error. We make use of the fact that before the structure
softc is passed to us it gets zeroed out, so we can find out
if some resource was allocated: then its descriptor is
non-zero.</para>
<programlisting> bad:
xxx_free_resources(sc);
if(error)
return error;
else /* exact error is unknown */
return ENXIO;</programlisting>
<para>That would be all for the attach routine.</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="isa-driver-detach">
<title>xxx_isa_detach</title>
<para>
If this function is present in the driver and the driver is
compiled as a loadable module then the driver gets the
ability to be unloaded. This is an important feature if the
hardware supports hot plug. But the ISA bus does not support
hot plug, so this feature is not particularly important for
the ISA devices. The ability to unload a driver may be
useful when debugging it, but in many cases installation of
the new version of the driver would be required only after
the old version somehow wedges the system and a reboot will be
needed anyway, so the efforts spent on writing the detach
routine may not be worth it. Another argument that
unloading would allow upgrading the drivers on a production
machine seems to be mostly theoretical. Installing a new
version of a driver is a dangerous operation which should
never be performed on a production machine (and which is not
permitted when the system is running in secure mode). Still,
the detach routine may be provided for the sake of
completeness.
</para>
<para>
The detach routine returns 0 if the driver was successfully
detached or the error code otherwise.
</para>
<para>
The logic of detach is a mirror of the attach. The first
thing to do is to detach the driver from its kernel
subsystem. If the device is currently open then the driver
has two choices: refuse to be detached or forcibly close and
proceed with detach. The choice used depends on the ability
of the particular kernel subsystem to do a forced close and
on the preferences of the driver's author. Generally the
forced close seems to be the preferred alternative.
<programlisting> struct xxx_softc *sc = device_get_softc(dev);
int error;
error = xxx_detach_subsystem(sc);
if(error)
return error;</programlisting>
</para>
<para>
Next the driver may want to reset the hardware to some
consistent state. That includes stopping any ongoing
transfers, disabling the DMA channels and interrupts to
avoid memory corruption by the device. For most of the
drivers this is exactly what the shutdown routine does, so
if it is included in the driver we can just call it.
</para>
<para><function>xxx_isa_shutdown(dev);</function></para>
<para>
And finally release all the resources and return success.
<programlisting> xxx_free_resources(sc);
return 0;</programlisting>
</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="isa-driver-shutdown">
<title>xxx_isa_shutdown</title>
<para>
This routine is called when the system is about to be shut
down. It is expected to bring the hardware to some
consistent state. For most of the ISA devices no special
action is required, so the function is not really necessary
because the device will be re-initialized on reboot
anyway. But some devices have to be shut down with a special
procedure, to make sure that they will be properly detected
after soft reboot (this is especially true for many devices
with proprietary identification protocols). In any case
disabling DMA and interrupts in the device registers and
stopping any ongoing transfers is a good idea. The exact
action depends on the hardware, so we do not consider it here
in any detail.
</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="isa-driver-intr">
<title>xxx_intr</title>
<para>
The interrupt handler is called when an interrupt is
received which may be from this particular device. The ISA
bus does not support interrupt sharing (except in some special
cases) so in practice if the interrupt handler is called
then the interrupt almost for sure came from its
device. Still, the interrupt handler must poll the device
registers and make sure that the interrupt was generated by
its device. If not it should just return.
</para>
<para>
The old convention for the ISA drivers was getting the
device unit number as an argument. This is obsolete, and the
new drivers receive whatever argument was specified for them
in the attach routine when calling
<function>bus_setup_intr()</function>. By the new convention
it should be the pointer to the structure softc. So the
interrupt handler commonly starts as:
</para>
<programlisting>
static void
xxx_intr(struct xxx_softc *sc)
{
</programlisting>
<para>
It runs at the interrupt priority level specified by the
interrupt type parameter of
<function>bus_setup_intr()</function>. That means that all
the other interrupts of the same type as well as all the
software interrupts are disabled.
</para>
<para>
To avoid races it is commonly written as a loop:
</para>
<programlisting>
while(xxx_interrupt_pending(sc)) {
xxx_process_interrupt(sc);
xxx_acknowledge_interrupt(sc);
} </programlisting>
<para>
The interrupt handler has to acknowledge interrupt to the
device only but not to the interrupt controller, the system
takes care of the latter.
</para>
</sect1>
</chapter>
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