590 lines
24 KiB
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590 lines
24 KiB
Text
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//DTD DocBook V4.1-Based Extension//EN" [
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<!ENTITY % articles.ent PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//ENTITIES DocBook FreeBSD Articles Entity Set//EN">
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%articles.ent;
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]>
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<article>
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<articleinfo>
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<title>FreeBSD Quickstart Guide for &linux; Users</title>
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<authorgroup>
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<author>
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<firstname>John</firstname>
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<surname>Ferrell</surname>
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</author>
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</authorgroup>
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<copyright>
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<year>2008</year>
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<holder>The FreeBSD Documentation Project</holder>
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</copyright>
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<releaseinfo>$FreeBSD$</releaseinfo>
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<legalnotice id="trademarks" role="trademarks">
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&tm-attrib.freebsd;
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&tm-attrib.linux;
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&tm-attrib.intel;
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&tm-attrib.redhat;
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&tm-attrib.unix;
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&tm-attrib.general;
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</legalnotice>
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<abstract>
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<para>This document is intended to quickly familiarize intermediate to
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advanced &linux; users with the basics of FreeBSD.</para>
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</abstract>
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</articleinfo>
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<sect1 id="intro">
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<title>Introduction</title>
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<para>This document will highlight the differences between &os; and
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&linux; so that intermediate to advanced &linux; users can quickly
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familiarize themselves with the basics of &os;. This is just a
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technical quickstart, it does not attempt to design
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<quote>philosophical</quote> differences between the two
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operating systems.</para>
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<para>This document assumes that you have already installed &os;.
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If you have not installed &os; or need help with the installation
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process please refer to the
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<ulink url="&url.base;/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/install.html">
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Installing FreeBSD</ulink> chapter of the &os; Handbook.</para>
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</sect1>
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<sect1 id="shells">
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<title>Shells: No Bash?</title>
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<para>Those coming from &linux; are often surprised to find that
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<application>Bash</application> is not the default shell in &os;.
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In fact, <application>Bash</application> is not even in the default
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installation. Instead, &os; uses &man.tcsh.1; as the default shell.
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Although, <application>Bash</application> and your other favorite
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shells are available in &os;'s <ulink
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url="article.html#SOFTWARE">Packages and Ports Collection</ulink>.</para>
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<para>If you do install other shells you can use &man.chsh.1; to set
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a user's default shell. It is, however, recommended that the
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<username>root</username>'s default shell remain unchanged. The
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reason for this is that shells not included in the base distribution
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are normally installed in <filename>/usr/local/bin</filename> or
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<filename>/usr/bin</filename>. In the event of a problem the file
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systems where <filename>/usr/local/bin</filename> and
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<filename>/usr/bin</filename> are located may not be mounted. In this
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case <username>root</username> would not have access to its default
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shell, preventing <username>root</username> from logging in. For this
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reason a second <username>root</username> account, the
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<username>toor</username> account, was created for use with non-default
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shells. See the security FAQ for information regarding the <ulink
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url="&url.base;/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/faq/security.html#TOOR-ACCOUNT">toor account</ulink>.</para>
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</sect1>
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<sect1 id="software">
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<title>Packages and Ports: Adding software in &os;</title>
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<para>In addition to the traditional &unix; method of installing software
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(download source, extract, edit source code, and compile), &os; offers
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two other methods for installing applications: packages and ports. A
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complete list of of all available ports and packages can be found <ulink
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url="http://www.freebsd.org/ports/master-index.html">here</ulink>.</para>
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<sect2 id="packages">
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<title>Packages</title>
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<para>Packages are pre-compiled applications, the &os; equivalents
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of <filename>.deb</filename> files on Debian/Ubuntu based systems
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and <filename>.rpm</filename> files on Red Hat/Fedora based
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systems. Packages are installed using &man.pkg.add.1;. For example,
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the following command installs
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<application>Apache 2.2</application>:</para>
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<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>pkg_add <replaceable>/tmp/apache-2.2.6_2.tbz</replaceable></userinput></screen>
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<para>Using the <option>-r</option> switch will tell &man.pkg.add.1;
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to automatically fetch a package and install it, as well as any
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dependencies:</para>
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<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>pkg_add -r <replaceable>apache22</replaceable></userinput>
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Fetching ftp://ftp.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/i386/packages-6.2-release/Latest/apache22.tbz... Done.
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Fetching ftp://ftp.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/i386/packages-6.2-release/All/expat-2.0.0_1.tbz... Done.
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Fetching ftp://ftp.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/i386/packages-6.2-release/All/perl-5.8.8_1.tbz... Done.
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[snip]
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To run apache www server from startup, add apache22_enable="YES"
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in your /etc/rc.conf. Extra options can be found in startup script.</screen>
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<note>
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<para>If you are running a release version of &os; (6.2, 6.3, 7.0,
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etc., generally installed from CD-ROM) <command>pkg_add -r</command>
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will download packages built for that specific release. These
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packages <emphasis>may not</emphasis> be the most up-to-date
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version of the application. You can use the
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<envar>PACKAGESITE</envar> variable to override this default
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behavior. For example, set <envar>PACKAGESITE</envar> to
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<ulink url="ftp://ftp.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/i386/packages-6-stable/Latest/"></ulink>
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to download the most recent packages built for the
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6.X series.</para>
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<para>You can read more about the &os; versions in the article
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<ulink url="&url.base;/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/version-guide/">
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Choosing the &os; Version That Is Right For You</ulink>.</para>
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</note>
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<para>For more information on packages please refer to section 4.4 of
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the &os; Handbook: <ulink
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url="&url.base;/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/packages-using.html">Using the Packages System</ulink>.</para>
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</sect2>
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<sect2 id="ports">
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<title>Ports</title>
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<para>&os;'s second method for installing applications is the
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Ports Collection. The Ports Collection is a framework of
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<filename>Makefiles</filename> and patches specifically customized
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for installing various software applications from source on &os;.
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When installing a port the system will fetch the source code, apply
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any required patches, compile the code, and install the application
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(and do the same for any dependencies).</para>
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<para>The Ports Collection, sometimes referred to as the ports tree,
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can be found in <filename>/usr/ports</filename>. That is assuming
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the Ports Collection was installed during the &os; installation
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process. If the Ports Collection has not been installed it can be
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added from the installation discs using &man.sysinstall.8;, or pulled
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from the &os; servers using &man.csup.1; or &man.portsnap.8;.
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Detailed instructions for installing the Ports Collection can be
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found in <ulink
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url="&url.base;/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/ports-using.html">section 4.5.1</ulink>
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of the handbook.</para>
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<para>Installing a port is as simple (generally) as changing in to the
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port's directory and starting the build process. The following example
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installs <application>Apache 2.2</application> from the
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Ports Collection:</para>
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<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /usr/ports/www/apache22</userinput>
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&prompt.root; <userinput>make install clean</userinput></screen>
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<para>A major benefit of using ports to install software is the
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ability to customize the installation options. For example, when
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installing <application>Apache 2.2</application> from ports you can
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enable <application>mod_ldap</application> by setting the
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<makevar>WITH_LDAP</makevar> &man.make.1; variable:</para>
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<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /usr/ports/www/apache22</userinput>
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&prompt.root; <userinput>make WITH_LDAP="YES" install clean</userinput></screen>
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<para>Please see section 4.5 of the &os; Handbook, <ulink
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url="&url.base;/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/ports-using.html">Using
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the Ports Collection</ulink>, for more information about the
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Ports Collection.</para>
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</sect2>
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<sect2 id="which">
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<title>Ports or packages, which one should I use?</title>
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<para>Packages are just pre-compiled ports, so it is really a matter
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of installing from source (ports) versus installing from binary
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packages. Each method has its own benefits:</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<title>Packages (binary)</title>
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<listitem><simpara>Faster installation (compiling large applications
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can take quite a while).</simpara></listitem>
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<listitem><simpara>You do not need to understand how to compile
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software.</simpara></listitem>
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<listitem><simpara>No need to install compilers on your
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system.</simpara></listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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<itemizedlist>
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<title>Ports (source)</title>
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<listitem><simpara>Ability to customize installation options.
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(Packages are normally built with standard options. With ports
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you can customize various options, such as building additional
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modules or changing the default path.)</simpara></listitem>
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<listitem><simpara>You can apply your own patches if you are so
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inclined.</simpara></listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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<para>If you do not have any special requirements, packages will
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probably suit your situation just fine. If you may ever need to
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customize, ports are the way to go. (And remember, if you
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need to customize but prefer packages, you can build a custom
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package from ports using <command>make</command>
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<maketarget>package</maketarget> and then copy the package to
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other servers.)</para>
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</sect2>
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</sect1>
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<sect1 id="startup">
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<title>System Startup: Where are the run-levels?</title>
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<para>&linux; uses the SysV init system, whereas &os; uses the
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traditional BSD-style &man.init.8;. Under the BSD-style &man.init.8;
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there are no run-levels and no <filename>/etc/inittab</filename>,
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instead startup is controlled by the &man.rc.8; utility. The
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<filename>/etc/rc</filename> script reads
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<filename>/etc/defaults/rc.conf</filename> and
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<filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename> to determine which services are to be
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started. The specified services are then started by running the
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corresponding service initialization scripts located in
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<filename>/etc/rc.d/</filename> and
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<filename>/usr/local/etc/rc.d/</filename>. These scripts are similar to
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the scripts located in <filename>/etc/init.d/</filename> on &linux;
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systems.</para>
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<sidebar>
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<para><emphasis>Why are there two locations for service initialization
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scripts?</emphasis> The scripts found in
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<filename>/etc/rc.d/</filename> are for applications that are part of
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the <quote>base</quote> system. (&man.cron.8;, &man.sshd.8;,
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&man.syslog.3;, and others.) The scripts in
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<filename>/usr/local/etc/rc.d/</filename> are for user-installed
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applications such as <application>Apache</application>,
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<application>Squid</application>, etc.</para>
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<para><emphasis>What is the difference between the <quote>base</quote>
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system and user-installed applications?</emphasis> FreeBSD is
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developed as a complete operating system. In other words, the
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kernel, system libraries, and userland utilities (such as &man.ls.1;,
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&man.cat.1;, &man.cp.1;, etc.) are developed and released together as
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one. This is what is referred to as the <quote>base</quote> system.
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The user-installed applications are applications that are not part of
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the <quote>base</quote> system, such as
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<application>Apache</application>, <application>X11</application>,
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<application>Mozilla Firefox</application>, etc. These
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user-installed applications are generally installed using &os;'s <ulink
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url="article.html#SOFTWARE">Packages and Ports Collection</ulink>.
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In order to keep them separate from the <quote>base</quote> system,
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user-installed applications are normally installed under
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<filename>/usr/local/</filename>. Therefore the user-installed
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binaries reside in <filename>/usr/local/bin/</filename>,
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configuration files are in <filename>/usr/local/etc/</filename>,
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and so on.</para>
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</sidebar>
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<para>Services are enabled by specifying
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<literal><replaceable>ServiceName</replaceable>_enable="YES"</literal> in
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<filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename> (&man.rc.conf.5;). Take a look at
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<filename>/etc/defaults/rc.conf</filename> for the system defaults,
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these default settings are overridden by settings in
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<filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>. Also, when installing additional
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applications be sure to review the documentation to determine how to
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enable any associated services.</para>
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<para>The following snippet from <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename> enables
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&man.sshd.8; and <application>Apache 2.2</application>. It also
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specifies that <application>Apache</application> should be started
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with SSL.</para>
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<programlisting># enable SSHD
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sshd_enable="YES"
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# enable Apache with SSL
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apache22_enable="YES"
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apache22_flags="-DSSL"</programlisting>
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<para>Once a service has been enabled in <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>,
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the service can be started from the command line (without rebooting the
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system):</para>
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<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput><replaceable>/etc/rc.d/sshd</replaceable> start</userinput></screen>
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<para>If a service has not been enabled it can be started from the
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command line using <option>forcestart</option>:</para>
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<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput><replaceable>/etc/rc.d/sshd</replaceable> forcestart</userinput></screen>
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</sect1>
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<sect1 id="network">
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<title>Network configuration</title>
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<sect2 id="interfaces">
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<title>Network Interfaces</title>
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<para>Instead of a generic <emphasis>ethX</emphasis> identifier that
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&linux; uses to identify a network interface, &os; uses the driver
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name followed by a number as the identifier. The following output
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from &man.ifconfig.8; shows two &intel Pro 1000 network
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interfaces (em0 and em1):</para>
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<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>ifconfig</userinput>
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em0: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
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options=b<RXCSUM,TXCSUM,VLAN_MTU>
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inet 10.10.10.100 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 10.10.10.255
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ether 00:50:56:a7:70:b2
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media: Ethernet autoselect (1000baseTX <full-duplex>)
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status: active
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em1: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
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options=b<RXCSUM,TXCSUM,VLAN_MTU>
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inet 192.168.10.222 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.10.255
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ether 00:50:56:a7:03:2b
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media: Ethernet autoselect (1000baseTX <full-duplex>)
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status: active</screen>
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</sect2>
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<sect2 id="ipaddress">
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<title>IP Configuration</title>
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<para>An IP address can be assigned to an interface using
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&man.ifconfig.8;. However, to remain persistent across reboots the
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IP configuration must be included in
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<filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>. The following example
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specifies the hostname, IP address, and default gateway:</para>
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<programlisting>hostname="server1.example.com"
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ifconfig_em0="inet 10.10.10.100 netmask 255.255.255.0"
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defaultrouter="10.10.10.1"</programlisting>
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<para>Use the following to configure an interface for DHCP:</para>
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<programlisting>hostname="server1.example.com"
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ifconfig_em0="DHCP"</programlisting>
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</sect2>
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</sect1>
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<sect1 id="firewall">
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<title>Firewall</title>
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<para>Like <application>IPTABLES</application> in &linux;, &os; also offers
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a kernel level firewall; actually &os; offers three firewalls:</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem><simpara><ulink url="&url.base;/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/firewalls-ipfw.html">IPFIREWALL</ulink></simpara></listitem>
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<listitem><simpara><ulink url="&url.base;/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/firewalls-ipf.html">IPFILTER</ulink></simpara></listitem>
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<listitem><simpara><ulink url="&url.base;/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/firewalls-pf.html">PF</ulink></simpara></listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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<para><application>IPFIREWALL</application> or
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<application>IPFW</application> (the command to manage an
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<application>IPFW</application> ruleset is &man.ipfw.8;) is the
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firewall developed and maintained by the &os; developers.
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<application>IPFW</application> can be paired with &man.dummynet.4; to
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provide traffic shaping capabilities and simulate different types of
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network connections.</para>
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<para>Sample <application>IPFW</application> rule to allow
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<application>SSH</application> in:</para>
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<programlisting>ipfw add allow tcp from any to me 22 in via $ext_if</programlisting>
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<para><application>IPFILTER</application> is the firewall application
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developed by Darren Reed. It is not specific to &os;, and has been
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ported to several operating systems including NetBSD, OpenBSD, SunOS,
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HP/UX, and Solaris.</para>
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<para>Sample <application>IPFILTER</application> command to allow
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<application>SSH</application> in:</para>
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<programlisting>pass in on $ext_if proto tcp from any to any port = 22</programlisting>
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<para>The last firewall application, <application>PF</application>, is
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developed by the OpenBSD project. <application>PF</application> was
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created as a replacement for <application>IPFILTER</application>. As
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such, the <application>PF</application> syntax is very similar to that of
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<application>IPFILTER</application>. <application>PF</application> can
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be paired with &man.altq.4; to provide QoS features.</para>
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<para>Sample <application>PF</application> command to allow
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<application>SSH</application> in:</para>
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<programlisting>pass in on $ext_if inet proto tcp from any to ($ext_if) port 22</programlisting>
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</sect1>
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<sect1 id="updates">
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<title>Updating &os;</title>
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<para>There are three methods for updating a &os; system: from source,
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binary updates, and the installation discs.</para>
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<para>Updating from source is the most involved update method, but offers
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the greatest amount of flexibility. The process involves synchronizing a
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local copy of the FreeBSD source code with the &os;
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<application>CVS</application> (Concurrent Versioning System) servers.
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Once the local source code is up to date you can build new versions of
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the kernel and userland. For more information on source updates see
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<ulink url="&url.base;/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/updating-upgrading.html">the chapter on updating</ulink>
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in the &os; Handbook.</para>
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<para>Binary updates are similar to using <command>yum</command> or
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<command>apt-get</command> to update a &linux; system. The command
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&man.freebsd-update.8; will fetch new updates and install them. The
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updates can be scheduled using &man.cron.8;.</para>
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<note>
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<para>If you do use &man.cron.8; to schedule the updates, please be sure
|
|
to use <command>freebsd-update cron</command> in your &man.crontab.1;
|
|
to reduce the possibility of a large number of machines all pulling
|
|
updates at the same time.</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>0 3 * * * root /usr/sbin/freebsd-update cron</programlisting>
|
|
</note>
|
|
|
|
<para>The last update method, updating from the installation discs, is a
|
|
straight-forward process. Boot from the installation discs and select
|
|
the option to upgrade.</para>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1 id="procfs">
|
|
<title>procfs: Gone But Not Forgotten</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>In &linux;, you may have looked at
|
|
<filename>/proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward</filename> to determine if
|
|
IP forwarding was enabled. Under &os; you should use &man.sysctl.8; to
|
|
view this and other system settings, as &man.procfs.5; has been
|
|
deprecated in current versions of &os;. (Although
|
|
<command>sysctl</command> is available in &linux; as well.)</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>In the IP forwarding example, you would use the following to
|
|
determine if IP forwarding is enabled on your FreeBSD system:</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>sysctl net.inet.ip.forwarding</userinput>
|
|
net.inet.ip.forwarding: 0</screen>
|
|
|
|
<para>The <option>-a</option> flag is used to list all the system
|
|
settings:</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>sysctl -a</userinput>
|
|
kern.ostype: FreeBSD
|
|
kern.osrelease: 6.2-RELEASE-p9
|
|
kern.osrevision: 199506
|
|
kern.version: FreeBSD 6.2-RELEASE-p9 #0: Thu Nov 29 04:07:33 UTC 2007
|
|
root@i386-builder.daemonology.net:/usr/obj/usr/src/sys/GENERIC
|
|
|
|
kern.maxvnodes: 17517
|
|
kern.maxproc: 1988
|
|
kern.maxfiles: 3976
|
|
kern.argmax: 262144
|
|
kern.securelevel: -1
|
|
kern.hostname: server1
|
|
kern.hostid: 0
|
|
kern.clockrate: { hz = 1000, tick = 1000, profhz = 666, stathz = 133 }
|
|
kern.posix1version: 200112
|
|
...</screen>
|
|
|
|
<note>
|
|
<para>Some of these <command>sysctl</command> values are
|
|
read-only.</para></note>
|
|
|
|
<para>There are occasions where procfs is required, such as running
|
|
older software, using &man.truss.1; to trace system calls, and
|
|
<ulink url="&url.base;/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/linuxemu.html">&linux; Binary Compatibility</ulink>.
|
|
(Although, &linux; Binary Compatibility uses its own procfs, &man.linprocfs.5;.)
|
|
If you need to mount procfs you can add the following to
|
|
<filename>/etc/fstab</filename>:</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>proc /proc procfs rw,noauto 0 0</screen>
|
|
|
|
<note>
|
|
<para><option>noauto</option> will prevent
|
|
<filename>/proc</filename> from being automatically mounted at
|
|
boot.</para></note>
|
|
|
|
<para>And then mount procfs with:</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mount /proc</userinput></screen>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1 id="commands">
|
|
<title>Common Commands</title>
|
|
|
|
<sect2 id="packageCommands">
|
|
<title>Package Management</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<informaltable frame="none" pgwide="1">
|
|
<tgroup cols="3">
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>&linux; command (Red Hat/Debian)</entry>
|
|
<entry>&os; equivalent</entry>
|
|
<entry>Purpose</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><command>yum install <replaceable>package</replaceable></command> / <command>apt-get install <replaceable>package</replaceable></command></entry>
|
|
<entry><command>pkg_add -r <replaceable>package</replaceable></command></entry>
|
|
<entry>Install <replaceable>package</replaceable> from remote repository</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><command>rpm -ivh <replaceable>package</replaceable></command> / <command>dpkg -i <replaceable>package</replaceable></command></entry>
|
|
<entry><command>pkg_add -v <replaceable>package</replaceable></command></entry>
|
|
<entry>Install package</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><command>rpm -qa</command> / <command>dpkg -l</command></entry>
|
|
<entry><command>pkg_info</command></entry>
|
|
<entry>List installed packages</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</tgroup>
|
|
</informaltable>
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2 id="systemCommands">
|
|
<title>System Management</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<informaltable frame="none" pgwide="1">
|
|
<tgroup cols="3">
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>&linux; command</entry>
|
|
<entry>&os; equivalent</entry>
|
|
<entry>Purpose</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><command>lspci</command></entry>
|
|
<entry><command>pciconf</command></entry>
|
|
<entry>List PCI devices</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><command>lsmod</command></entry>
|
|
<entry><command>kldstat</command></entry>
|
|
<entry>List loaded kernel modules</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><command>modprobe</command></entry>
|
|
<entry><command>kldload</command> / <command>kldunload</command></entry>
|
|
<entry>Load/Unload kernel modules</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry><command>strace</command></entry>
|
|
<entry><command>truss</command></entry>
|
|
<entry>Trace system calls</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</tgroup>
|
|
</informaltable>
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1 id="conclusion">
|
|
<title>Conclusion</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>Hopefully this document has provided you with enough to get
|
|
started with &os;. Be sure to take a look at the <ulink
|
|
url="&url.base;/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/index.html">&os; Handbook</ulink>
|
|
for more in depth coverage of the topics touched on as well as
|
|
the many topics not covered in this document.</para>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
</article>
|