5fa082b1f8
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352 lines
13 KiB
Text
352 lines
13 KiB
Text
<!DOCTYPE ARTICLE PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//DTD DocBook V4.1-Based Extension//EN" [
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<!ENTITY % articles.ent PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//ENTITIES DocBook FreeBSD Articles Entity Set//EN">
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%articles.ent;
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]>
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<article>
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<articleinfo>
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<title>The Euro symbol on
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<systemitem class="osname">FreeBSD</systemitem></title>
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<authorgroup>
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<author>
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<firstname>Aaron</firstname>
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<surname>Kaplan</surname>
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<affiliation>
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<address>
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<email>aaron@lo-res.org</email>
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</address>
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</affiliation>
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</author>
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</authorgroup>
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<copyright>
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<year>2002</year>
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<year>2003</year>
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<holder>The FreeBSD Documentation Project</holder>
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</copyright>
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<pubdate role="rcs">$FreeBSD$</pubdate>
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<legalnotice id="trademarks" role="trademarks">
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&tm-attrib.freebsd;
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&tm-attrib.general;
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</legalnotice>
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<abstract>
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<para>This document will try to help you in getting started with the new
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<keycap>Euro</keycap> Symbol on your new keyboard that you had to buy
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in early 2002 because of the switch to the new common currency. We
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will first focus on the more important parts like being able to
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correctly display the symbol on the console. Later sections will deal
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with configuring particular programs like
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<application>X11</application>.
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</para>
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<para>Lots of helpful input came from Oliver Fromme, Tom Rhodes and
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countless others. Thanks! Without you this article would not have been
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possible!
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</para>
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</abstract>
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</articleinfo>
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<sect1>
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<title>The Euro in a nutshell</title>
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<para>If you already feel comfortable with
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<ulink url="&url.books.handbook;/l10n.html">localization</ulink> as
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described in the <systemitem class="osname">FreeBSD</systemitem>
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Handbook you might be only interested in the following facts which
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will get you started quickly:</para>
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<variablelist>
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<varlistentry>
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<term>ISO8859-15</term>
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<listitem>
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<para>This is a slight modification of the commonly used ISO8859-1
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character map. It includes the Euro symbol. Used for the
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<envar>LANG</envar>, <envar>LC_CTYPE</envar> environment
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variables.</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><filename>iso15-8x16.fnt</filename></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>The &man.vidcontrol.1; font for the console</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><filename>/usr/share/syscons/keymaps/*.iso.kbd</filename></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>Appropriate keyboard maps depending on your language. Set your
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<literal>keymap</literal> entry in <filename>rc.conf</filename> to
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one of these.</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><envar>LC_CTYPE</envar></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>Used to specify the correct character type in your
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locale.</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><literal>XkbLayout "<replaceable>lang</replaceable>(euro)"</literal></term>
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<listitem>
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<para><application>XFree86</application> config option.</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><filename>/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/*/fonts.alias</filename></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>Be sure to adapt your X11 fonts to
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<literal>-*-..-*-iso8859-15</literal></para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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</variablelist>
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</sect1>
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<sect1>
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<title>A general remark</title>
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<para>In the following sections we will often refer to
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<emphasis>ISO8859-15</emphasis>. This is the standard notation starting
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with <systemitem class="osname">FreeBSD</systemitem> 4.5. In older
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versions, the standard notation was either
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<emphasis>ISO_8859-15</emphasis> or <emphasis>DIS_8859-15</emphasis>.
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</para>
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<para>If you are using an older version of
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<systemitem class="osname">FreeBSD</systemitem>, be sure to take a
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look at <filename>/usr/share/locale/</filename> in order to find out
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which naming convention is in place.</para>
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</sect1>
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<sect1>
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<title>The console</title>
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<sect2>
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<title>Setting up your console font</title>
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<para>Depending on your console resolution and size you will need one of
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the following lines in <filename>rc.conf</filename>:</para>
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<programlisting>font8x16="iso15-8x16.fnt" # from /usr/share/syscons/fonts/*
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font8x14="iso15-8x14.fnt"
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font8x8="iso15-8x8.fnt"</programlisting>
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<para>This will effectively select the ISO8859-15 also known as Latin-9
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font. ISO8859-15 is a variation of ISO8859-1. You can tell the
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difference between the two by looking at the Euro symbol: its decimal
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value is 164. In ISO8859-1 you will notice a circle with four little
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strokes at the corners. This is often termed the <quote>universal currency
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symbol</quote>. In ISO8859-15, instead of the little circle, you have the
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Euro Symbol. Otherwise the fonts are more or less identical.</para>
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<warning>
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<para>As of the time of this writing the only usable font seems to be
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<literal>iso15-8x16.fnt</literal>. The others seem to only show
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ISO8859-1 even though the name suggest otherwise.</para>
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</warning>
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<note>
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<para>By specifying this font some console applications will look
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garbled. This is due to the fact that they assume you are using a
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different font/character set such as ANSI 850. One notable example
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is <application>sysinstall</application>. However most of the
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time this should not be of much concern.</para>
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</note>
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<para>As the next step you should either reboot your system to let the
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changes take effect or (manually) take the steps that would have been
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taken at the system startup:</para>
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<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>vidcontrol -f <replaceable>iso15-8x16.fnt</replaceable></userinput></screen>
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<para>To check if the font has been selected execute the following short
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<command><anchor id="awk-test">awk</command> script:</para>
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<programlisting>#!/usr/bin/awk -f
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BEGIN {
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for(i=160;i<180;i++)
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printf"%3d %c\n",i,i
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}</programlisting>
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<para>The result should reveal the Euro sign at position 164.</para>
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</sect2>
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<sect2>
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<title>Setting up your keyboard for the Euro</title>
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<para>Most keyboard maps should already be set up correctly. I.e: If you
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have a german keyboard and your Umlaut keys are working, you can
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safely skip this section since the keyboard already maps whatever key
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combination is necessary (e.g.: <keycombo action=simul><keycap>Alt
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Gr</keycap><keycap>e</keycap></keycombo>) to decimal value 164.
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If running into problems, the best way to check is to take a look at
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<filename>/usr/share/syscons/keymaps/*.kbd</filename>. The format of
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the key mapping files is described in &man.keyboard.4;.
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&man.kbdcontrol.1; can be used to load a custom keymap.</para>
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<para>Once the correct keyboard map is selected, it should be added to
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<filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename> with the line:</para>
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<programlisting>keymap="<replaceable>german.iso</replaceable>" # or another map</programlisting>
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<para>As stated above, this step has most probably already been taken
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by you at installation time (with
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<application>sysinstall</application>). If not, either reboot or
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load the new keymap via &man.kbdcontrol.1;.</para>
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<para>To verify the keyboard mapping, switch to a new console and at
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the login prompt, <emphasis>instead of logging</emphasis> in, try to
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type the <keycap>Euro</keycap> key. If it is not working, either
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file a bug report via &man.send-pr.1; or make sure you in fact chose
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the right keyboard map.</para>
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<note>
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<para>At this stage the Euro key will not yet work in
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<application>bash </application> or
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<application>tcsh</application>.</para>
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</note>
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</sect2>
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<sect2>
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<title>Fixing the environment variables</title>
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<para>The shells (<application>bash</application>, <application>tcsh</application>) revert to the &man.readline.3; library
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which in turn respects the <envar>LC_CTYPE</envar> environment
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variable. <envar>LC_CTYPE</envar> must be set before the shell is
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completely running. Luckily it suffices to add the line:</para>
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<programlisting>export LC_CTYPE=<replaceable>de_DE</replaceable>.ISO8859-15</programlisting>
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<para>to your <filename>.bash_profile</filename> (<application>bash</application>), or:</para>
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<programlisting>setenv LC_CTYPE <replaceable>de_DE</replaceable>.ISO8859-15</programlisting>
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<para>to your <filename>.login</filename> (<application>tcsh</application>) file. Of course,
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<replaceable>de_DE</replaceable> should be replaced by your language.
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Next, log out, log back in again, and verify your Euro key is working.
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By now most console applications should respond to the Euro key. Extra
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configuration steps for special programs like
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<application>pine</application> might still be necessary
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however.</para>
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<note>
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<para>An alternative to modifying <filename>.login</filename> and
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<filename>.bash_profile</filename> is to set the environment
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variables through the &man.login.conf.5; mechanism. This approach
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has the advantage of assigning login classes to certain users (e.g.
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French users, Italian users, etc) <emphasis>in one
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place</emphasis>.</para>
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</note>
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</sect2>
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</sect1>
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<sect1>
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<title>Modifying X11</title>
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<para>Modify <filename>/etc/XF86Config</filename> in the following
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manner:</para>
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<programlisting>Option "XkbLayout" "<replaceable>de</replaceable>(euro)"</programlisting>
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<para>Again, replace <replaceable>de</replaceable> with your language. By
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now, the keyboard should be set up correctly. As in the console section,
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the correct font must be chosen. For <application>KDE</application>, go
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to the <application>KDE control center</application> ->
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Personalization -> Country & Language -> Charset and change it
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to <literal>ISO8859-15</literal>. Similar steps apply to
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<application>kmail</application> and other applications.</para>
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<para>Another good idea is to modify your <filename>fonts.alias</filename>
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files. Notably the <literal>fixed</literal> font should be changed to
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the right character set: The author's
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<filename>/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/misc/fonts.alias</filename> looks
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like this:</para>
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<programlisting>! $Xorg: fonts.alias,v 1.3 2000/08/21 16:42:31 coskrey Exp $
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fixed -misc-fixed-medium-r-semicondensed--13-120-75-75-c-60-iso8859-15
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variable -*-helvetica-bold-r-normal-*-*-120-*-*-*-*-iso8859-15
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(...)</programlisting>
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<para>As in the console sections, special applications still have
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ISO8859-1 fonts configured in their respective &man.xrdb.1; databases. One
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notable example is <application>xterm</application>. As a general rule
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of thumb it suffices to change the corresponding configuration file in
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<filename>/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/app-defaults</filename> and add the correct
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font. Let us demonstrate this with
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<application>xterm</application>.</para>
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<screen>&prompt.root; cd /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/app-defaults/
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&prompt.root; vi XTerm</screen>
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<para>Add the following line to the beginning of the file:</para>
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<programlisting>*font: -misc-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-*-120-*-*-c-*-iso8859-15</programlisting>
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<para>Finally, restart X and make sure, fonts can be displayed by
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executing the above <link linkend="awk-test">awk script</link>. All
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major applications should respect the keyboard mapping and the font
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settings.</para>
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</sect1>
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<sect1>
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<title>Open problems</title>
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<para>Of course, the author would like to receive feedback. In addition,
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at least let me know if you have fixes for one of these open
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problems:</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>Describe alternative way of setting up <application>XFree86</application>:
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<filename role="package">x11/xkeycaps</filename></para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>Settings in <application>GNOME</application></para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>Settings in <application>XFCE</application></para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>Settings for <application>(X)Emacs</application></para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>Describe UTF-8</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>Describe <application>libiconv</application> as a effective way
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to convert between ISO8859-15 and UTF-{8,16} from within
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applications</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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</sect1>
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</article>
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