652 lines
31 KiB
XML
652 lines
31 KiB
XML
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-7" standalone="no"?>
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<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//DTD DocBook XML V4.2-Based Extension//EN"
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"../../../share/xml/freebsd42.dtd" [
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<!ENTITY % entities PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//ENTITIES DocBook FreeBSD Entity Set//EL" "../../share/xml/entities.ent">
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%entities;
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]>
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<!--
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$FreeBSD$
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Explaining BSD
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The FreeBSD Greek Documentation Project
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%SOURCE% en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/explaining-bsd/article.xml
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%SRCID% 1.24
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-->
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<article lang="el">
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<articleinfo>
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<title>ÐåñéãñáöÞ ôùí ÓõóôçìÜôùí BSD</title>
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<author>
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<firstname>Greg</firstname>
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<surname>Lehey</surname>
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<affiliation>
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<address><email>grog@FreeBSD.org</email></address>
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</affiliation>
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</author>
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<legalnotice id="trademarks" role="trademarks">
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&tm-attrib.freebsd;
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&tm-attrib.amd;
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&tm-attrib.apple;
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&tm-attrib.intel;
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&tm-attrib.linux;
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&tm-attrib.opengroup;
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&tm-attrib.sparc;
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&tm-attrib.sun;
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&tm-attrib.unix;
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&tm-attrib.xfree86;
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&tm-attrib.general;
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</legalnotice>
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<pubdate>$FreeBSD$</pubdate>
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<releaseinfo>$FreeBSD$</releaseinfo>
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<abstract>
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<para>Óôïí êüóìï ôïõ open source, ç ëÝîç <quote>Linux</quote> åßíáé
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ó÷åäüí óõíþíõìç ìå ôçí Ýííïéá <quote>Ëåéôïõñãéêü Óýóôçìá</quote>, áëëÜ
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äåí åßíáé ôï ìüíï open source &unix; ëåéôïõñãéêü
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óýóôçìá. Óýìöùíá ìå ôïí <ulink
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url="http://www.leb.net/hzo/ioscount/data/r.9904.txt">ÌåôñçôÞ
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Ëåéôïõñãéêþí ÓõóôçìÜôùí ôïõ Internet</ulink>, áðü ôïí Áðñßëéï ôïõ 1999
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ôï 31.3% ôùí õðïëïãéóôþí ôïõ êüóìïõ ðïõ åßíáé óõíäåäåìÝíïé óôï äßêôõï
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ôñÝ÷ïõí Linux. Ôï 14.6% ôñÝ÷ïõí BSD &unix;. ÊÜðïéåò áðü ôéò ìåãáëýôåñåò
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åöáñìïãÝò ôïõ ðáãêüóìéïõ éóôïý, üðùò ôï <ulink
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url="http://www.yahoo.com/">Yahoo!</ulink>, ôñÝ÷ïõí BSD. Ï ðéï ìåãÜëïò
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óå öüñôï FTP åîõðçñåôçôÞò ôïõ êüóìïõ ôï 1999 (ðïõ äåí õðÜñ÷åé ðëÝïí), ôï <ulink
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url="ftp://ftp.cdrom.com/">ftp.cdrom.com</ulink>, ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýóå BSD
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ãéá íá ìåôáöÝñåé ðÜíù áðü 1.4 TB äåäïìÝíùí ôç ìÝñá. Åßíáé ðñïöáíÝò
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üôé áõôÞ äåí åßíáé ìéá ðåñéïñéóìÝíç áãïñÜ: ôï BSD åßíáé Ýíá êáëÜ
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êñáôçìÝíï ìõóôéêü.</para>
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<para>Ëïéðüí, ðïéï åßíáé ôï ìõóôéêü; Ãéáôß ôï BSD äåí åßíáé ðéï åõñÝùò
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ãíùóôü; Áõôü ôï Üñèñï åßíáé ìéá ðñïóðÜèåéá íá áðáíôçèïýí áõôÝò êáé
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Üëëåò åñùôÞóåéò.</para>
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</abstract>
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</articleinfo>
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<sect1>
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<title id="what-is-bsd">Ôß åßíáé ôï BSD;</title>
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<para>BSD óçìáßíåé <quote>Berkeley Software Distribution</quote>. Åßíáé
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ôï üíïìá áðü ôéò äéáíïìÝò ðçãáßïõ êþäéêá ðïõ Ýêáíå ôï ÐáíåðéóôÞìéï ôçò
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Êáëéöüñíéá, Berkeley (University of California, Berkeley), ïé ïðïßåò
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Þôáí áñ÷éêÜ åðåêôÜóåéò óôï UÍÉ× åñåõíçôéêü ëåéôïõñãéêü óýóôçìá ôçò
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AT&T. ÄéÜöïñá open source ëåéôïõñãéêÜ óõóôÞìáôá åßíáé âáóéóìÝíá óå
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ìéá Ýêäïóç áõôïý ôïõ ðçãáßïõ êþäéêá ãíùóôÞ ùò 4.4BSD-Lite. Åêôüò áðü
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áõôü, ðåñéÝ÷ïõí êáé ìéá ðïéêéëßá áðü ðáêÝôá áðü Üëëåò Open Source ðçãÝò,
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ìå ôçí ïìÜäá GNU íá åßíáé ìéá áðü ôéò ðéï óçìáíôéêÝò. ÓõíïëéêÜ, ôï
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ëåéôïõñãéêü óýóôçìá ðåñéëáìâÜíåé:</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>Ôïí BSD ðõñÞíá, ðïõ äéá÷åéñßæåôáé ôçí äñïìïëüãçóç ôùí
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äéåñãáóéþí, ôçí ìíÞìç, ôçí óõììåôñéêÞ ðïëõ-åðåîåñãáóßá (symmetric
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multi-processing, SMP) ôïõò ïäçãïýò óõóêåõþí, êëð.</para>
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<para><emphasis>Óå áíôßèåóç ìå ôïí ðõñÞíá ôïõ Linux, õðÜñ÷ïõí ðáñáðÜíù
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áðü Ýíá äéáöïñåôéêïß BSD ðõñÞíåò ìå ðïéêßëåò
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äõíáôüôçôåò.</emphasis></para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>Ç âéâëéïèÞêç ôçò C, ôï âáóéêü API ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò.</para>
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<para><emphasis>Ç C âéâëéïèÞêç ôïõ BSD åßíáé âáóéóìÝíç óå êþäéêá áðü
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ôï Berkeley, ü÷é áðü ôçí ïìÜäá GNU.</emphasis></para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>Åñãáëåßá üðùò öëïéïß (shells), ðñïãñÜììáôá äéá÷åßñéóçò áñ÷åßùí,
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ìåôáãëùôôéóôÝò (compilers, linkers).</para>
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<para><emphasis>ÊÜðïéá áðü ôá åñãáëåßá åßíáé âáóéóìÝíá óå êþäéêá GNU,
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êÜðïéá Üëëá ü÷é.</emphasis></para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>Ôï Óýóôçìá X Window, ðïõ õëïðïéåß ôï ãñáöéêü ðåñéâÜëëïí.</para>
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<para>Ôï óýóôçìá X Window ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé óôéò ðéï ðïëëÝò åêäüóåéò
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ôïõ BSD óõíôçñåßôáé áðü ìéá äéáöïñåôéêÞ ïìÜäá ðñïãñáììáôéóôþí: åßôå
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ôçí <ulink url="http://www.XFree86.org/">ïìÜäá &xfree86;</ulink>,
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åßôå ôçí ïìÜäá <ulink url="http://www.X.org/">X.Org</ulink>. Áõôüò
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åßíáé ï ßäéïò êþäéêáò ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß êáé ôï Linux. Ôï BSD óõíÞèùò
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äåí ïñßæåé Ýíá óõãêåêñéìÝíï <quote>ãñáöéêü ðåñéâÜëëïí</quote>, üðùò
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ôï <application>GNOME</application> Þ
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ôï <application>KDE</application>, ðáñüëï ðïõ êáé ôá äõï åßíáé
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äéáèÝóéìá.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>ÐïëëÜ Üëëá ðñïãñÜììáôá êáé åñãáëåßá.</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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</sect1>
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<sect1>
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<title id="what-a-real-unix">Ôß, Ýíá áëçèéíü &unix;;</title>
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<para>Ôá BSD ëåéôïõñãéêÜ óõóôÞìáôá äåí åßíáé êëþíïé, áëëÜ open source
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ðñïúüíôá ðïõ Ý÷ïõí âãåé áðü ôï Ðåéñáìáôéêü &unix; ëåéôïõñãéêü óýóôçìá ôçò
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AT&T, ðïõ åßíáé åðßóçò ðñüãïíïò ôïõ ìïíôÝñíïõ &unix; System V. Áõôü
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ßóùò óáò ðñïêáëÝóåé Ýêðëçîç. Ðþò ìðïñåß êÜôé ôÝôïéï íá ãßíåé, áöïý ç
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AT&T äåí Ý÷åé äéáíåßìåé ðïôÝ ôïí êþäéêÜ ôçò óáí open source;</para>
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<para>Åßíáé áëÞèåéá üôé ôï AT&T &unix; äåí åßíáé open source, êáé êáôÜ
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ìéá Ýííïéá, áí åßìáóôå áõóôçñïß ìå ôï èÝìá ôùí ðíåõìáôéêþí äéêáéùìÜôùí,
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ôï BSD óßãïõñá <emphasis>äåí</emphasis> åßíáé &unix;, áëëÜ áðü ôçí
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Üëëç, ç ßäéá ç AT&T Ý÷åé åíóùìáôþóåé êþäéêá áðü Üëëåò ïìÜäåò
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áíÜðôõîçò, ìå ìéá áðü ôéò ðéï óçìáíôéêÝò íá åßíáé ç ÏìÜäá ¸ñåõíáò ôçò
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ÅðéóôÞìçò ôùí Õðïëïãéóôþí ôïõ Ðáíåðéóôçìßïõ ôçò California, Berkeley,
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CA (Computer Sciences Research Group (CSRG), University of California,
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Berkeley, CA). Îåêéíþíôáò ôï 1976, ç CSRG îåêßíçóå íá äéáíÝìåé tapes
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ìå ôï ëïãéóìéêü ôïõò, áðïêáëþíôáò ôï <emphasis>Berkeley Software
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Distribution</emphasis> Þ áðëþò <emphasis>BSD</emphasis>.</para>
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<para>Ïé áñ÷éêÝò åêäüóåéò ôïõ BSD áðïôåëïýíôáí êõñßùò áðü ðñïãñÜììáôá ãéá
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÷ñÞóôåò, áëëÜ áõôü Üëëáîå äñáìáôéêÜ üôáí ç CSRG Ýêëåéóå Ýíá óõìâüëáéï ìå
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ôçí Defense Advanced Projects Research Agency (DARPA) ãéá íá áíáâáèìßóåé
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ôá ðñùôüêïëëá åðéêïéíùíßáò ôïõ äéêôýïõ ôçò DARPA, ôïõ ARPANET. Ôá íÝá
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ðñùôüêïëëá Þôáí ãíùóôÜ ùò <emphasis>Internet Protocols</emphasis>,
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áñãüôåñá <emphasis>TCP/IP</emphasis> ðáßñíïíôáò ôï üíïìÜ ôïõò áðü ôá äýï
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ðéï óçìáíôéêÜ ðñùôüêïëëá Ç ðñþôç åõñÝùò ãíùóôÞ õëïðïßçóç Þôáí ìÝñïò ôïõ
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4.2BSD, ðïõ áíáêïéíþèçêå ôï 1982.</para>
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<para>ÊáôÜ ôç äéÜñêåéá ôçò äåêáåôßáò ôïõ 80 áíáðôý÷èçêå Ýíá ðëÞèïò åôáéñåéþí
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ðïõ äéÝèåôáí óôáèìïýò åñãáóßáò. ÐïëëÝò ðñïôßìçóáí íá áãïñÜóïõí ôçí
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Üäåéá ôïõ &unix; áíôß íá áíáðôýîïõí äéêÜ ôïõò ëåéôïõñãéêÜ óõóôÞìáôá.
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ÓõãêåêñéìÝíá, ç Sun Microsystems áãüñáóå ôçí Üäåéá ôïõ &unix; êáé áíÝðôõîå
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ìéá Ýêäïóç ôïõ 4.2BSD ôçí ïðïßá ïíüìáóå SunOS. ¼ôáí êáé ç ßäéá ç
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AT&T ìðüñåóå, Üñ÷éóå íá ðïõëÜ ôï &unix; ìå ìéá Ýêäïóç ðåñéïñéóìÝíùí
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äõíáôïôÞôùí ðïõ ëåãüôáí System III, ôçí ïðïßá ãñÞãïñá áêïëïýèçóå ôï
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System V. Ç âÜóç ðçãáßïõ êþäéêá ôïõ System V äåí ðåñéåß÷å êþäéêá
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äéêôýùóçò, ïðüôå üëåò ïé õëïðïéÞóåéò ðåñéåß÷áí åðéðëÝïí ëïãéóìéêü áðü ôï
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BSD, óõìðåñéëáìâáíïìÝíïõ ôïõ ëïãéóìéêïý TCP/IP, áëëÜ êáé ðñïãñÜììáôá
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üðùò ôïí öëïéü <emphasis>csh</emphasis> êáé ôïí åðåîåñãáóôÞ êåéìÝíïõ
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<emphasis>vi</emphasis>. ÓõíïëéêÜ, áõôÝò ïé âåëôéþóåéò Þôáí ãíùóôÝò óáí
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<emphasis>ïé ÅðåêôÜóåéò Berkeley</emphasis>.</para>
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<para>Ôá tapes ôïõ BSD ðåñéåß÷áí ðçãáßï êþäéêá ôçò AT&T êé Ýôóé
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áðáéôïýóáí ìéá Üäåéá ðçãáßïõ êþäéêá ôïõ &unix;. ÌÝ÷ñé ôï 1990, ç
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÷ñçìáôïäüôçóç ôçò CSRG ôÝëåéùíå, êáé ðÞãáéíå ãéá êëåßóéìï. ÊÜðïéá ìÝëç
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ôçò ïìÜäáò áðïöÜóéóáí íá äéáíåßìïõí ôïí BSD êþäéêá, ðïõ Þôáí Open
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Source, ÷ùñßò ôá êïììÜôéá ôïõ åìðïñéêïý AT&T êþäéêá. Áõôü Ýãéíå
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ôåëéêÜ ìå ôçí <emphasis>Networking Tape 2</emphasis>, ãíùóôÞ êáé ùò
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<emphasis>Net/2</emphasis>. Ç Net/2 äåí Þôáí Ýíá ïëïêëçñùìÝíï
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ëåéôïõñãéêü óýóôçìá. Ðåñßðïõ 20% áðü ôïí êþäéêá ôïõ ðõñÞíá Ýëåéðå. ¸íá
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áðü ôá ìÝëç ôçò CSRG, ï William F. Jolitz, Ýãñáøå ôïí õðüëïéðï êþäéêá
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ðïõ Ýëåéðå êáé ôïí Ýäùóå íùñßò ôï 1992 ìå üíïìá
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<emphasis>386BSD</emphasis>. Ôçí ßäéá óôéãìÞ, ìéá Üëëç ïìÜäá áðü ðñþçí
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ìÝëç ôçò CSRG ßäñõóå ìéá åìðïñéêÞ åôáéñåßá ìå üíïìá <ulink
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url="http://www.bsdi.com/">Berkeley Software Design Inc.</ulink> êáé
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åîÝäùóå ìéá ðåéñáìáôéêÞ Ýêäïóç åíüò ëåéôïõñãéêïý óõóôÞìáôïò ðïõ ëåãüôáí
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<ulink url="http://www.bsdi.com/">BSD/386</ulink>, ôï ïðïßï Þôáí
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âáóéóìÝíï óôïí ßäéï ðçãáßï êþäéêá. Ôï üíïìá ôïõ ëåéôïõñãéêïý óõóôÞìáôïò
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Üëëáîå áñãüôåñá óå BSD/OS.</para>
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<para>Ôï 386BSD ðïôÝ äåí Ýãéíå Ýíá óôáèåñü ëåéôïõñãéêü óýóôçìá.
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Áíôß ãé áõôü, äýï Üëëåò ïìÜäåò îåðÞäçóáí áðü áõôü ôï 1993. Ç ïìÜäá ôïõ
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<ulink url="http://www.NetBSD.org/">NetBSD</ulink> êáé ç ïìÜäá ôïõ <ulink
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url="&url.base;/index.html">FreeBSD</ulink>. Ïé äõï ïìÜäåò áñ÷éêÜ
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îå÷þñéóáí åðåéäÞ åß÷áí äéáöïñåôéêÞ õðïìïíÞ üóïí áöïñÜ óå êÜðïéåò
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âåëôéþóåéò óôï 386BSD. Ç ïìÜäá ôïõ NetBSD îåêßíçóå óôçí áñ÷Þ ôçò
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÷ñïíéÜò, êáé ç ðñþôç Ýêäïóç ôïõ FreeBSD äåí Þôáí Ýôïéìç ìÝ÷ñé ôï ôÝëïò
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ôçò ÷ñïíéÜò. Óôï ìåôáîý ç âÜóç ôïõ ðçãáßïõ êþäéêá åß÷å ðëÝïí ôüóåò
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äéáöïñÝò ðïõ Þôáí äýóêïëï íá åíùèåß ç ìéá ìå ìå ôçí Üëëç ïìÜäá.
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ÅðéðëÝïí, ïé äõï ïìÜäåò åß÷áí êáé äéáöïñåôéêïýò óôü÷ïõò üðùò èá äïýìå
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ðáñáêÜôù. Ôï 1996 äçìéïõñãÞèçêå ôï
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<ulink url="http://www.OpenBSD.org/">OpenBSD</ulink>
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áðü ôï NetBSD êáé ôï 2003 äçìéïõñãÞèçêå ôï
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<ulink url="http://www.dragonflybsd.org/">DragonFlyBSD</ulink>
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áðü ôï FreeBSD.</para>
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</sect1>
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<sect1>
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<title id="why-is-bsd-not-better-known">Ãéáôß äåí åßíáé ôï BSD ðéï ãíùóôü;</title>
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<para>Ãéá äéÜöïñïõò ëüãïõò, ôï BSD åßíáé ó÷åôéêÜ Üãíùóôï:</para>
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<orderedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>Áõôïß ðïõ áíáðôýóóïõí ôï BSD áó÷ïëïýíôáé óõ÷íÜ ðåñéóóüôåñï ìå ôï
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íá äéïñèþíïõí ôïí êþäéêÜ ôïõò ðáñÜ ìå ôï íá ôïí äéáöçìßæïõí.</para>
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</listitem>
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||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>ÁñêåôÞ áðü ôçí äçìïóéüôçôá ôïõ Linux ïöåßëåôáé óå ðáñÜãïíôåò
|
||
åîùôåñéêïýò (óå ó÷Ýóç ìå áõôïýò ðïõ áíáðôýóóïõí ôï Linux), üðùò óôá
|
||
ìÝóá åíçìÝñùóçò, êáé óå åôáéñåßåò ðïõ Ý÷ïõí öôéá÷ôåß ãéá íá ðáñÝ÷ïõí
|
||
õðçñåóßåò âáóéóìÝíåò óå Linux. ÌÝ÷ñé ðñüóöáôá, ôá open source BSD
|
||
äåí åß÷áí ôÝôïéïõò äéáöçìéóôÝò.</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>Áõôïß ðïõ áíáðôýóóïõí ôï BSD ôåßíïõí íá åßíáé ðéï Ýìðåéñïé áðü
|
||
ôïõò ÷ñÞóôåò ôïõ Linux êáé äåí ôïõò åíäéáöÝñåé ôüóï ðïëý íá ôï
|
||
êÜíïõí åýêïëï óôç ÷ñÞóç. Ïé êáéíïýñéïé ÷ñÞóôåò Ý÷ïõí ôçí ôÜóç íá
|
||
áéóèÜíïíôáé ðéï Üíåôá ìå ôï Linux.</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>Ôï 1992, ç AT&T Ýêáíå ìÞíõóç óôçí <ulink
|
||
url="http://www.bsdi.com/">BSDI</ulink>, ôçí åôáéñåßá ðïõ áíÝðôõóóå
|
||
ôï BSD/386, êáôçãïñþíôáò ôçí üôé ôï ðñïúüí ðåñéåß÷å êþäéêá ôïõ
|
||
ïðïßïõ ôá ðíåõìáôéêÜ äéêáéþìáôá áíÞêáí óôçí AT&T. Ç õðüèåóç
|
||
êáíïíßóôçêå åêôüò äéêáóôçñßïõ ôï 1994, áëëÜ ôï öÜíôáóìá ôçò
|
||
ìÞíõóçò áêüìá óõíå÷ßæåé íá ôñïìÜæåé ôïí êüóìï. Áêüìá êáé ó÷åôéêÜ
|
||
ðñüóöáôá, ôïí ÌÜñôéï ôïõ 2000, Ýíá Üñèñï ðïõ âãÞêå óôïí ðáãêüóìéï
|
||
éóôü õðïóôçñßæåé üôé ç õðüèåóç Ýêëåéóå ìå <quote>ðñüóöáôï
|
||
äéáêáíïíéóìü</quote>.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Ìéá ëåðôïìÝñåéá ðïõ ç ìÞíõóç îåêáèÜñéóå åßíáé ç êáôÜóôáóç ôùí
|
||
ïíïìÜôùí: êáôÜ ôç äéÜñêåéá ôçò äåêáåôßáò ôïõ'80, ôï BSD Þôáí ãíùóôü
|
||
ùò <quote>BSD &unix;</quote>. Ìå ôçí áöáßñåóç áêüìá êáé ôïõ
|
||
ôåëåõôáßïõ êïììáôéïý êþäéêá áðü ôçí AT&T, Ý÷áóå êáé ôï äéêáßùìá
|
||
óôï üíïìá &unix;. ¸ôóé èá äåßôå áíáöïñÝò óå âéâëßá ìå ôßôëïõò üðùò
|
||
<quote>the 4.3BSD &unix; operating system</quote> êáé <quote>the
|
||
4.4BSD operating system</quote>.</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>ÕðÜñ÷åé ç åíôýðùóç ðùò ôá BSD ëåéôïõñãéêÜ óõóôÞìáôá åßíáé
|
||
êïììáôéáóìÝíá êáé áíôéìá÷üìåíá. Ç <ulink
|
||
url="http://interactive.wsj.com/bin/login?Tag=/&URI=/archive/retrieve.cgi%253Fid%253DSB952470579348918651.djm&">Wall
|
||
Street Journal</ulink> ìéëïýóå ãéá <quote>balkanization</quote> ôùí
|
||
ïìÜäùí áíÜðôõîçò ôïõ BSD. Áêñéâþò üðùò êáé ç ìÞíõóç, áõôÞ ç åíôýðùóç
|
||
âáóßæåôáé êõñßùò óå ðáëéÝò éóôïñßåò.</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</orderedlist>
|
||
</sect1>
|
||
|
||
<sect1>
|
||
<title id="comparing-bsd-and-linux">Óýãêñéóç ôïõ BSD ìå ôï Linux</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>ÔåëéêÜ ðïéá åßíáé ç äéáöïñÜ ìåôáîý, áò ðïýìå, ôïõ Debian Linux êáé
|
||
ôïõ FreeBSD; Ãéá ôïí ìÝóï ÷ñÞóôç, ç äéáöïñÜ åßíáé óôçí ðñáãìáôéêüôçôá
|
||
ìéêñÞ: êáé ôá äõï åßíáé ëåéôïõñãéêÜ óõóôÞìáôá ðïõ ìïéÜæïõí ìå ôï &unix;.
|
||
Êáé ôá äõï áíáðôýóóïíôáé áðü ìç åìðïñéêÝò êïéíüôçôåò (áõôü äåí éó÷ýåé
|
||
ãéá ðïëëÝò Üëëåò äéáíïìÝò ôïõ Linux öõóéêÜ). Óôéò åðüìåíåò ðáñáãñÜöïõò,
|
||
èá ðïýìå ëßãá ðñÜãìáôá ãéá ôï BSD êáé èá ôï óõãêñßíïõìå ìå ôï Linux. Ç
|
||
ðåñéãñáöÞ ôáéñéÜæåé ðéï ðïëý óôï FreeBSD, ôï ïðïßï åßíáé ðåñßðïõ ôï 80%
|
||
ôùí åãêáôåóôçìÝíùí BSD, áëëÜ ïé äéáöïñÝò áðü ôï NetBSD, ôï OpenBSD êáé
|
||
ôï DragonFlyBSD åßíáé ìéêñÝò.</para>
|
||
|
||
<sect2>
|
||
<title>Óå ðïéïí áíÞêåé ôï BSD;</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>Äåí õðÜñ÷åé Ýíá Üôïìï Þ ïñãáíéóìüò óôïí ïðïßï íá áíÞêåé ôï BSD.
|
||
Áíáðôýóóåôáé êáé äéáíÝìåôáé áðü ìéá êïéíüôçôá ðñïãñáììáôéóôþí áðü üëï
|
||
ôïí êüóìï ðïõ Ý÷ïõí áñêåôÝò ãíþóåéò êáé åßíáé áöïóéùìÝíïé óôçí
|
||
áíÜðôõîÞ ôïõ. ÊÜðïéá áðü ôá êïììÜôéá ôïõ BSD åßíáé áíåîÜñôçôá Open
|
||
Source projects ðïõ óõíôçñïýíôáé áðü êÜðïéá äéáöïñåôéêÞ ïìÜäá Þ
|
||
Üôïìï.</para>
|
||
</sect2>
|
||
|
||
<sect2>
|
||
<title>Ðùò áíáðôýóóåôáé êáé åíçìåñþíåôáé ôï BSD;</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>Ïé BSD ðõñÞíåò áíáðôýóóïíôáé áêïëïõèþíôáò ôï Open Source ìïíôÝëï
|
||
áíÜðôõîçò. ÊÜèå ïìÜäá äéáôçñåß Ýíá <emphasis>äÝíôñï ðçãáßïõ
|
||
êþäéêá</emphasis> óôï ïðïßï Ý÷ïõí üëïé ðñüóâáóç, ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôï
|
||
<ulink url="http://www.cvshome.org/">Concurrent Versions
|
||
System</ulink> (CVS). Ôï äÝíôñï ðçãáßïõ êþäéêá ðåñéÝ÷åé üëï ôïí
|
||
ðçãáßï êþäéêá ãéá ôá áñ÷åßá ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò, êáèþò êáé ôåêìçñßùóç Þ
|
||
Üëëá ó÷åôéêÜ áñ÷åßá. Ôï CVS åðéôñÝðåé óôïõò ÷ñÞóôåò íá
|
||
<quote>åîÜãïõí</quote> (ìå Üëëá ëüãéá íá ðÜñïõí Ýíá áíôßãñáöï)
|
||
ïðïéáóäÞðïôå Ýêäïóçò ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>¸íáò ìåãÜëïò áñéèìüò ðñïãñáììáôéóôþí áðü üëï ôïí êüóìï
|
||
óõíåéóöÝñïõí ìå âåëôéþóåéò ãéá ôï BSD. ×ùñßæïíôáé óå ôñåéò
|
||
êáôçãïñßåò:</para>
|
||
|
||
<itemizedlist>
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>Ïé <emphasis>Contributors</emphasis> ãñÜöïõí êþäéêá Þ
|
||
ôåêìçñßùóç. Äåí Ý÷ïõí äéêáßùìá íá êÜíïõí commit (íá ðñïóèÝóïõí
|
||
êþäéêá) áðåõèåßáò óôïí ðçãáßï êþäéêá. Ãéá íá ìðåé ï êþäéêÜò ôïõò
|
||
óôï óýóôçìá ðñÝðåé íá ðåñÜóåé áðü Ýëåã÷ï êáé íá äïêéìáóôåß áðü
|
||
êÜðïéïí ðñïãñáììáôéóôÞ ðïõ Ý÷åé ôÝôïéá äéêáéþìáôá, ï ïðïßïò
|
||
ëÝãåôáé êáé <emphasis>committer</emphasis>.</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>Ïé <emphasis>Committers</emphasis> åßíáé ðñïãñáììáôéóôÝò ìå
|
||
äéêáßùìá íá ðñïóèÝôïõí ðñÜãìáôá áðåõèåßáò óôïí ðçãáßï êþäéêá. Ãéá
|
||
íá ãßíåé êÜðïéïò committer ðñÝðåé íá äåßîåé üôé Ý÷åé éêáíüôçôåò óå
|
||
êÜðïéï óõãêåêñéìÝíï ôïìÝá, óôïí ïðïßï åßíáé åíåñãüò.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>ÁöÞíåôáé óôçí äéáêñéôéêüôçôá ôïõ committer ôï áí èá ðñÝðåé íá
|
||
ðÜñåé Üäåéá ðñéí êÜíåé áëëáãÝò óå Ýíá óõãêåêñéìÝíï ìÝñïò ôïõ
|
||
ðçãáßïõ êþäéêá. ÃåíéêÜ, Ýíáò Ýìðåéñïò committer ìðïñåß íá êÜíåé
|
||
áëëáãÝò ðïõ åßíáé ðñïöáíþò óùóôÝò ÷ùñßò íá æçôÞóåé Üäåéá. Ãéá
|
||
ðáñÜäåéãìá, Ýíáò committer áðü ôçí ïìÜäá ôåêìçñßùóçò ìðïñåß íá
|
||
äéïñèþíåé ïñèïãñáöéêÜ Þ ãñáììáôéêÜ ëÜèç ÷ùñßò íá æçôÞóåé
|
||
åðéâåâáßùóç. Áðü ôçí Üëëç, ðñïãñáììáôéóôÝò ðïõ êÜíïõí ìåãÜëåò Þ
|
||
ðåñßðëïêåò áëëáãÝò èá ðñÝðåé íá äßíïõí êÜðùò ôéò áëëáãÝò ôïõò
|
||
óôïõò Üëëïõò ãéá Ýëåã÷ï ðñéí êÜíïõí commit. Óå åîáéñåôéêÝò
|
||
ðåñéðôþóåéò, Ýíá ìÝëïò ôçò âáóéêÞò ïìÜäáò (core team) ìå ôçí
|
||
éäéüôçôá ôïõ Principal Architect ìðïñåß íá áðáéôÞóåé ïé áëëáãÝò íá
|
||
áöáéñåèïýí áðü ôïí ðçãáßï êþäéêá, ìéá äéáäéêáóßá ðïõ ëÝãåôáé
|
||
<emphasis>backing out</emphasis>. ¼ëïé ïé committers ðáßñíïõí
|
||
mail ðïõ ðåñéãñÜöïõí êÜèå îå÷ùñéóôÞ áëëáãÞ ðïõ ãßíåôáé commit,
|
||
ïðüôå äåí åßíáé äõíáôüí íá ðñïóôåèåß êÜôé êñõöÜ.</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>Ç <emphasis>Core team</emphasis>. ÔÝëïò, ôï FreeBSD êáé ôï
|
||
NetBSD Ý÷ïõí ôï êáèÝíá ìéá âáóéêÞ ïìÜäá (core team) ðïõ Ý÷åé ôçí
|
||
äéá÷åßñéóç ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò. Ç âáóéêÞ ïìÜäá Ý÷åé áíáðôõ÷èåß óôçí
|
||
ðïñåßá ôïõ project, êáé ï ñüëïò ôçò äåí åßíáé ðÜíôá óáöþò
|
||
êáèïñéóìÝíïò. Äåí åßíáé áðáñáßôçôï íá åßíáé êÜðïéïò
|
||
ðñïãñáììáôéóôÞò, áí êáé óõíÞèùò ôá ìÝëç ôçò âáóéêÞò ïìÜäáò åßíáé
|
||
áðü ôá Üôïìá ðïõ áíáðôýóóïõí ôï BSD. Ïé êáíüíåò ãéá ôçí âáóéêÞ
|
||
ïìÜäá äéáöÝñïõí áðü ôï Ýíá project óôï Üëëï, áëëÜ ãåíéêÜ ç ãíþìç
|
||
ôçò âáóéêÞò ïìÜäáò ìåôñÜåé ðåñéóóüôåñï óôçí êáôåýèõíóç ôïõ project
|
||
áðü áõôÞ ôùí õðüëïéðùí.</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</itemizedlist>
|
||
|
||
<para>ÁõôÞ ç ïñãÜíùóç äéáöÝñåé áðü áõôÞ ôïõ Linux óå äéÜöïñá
|
||
óçìåßá:</para>
|
||
|
||
<orderedlist>
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>Äåí õðÜñ÷åé Ýíá ìïíáäéêü Üôïìï ðïõ íá åëÝã÷åé ôá ðåñéå÷üìåíá
|
||
ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò. ÐñáêôéêÜ, áõôÞ ç äéáöïñÜ õðåñåêôéìÜôáé, áöïý ï
|
||
Principal Architect ìðïñåß íá áðáéôÞóåé êÜðïéïò êþäéêáò íá áöáéñåèåß,
|
||
êáé áêüìá êáé óôï Linux õðÜñ÷ïõí áñêåôÜ Üôïìá ðïõ ôïõò åðéôñÝðåôáé
|
||
íá êÜíïõí áëëáãÝò.</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>Áðü ôçí Üëëç, <emphasis>õðÜñ÷åé</emphasis> Ýíá êåíôñéêü
|
||
repository, Ýíá ìÝñïò ðïõ ìðïñåßôå íá âñåßôå ïëüêëçñï ôï
|
||
ëåéôïõñãéêü óýóôçìá óå ìïñöÞ ðçãáßïõ êþäéêá, óå ïðïéáäÞðïôå
|
||
Ýêäïóç, áêüìá êáé ðáëéüôåñåò.</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>Ôá BSD project óõíôçñïýí ïëüêëçñï ôï <quote>Ëåéôïõñãéêü
|
||
Óýóôçìá</quote>, êé ü÷é ìüíï ôïí ðõñÞíá. ÁõôÞ ç äéáöïñÜ åßíáé
|
||
ìüíï ïñéáêÜ ÷ñÞóéìç. Ïýôå ôï BSD, ïýôå ôï Linux äåí åßíáé ðïëý
|
||
÷ñÞóéìá ÷ùñßò åöáñìïãÝò. Ïé åöáñìïãÝò ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýíôáé óôï
|
||
BSD åßíáé óõ÷íÜ ïé ßäéåò åöáñìïãÝò ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýíôáé êÜôù áðü
|
||
ôï Linux.</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>Óáí áðïôÝëåóìá ôçò êåíôñéêÞò êáé óáöþò ïñéóìÝíçò óõíôÞñçóçò
|
||
åíüò CVS äÝíôñïõ ðçãáßïõ êþäéêá, ç áíÜðôõîç ôïõ BSD åßíáé
|
||
îåêÜèáñç, êáé åßíáé åýêïëç ç ðñüóâáóç óå ïðïéáäÞðïôå Ýêäïóç ôïõ
|
||
óõóôÞìáôïò åßôå ìå áñéèìü Ýêäïóçò, åßôå ìå çìåñïìçíßá. Ôï CVS
|
||
åðßóçò åðéôñÝðåé áèñïéóôéêÝò áëëáãÝò óôï óýóôçìá. Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá,
|
||
ôï repository ôïõ FreeBSD åíçìåñþíåôáé ðåñßðïõ 100 öïñÝò ôç ìÝñá.
|
||
Ïé ðéï ðïëëÝò áðü áõôÝò ôéò áëëáãÝò åßíáé ìéêñÝò.</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</orderedlist>
|
||
</sect2>
|
||
|
||
<sect2>
|
||
<title>Åêäüóåéò ôïõ BSD</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>Ïé ïìÜäåò áíÜðôõîçò ôùí FreeBSD, NetBSD êáé OpenBSD äéáèÝôïõí ôï
|
||
óýóôçìá óå ôñåéò äéáöïñåôéêÝò <quote>åêäüóåéò</quote>. ¼ðùò êáé ìå ôï
|
||
Linux, óå êÜèå Ýêäïóç äßíåôáé Ýíáò áñéèìüò, ð.÷. 1.4.1 Þ 3.5. Åêôüò
|
||
áðü áõôü, ï áñéèìüò ôçò Ýêäïóçò Ý÷åé Ýíá åðßèåìá, ôï ïðïßï õðïäçëþíåé
|
||
ôï óêïðü ôçò Ýêäïóçò:</para>
|
||
|
||
<orderedlist>
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>Ç ðåéñáìáôéêÞ Ýêäïóç ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò ëÝãåôáé
|
||
<emphasis>CURRENT</emphasis>. Ôï FreeBSD ïñßæåé Ýíá áñéèìü
|
||
Ýêäïóçò ãéá ôï CURRENT, ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá FreeBSD 5.0-CURRENT. Ôï
|
||
NetBSD ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß Ýíá êÜðùò äéáöïñåôéêü ôñüðï ïíïìáôïëïãßáò êáé
|
||
ðñïóèÝôåé ãñÜììá óôï ôÝëïò ôïõ áñéèìïý Ýêäïóçò ôï ïðïßï
|
||
áíôéóôïé÷åß óå áëëáãÝò åóùôåñéêþí ëåéôïõñãéþí, ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá
|
||
NetBSD 1.4.3G. Ôï OpenBSD äåí ïñßæåé êÜðïéï áñéèìü
|
||
(<quote>OpenBSD-current</quote>). Ç áíÜðôõîç êáéíïýñéùí ðñáãìÜôùí
|
||
ðÜíôá ãßíåôáé óå áõôüí ôïí êëÜäï.</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>Óå ôáêôÜ ÷ñïíéêÜ äéáóôÞìáôá, áðü äõï ìÝ÷ñé êáé ôÝóóåñåéò öïñÝò
|
||
ôï ÷ñüíï, ôá project áíáêïéíþíïõí ìéá <emphasis>RELEASE</emphasis>
|
||
Ýêäïóç ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò, ç ïðïßá äéáôßèåôáé óå CD-ROM êáé ìðïñåß
|
||
êÜðïéïò íá ôçí êáôåâÜóåé áðü FTP åîõðçñåôçôÝò, ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá
|
||
áíáêïéíþíåôáé ôï OpenBSD 2.6-RELEASE Þ ôï NetBSD 1.4-RELEASE. Ç
|
||
RELEASE Ýêäïóç áðåõèýíåôáé óå ôåëéêïýò ÷ñÞóôåò, êáé åßíáé ç
|
||
êáíïíéêÞ ìïñöÞ ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò. Ôï NetBSD äéáèÝôåé åðßóçò êáé
|
||
<emphasis>patch åêäüóåéò</emphasis> ìå Ýíá ôñßôï øçößï, üðùò ãéá
|
||
ðáñÜäåéãìá ôçí NetBSD 1.4.2.</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>Êáèþò ðñïâëÞìáôá âñßóêïíôáé óå êÜðïéá RELEASE Ýêäïóç,
|
||
äéïñèþíïíôáé, êáé ïé áëëáãÝò ðñïóôßèåíôáé óôï CVS. Óôï FreeBSD,
|
||
ôï áðïôÝëåóìá ïíïìÜæåôáé ç STABLE Ýêäïóç, åíþ óôï NetBSD êáé óôï
|
||
OpenBSD óõíå÷ßæåé íá ëÝãåôáé ç RELEASE Ýêäïóç. ÌéêñÜ êáéíïýñéá
|
||
÷áñáêôçñéóôéêÜ ìðïñåß íá ðñïóôåèïýí êáé óå áõôüí ôïí êëÜäï ìåôÜ
|
||
áðü ìéá äïêéìáóôéêÞ ðåñßïäï óôïí CURRENT êëÜäï.</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</orderedlist>
|
||
|
||
<para><emphasis>Ôï Linux, óå áíôßèåóç, óõíôçñåß äõï îå÷ùñéóôÜ äÝíôñá
|
||
ðçãáßïõ êþäéêá. Ôçí óôáèåñÞ êáé ôçí ðåéñáìáôéêÞ Ýêäïóç. Ïé óôáèåñÝò
|
||
åêäüóåéò Ý÷ïõí Ýíá æõãü áñéèìü Ýêäïóçò, üðùò 2.0, 2.2 Þ 2.4. Ïé
|
||
ðåéñáìáôéêÝò åêäüóåéò Ý÷ïõí ðåñéôôü áñéèìü Ýêäïóçò, üðùò 2.1, 2.3 Þ
|
||
2.5. Óå êÜèå ðåñßðôùóç, ï áñéèìüò áêïëïõèåßôáé áðü Ýíá áêüìá áñéèìü
|
||
ðïõ õðïäåéêíýåé ôçí áêñéâÞ Ýêäïóç. Áêüìá, êÜèå äéáíïìÝáò ðñïóèÝôåé ôá
|
||
äéêÜ ôïõ ðñïãñÜììáôá ÷ñÞóôç êáé åñãáëåßá, ïðüôå ôï üíïìá ôçò äéáíïìÞò
|
||
åßíáé åðßóçò óçìáíôéêü. ÊÜèå äéáíïìÝáò åðßóçò ðñïóèÝôåé ôïí äéêü ôïõ
|
||
áñéèìü óôçí äéáíïìÞ, ïðüôå ìéá ðëÞñçò ðåñéãñáöÞ ìðïñåß íá åßíáé êÜôé
|
||
óáí <quote>TurboLinux 6.0 ìå ðõñÞíá 2.2.14</quote></emphasis></para>
|
||
</sect2>
|
||
|
||
<sect2>
|
||
<title>Ôé åêäüóåéò ôïõ BSD åßíáé äéáèÝóéìåò;</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>Óå áíôßèåóç ìå ôéò äéáíïìÝò ôïõ Linux, õðÜñ÷ïõí ìüíï ôÝóóåñá
|
||
äéáöïñåôéêÜ open source BSD. ÊÜèå BSD ïìÜäá óõíôçñåß ôïí äéêü ôçò
|
||
ðçãáßï êþäéêá êáé ôïí äéêü ôçò ðõñÞíá. ÐñáêôéêÜ, öõóéêÜ, õðÜñ÷ïõí
|
||
ðïëý ëéãüôåñåò äéáöïñÝò óôá ðñïãñÜììáôá ÷ñÞóôç ôùí BSD ïìÜäùí áðü üôé
|
||
õðÜñ÷ïõí óôï Linux.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Åßíáé äýóêïëï íá êáôçãïñéïðïéçèïýí ïé óêïðïß ôçò êÜèå BSD ïìÜäáò.
|
||
Ïé äéáöïñÝò åßíáé ðïëý õðïêåéìåíéêÝò. ÂáóéêÜ,</para>
|
||
|
||
<itemizedlist>
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>Ôï FreeBSD Ý÷åé ùò óôü÷ï ôçí õøçëÞ áðüäïóç êáé ôçí åõêïëßá
|
||
÷ñÞóçò áðü ôïõò ôåëéêïýò ÷ñÞóôåò. Åßíáé åðßóçò ôï áãáðçìÝíï ôùí
|
||
õðçñåóéþí ðáñï÷Þò ðåñéå÷ïìÝíïõ óôïí ðáãêüóìéï éóôü. ÔñÝ÷åé óå
|
||
áñêåôÝò ðëáôöüñìåò: óõóôÞìáôá âáóéóìÝíá óôçí &i386; áñ÷éôåêôïíéêÞ
|
||
(<quote>PC</quote>), óõóôÞìáôá âáóéóìÝíá óôïõò AMD 64-bit
|
||
åðåîåñãáóôÝò, óõóôÞìáôá âáóéóìÝíá óôçí áñ÷éôåêôïíéêÞ
|
||
&ultrasparc;, óõóôÞìáôá ìå åðåîåñãáóôÝò Alpha ôçò Compaq êáé
|
||
óõóôÞìáôá âáóéóìÝíá óôï ðñüôõðï PC-98 ôçò NEC.
|
||
Ôï FreeBSD Ý÷åé óçìáíôéêÜ
|
||
ðåñéóóüôåñïõò ÷ñÞóôåò áðü ôá Üëëá projects.</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>Ôï NetBSD óôï÷åýåé óôçí ìÝãéóôç ìåôáöåñóéìüôçôá: <quote>ìá
|
||
öõóéêÜ êáé ôñÝ÷åé NetBSD</quote>. ÔñÝ÷åé óå ìç÷áíÝò áðü
|
||
õðïëïãéóôÝò ÷åéñüò ìÝ÷ñé ìåãÜëïõò åîõðçñåôçôÝò, êáé Ý÷åé
|
||
÷ñçóéìïðïéçèåß áêüìá êáé óå áðïóôïëÝò ôçò NASA. Åßíáé ìéá ðïëý
|
||
êáëÞ åðéëïãÞ ãéá ðáëéü ìç-&intel; hardware.</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>Ôï OpenBSD äßíåé ìåãÜëç óçìáóßá óôçí áóöÜëåéá êáé óôçí
|
||
êáèáñüôçôá ôïõ êþäéêá: ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß Ýíá óõíäõáóìü áðü éäÝåò open
|
||
source êáé ëåðôïìåñÞ Ýëåã÷ï ôïõ êþäéêá ãéá íá öôéÜîåé Ýíá óýóôçìá
|
||
ðïõ åßíáé ïëïöÜíåñá óùóôü, êÜôé ðïõ ôï êÜíåé íá åßíáé ç åðéëïãÞ
|
||
ôùí ïñãáíéóìþí ðïõ äßíïõí óçìáóßá óôçí áóöÜëåéá, üðùò ôñÜðåæåò,
|
||
÷ñçìáôéóôÞñéá êáé ðáñáñôÞìáôá ôçò êõâÝñíçóçò ôùí ÇÐÁ. ¼ðùò êáé ôï
|
||
NetBSD ôñÝ÷åé óå áñêåôÝò ðëáôöüñìåò.</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>Ôï DragonFlyBSD óôï÷åýåé óôçí áíÜðôõîç åíüò óõóôÞìáôïò ìåãÜëçò
|
||
áðüäïóçò êáé scalability óå ïôéäÞðïôå áðü Ýíá áðëü óýóôçìá åíüò
|
||
åðåîåñãáóôÞ ìÝ÷ñé ôåñÜóôéá clusters óõóôçìÜôùí. Ôï DragonFlyBSD
|
||
Ý÷åé áñêåôïýò óôü÷ïõò åõñåßáò åìâÝëåéáò, áëëÜ ìÝ÷ñé ôþñá ïé
|
||
ðñïóðÜèåéåò ôçò ïìÜäáò áíÜðôõîÞò ôïõ åðéêåíôñþíïíôáé óôçí
|
||
õëïðïßçóç ìéáò SMP ðëáôöüñìáò ðïõ åßíáé åýêïëï íá êáôáíïçèåß, íá
|
||
óõíôçñçèåß êáé åõíïåß ôçí ðåñáéôÝñù áíÜðôõîç.</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</itemizedlist>
|
||
|
||
<para>ÕðÜñ÷ïõí áêüìç êáé äýï BSD ëåéôïõñãéêÜ óõóôÞìáôá ðïõ äåí åßíáé
|
||
open source, ôï BSD/OS êáé ôï &macos; X ôçò Apple:</para>
|
||
|
||
<itemizedlist>
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>Ôï BSD/OS åßíáé ôï ðéï ðáëéü áðü ôá âáóéóìÝíá óôï 4.4BSD
|
||
ëåéôïõñãéêÜ óõóôÞìáôá. Äåí Þôáí open source, ðáñüëï ðïõ Üäåéåò
|
||
ðçãáßïõ êþäéêá Þôáí äéáèÝóéìåò ìå ó÷åôéêÜ ÷áìçëü êüóôïò. ¸ìïéáæå
|
||
ðïëý ìå ôï FreeBSD. Äýï ÷ñüíéá ìåôÜ ôçí åîáãïñÜ ôçò BSDi áðü ôç
|
||
Wind River Systems, ôï BSD/OS áðÝôõ÷å íá åðéâéþóåé óáí áíåîÜñôçôï
|
||
ðñïúüí. Ìðïñåß áêüìá íá åßíáé äéáèÝóéìç õðïóôÞñéîç êáé ðçãáßïò
|
||
êþäéêáò áðü ôçí Wind River, áëëÜ üëç ç áíÜðôõîç ãßíåôáé ðëÝïí óôï
|
||
embedded ëåéôïõñãéêü óýóôçìá VxWorks.</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>Ôï <ulink url="http://www.apple.com/macosx/server/">&macos;
|
||
X</ulink> åßíáé ç ðéï ðñüóöáôç Ýêäïóç ôïõ ëåéôïõñãéêïý óõóôÞìáôïò
|
||
ãéá ôçí ãñáììÞ õðïëïãéóôþí &macintosh; ôçò <ulink
|
||
url="http://www.apple.com/">Apple Computer Inc.</ulink>
|
||
Ï ðõñÞíáò ôïõ ëåéôïõñãéêïý óõóôÞìáôïò, ï ïðïßïò åßíáé âáóéóìÝíïò
|
||
óôï BSD êáé ëÝãåôáé
|
||
<ulink url="http://developer.apple.com/darwin/">Darwin</ulink>,
|
||
åßíáé äéáèÝóéìïò ùò Ýíá ðëÞñåò ëåéôïõñãéêü óýóôçìá áíïé÷ôïý êþäéêá
|
||
ãéá õðïëïãéóôÝò x86 êáé PPC. Ôï óýóôçìá ãñáöéêþí Aqua/Quartz êáé
|
||
ðïëëÜ Üëëá åìðïñéêÜ ìÝñç ôïõ &macos; X äåí åßíáé äéáèÝóéìá óå ìïñöÞ
|
||
ðçãáßïõ êþäéêá. ÁñêåôÜ ìÝëç ôçò ïìÜäáò áíÜðôõîçò ôïõ Darwin
|
||
óõììåôÝ÷ïõí óôçí áíÜðôõîç ôïõ FreeBSD êé áíÜðïäá.</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</itemizedlist>
|
||
</sect2>
|
||
|
||
<sect2>
|
||
<title>Ôé äéáöïñÜ Ý÷åé ç Üäåéá ôïõ BSD áðü ôçí GNU Public Üäåéá;</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>Ôï Linux äéáôßèåôáé óýìöùíá ìå ôïõò üñïõò
|
||
ôçò <ulink url="http://www.fsf.org/copyleft/gpl.html">GNU General
|
||
Public License</ulink> (GPL), ç ïðïßá åßíáé ó÷åäéáóìÝíç ãéá íá
|
||
áðïêëåßóåé ôï ìç-åëåýèåñï ëïãéóìéêü. Åéäéêüôåñá, ïðïéïäÞðïôå ðñïúüí
|
||
âáóéóìÝíï óå êÜðïéï ðñïúüí äéáèÝóéìï óýìöùíá ìå ôïõò üñïõò ôçò GPL
|
||
ðñÝðåé êé áõôü íá äßíåôáé óå ìïñöÞ ðçãáßïõ êþäéêá áí æçôçèåß.
|
||
Áíôßèåôá,
|
||
ç <ulink url="http://www.opensource.org/licenses/bsd-license.html">BSD
|
||
Üäåéá</ulink> åßíáé ëéãüôåñï ðåñéïñéóôéêÞ: äéáíïìÝò ïé ïðïßåò åßíáé
|
||
äéáèÝóéìåò ìüíï óå åêôåëÝóéìç ìïñöÞ åðéôñÝðïíôáé. Áõôü åßíáé ðïëý
|
||
÷ñÞóéìï óå embedded åöáñìïãÝò.</para>
|
||
</sect2>
|
||
|
||
<sect2>
|
||
<title>Ôß Üëëï èÜ 'ðñåðå íá îÝñù;</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>ÅðåéäÞ ëéãüôåñåò åöáñìïãÝò åßíáé äéáèÝóéìåò ãéá BSD áðü üôé ãéá
|
||
Linux, ïé ðñïãñáììáôéóôÝò ôïõ BSD Ýãñáøáí Ýíá ðáêÝôï óõìâáôüôçôáò ìå
|
||
ôï Linux, ðïõ åðéôñÝðåé óå ðñïãñÜììáôá ãéá Linux íá ôñÝîïõí êÜôù áðü
|
||
BSD. Ôï ðáêÝôï ðåñéëáìâÜíåé ôüóï áëëáãÝò óôïí ðõñÞíá, Ýôóé þóôå íá
|
||
åêôåëïýíôáé óùóôÜ ïé êëÞóåéò óõóôÞìáôïò ôïõ Linux, üóï êáé áñ÷åßá
|
||
óõìâáôüôçôáò ìå ôï Linux üðùò ç âéâëéïèÞêç ôçò C. Äåí õðÜñ÷åé
|
||
ðñáêôéêÜ äéáöïñÜ óôçí ôá÷ýôçôá åêôÝëåóçò ìåôáîý ìéáò åöáñìïãÞò ãéá
|
||
Linux ðïõ ôñÝ÷åé óå Ýíá Linux ìç÷Üíçìá êáé ìéáò åöáñìïãÞò ãéá Linux
|
||
ðïõ ôñÝ÷åé óå Ýíá BSD ìç÷Üíçìá ßäéáò ôá÷ýôçôáò.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Ç ëïãéêÞ ôïõ BSD, <quote>üëá áðü ìéá ðçãÞ</quote>, óçìáßíåé üôé ïé
|
||
áíáâáèìßóåéò åßíáé ðïëý ðéï åýêïëåò íá ãßíïõí áðü üôé óôï Linux. Ôï
|
||
BSD ðáñÝ÷åé åðßóçò êáé âéâëéïèÞêåò óõìâáôüôçôáò ìå ðáëéüôåñåò
|
||
åêäüóåéò, ïðüôå ìðïñåßôå íá ôñÝ÷åôå åêôåëÝóéìá ðïõ åßíáé áñêåôÜ ÷ñüíéá
|
||
ðáëéÜ ÷ùñßò ðñïâëÞìáôá.</para>
|
||
</sect2>
|
||
|
||
<sect2>
|
||
<title>Ôé ðñïôåßíåôå íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóù, BSD Þ Linux;</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>Êé áõôü ôé õðïôßèåôáé üôé óçìáßíåé ðñáêôéêÜ; Ðïéïò èÜ 'ðñåðå íá
|
||
÷ñçóéìïðïéåß BSD, êáé ðïéïò èÜ 'ðñåðå íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß Linux;</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>ÁõôÞ åßíáé ìéá ðïëý äýóêïëç åñþôçóç íá áðáíôÞóåé êáíåßò. Áò äïýìå
|
||
ìåñéêÝò ãåíéêÝò ïäçãßåò:</para>
|
||
|
||
<itemizedlist>
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para><quote>Áí äåí Ý÷åé ÷áëÜóåé, ìçí ôï öôéÜîåôå</quote>: Áí Þäç
|
||
÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå êÜðïéï open source ëåéôïõñãéêü óýóôçìá, êáé åßóôå
|
||
éêáíïðïéçìÝíïé áðü áõôü, ìÜëëïí äåí õðÜñ÷åé êáíÝíáò êáëüò ëüãïò íá
|
||
ôï áëëÜîåôå.</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>Ôá BSD óõóôÞìáôá, êáé åéäéêÜ ôï FreeBSD, ìðïñïýí íá Ý÷ïõí
|
||
áîéïóçìåßùôá êáëýôåñç áðüäïóç áðü ôï Linux. ÁëëÜ áõôü äåí éó÷ýåé
|
||
ðÜíôá. Óå ðïëëÝò ðåñéðôþóåéò, äåí õðÜñ÷åé äéáöïñÜ óôçí áðüäïóç Þ
|
||
åßíáé ðïëý ìéêñÞ. Óå ìåñéêÝò ðåñéðôþóåéò ìðïñåß ôï Linux íá
|
||
áðïäßäåé êáëýôåñá áðü ôï FreeBSD.</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>ÃåíéêÜ, ôá BSD óõóôÞìáôá Ý÷ïõí êáëýôåñç öÞìç üóïí áöïñÜ óôçí
|
||
áîéïðéóôßá ðïõ Ý÷ïõí, êõñßùò óáí áðïôÝëåóìá ôçò ðéï þñéìçò âÜóçò
|
||
êþäéêá.</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>Ôá BSD óõóôÞìáôá Ý÷ïõí ôç öÞìç üôé Ý÷ïõí ðéï ðïéïôéêÞ êáé
|
||
ïëïêëçñùìÝíç ôåêìçñßùóç. Ïé äéÜöïñåò ïìÜäåò ôåêìçñßùóçò
|
||
ðñïóðáèïýí íá ðáñÝ÷ïõí åíçìåñùìÝíç ôåêìçñßùóç óå ðïëëÝò ãëþóóåò,
|
||
íá êñáôïýí ôçí ôåêìçñßùóç åíçìåñùìÝíç êáé íá êáëýðôïõí êÜèå
|
||
÷áñáêôçñéóôéêü ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò óå âÜèïò.</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>Ç BSD Üäåéá ìðïñåß íá óáò áñÝóåé ðåñéóóüôåñï áðü ôçí
|
||
GPL.</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>Ôï BSD ìðïñåß íá ôñÝîåé Ýíá ìåãÜëï ðïóïóôü áðü ôá åêôåëÝóéìá
|
||
ôùí ðñïãñáììÜôùí ãéá Linux, åíþ ôï Linux äå ìðïñåß íá ôñÝîåé BSD
|
||
åêôåëÝóéìá. ÐïëëÝò BSD õëïðïéÞóåéò ìðïñïýí íá ôñÝîïõí áêüìç êé
|
||
åêôåëÝóéìá áðü Üëëá &unix; óõóôÞìáôá. Áõôü ðéèáíüí íá Ý÷åé ùò
|
||
áðïôÝëåóìá ç ìåôÜâáóç áðü êÜðïéï Üëëï óýóôçìá óå BSD íá åßíáé ðéï
|
||
åýêïëç áðü üôé óå Linux.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Ôï BSD ìðïñåß íá ôñÝîåé åêôåëÝóéìá ôïõ Linux, åíþ ôï Linux äåí
|
||
ìðïñåß íá åêôåëÝóåé ðñïãñÜììáôá ãéá BSD. Óáí áðïôÝëåóìá,
|
||
ðåñéóóüôåñï ëïãéóìéêü åßíáé äéáèÝóéìï ãéá BSD áðü üôé ãéá
|
||
Linux.</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</itemizedlist>
|
||
</sect2>
|
||
|
||
<sect2>
|
||
<title>Ðïéïò ðáñÝ÷åé õðïóôÞñéîç, service êáé åêðáßäåõóç ãéá ôï
|
||
BSD;</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>Ç BSDi / <ulink url="http://www.freebsdmall.com">FreeBSD Mall,
|
||
Inc.</ulink> ðÜíôá ðáñåß÷å õðïóôÞñéîç ãéá ôï BSD/OS êáé ðñüóöáôá
|
||
áíáêïßíùóå üôé ðáñÝ÷åé óõìâüëáéá õðïóôÞñéîçò êáé ãéá ôï
|
||
FreeBSD.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Åðßóçò, êÜèå Ýíá áðü ôá BSD Ý÷åé ìéá ëßóôá ìå consultants ðïõ
|
||
ìðïñåßôå íá ðñïóëÜâåôå: ãéá
|
||
ôï <ulink url="&url.base;/commercial/consult_bycat.html">FreeBSD</ulink>,
|
||
ôï <ulink url="http://www.netbsd.org/gallery/consultants.html">NetBSD</ulink>,
|
||
êáé
|
||
ôï <ulink url="http://www.openbsd.org/support.html">OpenBSD</ulink>.</para>
|
||
</sect2>
|
||
</sect1>
|
||
</article>
|