535 lines
21 KiB
Text
535 lines
21 KiB
Text
<!-- $Id: serial.sgml,v 1.5 1999-07-28 20:26:08 nik Exp $ -->
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<!-- The FreeBSD Documentation Project -->
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<sect>
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<heading>Serial Communications<label id="serial"></heading>
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<p>This section answers common questions about serial communications
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with FreeBSD. PPP and SLIP are covered in the <ref id="networking"
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name="Networking"> section.
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<sect1>
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<heading>How do I tell if FreeBSD found my serial ports?</heading>
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<p>As the FreeBSD kernel boots, it will probe for the serial ports
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in your system for which the kernel was configured. You can
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either watch your system closely for the messages it prints or
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run the command
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<verb>
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dmesg | grep sio
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</verb>
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<p>after your system's up and running.
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<p>Here's some example output from the above command:
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<verb>
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sio0 at 0x3f8-0x3ff irq 4 on isa
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sio0: type 16550A
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sio1 at 0x2f8-0x2ff irq 3 on isa
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sio1: type 16550A
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</verb>
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<p>This shows two serial ports. The first is on irq 4, is using
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port address <tt/0x3f8/, and has a 16550A-type UART chip. The
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second uses the same kind of chip but is on irq 3 and is at port
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address <tt/0x2f8/. Internal modem cards are treated just like
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serial ports---except that they always have a modem ``attached''
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to the port.
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<p>The <tt/GENERIC/ kernel includes support for two serial ports
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using the same irq and port address settings in the above
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example. If these settings aren't right for your system, or if
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you've added modem cards or have more serial ports than your
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kernel is configured for, just reconfigure your kernel. See
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section <ref id="make-kernel" name="about building a kernel"> for
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more details.
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<sect1>
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<heading>How do I tell if FreeBSD found my modem cards?</heading>
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<p>Refer to the answer to the previous question.
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<sect1>
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<heading>I just upgraded to 2.0.5 and my <tt/tty0X/ are missing!</heading>
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<p>Don't worry, they have been merged with the <tt/ttydX/ devices.
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You'll have to change any old configuration files you have, though.
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<sect1>
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<heading>How do I access the serial ports on FreeBSD?</heading>
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<p>The third serial port, <htmlurl
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url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?sio" name="sio2"> (known as
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COM3 in DOS), is on <tt>/dev/cuaa2</tt> for dial-out devices, and on
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<tt>/dev/ttyd2</tt> for dial-in devices. What's the difference
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between these two classes of devices?
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<p>You use <tt/ttydX/ for dial-ins. When opening <tt>/dev/ttydX</tt>
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in blocking mode, a process will wait for the corresponding
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<tt/cuaaX/ device to become inactive, and then wait
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for the carrier detect line to go active. When you open the
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<tt/cuaaX/ device, it makes sure the serial port isn't already in
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use by the <tt/ttydX/ device. If the port's available, it
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``steals'' it from the <tt/ttydX/ device. Also, the <tt/cuaXX/
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device doesn't care about carrier detect. With this scheme and
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an auto-answer modem, you can have remote users log in and you
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can still dialout with the same modem and the system will take
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care of all the conflicts.
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<sect1>
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<heading>How do I enable support for a multiport serial card?</heading>
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<p>Again, the section on kernel configuration provides information
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about configuring your kernel. For a multiport serial card,
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place an <htmlurl url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?sio"
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name="sio"> line for each serial port on the card in the
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kernel configuration file. But place the irq and vector
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specifiers on only one of the entries. All of the ports on the
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card should share one irq. For consistency, use the last serial
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port to specify the irq. Also, specify the <tt/COM_MULTIPORT/
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option.
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<p>The following example is for an AST 4-port serial card on irq 7:
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<verb>
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options "COM_MULTIPORT"
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device sio4 at isa? port 0x2a0 tty flags 0x781
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device sio5 at isa? port 0x2a8 tty flags 0x781
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device sio6 at isa? port 0x2b0 tty flags 0x781
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device sio7 at isa? port 0x2b8 tty flags 0x781 irq 7 vector siointr
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</verb>
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<p>The flags indicate that the master port has minor number 7
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(<tt/0x700/), diagnostics enabled during probe (<tt/0x080/), and
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all the ports share an irq (<tt/0x001/).
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<sect1>
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<heading>Can FreeBSD handle multiport serial cards sharing irqs?</heading>
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<p>Not yet. You'll have to use a different irq for each card.
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<sect1>
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<heading>Can I set the default serial parameters for a port?</heading>
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<p>The <tt/ttydX/ (or <tt/cuaaX/) device is the regular device
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you'll want to open for your applications. When a process opens
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the device, it'll have a default set of terminal I/O settings.
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You can see these settings with the command
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<verb>
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stty -a -f /dev/ttyd1
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</verb>
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<p>When you change the settings to this device, the settings are in
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effect until the device is closed. When it's reopened, it goes
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back to the default set. To make changes to the default set, you
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can open and adjust the settings of the ``initial state'' device.
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For example, to turn on <tt/CLOCAL/ mode, 8 bits, and
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<tt>XON/XOFF</tt> flow control by default for ttyd5, do:
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<verb>
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stty -f /dev/ttyid5 clocal cs8 ixon ixoff
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</verb>
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<p>A good place to do this is in <tt>/etc/rc.serial</tt>. Now, an
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application will have these settings by default when it opens
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<tt/ttyd5/. It can still change these settings to its liking,
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though.
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<p>You can also prevent certain settings from being changed by an
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application by making adjustments to the ``lock state'' device.
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For example, to lock the speed of <tt/ttyd5/ to 57600 bps, do
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<verb>
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stty -f /dev/ttyld5 57600
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</verb>
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<p>Now, an application that opens <tt/ttyd5/ and tries to change the
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speed of the port will be stuck with 57600 bps.
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<p>Naturally, you should make the initial state and lock state
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devices writable only by <tt/root/. The <htmlurl
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url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?MAKEDEV"
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name="MAKEDEV"> script does <bf/NOT/ do this when it creates the
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device entries.
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<sect1>
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<heading>How can I enable dialup logins on my modem?</heading>
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<p>So you want to become an Internet service provider, eh? First,
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you'll need one or more modems that can auto-answer. Your modem
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will need to assert carrier-detect when it detects a carrier and
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not assert it all the time. It will need to hang up the phone
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and reset itself when the data terminal ready (<tt/DTR/) line
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goes from on to off. It should probably use <tt>RTS/CTS</tt>
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flow control or no local flow control at all. Finally, it must
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use a constant speed between the computer and itself, but (to be
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nice to your callers) it should negotiate a speed between itself
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and the remote modem.
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<p>For many Hayes command-set--compatible modems, this command will
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make these settings and store them in nonvolatile memory:
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<verb>
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AT &C1 &D3 &K3 &Q6 S0=1 &W
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</verb>
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<p>See the section <ref id="direct-at" name="on sending AT
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commands"> below for information on how to make these settings
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without resorting to an MS-DOS terminal program.
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<p>Next, make an entry in <htmlurl
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url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?ttys" name="/etc/ttys"> for the
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modem. This file lists all the ports on which the operating system will
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await logins. Add a line that looks something like this:
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<verb>
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ttyd1 "/usr/libexec/getty std.57600" dialup on insecure
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</verb>
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<p>This line indicates that the second serial port
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(<tt>/dev/ttyd1</tt>) has a modem connected running at 57600 bps
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and no parity (<tt/std.57600/, which comes from the file
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<htmlurl url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?gettytab"
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name="/etc/gettytab">). The terminal type for this port is
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``dialup.'' The port is ``on'' and is ``insecure''---meaning
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root logins on the port aren't allowed. For dialin ports like
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this one, use the <tt/ttydX/ entry.
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<p>It's common practice to use ``dialup'' as the terminal type.
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Many users set up in their .profile or .login files a prompt for
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the actual terminal type if the starting type is dialup. The
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example shows the port as insecure. To become root on this port,
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you have to login as a regular user, then ``<htmlurl
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url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?su" name="su">'' to
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<tt/root/. If you use ``secure'' then <tt/root/ can login in
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directly.
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<p>After making modifications to <htmlurl
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url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?ttys" name="/etc/ttys">, you
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need to send a hangup or <tt/HUP/ signal to the <htmlurl
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url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?init" name="init"> process:
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<verb>
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kill -HUP 1
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</verb>
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<p>This forces the init process to reread <htmlurl
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url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?ttys" name="/etc/ttys">. The
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init process will then start getty processes on all ``on'' ports.
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You can find out if logins are available for your port by typing
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<verb>
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ps -ax | grep '[t]tyd1'
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</verb>
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<p>You should see something like:
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<verb>
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747 ?? I 0:00.04 /usr/libexec/getty std.57600 ttyd1
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</verb>
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<sect1>
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<heading>How can I connect a dumb terminal to my FreeBSD box?</heading>
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<p>If you're using another computer as a terminal into your FreeBSD
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system, get a null modem cable to go between the two serial
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ports. If you're using an actual terminal, see its accompanying
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instructions.
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<p>Then, modify <htmlurl url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?ttys"
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name="/etc/ttys">, like above. For example, if you're hooking up a
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WYSE-50 terminal to the fifth serial port, use an entry like this:
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<verb>
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ttyd4 "/usr/libexec/getty std.38400" wyse50 on secure
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</verb>
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<p>This example shows that the port on <tt>/dev/ttyd4</tt> has a
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wyse50 terminal connected at 38400 bps with no parity
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(<tt/std.38400/ from <htmlurl
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url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?gettytab"
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name="/etc/gettytab">) and <tt/root/ logins are allowed (secure).
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<sect1>
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<heading>Why can't I run <tt/tip/ or <tt/cu/?</heading>
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<p>On your system, the programs <htmlurl
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url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?tip" name="tip"> and <htmlurl
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url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?cu" name="cu"> are probably
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executable only by <htmlurl url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?uucp"
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name="uucp"> and group <tt/dialer/. You can use the group <tt/dialer/
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to control who has access to your modem or remote systems. Just add
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yourself to group dialer.
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<p>Alternatively, you can let everyone on your system run <tt/tip/
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and <tt/cu/ by typing:
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<verb>
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# chmod 4511 /usr/bin/cu
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# chmod 4511 /usr/bin/tip
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</verb>
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<sect1>
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<heading>My stock Hayes modem isn't supported---what can I do?</heading>
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<p>Actually, the man page for <htmlurl
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url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?tip" name="tip"> is out of
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date. There is a generic Hayes dialer already built in. Just use
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``<tt/at=hayes/'' in your <htmlurl
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url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?remote" name="/etc/remote"> file.
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<p>The Hayes driver isn't smart enough to recognize some of the
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advanced features of newer modems---messages like <tt/BUSY/,
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<tt/NO DIALTONE/, or <tt/CONNECT 115200/ will just confuse it.
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You should turn those messages off when you use <htmlurl
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url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?tip" name="tip"> (using
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<tt/ATX0&W/).
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<p>Also, the dial timeout for <tt/tip/ is 60 seconds. Your modem
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should use something less, or else tip will think there's a
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communication problem. Try <tt/ATS7=45&W/.
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<p>Actually, as shipped <tt/tip/ doesn't yet support it fully. The
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solution is to edit the file <tt/tipconf.h/ in the directory
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<tt>/usr/src/usr.bin/tip/tip</tt>. Obviously you need the source
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distribution to do this.
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<p>Edit the line ``<tt/#define HAYES 0/'' to ``<tt/#define HAYES
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1/''. Then ``<tt/make/'' and ``<tt/make install/''. Everything
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works nicely after that.
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<sect1>
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<heading>
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How am I expected to enter these AT commands?<label id="direct-at">
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</heading>
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<p>Make what's called a ``<tt/direct/'' entry in your
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<htmlurl url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?remote"
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name="/etc/remote"> file. For example, if your modem's hooked
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up to the first serial port, <tt>/dev/cuaa0</tt>, then put in the
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following line:
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<verb>
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cuaa0:dv=/dev/cuaa0:br#19200:pa=none
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</verb>
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<p>Use the highest bps rate your modem supports in the br
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capability. Then, type <htmlurl
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url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?tip" name="tip cuaa0"> and
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you'll be connected to your modem.
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<p>If there is no <tt>/dev/cuaa0</tt> on your system, do this:
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<verb>
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# cd /dev
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# ./MAKEDEV cuaa0
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</verb>
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<p>Or use cu as root with the following command:
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<verb>
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# cu -l``line'' -s``speed''
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</verb>
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<p>with line being the serial port (e.g.<tt>/dev/cuaa0</tt>)
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and speed being the speed (e.g.<tt>57600</tt>). When you are done
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entering the AT commands hit <tt>~.</tt> to exit.
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<sect1>
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<heading>The <tt/@/ sign for the pn capability doesn't work!</heading>
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<p>The <tt/@/ sign in the phone number capability tells tip to look in
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<htmlurl url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?phones(5)"
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name="/etc/phones"> for a phone number. But the <tt/@/ sign is
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also a special character in capability files like
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<htmlurl url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?remote"
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name="/etc/remote">. Escape it with a backslash:
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<verb>
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pn=\@
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</verb>
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<sect1>
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<heading>How can I dial a phone number on the command line?</heading>
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<p>Put what's called a ``<tt/generic/'' entry in your
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<htmlurl url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?remote"
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name="/etc/remote"> file. For example:
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<verb>
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tip115200|Dial any phone number at 115200 bps:\
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:dv=/dev/cuaa0:br#115200:at=hayes:pa=none:du:
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tip57600|Dial any phone number at 57600 bps:\
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:dv=/dev/cuaa0:br#57600:at=hayes:pa=none:du:
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</verb>
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<p>Then you can do something like ``<tt/tip -115200 5551234/''. If you
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prefer <htmlurl url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?cu"
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name="cu"> over <htmlurl
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url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?tip" name="tip">, use a
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generic cu entry:
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<verb>
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cu115200|Use cu to dial any number at 115200bps:\
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:dv=/dev/cuaa1:br#57600:at=hayes:pa=none:du:
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</verb>
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<p>and type ``<tt/cu 5551234 -s 115200/''.
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<sect1>
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<heading>Do I have to type in the bps rate every time I do that?</heading>
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<p>Put in an entry for <tt/tip1200/ or <tt/cu1200/, but go ahead and
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use whatever bps rate is appropriate with the br capability. <htmlurl
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url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?tip" name="tip"> thinks a good
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default is 1200 bps which is why it looks for a ``<tt/tip1200/'' entry.
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You don't have to use 1200 bps, though.
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<sect1>
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<heading>I access a number of hosts through a terminal server.</heading>
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<p>Rather than waiting until you're connected and typing
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``<tt/CONNECT <host>/'' each time, use tip's <tt/cm/
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capability. For example, these entries in
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<htmlurl url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?remote"
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name="/etc/remote">:
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<verb>
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pain|pain.deep13.com|Forrester's machine:\
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:cm=CONNECT pain\n:tc=deep13:
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muffin|muffin.deep13.com|Frank's machine:\
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:cm=CONNECT muffin\n:tc=deep13:
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deep13:Gizmonics Institute terminal server:\
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:dv=/dev/cua02:br#38400:at=hayes:du:pa=none:pn=5551234:
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</verb>
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<p>will let you type ``<tt/tip pain/'' or ``<tt/tip muffin/'' to
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connect to the hosts pain or muffin; and ``<tt/tip deep13/'' to
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get to the terminal server.
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<sect1>
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<heading>Can tip try more than one line for each site?</heading>
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<p>This is often a problem where a university has several modem lines
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and several thousand students trying to use them...
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<p>Make an entry for your university in <htmlurl
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url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?remote" name="/etc/remote">
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and use <tt>\@</tt> for the <tt/pn/ capability:
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<verb>
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big-university:\
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:pn=\@:tc=dialout
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dialout:\
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:dv=/dev/cuaa3:br#9600:at=courier:du:pa=none:
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</verb>
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<p>Then, list the phone numbers for the university in
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<htmlurl url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?phones"
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name="/etc/phones">:
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<verb>
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big-university 5551111
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big-university 5551112
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big-university 5551113
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big-university 5551114
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</verb>
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<p><htmlurl url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?tip"
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name="tip"> will try each one in the listed order, then give up. If
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you want to keep retrying, run <tt/tip/ in a while loop.
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<sect1>
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<heading>Why do I have to hit CTRL+P twice to send CTRL+P once?</heading>
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<p>CTRL+P is the default ``force'' character, used to tell
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<htmlurl url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?tip" name="tip">
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that the next character is literal data. You can set the force
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character to any other character with the <tt/~s/ escape, which
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means ``set a variable.''
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<p>Type ``<tt/~sforce=<single-char>/'' followed by a newline.
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<tt/<single-char>/ is any single character. If you leave
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out <tt/<single-char>/, then the force character is the nul
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character, which you can get by typing CTRL+2 or CTRL+SPACE. A
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pretty good value for <tt/<single-char>/ is SHIFT+CTRL+6,
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which I've seen only used on some terminal servers.
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<p>You can have the force character be whatever you want by
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specifying the following in your <tt>$HOME/.tiprc</tt>
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file:
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<verb>
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force=<single-char>
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</verb>
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<sect1>
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<heading>Suddenly everything I type is in UPPER CASE??</heading>
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<p>You must've pressed CTRL+A, <htmlurl
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url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?tip" name="tip"> ``raise
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character,'' specially designed for people with broken caps-lock keys.
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Use <tt/~s/ as above and set the variable ``raisechar'' to something
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reasonable. In fact, you can set it to the same as the force
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character, if you never expect to use either of these features.
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<p>Here's a sample .tiprc file perfect for Emacs users who need to
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type CTRL+2 and CTRL+A a lot:
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<verb>
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force=^^
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raisechar=^^
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</verb>
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<p>The ^^ is SHIFT+CTRL+6.
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<sect1>
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<heading>How can I do file transfers with <tt/tip/?</heading>
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<p>If you're talking to another UNIX system, you can send and
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receive files with <tt/~p/ (put) and <tt/~t/ (take). These
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commands run <htmlurl url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?cat"
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name="cat"> and <htmlurl url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?echo"
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name="echo"> on the remote system to accept and send files. The syntax
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is:
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<verb>
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~p <local-file> [<remote-file>]
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~t <remote-file> [<local-file>]
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</verb>
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<p>There's no error checking, so you probably should use another
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protocol, like zmodem.
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<sect1>
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<heading>How can I run zmodem with <tt/tip/?</heading>
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<p>First, install one of the zmodem programs from the ports
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collection (such as one of the two from the comms category,
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<htmlurl url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/ports.cgi?^lrzsz" name="lrzsz">
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and <htmlurl url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/ports.cgi?^rzsz"
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name="rzsz">).
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<p>To receive files, start the sending program on the remote end.
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Then, press enter and type ``<tt/~C rz/'' (or ``<tt/~C lrz/'' if
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you installed lrzsz) to begin receiving them locally.
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<p>To send files, start the receiving program on the remote end.
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Then, press enter and type ``<tt/~C sz <files>/'' (or
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``<tt/~C lsz <files>/'') to send them to the
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remote system.
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<sect1>
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<heading>FreeBSD can't seem to find my serial ports, even when the
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settings are correct.</heading>
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<p>Motherboards and cards with Acer UARTs do not probe properly under
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the FreeBSD sio probe. Obtain a patch from
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<url url="http://www.lemis.com/serial-port-patch.html"
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name="www.lemis.com"> to fix your problem.
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</sect>
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