ce0c15a59d
- Use <programlisting> instead of <screen> for configuration files. - Add a missing semicolon. - Fix the link to the SMTP-auth page.
1254 lines
48 KiB
Text
1254 lines
48 KiB
Text
<!--
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The FreeBSD Documentation Project
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$FreeBSD$
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-->
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<chapter id="mail">
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<chapterinfo>
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<authorgroup>
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<author>
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<firstname>Bill</firstname>
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<surname>Lloyd</surname>
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<contrib>Original work by </contrib>
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</author>
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</authorgroup>
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<authorgroup>
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<author>
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<firstname>Jim</firstname>
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<surname>Mock</surname>
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<contrib>Rewritten by </contrib>
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<!-- 2 Dec 1999 -->
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</author>
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</authorgroup>
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</chapterinfo>
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<title>Electronic Mail</title>
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<sect1>
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<title>Synopsis</title>
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<indexterm><primary>email</primary></indexterm>
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<indexterm><primary>electronic mail</primary></indexterm>
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<para><quote>Electronic Mail</quote>, better known as email, is one of the
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most widely used forms of communication today. This chapter provides
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a basic introduction to running a mail server on FreeBSD.
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However, it is not a complete reference and in fact many
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important considerations are omitted. For more complete
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coverage of the subject, the reader is referred to the many
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excellent books listed in <xref linkend="bibliography">.</para>
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<para>After reading this chapter, you will know:</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>What software components are involved in sending and receiving
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electronic mail.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>Where basic <application>sendmail</application> configuration
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files are located in FreeBSD.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>How to block spammers from illegally using your mail server as a
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relay.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>How to install and configure an alternate mail transfer agent on
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your system, replacing <application>sendmail</application>.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>How to troubleshoot common mail server problems.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>How to configure SMTP Authentication for added security.</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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<para>Before reading this chapter, you should:</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>Properly setup your network connection
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(<xref linkend="advanced-networking">).</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>Properly setup the DNS information for your mail host
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(<xref linkend="advanced-networking">).</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>Know how to install additional third-party software
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(<xref linkend="ports">).</para></listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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</sect1>
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<sect1 id="mail-using">
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<title>Using Electronic Mail</title>
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<indexterm><primary>POP</primary></indexterm>
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<indexterm><primary>IMAP</primary></indexterm>
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<indexterm><primary>DNS</primary></indexterm>
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<para>There are five major parts involved in an email exchange. They
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are: <link linkend="mail-mua">the user program</link>, <link
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linkend="mail-mta">the server daemon</link>, <link
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linkend="mail-dns">DNS</link>, <link linkend="mail-receive">a POP or
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IMAP daemon</link>, and of course, <link linkend="mail-host">the
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mailhost itself</link>.</para>
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<sect2 id="mail-mua">
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<title>The User Program</title>
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<para>This includes command line programs such as
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<application>mutt</application>, <application>pine</application>,
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<application>elm</application>, and
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<application>mail</application>, and GUI programs such as
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<application>balsa</application>,
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<application>xfmail</application> to name a few, and something
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more <quote>sophisticated</quote> like a WWW browser. These
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programs simply pass off the email transactions to the local <link
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linkend="mail-host"><quote>mailhost</quote></link>, either by
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calling one of the <link linkend="mail-mta">server daemons</link>
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available or delivering it over TCP.</para>
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</sect2>
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<sect2 id="mail-mta">
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<title>Mailhost Server Daemon</title>
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<indexterm>
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<primary>mail server daemons</primary>
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<secondary><application>sendmail</application></secondary>
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</indexterm>
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<indexterm>
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<primary>mail server daemons</primary>
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<secondary><application>postfix</application></secondary>
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</indexterm>
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<indexterm>
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<primary>mail server daemons</primary>
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<secondary><application>qmail</application></secondary>
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</indexterm>
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<indexterm>
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<primary>mail server daemons</primary>
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<secondary><application>exim</application></secondary>
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</indexterm>
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<para>This is usually <application>sendmail</application> (by
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default with FreeBSD) or one of the other mail server daemons such
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as <application>qmail</application>,
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<application>postfix</application>, or
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<application>exim</application>. There are others, but those are
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the most widely used.</para>
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<para>The server daemon usually has two functions—it looks
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after receiving incoming mail and delivers outgoing mail. It does
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not allow you to connect to it via POP or IMAP to read your mail.
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You need an additional <link linkend="mail-receive">daemon</link>
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for that.</para>
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<para>Be aware that some older versions of
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<application>sendmail</application> have some serious security
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problems, however as long as you run a current version of it you
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should not have any problems. As always, it is a good idea to
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stay up-to-date with any software you run.</para>
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</sect2>
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<sect2 id="mail-dns">
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<title>Email and DNS</title>
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<para>The Domain Name System (DNS) and its daemon
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<command>named</command> play a large role in the delivery of
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email. In order to deliver mail from your site to another, the
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server daemon will look up the site in the DNS to determine the
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host that will receive mail for the destination.</para>
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<para>It works the same way when you have mail sent to you. The DNS
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contains the database mapping hostname to an IP address, and a
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hostname to mailhost. The IP address is specified in an A record.
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The MX (Mail eXchanger) record specifies the mailhost that will
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receive mail for you. If you do not have an MX record for your
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hostname, the mail will be delivered directly to your host.</para>
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</sect2>
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<sect2 id="mail-receive">
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<title>Receiving Mail</title>
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<indexterm>
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<primary>email</primary>
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<secondary>receiving</secondary>
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</indexterm>
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<para>Receiving mail for your domain is done by the mail host. It
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will collect mail sent to you and store it for reading or pickup.
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In order to pick the stored mail up, you will need to connect to
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the mail host. This is done by either using POP or IMAP. If you
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want to read mail directly on the mail host, then a POP or IMAP
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server is not needed.</para>
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<indexterm><primary>POP</primary></indexterm>
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<indexterm><primary>IMAP</primary></indexterm>
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<para>If you want to run a POP or IMAP server, there are two things
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you need to do:</para>
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<procedure>
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<step>
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<para>Get a POP or IMAP daemon from the <ulink
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url="../../../../ports/mail.html">ports collection</ulink> and install
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it on your system.</para>
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</step>
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<step>
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<para>Modify <filename>/etc/inetd.conf</filename> to load the
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POP or IMAP server.</para>
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</step>
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</procedure>
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</sect2>
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<sect2 id="mail-host">
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<title>The Mail Host</title>
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<indexterm><primary>mail host</primary></indexterm>
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<para>The mail host is the name given to a server that is
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responsible for delivering and receiving mail for your host, and
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possibly your network.</para>
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</sect2>
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</sect1>
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<sect1 id="sendmail">
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<sect1info>
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<authorgroup>
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<author>
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<firstname>Christopher</firstname>
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<surname>Shumway</surname>
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<contrib>Contributed by </contrib>
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</author>
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</authorgroup>
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</sect1info>
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<title><application>sendmail</application> Configuration</title>
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<indexterm>
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<primary><application>sendmail</application></primary>
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</indexterm>
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<para>&man.sendmail.8; is the default Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) in
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FreeBSD. <application>sendmail</application>'s job is to accept
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mail from Mail User Agents (MUA) and deliver it to the
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appropriate mailer as defined by its configuration file.
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<application>sendmail</application> can also accept network
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connections and deliver mail to local mailboxes or deliver it to
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another program.</para>
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<para><application>sendmail</application> uses the following
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configuration files:</para>
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<indexterm>
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<primary><filename>/etc/mail/access</filename></primary>
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</indexterm>
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<indexterm>
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<primary><filename>/etc/mail/aliases</filename></primary>
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</indexterm>
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<indexterm>
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<primary><filename>/etc/mail/local-host-names</filename></primary>
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</indexterm>
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<indexterm>
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<primary><filename>/etc/mail/mailer.conf</filename></primary>
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</indexterm>
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<indexterm>
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<primary><filename>/etc/mail/mailertable</filename></primary>
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</indexterm>
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<indexterm>
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<primary><filename>/etc/mail/sendmail.cf</filename></primary>
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</indexterm>
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<indexterm>
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<primary><filename>/etc/mail/virtusertable</filename></primary>
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</indexterm>
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<informaltable>
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<tgroup cols="2">
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<thead>
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<row>
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<entry>Filename</entry>
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<entry>Function</entry>
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</row>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<row>
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<entry>
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<filename>/etc/mail/access</filename>
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</entry>
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<entry><application>sendmail</application> access database
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file</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry>
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<filename>/etc/mail/aliases</filename>
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</entry>
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<entry>Mailbox aliases</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry>
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<filename>/etc/mail/local-host-names</filename>
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</entry>
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<entry>Lists of hosts <application>sendmail</application>
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accepts mail for</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry>
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<filename>/etc/mail/mailer.conf</filename>
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</entry>
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<entry>Mailer program configuration</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry>
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<filename>/etc/mail/mailertable</filename>
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</entry>
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<entry>Mailer delivery table</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry>
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<filename>/etc/mail/sendmail.cf</filename>
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</entry>
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<entry><application>sendmail</application> master
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configuration file</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry>
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<filename>/etc/mail/virtusertable</filename>
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</entry>
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<entry>Virtual users and domain tables</entry>
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</row>
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</tbody>
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</tgroup>
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</informaltable>
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<sect2>
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<title><filename>/etc/mail/access</filename></title>
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<para>The access database defines what host(s) or IP addresses
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have access to the local mail server and what kind of access
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they have. Hosts can be listed as <option>OK</option>,
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<option>REJECT</option>, <option>RELAY</option> or simply passed
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to <application>sendmail</application>'s error handling routine with a given mailer error.
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Hosts that are listed as <option>OK</option>, which is the
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default, are allowed to send mail to this host as long as the
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mail's final destination is the local machine. Hosts that are
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listed as <option>REJECT</option> are rejected for all mail
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connections. Hosts that have the <option>RELAY</option> option
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for their hostname are allowed to send mail for any destination
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through this mail server.</para>
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<example>
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<title>Configuring the <application>sendmail</application>
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Access Database</title>
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<programlisting>cyberspammer.com 550 We don't accept mail from spammers
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FREE.STEALTH.MAILER@ 550 We don't accept mail from spammers
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another.source.of.spam REJECT
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okay.cyberspammer.com OK
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128.32 RELAY</programlisting>
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</example>
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<para>In this example we have five entries. Mail senders that
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match the left hand side of the table are affected by the action
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on the right side of the table. The first two examples give an
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error code to <application>sendmail</application>'s error
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handling routine. The message is printed to the remote host when
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a mail matches the left hand side of the table. The next entry
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rejects mail from a specific host on the Internet,
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<hostid>another.source.of.spam</hostid>. The next entry accepts
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mail connections from a host
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<hostid role="fqdn">okay.cyberspammer.com</hostid>, which is more exact than
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the <hostid role="domainname">cyberspammer.com</hostid> line above. More specific
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matches override less exact matches. The last entry allows
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relaying of electronic mail from hosts with an IP address that
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begins with <hostid>128.32</hostid>. These hosts would be able
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to send mail through this mail server that are destined for other
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mail servers.</para>
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<para>When this file is updated, you need to run
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<command>make</command> in <filename>/etc/mail/</filename> to
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update the database.</para>
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</sect2>
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<sect2>
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<title><filename>/etc/mail/aliases</filename></title>
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<para>The aliases database contains a list of virtual mailboxes
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that are expanded to other user(s), files, programs or other
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aliases. Here are a few examples that can be used in
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<filename>/etc/mail/aliases</filename>:</para>
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<example>
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<title>Mail Aliases</title>
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<programlisting>root: localuser
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ftp-bugs: joe,eric,paul
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bit.bucket: /dev/null
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procmail: "|/usr/local/bin/procmail"</programlisting>
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</example>
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<para>The file format is simple; the mailbox name on the left
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side of the colon is expanded to the target(s) on the right.
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The
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first example simply expands the mailbox <username>root</username>
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to the mailbox <username>localuser</username>, which is then
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looked up again in the aliases database. If no match is found,
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then the message is delivered to the local user
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<username>localuser</username>. The next example shows a mail
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list. Mail to the mailbox <username>ftp-bugs</username> is
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expanded to the three local mailboxes <username>joe</username>,
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<username>eric</username>, and <username>paul</username>. Note
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that a remote mailbox could be specified as <literal>user@example.com</literal>. The
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next example shows writing mail to a file, in this case
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<filename>/dev/null</filename>. The last example shows sending
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mail to a program, in this case the mail message is written to the
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standard input of <filename>/usr/local/bin/procmail</filename>
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through a Unix pipe.</para>
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<para>When this file is updated, you need to run
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<command>make</command> in <filename>/etc/mail/</filename> to
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update the database.</para>
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</sect2>
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<sect2>
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<title><filename>/etc/mail/local-host-names</filename></title>
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<para>This is a list of hostnames &man.sendmail.8; is to accept as
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the local host name. Place any domains or hosts that
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<application>sendmail</application> is to be receiving mail for.
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For example, if this mail server was to accept mail for the
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domain <hostid role="domainname">example.com</hostid> and the host
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<hostid role="fqdn">mail.example.com</hostid>, its
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<filename>local-host-names</filename> might look something like
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this:</para>
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<programlisting>example.com
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mail.example.com</programlisting>
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<para>When this file is updated, &man.sendmail.8; needs to be
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restarted to read the changes.</para>
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</sect2>
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<sect2>
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<title><filename>/etc/mail/sendmail.cf</filename></title>
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<para><application>sendmail</application>'s master configuration
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file, <filename>sendmail.cf</filename> controls the overall
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behavior of <application>sendmail</application>, including everything
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from rewriting e-mail addresses to printing rejection messages to
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remote mail servers. Naturally, with such a diverse role, this
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configuration file is quite complex and its details are a bit
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out of the scope of this section. Fortunately, this file rarely
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needs to be changed for standard mail servers.</para>
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<para>The master <application>sendmail</application> configuration
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file can be built from &man.m4.1; macros that define the features
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and behavior of <application>sendmail</application>. Please see
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<filename>/usr/src/contrib/sendmail/cf/README</filename> for
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some of the details.</para>
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<para>When changes to this file are made,
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<application>sendmail</application> needs to be restarted for
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the changes to take effect.</para>
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</sect2>
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<sect2>
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<title><filename>/etc/mail/virtusertable</filename></title>
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|
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<para>The <filename>virtusertable</filename> maps mail addresses for
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virtual domains and
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mailboxes to real mailboxes. These mailboxes can be local,
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remote, aliases defined in
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<filename>/etc/mail/aliases</filename> or files.</para>
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|
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<example>
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<title>Example Virtual Domain Mail Map</title>
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<programlisting>root@example.com root
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postmaster@example.com postmaster@noc.example.net
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@example.com joe</programlisting>
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</example>
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<para>In the above example, we have a mapping for a domain
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<hostid role="domainname">example.com</hostid>. This file is processed in a
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first match order down the file. The first item maps
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<literal>root@example.com</literal> to the local mailbox <username>root</username>. The next entry maps
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<literal>postmaster@example.com</literal> to the mailbox <username>postmaster</username> on the host
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<hostid role="fqdn">noc.example.net</hostid>. Finally, if nothing from <hostid role="domainname">example.com</hostid> has
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matched so far, it will match the last mapping, which matches
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every other mail message addressed to someone at
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<hostid role="domainname">example.com</hostid>.
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This will be mapped to the local mailbox <username>joe</username>.</para>
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</sect2>
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</sect1>
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|
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<sect1 id="mail-changingmta">
|
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<sect1info>
|
|
<authorgroup>
|
|
<author>
|
|
<firstname>Andrew</firstname>
|
|
<surname>Boothman</surname>
|
|
<contrib>Written by </contrib>
|
|
</author>
|
|
</authorgroup>
|
|
<authorgroup>
|
|
<author>
|
|
<firstname>Gregory</firstname>
|
|
<surname>Neil Shapiro</surname>
|
|
<contrib>Information taken from e-mails written by </contrib>
|
|
</author>
|
|
</authorgroup>
|
|
</sect1info>
|
|
<title>Changing your Mail Transfer Agent</title>
|
|
<indexterm>
|
|
<primary>email</primary>
|
|
<secondary>change mta</secondary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
|
|
<para>As already mentioned, FreeBSD comes with
|
|
<application>sendmail</application> already installed as your
|
|
MTA (Mail Transfer Agent). Therefore by default it is
|
|
in charge of your outgoing and incoming mail.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>However, for a variety of reasons, some system
|
|
administrators want to change their system's MTA. These
|
|
reasons range from simply wanting to try out another MTA to
|
|
needing a specific feature or package which relies on another
|
|
mailer. Fortunately, whatever the reason, FreeBSD makes it
|
|
easy to make the change.</para>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Install a new MTA</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>You have a wide choice of MTAs available. A good
|
|
starting point is the
|
|
<link linkend="ports">FreeBSD Ports Collection</link> where
|
|
you will be able to find many. Of course you are free to use
|
|
any MTA you want from any location, as long as you can make
|
|
it run under FreeBSD.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Start by installing your new MTA. Once it is installed
|
|
it gives you a chance to decide if it really fulfills your
|
|
needs, and also gives you the opportunity to configure your
|
|
new software before getting it to take over from
|
|
<application>sendmail</application>. When doing this, you
|
|
should be sure that installing the new software won't attempt
|
|
to overwrite system binaries such as
|
|
<filename>/usr/bin/sendmail</filename>. Otherwise, your new
|
|
mail software has essentially been put into service before
|
|
you have configured it.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Please refer to your chosen MTA's documentation for
|
|
information on how to configure the software you have
|
|
chosen.</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Disable <application>sendmail</application></title>
|
|
|
|
<para>The procedure used to start
|
|
<application>sendmail</application> changed significantly
|
|
between 4.5-RELEASE and 4.6-RELEASE. Therefore, the procedure
|
|
used to disable it is subtly different.</para>
|
|
|
|
<sect3>
|
|
<title>FreeBSD 4.5-STABLE before 2002/4/4 and earlier
|
|
(including 4.5-RELEASE and earlier)</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>Enter:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>sendmail_enable="NO"</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>into <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>. This will disable
|
|
<application>sendmail</application>'s incoming mail service,
|
|
but if <filename>/etc/mail/mailer.conf</filename> (see below)
|
|
is not changed, <application>sendmail</application> will
|
|
still be used to send e-mail.</para>
|
|
</sect3>
|
|
|
|
<sect3>
|
|
<title>FreeBSD 4.5-STABLE after 2002/4/4
|
|
(including 4.6-RELEASE and later)</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>In order to completely disable
|
|
<application>sendmail</application> you must use</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>sendmail_enable="NONE"</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>in <filename>/etc/rc.conf.</filename></para>
|
|
|
|
<warning>
|
|
<para>If you disable <application>sendmail</application>'s
|
|
outgoing mail service in this way, it is important that you
|
|
replace it with a fully working alternative mail delivery
|
|
system. If you choose not to, system functions such as
|
|
&man.periodic.8; will be unable to deliver their results by
|
|
e-mail as they would normally expect to. Many parts of your
|
|
system may expect to have a functional
|
|
<application>sendmail</application>-compatible system. If
|
|
applications continue to use
|
|
<application>sendmail</application>'s binaries to try and send
|
|
e-mail after you have disabled them, mail could go into an
|
|
inactive <application>sendmail</application> queue, and never be delivered.</para>
|
|
</warning>
|
|
|
|
<para>If you only want to disable
|
|
<application>sendmail</application>'s incoming mail service,
|
|
you should set</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>sendmail_enable="NO"</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>in <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>. More information on
|
|
<application>sendmail</application>'s startup options is
|
|
available from the &man.rc.sendmail.8; manual page.</para>
|
|
</sect3>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Running your new MTA on boot</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>You may have a choice of two methods for running your
|
|
new MTA on boot, again depending on what version of FreeBSD
|
|
you are running.</para>
|
|
|
|
<sect3>
|
|
<title>FreeBSD 4.5-STABLE before 2002/4/11
|
|
(including 4.5-RELEASE and earlier)</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>Add a script to
|
|
<filename>/usr/local/etc/rc.d/</filename> that
|
|
ends in <filename>.sh</filename> and is executable by
|
|
<username>root</username>. The script should accept <literal>start</literal> and
|
|
<literal>stop</literal> parameters. At startup time the
|
|
system scripts will execute the command</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>/usr/local/etc/rc.d/supermailer.sh start</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>which you can also use to manually start the server. At
|
|
shutdown time, the system scripts will use the
|
|
<literal>stop</literal> option, running the command</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>/usr/local/etc/rc.d/supermailer.sh stop</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>which you can also use to manually stop the server
|
|
while the system is running.</para>
|
|
|
|
</sect3>
|
|
|
|
<sect3>
|
|
<title>FreeBSD 4.5-STABLE after 2002/4/11
|
|
(including 4.6-RELEASE and later)</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>With later versions of FreeBSD, you can use the
|
|
above method or you can set</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>mta_start_script="filename"</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>in <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>, where
|
|
<replaceable>filename</replaceable> is the name of some
|
|
script that you want executed at boot to start your
|
|
MTA.</para>
|
|
</sect3>
|
|
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Replacing <application>sendmail</application> as
|
|
the system's default mailer</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>The program <application>sendmail</application> is so ubiquitous
|
|
as standard software on Unix systems that some software
|
|
just assumes it is already installed and configured.
|
|
For this reason, many alternative MTA's provide their own compatible
|
|
implementations of the <application>sendmail</application>
|
|
command-line interface; this facilitates using them as
|
|
<quote>drop-in</quote> replacements for <application>sendmail</application>.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Therefore, if you are using an alternative mailer,
|
|
you will need to make sure that software trying to execute
|
|
standard <application>sendmail</application> binaries such as
|
|
<filename>/usr/bin/sendmail</filename> actually executes
|
|
your chosen mailer instead. Fortunately, FreeBSD provides
|
|
a system called &man.mailwrapper.8; that does this job for
|
|
you.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>When <application>sendmail</application> is operating as installed, you will
|
|
find something like the following
|
|
in <filename>/etc/mail/mailer.conf</filename>:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>sendmail /usr/libexec/sendmail/sendmail
|
|
send-mail /usr/libexec/sendmail/sendmail
|
|
mailq /usr/libexec/sendmail/sendmail
|
|
newaliases /usr/libexec/sendmail/sendmail
|
|
hoststat /usr/libexec/sendmail/sendmail
|
|
purgestat /usr/libexec/sendmail/sendmail</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>This means that when any of these common commands
|
|
(such as <filename>sendmail</filename> itself) are run,
|
|
the system actually invokes a copy of mailwrapper named <filename>sendmail</filename>, which
|
|
checks <filename>mailer.conf</filename> and
|
|
executes <filename>/usr/libexec/sendmail/sendmail</filename>
|
|
instead. This system makes it easy to change what binaries
|
|
are actually executed when these default <filename>sendmail</filename> functions
|
|
are invoked.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Therefore if you wanted
|
|
<filename>/usr/local/supermailer/bin/sendmail-compat</filename>
|
|
to be run instead of <application>sendmail</application>, you could change
|
|
<filename>/etc/mail/mailer.conf</filename> to read:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>sendmail /usr/local/supermailer/bin/sendmail-compat
|
|
send-mail /usr/local/supermailer/bin/sendmail-compat
|
|
mailq /usr/local/supermailer/bin/mailq-compat
|
|
newaliases /usr/local/supermailer/bin/newaliases-compat
|
|
hoststat /usr/local/supermailer/bin/hoststat-compat
|
|
purgestat /usr/local/supermailer/bin/purgestat-compat</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Finishing</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>Once you have everything configured the way you want it, you should
|
|
either kill the <application>sendmail</application> processes that
|
|
you no longer need and start the processes belonging to your new
|
|
software, or simply reboot. Rebooting will also
|
|
give you the opportunity to ensure that you have correctly
|
|
configured your system to start your new MTA automatically on boot.</para>
|
|
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1 id="mail-trouble">
|
|
<title>Troubleshooting</title>
|
|
<indexterm>
|
|
<primary>email</primary>
|
|
<secondary>troubleshooting</secondary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
|
|
<qandaset>
|
|
<qandaentry>
|
|
<question>
|
|
<para>Why do I have to use the FQDN for hosts on my site?</para>
|
|
</question>
|
|
|
|
<answer>
|
|
<para>You will probably find that the host is actually in a
|
|
different domain; for example, if you are in
|
|
<hostid role="fqdn">foo.bar.edu</hostid> and you wish to reach
|
|
a host called <hostid>mumble</hostid> in the <hostid
|
|
role="domainname">bar.edu</hostid> domain, you will have to
|
|
refer to it by the fully-qualified domain name, <hostid
|
|
role="fqdn">mumble.bar.edu</hostid>, instead of just
|
|
<hostid>mumble</hostid>.</para>
|
|
|
|
<indexterm><primary>BIND</primary></indexterm>
|
|
<para>Traditionally, this was allowed by BSD BIND resolvers.
|
|
However the current version of <application>BIND</application>
|
|
that ships with FreeBSD no longer provides default abbreviations
|
|
for non-fully qualified domain names other than the domain you
|
|
are in. So an unqualified host <hostid>mumble</hostid> must
|
|
either be found as <hostid
|
|
role="fqdn">mumble.foo.bar.edu</hostid>, or it will be searched
|
|
for in the root domain.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>This is different from the previous behavior, where the
|
|
search continued across <hostid
|
|
role="domainname">mumble.bar.edu</hostid>, and <hostid
|
|
role="domainname">mumble.edu</hostid>. Have a look at RFC 1535
|
|
for why this was considered bad practice, or even a security
|
|
hole.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>As a good workaround, you can place the line:
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>search foo.bar.edu bar.edu</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
instead of the previous:
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>domain foo.bar.edu</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
into your <filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename>. However, make
|
|
sure that the search order does not go beyond the
|
|
<quote>boundary between local and public administration</quote>,
|
|
as RFC 1535 calls it.</para>
|
|
</answer>
|
|
</qandaentry>
|
|
|
|
<qandaentry>
|
|
<question>
|
|
<para><application>sendmail</application> says <errorname>mail
|
|
loops back to myself</errorname></para>
|
|
</question>
|
|
|
|
<answer>
|
|
<para>This is answered in the
|
|
<application>sendmail</application> FAQ as follows:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>* I am getting <quote>Local configuration error</quote> messages, such as:
|
|
|
|
553 relay.domain.net config error: mail loops back to myself
|
|
554 <user@domain.net>... Local configuration error
|
|
|
|
How can I solve this problem?
|
|
|
|
You have asked mail to the domain (e.g., domain.net) to be
|
|
forwarded to a specific host (in this case, relay.domain.net)
|
|
by using an MX record, but the relay machine does not recognize
|
|
itself as domain.net. Add domain.net to /etc/mail/local-host-names
|
|
(if you are using FEATURE(use_cw_file)) or add <quote>Cw domain.net</quote>
|
|
to /etc/mail/sendmail.cf.</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>The <application>sendmail</application> FAQ can be found at
|
|
<ulink URL="http://www.sendmail.org/faq/"></ulink> and is
|
|
recommended reading if you want to do any
|
|
<quote>tweaking</quote> of your mail setup.</para>
|
|
</answer>
|
|
</qandaentry>
|
|
|
|
<indexterm><primary>PPP</primary></indexterm>
|
|
<qandaentry>
|
|
<question>
|
|
<para>How can I run a mail server on a dial-up PPP host?</para>
|
|
</question>
|
|
|
|
<answer>
|
|
<para>You want to connect a FreeBSD box on a LAN to the
|
|
Internet. The FreeBSD box will be a mail gateway for the LAN.
|
|
The PPP connection is non-dedicated.</para>
|
|
|
|
<indexterm><primary>UUCP</primary></indexterm>
|
|
|
|
<para>There are at least two ways to do this. One way is to use
|
|
UUCP.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Another way is to get a full-time Internet server to provide secondary MX
|
|
services for your domain. For example, if your company's domain is
|
|
<hostid role="domainname">example.com</hostid> and your Internet service provider has
|
|
set <hostid role="domainname">example.net</hostid> up to provide secondary MX services
|
|
to your domain:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>example.com. MX 10 example.com.
|
|
MX 20 example.net.</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>Only one host should be specified as the final recipient
|
|
(add <literal>Cw example.com</literal> in
|
|
<filename>/etc/mail/sendmail.cf</filename> on <hostid role="domainname">example.com</hostid>).</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>When the sending <command>sendmail</command> is trying to
|
|
deliver the mail it will try to connect to you (<hostid role="domainname">example.com</hostid>) over the modem
|
|
link. It will most likely time out because you are not online.
|
|
The program <application>sendmail</application> will automatically deliver it to the
|
|
secondary MX site, i.e. your Internet provider (<hostid role="domainname">example.net</hostid>). The secondary MX
|
|
site will then periodically try to connect to
|
|
your host and deliver the mail to the primary MX host (<hostid role="domainname">example.com</hostid>).</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>You might want to use something like this as a login
|
|
script:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>#!/bin/sh
|
|
# Put me in /usr/local/bin/pppmyisp
|
|
( sleep 60 ; /usr/sbin/sendmail -q ) &
|
|
/usr/sbin/ppp -direct pppmyisp</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>If you are going to create a separate login script for a
|
|
user you could use <command>sendmail -qRexample.com</command>
|
|
instead in the script above. This will force all mail in your
|
|
queue for <hostid role="domainname">example.com</hostid> to be processed immediately.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>A further refinement of the situation is as follows:</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Message stolen from the &a.isp;.</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>> we provide the secondary MX for a customer. The customer connects to
|
|
> our services several times a day automatically to get the mails to
|
|
> his primary MX (We do not call his site when a mail for his domains
|
|
> arrived). Our sendmail sends the mailqueue every 30 minutes. At the
|
|
> moment he has to stay 30 minutes online to be sure that all mail is
|
|
> gone to the primary MX.
|
|
>
|
|
> Is there a command that would initiate sendmail to send all the mails
|
|
> now? The user has not root-privileges on our machine of course.
|
|
|
|
In the <quote>privacy flags</quote> section of sendmail.cf, there is a
|
|
definition Opgoaway,restrictqrun
|
|
|
|
Remove restrictqrun to allow non-root users to start the queue processing.
|
|
You might also like to rearrange the MXs. We are the 1st MX for our
|
|
customers like this, and we have defined:
|
|
|
|
# If we are the best MX for a host, try directly instead of generating
|
|
# local config error.
|
|
OwTrue
|
|
|
|
That way a remote site will deliver straight to you, without trying
|
|
the customer connection. You then send to your customer. Only works for
|
|
<quote>hosts</quote>, so you need to get your customer to name their mail
|
|
machine <quote>customer.com</quote> as well as
|
|
<quote>hostname.customer.com</quote> in the DNS. Just put an A record in
|
|
the DNS for <quote>customer.com</quote>.</programlisting>
|
|
</answer>
|
|
</qandaentry>
|
|
|
|
<qandaentry>
|
|
<question>
|
|
<para>Why do I keep getting <errorname>Relaying
|
|
Denied</errorname> errors when sending mail from other
|
|
hosts?</para>
|
|
</question>
|
|
|
|
<answer>
|
|
<para>In default FreeBSD installations,
|
|
<application>sendmail</application> is configured to only
|
|
send mail from the host it is running on. For example, if
|
|
a POP3 server is installed, then users will be able to
|
|
check mail from school, work, or other remote locations
|
|
but they still will not be able to send outgoing emails
|
|
from outside locations. Typically, a few moments after
|
|
the attempt, an email will be sent from
|
|
<application>MAILER-DAEMON</application> with a
|
|
<errorname>5.7 Relaying Denied</errorname> error
|
|
message.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>There are several ways to get around this. The most
|
|
straightforward solution is to put your ISP's address in
|
|
a relay-domains file at
|
|
<filename>/etc/mail/relay-domains</filename>. A quick way
|
|
to do this would be:</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>echo "your.isp.example.com" > /etc/mail/relay-domains</userinput></screen>
|
|
|
|
<para>After creating or editing this file you must restart
|
|
<application>sendmail</application>. This works great if
|
|
you are a server administrator and do not wish to send mail
|
|
locally, or would like to use a point and click
|
|
client/system on another machine or even another ISP. It
|
|
is also very useful if you only have one or two email
|
|
accounts set up. If there is a large number of addresses
|
|
to add, you can simply open this file in your favorite
|
|
text editor and then add the domains, one per line:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>your.isp.example.com
|
|
other.isp.example.net
|
|
users-isp.example.org
|
|
www.example.org</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>Now any mail sent through your system, by any host in
|
|
this list (provided the user has an account on your
|
|
system), will succeed. This is a very nice way to allow
|
|
users to send mail from your system remotely without
|
|
allowing people to send SPAM through your system.</para>
|
|
|
|
</answer>
|
|
</qandaentry>
|
|
</qandaset>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1 id="mail-advanced">
|
|
<title>Advanced Topics</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>The following section covers more involved topics such as mail
|
|
configuration and setting up mail for your entire domain.</para>
|
|
|
|
<sect2 id="mail-config">
|
|
<title>Basic Configuration</title>
|
|
<indexterm>
|
|
<primary>email</primary>
|
|
<secondary>configuration</secondary>
|
|
</indexterm>
|
|
|
|
<para>Out of the box, you should be able to send email to external
|
|
hosts as long as you have set up
|
|
<filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename> or are running your own
|
|
name server. If you would like to have mail for your host
|
|
delivered to the MTA (e.g., <application>sendmail</application>) on your own FreeBSD host, there are two methods:</para>
|
|
|
|
<itemizedlist>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Run your own name server and have your own domain. For
|
|
example, <hostid
|
|
role="domainname">FreeBSD.org</hostid></para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Get mail delivered directly to your host. This is done by
|
|
delivering mail directly to the current DNS name for your
|
|
machine. For example, <hostid
|
|
role="fqdn">example.FreeBSD.org</hostid>.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</itemizedlist>
|
|
|
|
<indexterm><primary>SMTP</primary></indexterm>
|
|
<para>Regardless of which of the above you choose, in order to have
|
|
mail delivered directly to your host, it must have a permanent
|
|
static IP address (not a dynamic address, as with most PPP dial-up configurations). If you are behind a
|
|
firewall, it must pass SMTP traffic on to you. If you want to
|
|
receive mail directly at your host, you need to be sure of either of two
|
|
things:</para>
|
|
|
|
<itemizedlist>
|
|
<indexterm><primary>MX record</primary></indexterm>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Make sure that the (lowest-numbered) MX record in your DNS points to your
|
|
host's IP address.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Make sure there is no MX entry in your DNS for your
|
|
host.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</itemizedlist>
|
|
|
|
<para>Either of the above will allow you to receive mail directly at
|
|
your host.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Try this:</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>hostname</userinput>
|
|
example.FreeBSD.org
|
|
&prompt.root; <userinput>host example.FreeBSD.org</userinput>
|
|
example.FreeBSD.org has address 204.216.27.XX</screen>
|
|
|
|
<para>If that is what you see, mail directly to
|
|
<email>yourlogin@example.FreeBSD.org</email> should work without
|
|
problems (assuming <application>sendmail</application> is
|
|
running correctly on <hostid role="fqdn">example.FreeBSD.org</hostid>).</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>If instead you see something like this:</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>host example.FreeBSD.org</userinput>
|
|
example.FreeBSD.org has address 204.216.27.XX
|
|
example.FreeBSD.org mail is handled (pri=10) by hub.FreeBSD.org</screen>
|
|
|
|
<para>All mail sent to your host (<hostid
|
|
role="fqdn">example.FreeBSD.org</hostid>) will end up being
|
|
collected on <hostid>hub</hostid> under the same username instead
|
|
of being sent directly to your host.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>The above information is handled by your DNS server. The DNS
|
|
record that carries mail routing information is the
|
|
<emphasis>M</emphasis>ail e<emphasis>X</emphasis>change entry. If
|
|
no MX record exists, mail will be delivered directly to the host by
|
|
way of its IP address.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>The MX entry for <hostid
|
|
role="fqdn">freefall.FreeBSD.org</hostid> at one time looked like
|
|
this:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>freefall MX 30 mail.crl.net
|
|
freefall MX 40 agora.rdrop.com
|
|
freefall MX 10 freefall.FreeBSD.org
|
|
freefall MX 20 who.cdrom.com</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>As you can see, <hostid>freefall</hostid> had many MX entries.
|
|
The lowest MX number is the host that receives mail directly if
|
|
available; if it's not accessible for some reason, the others
|
|
(sometimes called <quote>backup MXes</quote>) accept messages
|
|
temporarily, and pass it along when a lower-numbered host becomes
|
|
available, eventually to the lowest-numbered host.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Alternate MX sites should have separate Internet connections
|
|
from your own in order to be most useful. Your ISP or another
|
|
friendly site should have no problem providing this service for
|
|
you.</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2 id="mail-domain">
|
|
<title>Mail for Your Domain</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>In order to set up a <quote>mailhost</quote> (a.k.a. mail
|
|
server) you need to have any mail sent to various workstations
|
|
directed to it. Basically, you want to <quote>claim</quote> any
|
|
mail for any hostname in your domain (in this case <hostid
|
|
role="fqdn">*.FreeBSD.org</hostid>) and divert it to your mail
|
|
server so your users can receive their mail on
|
|
the master mail server.</para>
|
|
|
|
<indexterm><primary>DNS</primary></indexterm>
|
|
<para>To make life easiest, a user account with the same
|
|
<emphasis>username</emphasis> should exist on both machines. Use
|
|
&man.adduser.8; to do this.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>The mailhost you will be using must be the designated mail
|
|
exchanger for each workstation on the network. This is done in
|
|
your DNS configuration like so:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>example.FreeBSD.org A 204.216.27.XX ; Workstation
|
|
MX 10 hub.FreeBSD.org ; Mailhost</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>This will redirect mail for the workstation to the mailhost no
|
|
matter where the A record points. The mail is sent to the MX
|
|
host.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>You cannot do this yourself unless you are running a DNS
|
|
server. If you are not, or cannot run your own DNS server, talk
|
|
to your ISP or whoever provides your DNS.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>If you are doing virtual email hosting, the following
|
|
information will come in handy. For this example, we
|
|
will assume you have a customer with his own domain, in this
|
|
case <hostid role="domainname">customer1.org</hostid>, and you want
|
|
all the mail for <hostid role="domainname">customer1.org</hostid>
|
|
sent to your mailhost, <hostid
|
|
role="fqdn">mail.myhost.com</hostid>. The entry in your DNS
|
|
should look like this:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>customer1.org MX 10 mail.myhost.com</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>You do <emphasis>not</emphasis> need an A record for <hostid role="domainname">customer1.org</hostid> if you only
|
|
want to handle email for that domain.</para>
|
|
|
|
<note>
|
|
<para>Be aware that pinging <hostid
|
|
role="domainname">customer1.org</hostid> will not work unless
|
|
an A record exists for it.</para>
|
|
</note>
|
|
|
|
<para>The last thing that you must do is tell
|
|
<application>sendmail</application> on your mailhost what domains
|
|
and/or hostnames it should be accepting mail for. There are a few
|
|
different ways this can be done. Either of the following will
|
|
work:</para>
|
|
|
|
<itemizedlist>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Add the hosts to your
|
|
<filename>/etc/mail/local-host-names</filename> file if you are using the
|
|
<literal>FEATURE(use_cw_file)</literal>. If you are using
|
|
a version of <application>sendmail</application> earlier than 8.10, the file is
|
|
<filename>/etc/sendmail.cw</filename>.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Add a <literal>Cwyour.host.com</literal> line to your
|
|
<filename>/etc/sendmail.cf</filename> or
|
|
<filename>/etc/mail/sendmail.cf</filename> if you are using
|
|
<application>sendmail</application> 8.10 or higher.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</itemizedlist>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1 id="SMTP-Auth">
|
|
<title>SMTP Authentication</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>Having <acronym>SMTP</acronym> Authentication in place on
|
|
your mail server has a number of benefits.
|
|
<acronym>SMTP</acronym> Authentication can add another layer
|
|
of security to sendmail, and has the benefit of giving mobile
|
|
users who switch hosts, the ability to use the same mail server
|
|
without the need to reconfigure their mail client settings
|
|
each time.</para>
|
|
|
|
<procedure>
|
|
<step>
|
|
<para>Install <filename role="package">security/cyrus-sasl</filename>
|
|
from the ports. You can find this port in
|
|
<filename role="package">security/cyrus-sasl</filename>.
|
|
<filename role="package">security/cyrus-sasl</filename> has
|
|
a number of compile time options to choose from, and for
|
|
the method we will be using here, make sure to select the
|
|
pwcheck option.</para>
|
|
</step>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<step>
|
|
<para>After installing <filename role="package">security/cyrus-sasl</filename>,
|
|
edit <filename>/usr/local/lib/sasl/Sendmail.conf</filename>
|
|
(or create it if it doesn't exist) and add the following
|
|
line:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>pwcheck_method: passwd</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>This method will enable <application>sendmail</application>
|
|
to authenticate against your FreeBSD <filename>passwd</filename>
|
|
database. This saves the trouble creating a new set of usernames
|
|
and passwords for each user that needs to use
|
|
<acronym>SMTP</acronym> authentication, and keeps the login
|
|
and mail password the same.</para>
|
|
</step>
|
|
|
|
<step>
|
|
<para>Now, edit <filename>/etc/make.conf</filename> and add the
|
|
following lines:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>SENDMAIL_CFLAGS=-I/usr/local/include/sasl1 -DSASL
|
|
SENDMAIL_LDFLAGS=-L/usr/local/lib
|
|
SENDMAIL_LDADD=-lsasl</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>These lines will give <application>sendmail</application>
|
|
the proper configuration options for linking
|
|
to <filename role="package">cyrus-sasl</filename> at compile time.
|
|
Make sure that <filename role="package">cyrus-sasl</filename>
|
|
has been installed before recompiling
|
|
<application>sendmail</application>.</para>
|
|
</step>
|
|
|
|
<step>
|
|
<para>Recompile sendmail by executing the following commands:</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /usr/src/usr.sbin/sendmail</userinput>
|
|
&prompt.root; <userinput>make cleandir</userinput>
|
|
&prompt.root; <userinput>make obj</userinput>
|
|
&prompt.root; <userinput>make</userinput>
|
|
&prompt.root; <userinput>make install</userinput></screen>
|
|
|
|
<para>The compile of sendmail should not have any problems
|
|
if <filename>/usr/src</filename> has not been changed extensively,
|
|
and the shared libraries it needs are available.</para>
|
|
</step>
|
|
|
|
<step>
|
|
<para>After <application>sendmail</application> has been compiled
|
|
and reinstalled, edit your <filename>/etc/mail/freebsd.mc</filename>
|
|
file, or whichever file you use as your .mc file. Many administrators
|
|
choose to use the output from &man.hostname.1; as the .mc file for
|
|
uniqueness. Add these lines to it:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>dnl set SASL options
|
|
TRUST_AUTH_MECH(`GSSAPI DIGEST-MD5 CRAM-MD5 LOGIN')dnl
|
|
define(`confAUTH_MECHANISMS', `GSSAPI DIGEST-MD5 CRAM-MD5 LOGIN')dnl
|
|
define(`confDEF_AUTH_INFO', `/etc/mail/auth-info')dnl</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>These options configure the different methods available to
|
|
<application>sendmail</application> for authenticating users.
|
|
If you would like to use a method other than
|
|
<application>pwcheck</application>, please see the
|
|
included documentation.</para>
|
|
</step>
|
|
|
|
<step>
|
|
<para>Finally, run &man.make.1; while in <filename>/etc/mail</filename>.
|
|
That will run your new .mc file and create a .cf file named
|
|
<filename>freebsd.cf</filename> (or whatever name you've used
|
|
for your .mc file). Copy that to <filename>sendmail.cf</filename>,
|
|
and send a <command>kill -HUP</command> signal to
|
|
<application>sendmail</application>.</para>
|
|
</step>
|
|
</procedure>
|
|
|
|
<para>If all has gone correctly, you should be able to enter your login
|
|
information into the mail client, and send a test message.
|
|
For further investigation, set the LogLevel of
|
|
<application>sendmail</application> to 13, and watch
|
|
<filename>/var/log/maillog</filename> for any errors.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>For more information, please see the <application>sendmail</application>
|
|
page regarding
|
|
<ulink url="http://www.sendmail.org/~ca/email/auth.html">
|
|
<acronym>SMTP</acronym> authentication</ulink>.</para>
|
|
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
</chapter>
|
|
|
|
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|
|
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|
|
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|
|
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|
|
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|
|
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|
|
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|
|
sgml-parent-document: ("../book.sgml" "part" "chapter")
|
|
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|
|
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|