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| <!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//DTD DocBook V4.1-Based Extension//EN" [
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| <!ENTITY % articles.ent PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//ENTITIES DocBook FreeBSD Articles Entity Set//EN">
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| %articles.ent;
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| <!ENTITY % not.published "IGNORE">
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| ]>
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| 
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| <article>
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|   <articleinfo>
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|     <title>Contributing to FreeBSD</title>
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| 
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|     <pubdate>$FreeBSD$</pubdate>
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| 
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|     <abstract>
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|       <para>This article describes the different ways in which an
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|         individual or organization may contribute to the FreeBSD
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|         Project.</para>
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|     </abstract>
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| 
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|     <authorgroup>
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|       <author>
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| 	<firstname>Jordan</firstname>
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| 	<surname>Hubbard</surname>
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| 	<contrib>Contributed by </contrib>
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|       </author>
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|     </authorgroup>
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| 
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|     <legalnotice id="trademarks" role="trademarks">
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|       &tm-attrib.freebsd;
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|       &tm-attrib.ieee;
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|       &tm-attrib.general;
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|     </legalnotice>
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| 
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|   </articleinfo>
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| 
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|   <indexterm><primary>contributing</primary></indexterm>
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| 
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|   <para>So you want to contribute to FreeBSD? That is great!  FreeBSD
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|     <emphasis>relies</emphasis> on the contributions of its user base
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|     to survive.  Your contributions are not only appreciated, they are
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|     vital to FreeBSD's continued growth.</para>
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| 
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|   <para>Contrary to what some people might have you believe, you do
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|     not need to be a hot-shot programmer or a close personal friend of
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|     the FreeBSD core team to have your contributions accepted.  A
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|     large and growing number of international contributors, of greatly
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|     varying ages and areas of technical expertise, develop FreeBSD.
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|     There is always more work to be done than there are people
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|     available to do it, and more help is always appreciated.</para>
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| 
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|   <para>The FreeBSD project is responsible for an entire operating
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|     system environment, rather than just a kernel or a few scattered
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|     utilities.  As such, our <filename>TODO</filename> lists span a
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|     very wide range of tasks: from documentation, beta testing and
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|     presentation, to the system installer and highly specialized types
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|     of kernel development.  People of any skill level, in almost any
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|     area, can almost certainly help the project.</para>
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| 
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|   <para>Commercial entities engaged in FreeBSD-related enterprises are
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|     also encouraged to contact us.  Do you need a special extension to
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|     make your product work? You will find us receptive to your
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|     requests, given that they are not too outlandish.  Are you working
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|     on a value-added product? Please let us know! We may be able to
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|     work cooperatively on some aspect of it.  The free software world
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|     is challenging many existing assumptions about how software is
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|     developed, sold, and maintained, and we urge you to at least give
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|     it a second look.</para>
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| 
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|   <sect1 id="contrib-what">
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|     <title>What Is Needed</title>
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|     
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|     <para>The following list of tasks and sub-projects represents
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|       something of an amalgam of various <filename>TODO</filename>
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|       lists and user requests.</para>
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| 
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|     <sect2 id="non-programmer-tasks">
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|       <title>Ongoing Non-Programmer Tasks</title>
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| 
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|       <para>Many people who are involved in FreeBSD are not
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| 	programmers.  The Project includes documentation writers, Web
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| 	designers, and support people.  All that these people need to
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| 	contribute is an investment of time and a willingness to
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| 	learn.</para>
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| 
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|       <orderedlist>
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| 	<listitem>
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| 	  <para>Read through the FAQ and Handbook periodically.  If
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| 	    anything is badly explained, out of date or even just
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| 	    completely wrong, let us know.  Even better, send us a fix
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| 	    (SGML is not difficult to learn, but there is no objection
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| 	    to ASCII submissions).</para>
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| 	</listitem>
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| 
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| 	<listitem>
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| 	  <para>Help translate FreeBSD documentation into your native
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| 	    language.  If documentation already exists for your
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| 	    language, you can help translate additional documents or
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| 	    verify that the translations are up-to-date.  First take a
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| 	    look at the <ulink
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| 	    url="&url.books.fdp-primer;/translations.html">Translations
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| 	    FAQ</ulink> in the FreeBSD Documentation Project Primer.
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| 	    You are not committing yourself to translating every
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| 	    single FreeBSD document by doing this — as a
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| 	    volunteer, you can do as much or as little translation as
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| 	    you desire.  Once someone begins translating, others
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| 	    almost always join the effort.  If you only have the time
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| 	    or energy to translate one part of the documentation,
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| 	    please translate the installation instructions.</para>
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| 	</listitem>
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| 
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| 	<listitem>
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| 	  <para>Read the &a.questions; and &ng.misc;
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| 	    occasionally (or even regularly).  It can be very
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| 	    satisfying to share your expertise and help people solve
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| 	    their problems; sometimes you may even learn something new
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| 	    yourself! These forums can also be a source of ideas for
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| 	    things to work on.</para>
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| 	</listitem>
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|       </orderedlist>
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|     </sect2>
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| 
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|     <sect2 id="ongoing-programmer-tasks">
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|       <title>Ongoing Programmer Tasks</title> 
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|         <para>Most of the tasks listed here require either a considerable
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| 	investment of time, or an in-depth knowledge of the FreeBSD
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| 	kernel, or both.  However, there are also many useful tasks
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| 	which are suitable for <quote>weekend hackers</quote>.</para>
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| 
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|       <orderedlist>
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| 	<listitem>
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| 	  <para>If you run FreeBSD-CURRENT and have a good Internet
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| 	    connection, there is a machine <hostid
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| 	    role="fqdn">current.FreeBSD.org</hostid> which builds a
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| 	    full release once a day—every now and again, try to
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| 	    install the latest release from it and report any failures
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| 	    in the process.</para>
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| 	</listitem>
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| 
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| 	<listitem>
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| 	  <para>Read the &a.bugs;.  There might be a
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| 	    problem you can comment constructively on or with patches
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| 	    you can test.  Or you could even try to fix one of the
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| 	    problems yourself.</para>
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| 	</listitem>
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| 
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| 	<listitem>
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| 	  <para>If you know of any bug fixes which have been
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| 	    successfully applied to -CURRENT but have not been merged
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| 	    into -STABLE after a decent interval (normally a couple of
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| 	    weeks), send the committer a polite reminder.</para>
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| 	</listitem>
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| 
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| 	<listitem>
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| 	  <para>Move contributed software to
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| 	    <filename>src/contrib</filename> in the source
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| 	    tree.</para>
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| 	</listitem>
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| 
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| 	<listitem>
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| 	  <para>Make sure code in <filename>src/contrib</filename> is
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| 	    up to date.</para>
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| 	</listitem>
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| 
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| 	<listitem>
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| 	  <para>Build the source tree (or just part of it) with extra
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| 	    warnings enabled and clean up the warnings.</para>
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| 	</listitem>
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| 
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| 	<listitem>
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| 	  <para>Fix warnings for ports which do deprecated things like
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| 	    using <function>gets()</function> or including
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| 	    <filename>malloc.h</filename>.</para>
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| 	</listitem>
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| 
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| 	<listitem>
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| 	  <para>If you have contributed any ports, send your patches
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| 	    back to the original authors (this will make your life
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| 	    easier when they bring out the next version).</para>
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| 	</listitem>
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| 
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| 	<listitem>
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| 	  <para>Get copies of formal standards like &posix;.  You can
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| 	    get some links about these standards at the <ulink
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| 	    url="&url.base;/projects/c99/index.html">FreeBSD
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| 	    C99 & POSIX Standards Conformance Project</ulink> web
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| 	    site. Compare FreeBSD's behavior to that required by the
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| 	    standard. If the behavior differs, particularly in subtle
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| 	    or obscure corners of the specification, send in a PR
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| 	    about it.  If you are able, figure out how to fix it and
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| 	    include a patch in the PR.  If you think the standard is
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| 	    wrong, ask the standards body to consider the
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| 	    question.</para>
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| 	</listitem>
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| 
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| 	<listitem>
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| 	  <para>Suggest further tasks for this list!</para>
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| 	</listitem>
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|       </orderedlist>
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|     </sect2>
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| 
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|     <sect2>
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|       <title>Work through the PR Database</title>
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| 
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|       <indexterm><primary>problem reports database</primary></indexterm>
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| 
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|       <para>The <ulink
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| 	url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/query-pr-summary.cgi">FreeBSD
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| 	PR list</ulink> shows all the current active problem reports
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| 	and requests for enhancement that have been submitted by
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| 	FreeBSD users.  The PR database includes both programmer and
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| 	non-programmer tasks.  Look through the open PRs, and see if
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| 	anything there takes your interest.  Some of these might be
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| 	very simple tasks that just need an extra pair of eyes to look
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| 	over them and confirm that the fix in the PR is a good one.
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| 	Others might be much more complex, or might not even have a
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| 	fix included at all.</para>
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| 
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|       <para>Start with the PRs that have not been assigned to anyone
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| 	else.  If a PR is assigned to someone else, but it looks like
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| 	something you can handle, email the person it is assigned to
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| 	and ask if you can work on it—they might already have a
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| 	patch ready to be tested, or further ideas that you can
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| 	discuss with them.</para>
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|     </sect2>
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| 
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|     <sect2>
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|       <title>Pick one of the items from the <quote>Ideas</quote> page</title>
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| 
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|       <para>The <ulink url="&url.base;/projects/ideas/">&os; list of
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| 	projects and ideas for volunteers</ulink> is also available for
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| 	people willing to contribute to the &os; project.  The list is
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| 	being regularly updated and contains items for both programmers
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| 	and non-programmers with information about each project.</para>
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|     </sect2>
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|   </sect1>
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| 
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|   <sect1 id="contrib-how">
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|     <title>How to Contribute</title>
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| 
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|     <para>Contributions to the system generally fall into one or more
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|       of the following 5 categories:</para>
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| 
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|     <sect2 id="contrib-general">
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|       <title>Bug Reports and General Commentary</title>
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| 
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|       <para>An idea or suggestion of <emphasis>general</emphasis>
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| 	technical interest should be mailed to the &a.hackers;.
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| 	Likewise, people with an interest in such things (and a
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| 	tolerance for a <emphasis>high</emphasis> volume of mail!) may
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| 	subscribe to the &a.hackers;.
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| 	See <ulink
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| 	url="&url.books.handbook;/eresources.html#ERESOURCES-MAIL">The
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| 	FreeBSD Handbook</ulink> for more information about this and
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| 	other mailing lists.</para>
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| 
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|       <para>If you find a bug or are submitting a specific change,
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| 	please report it using the &man.send-pr.1; program or its
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| 	<ulink url="&url.base;/send-pr.html">WEB-based
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| 	equivalent</ulink>.  Try to fill-in each field of the bug
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| 	report.  Unless they exceed 65KB, include any patches directly
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| 	in the report.  If the patch is suitable to be applied to the
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| 	source tree put <literal>[PATCH]</literal> in the synopsis of
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| 	the report.  When including patches, <emphasis>do
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| 	not</emphasis> use cut-and-paste because cut-and-paste turns
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| 	tabs into spaces and makes them unusable.  Consider
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| 	compressing patches and using &man.uuencode.1; if they exceed
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| 	20KB.</para>
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| 
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|       <para>After filing a report, you should receive confirmation
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| 	along with a tracking number.  Keep this tracking number so
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| 	that you can update us with details about the problem by
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| 	sending mail to &a.bugfollowup;.  Use
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| 	the number as the message subject, e.g.  <literal>"Re:
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| 	kern/3377"</literal>.  Additional information for any bug
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| 	report should be submitted this way.</para>
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| 
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|       <para>If you do not receive confirmation in a timely fashion (3
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| 	days to a week, depending on your email connection) or are,
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| 	for some reason, unable to use the &man.send-pr.1; command,
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| 	then you may ask someone to file it for you by sending mail to
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| 	the &a.bugs;.</para>
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| 
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|       <para>See also <ulink
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|   	url="&url.articles.problem-reports;/article.html">this
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|   	article</ulink> on how to write good problem reports.</para>
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|     </sect2>
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| 
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|     <sect2>
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|       <title>Changes to the Documentation</title>
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| 
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|       <indexterm><primary>documentation submissions</primary></indexterm>
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| 
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|       <para>Changes to the documentation are overseen by the &a.doc;.
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| 	Please look at the <ulink
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| 	url="&url.books.fdp-primer;/index.html">FreeBSD Documentation
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| 	Project Primer</ulink> for complete instructions.  Send
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| 	submissions and changes (even small ones are welcome!) using
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| 	&man.send-pr.1; as described in <link
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| 	linkend="contrib-general">Bug Reports and General
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| 	Commentary</link>.</para>
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|     </sect2>
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| 
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|     <sect2>
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|       <title>Changes to Existing Source Code</title>
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| 
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|       <indexterm><primary>FreeBSD-CURRENT</primary></indexterm>
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| 
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|       <para>An addition or change to the existing source code is a
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| 	somewhat trickier affair and depends a lot on how far out of
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| 	date you are with the current state of FreeBSD
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| 	development. There is a special on-going release of FreeBSD
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| 	known as <quote>FreeBSD-CURRENT</quote> which is made
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| 	available in a variety of ways for the convenience of
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| 	developers working actively on the system. See <ulink url="
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| 	&url.books.handbook;/current-stable.html">The FreeBSD
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| 	Handbook</ulink> for more information about getting and using
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| 	FreeBSD-CURRENT.</para>
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| 
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|       <para>Working from older sources unfortunately means that your
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| 	changes may sometimes be too obsolete or too divergent for
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| 	easy re-integration into FreeBSD.  Chances of this can be
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| 	minimized somewhat by subscribing to the &a.announce; and the
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| 	&a.current; lists, where discussions on the current state of
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| 	the system take place.</para>
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| 
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|       <para>Assuming that you can manage to secure fairly up-to-date sources
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| 	to base your changes on, the next step is to produce a set of diffs to
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| 	send to the FreeBSD maintainers.  This is done with the &man.diff.1;
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| 	command.</para>
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| 
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|       <para>The preferred &man.diff.1; format for submitting patches
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|         is the unified output format generated by <command>diff
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|         -u</command>.  However, for patches that substantially change a
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|         region of code, a context output format diff generated by
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|         <command>diff -c</command> may be more readable and thus
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|         preferable.</para>
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| 
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|       <indexterm>
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|         <primary><command>diff</command></primary>
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|       </indexterm>
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| 
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|       <para>For example:</para>
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| 
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|       <para>
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| 	<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>diff -c oldfile newfile</userinput></screen>
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| 
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| 	or
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| 
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| 	<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>diff -c -r olddir newdir</userinput></screen>
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| 
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| 	would generate such a set of context diffs for the given
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| 	source file or directory hierarchy.</para>
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| 
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|       <para>Likewise,
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|         <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>diff -u oldfile newfile</userinput></screen>
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|         or
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|         <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>diff -u -r olddir newdir</userinput></screen>
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| 
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|         would do the same, except in the unified diff format.</para>
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| 
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|       <para>See the manual page for &man.diff.1; for more details.</para>
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| 
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|       <para>Once you have a set of diffs (which you may test with the
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| 	&man.patch.1; command), you should submit them for inclusion
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| 	with FreeBSD.  Use the &man.send-pr.1; program as described in
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| 	<link linkend="contrib-general">Bug Reports and General
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| 	Commentary</link>.  <emphasis>Do not</emphasis> just send the
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| 	diffs to the &a.hackers; or they will get lost! We greatly
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| 	appreciate your submission (this is a volunteer project!);
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| 	because we are busy, we may not be able to address it
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| 	immediately, but it will remain in the PR database until we
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| 	do.  Indicate your submission by including
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| 	<literal>[PATCH]</literal> in the synopsis of the
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| 	report.</para>
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| 
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|       <indexterm>
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|         <primary><command>uuencode</command></primary>
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|       </indexterm>
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| 
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|       <para>If you feel it appropriate (e.g. you have added, deleted,
 | |
| 	or renamed files), bundle your changes into a
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| 	<command>tar</command> file and run the &man.uuencode.1;
 | |
| 	program on it.  Archives created with &man.shar.1; are also welcome.</para>
 | |
| 
 | |
|       <para>If your change is of a potentially sensitive nature,
 | |
| 	e.g. you are unsure of copyright issues governing its further
 | |
| 	distribution or you are simply not ready to release it without
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| 	a tighter review first, then you should send it to &a.core;
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| 	directly rather than submitting it with &man.send-pr.1;.  The
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| 	&a.core; reaches a much smaller group of people who
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| 	do much of the day-to-day work on FreeBSD.  Note that this
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| 	group is also <emphasis>very busy</emphasis> and so you should
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| 	only send mail to them where it is truly necessary.</para>
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| 
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|       <para>Please refer to &man.intro.9; and &man.style.9; for
 | |
| 	some information on coding style. We would appreciate it if
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| 	you were at least aware of this information before submitting
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| 	code.</para>
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|     </sect2>
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| 
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|     <sect2>
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|       <title>New Code or Major Value-Added Packages</title>
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| 
 | |
|       <para>In the case of a significant contribution of a large body
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| 	work, or the addition of an important new feature to FreeBSD,
 | |
| 	it becomes almost always necessary to either send changes as
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| 	uuencoded tar files or upload them to a web or FTP site for
 | |
| 	other people to access.  If you do not have access to a web or
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| 	FTP site, ask on an appropriate FreeBSD mailing list for
 | |
| 	someone to host the changes for you.</para>
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| 
 | |
|       <para>When working with large amounts of code, the touchy
 | |
| 	subject of copyrights also invariably comes up.  Acceptable
 | |
| 	copyrights for code included in FreeBSD are:</para>
 | |
| 
 | |
|       <orderedlist>
 | |
|   <indexterm><primary>BSD copyright</primary></indexterm>
 | |
| 	<listitem>
 | |
| 	  <para>The BSD copyright.  This copyright is most preferred
 | |
| 	    due to its <quote>no strings attached</quote> nature and
 | |
| 	    general attractiveness to commercial enterprises.  Far
 | |
| 	    from discouraging such commercial use, the FreeBSD Project
 | |
| 	    actively encourages such participation by commercial
 | |
| 	    interests who might eventually be inclined to invest
 | |
| 	    something of their own into FreeBSD.</para>
 | |
| 	</listitem>
 | |
| 
 | |
|   <indexterm><primary>GPL</primary><see>GNU General Public License</see></indexterm>
 | |
|   <indexterm><primary>GNU General Public License</primary></indexterm>
 | |
| 	<listitem>
 | |
| 	  <para>The GNU General Public License, or <quote>GPL</quote>.
 | |
| 	    This license is not quite as popular with us due to the
 | |
| 	    amount of extra effort demanded of anyone using the code
 | |
| 	    for commercial purposes, but given the sheer quantity of
 | |
| 	    GPL'd code we currently require (compiler, assembler, text
 | |
| 	    formatter, etc) it would be silly to refuse additional
 | |
| 	    contributions under this license.  Code under the GPL also
 | |
| 	    goes into a different part of the tree, that being
 | |
| 	    <filename>/sys/gnu</filename> or
 | |
| 	    <filename>/usr/src/gnu</filename>, and is therefore easily
 | |
| 	    identifiable to anyone for whom the GPL presents a
 | |
| 	    problem.</para>
 | |
| 	</listitem>
 | |
|       </orderedlist>
 | |
| 
 | |
|       <para>Contributions coming under any other type of copyright
 | |
| 	must be carefully reviewed before their inclusion into FreeBSD
 | |
| 	will be considered.  Contributions for which particularly
 | |
| 	restrictive commercial copyrights apply are generally
 | |
| 	rejected, though the authors are always encouraged to make
 | |
| 	such changes available through their own channels.</para>
 | |
| 
 | |
|       <para>To place a <quote>BSD-style</quote> copyright on your
 | |
| 	work, include the following text at the very beginning of
 | |
| 	every source code file you wish to protect, replacing the text
 | |
| 	between the <literal>%%</literal> with the appropriate
 | |
| 	information:</para>
 | |
| 
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|       <programlisting>Copyright (c) %%proper_years_here%%
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|         %%your_name_here%%, %%your_state%%  %%your_zip%%.  
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| 	All rights reserved.
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| 
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| Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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| modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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| are met:
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| 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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|    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer as
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|    the first lines of this file unmodified.
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| 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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|    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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|    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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| 
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| THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY %%your_name_here%% ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR
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| IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
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| OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.
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| IN NO EVENT SHALL %%your_name_here%% BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
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| INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
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| NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
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| DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
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| THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
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| (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF
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| THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
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| 
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|         $Id$</programlisting>
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| 
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|       <para>For your convenience, a copy of this text can be found in
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| 	<filename>/usr/share/examples/etc/bsd-style-copyright</filename>.</para>
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|     </sect2>
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| 
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|     <sect2>
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|       <title>Money, Hardware or Internet Access</title>
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| 
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|       <para>We are always very happy to accept donations to further
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| 	the cause of the FreeBSD Project and, in a volunteer effort
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| 	like ours, a little can go a long way! Donations of hardware
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| 	are also very important to expanding our list of supported
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| 	peripherals since we generally lack the funds to buy such
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| 	items ourselves.</para>
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| 
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|       <sect3>
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| 	<title><anchor id="donations">Donating Funds</title>
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| 
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| 	<para>The FreeBSD Foundation is a non-profit, tax-exempt
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| 	  foundation established to further the goals of the FreeBSD
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| 	  Project.  As a 501(c)3 entity, the Foundation is generally
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| 	  exempt from US federal income tax as well as Colorado State
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| 	  income tax.  Donations to a tax-exempt entity are often
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| 	  deductible from taxable federal income.</para>
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| 
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| 	<para>Donations may be sent in check form to:
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| 	  <address>
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| 	    The FreeBSD Foundation
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| 	    <street>7321 Brockway Dr.</street>
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| 	    <city>Boulder</city>, <state>CO</state> <postcode>80303</postcode>
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| 	    <country>USA</country>
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| 	  </address>
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| 	</para>
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| 
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| 	<para>The FreeBSD Foundation is now able to accept donations
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| 	  through the web with PayPal.  To place a donation, please
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| 	  visit the Foundation <ulink
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| 	  url="http://www.freebsdfoundation.org">web
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| 	  site</ulink>.</para>
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| 
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| 	<para>More information about the FreeBSD Foundation can be
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| 	  found in <ulink
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| 	  url="http://people.FreeBSD.org/~jdp/foundation/announcement.html">The
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| 	  FreeBSD Foundation -- an Introduction</ulink>.  To contact
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| 	  the Foundation by email, write to
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| 	  <email>bod@FreeBSDFoundation.org</email>.</para>
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|       </sect3>
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| 
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|       <sect3>
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| 	<title>Donating Hardware</title>
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|   <indexterm><primary>donations</primary></indexterm>
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| 
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| 	<para>The FreeBSD Project happily accepts donations of
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| 	  hardware that it can find good use for.  If you are
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| 	  interested in donating hardware, please contact the <ulink
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| 	  url="&url.base;/donations/">Donations Liaison
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| 	  Office</ulink>.</para>
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|       </sect3>
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| 
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|       <sect3>
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| 	<title>Donating Internet Access</title>
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| 
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| 	<para>We can always use new mirror sites for FTP, WWW or
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| 	  <command>cvsup</command>.  If you would like to be such a
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| 	  mirror, please see the <ulink
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| 	  url="&url.articles.hubs;/index.html">Mirroring FreeBSD</ulink>
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| 	  article for more information.</para>
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|       </sect3>
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|     </sect2>
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|   </sect1>
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| 
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| </article>
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| 
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