433c2d97a4
Obtained from: The FreeBSD Traditional Chinese Project https://opensvn.csie.org/traccgi/freebsddoc/wiki
4564 lines
157 KiB
Text
4564 lines
157 KiB
Text
<!--
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The FreeBSD Documentation Project
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$FreeBSD$
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Original revision: 1.381
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-->
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<chapter id="install">
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<chapterinfo>
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<authorgroup>
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<author>
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<firstname>Jim</firstname>
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<surname>Mock</surname>
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<contrib>Restructured, reorganized, and parts
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rewritten by </contrib>
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</author>
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</authorgroup>
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<authorgroup>
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<author>
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<firstname>Randy</firstname>
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<surname>Pratt</surname>
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<contrib>The sysinstall walkthrough, screenshots, and general
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copy by </contrib>
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</author>
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</authorgroup>
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<!-- January 2000 -->
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</chapterinfo>
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<title>安裝 FreeBSD</title>
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<sect1 id="install-synopsis">
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<title>概述</title>
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<indexterm><primary>installation</primary></indexterm>
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<para>FreeBSD 提供一個簡單好用的文字介面安裝程式，叫做
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<application>sysinstall</application>。 這是 FreeBSD 預設使用的安裝程式
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。協力廠商若有意願的話，也可以改用自己的安裝程式。
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本章將說明如何使用 <application>sysinstall</application> 來安裝
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FreeBSD。</para>
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<para>讀完這章，您將了解︰</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>如何製作 FreeBSD 安裝片</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>FreeBSD 對硬碟的使用及配置。</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>如何啟動 <application>sysinstall</application> 程式。</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>在執行 <application>sysinstall</application>
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時會問的相關問題有哪些、這些問題的意思為何、以及該如何回答。</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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<para>在開始閱讀這章之前，您需要︰</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>閱讀要安裝的 FreeBSD 版本所附之硬體支援表，
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以確定您的硬體有沒有被支援。</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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<note>
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<para>一般來說，此安裝說明是針對 &i386; (相容的 PC 機種)
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架構的電腦。 如果有其他架構(比如 Alpha)的安裝說明，我們會一併列出。
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雖然本文件會常常更新，但有可能與您安裝版本上所附的說明文件有些許出入。
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在此，我們建議您把本說明文章當作一般的安裝參考原則就好。</para>
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</note>
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</sect1>
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<sect1 id="install-hardware">
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<title>硬體需求</title>
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<sect2 id="install-hardware-minimal">
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<title>最低需求</title>
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<para>安裝 &os; 的硬體方面最低需求，依各 &os;
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版本與硬體架構差別而有所不同。</para>
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|
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<para>關於安裝所需的最低需求，可在 &os; 網站的 <ulink
|
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url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/releases/index.html">Release
|
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Information</ulink> 找相關的 Installation Notes 說明。
|
||
接下來的章節會有相關說明整理。
|
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根據安裝 &os; 的方式不同，可能會需要軟碟機或光碟機，
|
||
或某些情況則是要網路卡。 這些部份會在 <xref
|
||
linkend="install-floppies"> 有介紹。</para>
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|
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<sect3>
|
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<title>&os;/&arch.i386; 及 &os;/&arch.pc98; 架構</title>
|
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|
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<para>&os;/&arch.i386; 及 &os;/&arch.pc98; 兩種版本均須 486 或更好的處理器，
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以及至少 24 MB 的 RAM、至少 150 MB 的硬碟空間，
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||
才能進行最小安裝。</para>
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|
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<note>
|
||
<para>對老舊硬體而言，在大部份情況裝更多的 RAM
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與更大的硬碟空間，會比使用更快的 CPU 更有用。</para>
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||
</note>
|
||
</sect3>
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||
|
||
<sect3>
|
||
<title>&os;/&arch.alpha; 架構</title>
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||
|
||
<para>若要裝 &os;/&arch.alpha;，則需確認該機型是否有支援
|
||
(請參閱 <xref linkend="install-hardware-supported">)
|
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且必須整顆硬碟皆給 &os; 使用。
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目前無法同時與其他作業系統共存。 這硬碟須接到 SRM
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韌體有支援的 SCSI controller 上，或者 IDE 硬碟
|
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(該機型的 SRM 有支援可從 IDE 硬碟開機)。</para>
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||
|
||
<para>此外，還需該機型的 SRM console firmware。
|
||
有些機型可以選擇 AlphaBIOS (or ARC) firmware 或 SRM 來用。
|
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若沒有的話，則需從硬體廠商的網站去下載新的韌體。</para>
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||
|
||
<note>
|
||
<para>從 &os; 7.0 就不再支援 Alpha。
|
||
&os; 6.<replaceable>X</replaceable> 系列則是此架構的最後支援
|
||
。</para>
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</note>
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||
</sect3>
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<sect3>
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<title>&os;/&arch.amd64; 架構</title>
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<para>有兩種 CPU 能跑 &os;/&arch.amd64;。 第一種是包括 &amd.athlon;64
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、&amd.athlon;64-FX、&amd.opteron; 或更好的 CPU。</para>
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<para>第二種則是 &intel; EM64T 架構的 CPU，這些也可以用
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&os;/&arch.amd64;。 這些 CPU 包括了 &intel; &core; 2 Duo
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、Quad、Extreme 系列以及 &intel; &xeon; 3000、5000、7000
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相關系列的 CPU。</para>
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<para>若主機板晶片組為 nVidia nForce3 Pro-150，則
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<emphasis>必須</emphasis> 調整 BIOS 設定，將 IO APIC 停用才行。
|
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若找不到這選項，那可能就是找 ACPI 停用。
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因為 Pro-150 晶片組有個 bug，目前我們尚無找到堪解之道。</para>
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</sect3>
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<sect3>
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<title>&os;/&arch.sparc64; 架構</title>
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<para>若要裝 &os;/&arch.sparc64;，則需確認該機型是否有支援
|
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(請參閱 <xref
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linkend="install-hardware-supported">)。</para>
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<para>&os;/&arch.sparc64; 必須使用整顆硬碟，
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因為無法同時與其他作業系統共存。</para>
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</sect3>
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</sect2>
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<sect2 id="install-hardware-supported">
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<title>有支援的硬體</title>
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<para>&os; 每次 release 時都會有附上 &os; Hardware Notes
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來說明有支援的硬體列表。
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通常這份文件可在光碟或 FTP 的最上層目錄找到，也就是名為
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<filename>HARDWARE.TXT</filename> 的檔案。
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此外，在 <application>sysinstall</application> 的 documentation
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選項內也可以看到。
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每次 &os; release 時該列表會依各不同架構，
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而列出相關已知有支援的硬體。 在 &os; 網站的 <ulink
|
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url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/releases/index.html">Release
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Information</ulink> 頁可以找到各不同 release
|
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版本與各架構上的硬體支援列表。</para>
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</sect2>
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</sect1>
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<sect1 id="install-pre">
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<title>安裝前的準備工作</title>
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<sect2 id="install-inventory">
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<title>列出您電腦的硬體清單</title>
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<para>在安裝 FreeBSD 之前，您應該試著將您電腦中的硬體清單列出來。
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FreeBSD 安裝程式會將這些硬體(硬碟、網路卡、光碟機等等)
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以型號及製造廠商列出來。
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FreeBSD 也會嘗試為這些硬體找出最適當的 IRQ 及 IO port 的設定。
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但是因為 PC 的硬體種類實在太過複雜，這個步驟不一定保證絕對成功。
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這時，您就可能需要手動更改有問題的設定值哩。</para>
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<para>如果您已裝了其它的作業系統，如：
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&windows; 或 Linux，那麼可先由這些系統所提供的工具，
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來查看這些硬體設定值是怎麼設定的。
|
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若真的沒辦法確定某些卡用什麼設定值，
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那麼可以檢查看看卡上面所標示的東西，說不定它的設定已有標示在卡上。
|
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常用的 IRQ 號碼為 3、5 以及 7；而 IO 埠的值通常以 16 進位表示，
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||
例如 0x330。</para>
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<para>建議您在安裝 FreeBSD 之前，把這些資料列印或抄錄下來做成表格，
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||
也許會較有用喔，例如：</para>
|
||
|
||
<table pgwide="1" frame="none">
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<title>硬體清單(舉例)</title>
|
||
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||
<tgroup cols="4">
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||
<colspec colwidth="2*">
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||
<colspec colwidth="1*">
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||
<colspec colwidth="1*">
|
||
<colspec colwidth="4*">
|
||
<thead>
|
||
<row>
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||
<entry>硬體名稱</entry>
|
||
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<entry>IRQ</entry>
|
||
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<entry>IO port(s)</entry>
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||
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||
<entry>備註</entry>
|
||
</row>
|
||
</thead>
|
||
|
||
<tbody>
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<row>
|
||
<entry>第一顆 IDE 硬碟</entry>
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||
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||
<entry>N/A</entry>
|
||
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||
<entry>N/A</entry>
|
||
|
||
<entry>40 GB，Seagate 製造，接在第一條 IDE 排線的 master
|
||
</entry>
|
||
</row>
|
||
|
||
<row>
|
||
<entry>CDROM</entry>
|
||
|
||
<entry>N/A</entry>
|
||
|
||
<entry>N/A</entry>
|
||
|
||
<entry>接在第一條 IDE 排線的 slave</entry>
|
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</row>
|
||
|
||
<row>
|
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<entry>第二顆硬碟</entry>
|
||
|
||
<entry>N/A</entry>
|
||
|
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<entry>N/A</entry>
|
||
|
||
<entry>20 GB，IBM 製造，接在第二條 IDE 排線的 master</entry>
|
||
</row>
|
||
|
||
<row>
|
||
<entry>第一個 IDE controller</entry>
|
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|
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<entry>14</entry>
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|
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<entry>0x1f0</entry>
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|
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<entry></entry>
|
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</row>
|
||
|
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<row>
|
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<entry>網路卡</entry>
|
||
|
||
<entry>N/A</entry>
|
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|
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<entry>N/A</entry>
|
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|
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<entry>&intel; 10/100</entry>
|
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</row>
|
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|
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<row>
|
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<entry>數據機</entry>
|
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|
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<entry>N/A</entry>
|
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|
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<entry>N/A</entry>
|
||
|
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<entry>&tm.3com; 56K faxmodem，接在 COM1</entry>
|
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</row>
|
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|
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<row>
|
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<entry>…</entry>
|
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</row>
|
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</tbody>
|
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</tgroup>
|
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</table>
|
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|
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<para>硬體清單完成之後，就需針對你所要裝的 &os; 版本之硬體需求，
|
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來檢查是否有支援。</para>
|
||
</sect2>
|
||
|
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<sect2>
|
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<title>備份您的資料</title>
|
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<para>如果要裝的電腦上面存有重要資料，那麼在安裝 FreeBSD 前，
|
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請確定您已經將這些資料備份了，並且先測試過這些備份檔是否沒有問題。
|
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FreeBSD 安裝程式在要寫入任何資料到您的硬碟前，都會先提醒您確認，
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一旦您確定要寫入，那麼之後就再也沒有反悔的機會囉。</para>
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</sect2>
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<sect2 id="install-where">
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<title>決定要將 FreeBSD 安裝到哪裡</title>
|
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<para>如果您想讓 FreeBSD 直接使用整顆硬碟，那麼請直接跳到下一節。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>然而，如果您想要 FreeBSD 跟既有的系統並存，那麼，
|
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您必須對硬碟的資料分佈方式有深入的了解，以及其所造成的影響。</para>
|
||
|
||
<sect3 id="install-where-i386">
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<title>&os;/&arch.i386; 架構的硬碟配置模式</title>
|
||
|
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<para>PC 上的硬碟可以被細分為許多分散區(chunk)。這些區域叫做
|
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<firstterm>分割區(Partitions)</firstterm>。
|
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由於 &os; 內部也有 partition，名稱可能很容易造成混淆，
|
||
因此通常在 &os; 這邊會稱呼這些磁碟分散區為 disk slices 或簡稱
|
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slices。 舉例來說，FreeBSD 的 <command>fdisk</command>
|
||
的對象是針對 PC 硬碟的 slice 而非 partition。 因為
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PC 本身先天設計，每個硬碟最多可以有 4 個分割區，而這些分割叫做
|
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<firstterm>主要分割區(Primary Partitions)</firstterm>。
|
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為了突破這個限制，以便能使用更多的分割區，就有了新的分割區類型，叫作：
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<firstterm>延伸分割區(Extended Partition)</firstterm>。
|
||
每個硬碟就只能有一個延伸分割區。
|
||
然而，在延伸分割區裡面可以建立許多個特殊分割區，叫作
|
||
<firstterm>邏輯分割區(Logical Partitions)</firstterm>。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>每種分割區都有其 <firstterm>分割區代號(Partition ID)</firstterm>
|
||
用以區別每種分割區的資料類型。
|
||
而 FreeBSD 分割區代號是 <literal>165</literal>。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>一般來講，每種作業系統都會有自己獨特的方式來區別分割區。
|
||
舉例： DOS 及其之後的作業系統，比如 &windows;
|
||
會分配給每個主要分割區及邏輯分割區 1 個
|
||
<firstterm>磁碟代號(drive letter)</firstterm>，從
|
||
<devicename>C:</devicename> 開始。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>FreeBSD 必須安裝在主要分割區。
|
||
FreeBSD 可以在這個分割區上面存放資料或是您建立的任何檔案。
|
||
然而，如果您有很多顆硬碟，也可以在這些(或部份)硬碟建立 FreeBSD 分割區。
|
||
安裝 FreeBSD 的時候，必須至少要有 1 個分割區給 FreeBSD 使用，
|
||
這個分割區可以是尚未使用的分割區，或是現存的分割區
|
||
(但上面的資料不打算繼續使用)。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>如果已經用完了磁碟上所有的分割區，
|
||
那麼您必須使用其他作業系統所提供的工具
|
||
(像是 DOS or &windows; 上的 <command>fdisk</command>)
|
||
來騰出一個分割區給 FreeBSD 用。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>如果有多餘的分割區，也可以使用它。
|
||
但使用前，您可能需要先整理一下這些分割區。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>FreeBSD最小安裝需要約 100 MB 的空間，但是這只是『最小安裝』，
|
||
幾乎沒剩下多少空間來存放您自己的檔案。
|
||
較理想的(不含圖形介面)最小安裝是約
|
||
250 MB，或者是 350 MB 左右(包含圖形介面)。
|
||
還需要安裝其他的套件軟體，那麼將需要更多的硬碟空間。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>您可以使用商業軟體像是
|
||
<application>&partitionmagic;</application> 或免費自由工具像是
|
||
<application>GParted</application> 來重新調整分割區空間，
|
||
來給 FreeBSD 用的空間。FreeBSD 光碟、FTP 上面的
|
||
<filename>tools</filename> 目錄包含兩個免費的工具，
|
||
也可以達成這個工作，叫作：<application>FIPS</application> 及
|
||
<application>PResizer</application>。
|
||
這些工具的說明文件可以在同個目錄內找到。
|
||
<application>FIPS</application>、
|
||
<application>PResizer</application> 和
|
||
<application>&partitionmagic;</application> 可以重新調整在 &ms-dos; 到
|
||
&windows; ME 所使用的 <acronym>FAT16</acronym> 及
|
||
<acronym>FAT32</acronym> 分割區大小。 目前已知可更改
|
||
<acronym>NTFS</acronym> 分割區的有
|
||
<application>&partitionmagic;</application> 及
|
||
<application>GParted</application> 這兩種工具程式。
|
||
<application>GParted</application>在許多 Linux distributions 的 Live CD
|
||
都有提供，像是 <ulink
|
||
url="http://www.sysresccd.org/">SystemRescueCD</ulink>。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>目前已知 µsoft; Vista 分割區的重新調整大小會有問題。
|
||
在做上述類似動作時，請記得手邊要有 Vista 安裝光碟以免萬一。
|
||
此外，強烈建議先做磁碟維護，以及現有資料備份。</para>
|
||
|
||
<warning>
|
||
<para>不當的使用這些工具，可能會刪除所有硬碟上的資料。
|
||
在使用這些工具前，請確定您已有先備份好資料。</para>
|
||
</warning>
|
||
|
||
<example>
|
||
<title>使用現有的分割區</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>假設您只有一個 4 GB 的硬碟，而且已經裝了 &windows;
|
||
，然後將這顆硬碟分成兩個磁碟代號：<devicename>C:</devicename> 及
|
||
<devicename>D:</devicename>，每個大小為 2 GB 。
|
||
<devicename>C:</devicename> 槽上放了 1 GB 的資料，
|
||
而 <devicename>D:</devicename> 槽上放了 0.5 GB 的資料。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>這表示硬碟上有兩個分割區，每個磁碟代號槽都是分割區。
|
||
您可以把所有放在 <devicename>D:</devicename> 的資料，都移動到
|
||
<devicename>C:</devicename>，這樣就空出了第二個分割區可以給
|
||
FreeBSD 使用。</para>
|
||
</example>
|
||
|
||
<example>
|
||
<title>縮減現有的分割區</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>假設您只有一個 4 GB 硬碟，而且已經裝了 &windows;。
|
||
在安裝 &windows; 時把 4 GB 都給 <devicename>C:</devicename>
|
||
槽，並且現在已經用了 1.5 GB 空間，而你想將剩下空間的
|
||
2 GB 給 FreeBSD 使用。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>如此一來，為了裝 FreeBSD，你必須在以下兩種方式二選一：</para>
|
||
|
||
<orderedlist>
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>備份 &windows; 資料，然後重裝 &windows;，
|
||
並在安裝 &windows; 時給 2 GB 的分割空間。</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>使用上述的工具，像是
|
||
<application>&partitionmagic;</application>，來重新調整 &windows;
|
||
所用的分割區大小。</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</orderedlist>
|
||
</example>
|
||
|
||
</sect3>
|
||
|
||
<sect3>
|
||
<title>Alpha 架構的磁碟配置模式</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>在 Alpha 上，您必須使用一整顆硬碟給 FreeBSD，
|
||
沒有辦法在同顆硬碟上跟其他作業系統共存。 依不同型號的 Alpha
|
||
機器，您的硬碟可以是 SCSI 或 IDE 硬碟，
|
||
只要您的機器可以從這些硬碟開機就可以。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>按照 Digital / Compaq 使用手冊的編排風格，
|
||
所有 SRM 輸入的部分都用大寫表示。 注意：SRM 大小寫有別。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>要得知您磁碟的名稱以及型號，可以在 SRM console 提示下使用
|
||
<literal>SHOW DEVICE</literal> 命令：</para>
|
||
|
||
<screen>>>><userinput>SHOW DEVICE</userinput>
|
||
dka0.0.0.4.0 DKA0 TOSHIBA CD-ROM XM-57 3476
|
||
dkc0.0.0.1009.0 DKC0 RZ1BB-BS 0658
|
||
dkc100.1.0.1009.0 DKC100 SEAGATE ST34501W 0015
|
||
dva0.0.0.0.1 DVA0
|
||
ewa0.0.0.3.0 EWA0 00-00-F8-75-6D-01
|
||
pkc0.7.0.1009.0 PKC0 SCSI Bus ID 7 5.27
|
||
pqa0.0.0.4.0 PQA0 PCI EIDE
|
||
pqb0.0.1.4.0 PQB0 PCI EIDE</screen>
|
||
|
||
<para>例子中機器為 Digital Personal Workstation 433au，
|
||
並且顯示出此機器有連接三個磁碟機。 第一個是 CDROM，叫做
|
||
<devicename>DKA0</devicename> ；另外兩個是磁碟機， 分別叫做：
|
||
<devicename>DKC0</devicename> 及 <devicename>DKC100</devicename>。
|
||
</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>磁碟機的名稱中有 <devicename>DKx</devicename>
|
||
字樣的是 SCSI 硬碟。例如： <devicename>DKA100</devicename>
|
||
表示是 SCSI 硬碟，其 SCSI ID 為 1， 位在第一個 SCSI 匯流排(A)；
|
||
而 <devicename>DKC300</devicename> 表示是 SCSI 硬碟，
|
||
其 SCSI ID 為 3，位於第三個 SCSI 匯流排(C)。
|
||
裝置名稱 <devicename>PKx</devicename> 則為 SCSI 控制卡。
|
||
由上述 <literal>SHOW DEVICE</literal> 的結果看來，
|
||
SCSI 光碟機也被視為是 SCSI 硬碟的一種。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>若為 IDE 硬碟的話，名稱會有 <devicename>DQx</devicename> 字樣，
|
||
而 <devicename>PQx</devicename> 則表示相對應的 IDE 磁碟控制器。
|
||
</para>
|
||
|
||
</sect3>
|
||
</sect2>
|
||
|
||
<sect2>
|
||
<title>整理你的網路設定資料</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>如果想透過網路( FTP 站或 NFS)安裝 FreeBSD，
|
||
那麼就必須知道您的網路設定。
|
||
在安裝 FreeBSD 的過程中將會提示您輸入這些資訊，以順利完成安裝過程。
|
||
</para>
|
||
|
||
<sect3>
|
||
<title>使用乙太網路(Ethernet)或 Cable/DSL 數據機上網</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>若使用乙太網路，或是要透過 Cable/DSL 數據機上網，
|
||
那麼您必須準備下面的資訊：</para>
|
||
|
||
<orderedlist>
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>IP 位址</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>預設 Gateway(閘道) 的 IP 位址</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>Hostname(機器名稱)</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>DNS 伺服器的 IP 位址</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>Subnet Mask</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</orderedlist>
|
||
|
||
<para>若不知道這些資訊，您可以詢問系統管理者或是您的 ISP 業者。
|
||
他們可能會說這些資訊會由 <firstterm>DHCP</firstterm> 自動指派；
|
||
如果是這樣的話，請記住這一點就可以了。</para>
|
||
</sect3>
|
||
|
||
<sect3>
|
||
<title>使用數據機上網</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>若由一般的數據機撥接上網，您仍然可以安裝 FreeBSD，
|
||
只是會需要很長的時間。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>您必須知道：</para>
|
||
|
||
<orderedlist>
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>撥接到 ISP 的電話號碼。</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>您的數據機是連到哪個 COM 埠。</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>您撥接到 ISP 所用的帳號跟密碼。</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</orderedlist>
|
||
</sect3>
|
||
</sect2>
|
||
<sect2>
|
||
<title>查閱 FreeBSD 勘誤表(Errata)</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>雖然我們盡力使得每個 FreeBSD 發行版本都很穩定，
|
||
但是過程中仍然不免有時會發生錯誤。
|
||
在某些很罕見的情形下，這些錯誤會影響到安裝的過程。
|
||
當發現這些錯誤且修正後，會將它們列在
|
||
<ulink url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/releases/&rel.current;R/errata.html">
|
||
FreeBSD 勘誤表(Errata)</ulink> 中。 在您安裝 FreeBSD
|
||
前，應該先看看勘誤表中有沒有什麼問題會影響到您的安裝。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>關於所有發行版本的資訊(包括勘誤表)，可以在 <ulink
|
||
url="&url.base;/index.html">FreeBSD 網站</ulink> 的
|
||
<ulink
|
||
url="&url.base;/releases/index.html">發行情報(release information)
|
||
</ulink> 找到。</para>
|
||
</sect2>
|
||
|
||
<sect2>
|
||
<title>準備好 FreeBSD 安裝檔案</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>FreeBSD 可以透過下面任何一種安裝來源進行安裝︰</para>
|
||
|
||
<itemizedlist>
|
||
<title>Local Media</title>
|
||
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>CDROM 或 DVD</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>現有的 DOS 分割區</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>SCSI 或 QIC 磁帶。</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>軟碟磁片</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</itemizedlist>
|
||
|
||
<itemizedlist>
|
||
<title>Network</title>
|
||
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>FTP 站、支援 Passvie 模式的 FTP 站(若您機器在 NAT 內)
|
||
、甚至 HTTP proxy 都可以。</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>NFS 伺服器</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>專用(dedicated)的 parallel 或 serial 連線</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</itemizedlist>
|
||
|
||
<para>若已經有 FreeBSD 的 CD 或 DVD，但機器不支援從光碟開機的話，
|
||
那麼請直接進下一節 (<xref linkend="install-floppies">)。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>若沒有 FreeBSD 安裝片的話，那麼請先看 <xref
|
||
linkend="install-diff-media"> 這裡會介紹如何準備所需要的安裝片，
|
||
照該節步驟弄好後，就可以繼續下一步 <xref linkend="install-start">。
|
||
</para>
|
||
</sect2>
|
||
|
||
<sect2 id="install-floppies">
|
||
<title>準備好開機磁片</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>FreeBSD 安裝流程是要從電腦開機後，進入 FreeBSD 安裝畫面 ——
|
||
而不是在其他作業系統上執行程式。
|
||
一般來講，電腦都是用裝在硬碟上的作業系統來開機，
|
||
也可以用開機磁片來開機；
|
||
此外，現在大多數電腦都可以從光碟開機。</para>
|
||
|
||
<tip>
|
||
<para>如果您有 FreeBSD 的 CDROM 或 DVD(無論是用買現成的或是自己燒錄的)，
|
||
且您的電腦可支援由光碟開機，(通常在 BIOS 中會有
|
||
<quote>Boot Order</quote> 或類似選項)，那麼您就可以跳過此小節。
|
||
因為 FreeBSD CDROM 或 DVD 都可以用來開機。</para>
|
||
</tip>
|
||
|
||
<para>請按照下面步驟，以製作開機片：</para>
|
||
|
||
<procedure>
|
||
<step>
|
||
<title>取得開機片的映像檔(images)</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>開機磁片用的映像檔(images)通常會放在光碟片上的
|
||
<filename>floppies/</filename> 目錄內，
|
||
另外也可以從像是下面 FTP 站的 floppies 目錄下載：
|
||
<literal>ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/releases/<replaceable><arch></replaceable>/<replaceable><version></replaceable>-RELEASE/floppies/</literal>
|
||
。請將『arch』、『version』替換為打算安裝的電腦架構、OS 版本。
|
||
例如：想裝的是 &os;/&arch.i386; &rel.current;-RELEASE
|
||
，那麼可以到 <ulink
|
||
url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/releases/i386/&rel.current;-RELEASE/floppies/">
|
||
</ulink> 下載。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>映像檔(images)的附檔名都是 <filename>.flp</filename>。而
|
||
<filename>floppies/</filename> 目錄內包含一些不同用途的映像檔
|
||
(images)，這取決於您要裝的 FreeBSD 版本、需求、硬體配備為何。
|
||
通常要 4 個映像檔，也就是： <filename>boot.flp</filename>、
|
||
<filename>kern1.flp</filename>、<filename>kern2.flp</filename>、
|
||
<filename>kern3.flp</filename>。 若有疑問的話，請翻閱同一目錄下的
|
||
<filename>README.TXT</filename> 文件檔，以瞭解相關最新注意事項。
|
||
</para>
|
||
|
||
<important>
|
||
<para>在使用 FTP 下載時，必須使用 <emphasis>binary 模式</emphasis>
|
||
進行傳輸。 有些瀏覽器預設是以 <emphasis>text</emphasis> (或
|
||
<emphasis>ASCII</emphasis>) 模式來傳輸資料，
|
||
所以這些錯誤傳輸模式下載的映像檔所做成的磁片，會無法使用。</para>
|
||
</important>
|
||
</step>
|
||
|
||
<step>
|
||
<title>準備開機磁片</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>每個映像檔都需要一張磁片，並且請避免使用到壞的磁片。
|
||
最簡單的檢測方式就是自己先把這些磁片再重新格式化(format)
|
||
而不要相信所謂的已格式化的磁片，&windows; 內的 format
|
||
在格式化時，並不會告訴你是否有壞軌，
|
||
而只會直接將它們標示壞軌而不使用壞軌部分而已。
|
||
此外，建議採用全新的磁片來製作安裝片比較保險。</para>
|
||
|
||
<important>
|
||
<para>若在安裝 FreeBSD 的過程中發生當機、
|
||
畫面凍結或是其他怪異的現象，首先要懷疑的就是開機磁片是否壞掉。
|
||
請用其他的磁片製作映像檔再試試看。</para>
|
||
</important>
|
||
</step>
|
||
|
||
<step>
|
||
<title>將映像檔(images)寫入到磁片內</title>
|
||
|
||
<para><filename>.flp</filename> 檔並非一般檔案，
|
||
不能直接把它複製到磁片上。
|
||
事實上它是包含整張磁片所有內容的映像檔(image)。
|
||
也就是說，不能純粹複製檔案到磁片上，
|
||
而必須使用特別的工具程式，來將映像檔直接寫到磁片上。</para>
|
||
|
||
<indexterm><primary>DOS</primary></indexterm>
|
||
<para>若要用 &ms-dos;/&windows; 來作安裝片的話，那麼可以用
|
||
<command>fdimage</command> 工具程式來將映像檔，寫到磁片上。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>若您用的是 FreeBSD 光碟的話(假設光碟機代號為
|
||
<devicename>E:</devicename> ，那麼請執行類似下面的指令：</para>
|
||
|
||
<screen><prompt>E:\></prompt> <userinput>tools\fdimage floppies\boot.flp A:</userinput></screen>
|
||
|
||
<para>請針對每個需要用到的 <filename>.flp</filename> 映像檔，
|
||
重複上述的指令(記得更改相關檔名)，每次的映像檔完成後，
|
||
都需要換另外一片來裝新的映像檔； 請記得：
|
||
在作好的磁片上註明是使用哪個映像檔作的。
|
||
若 <filename>.flp</filename> 映像檔放在不同地方，
|
||
請自行修改上述指令。若沒有 FreeBSD 光碟的話，
|
||
可以到 FTP 上面的 <ulink
|
||
url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/tools/"><filename class="directory">tools</filename>
|
||
目錄</ulink> 下載 <command>fdimage</command> 使用。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>如果要用 &unix; 系統(比如其他台 FreeBSD 機器)
|
||
來製作開機片的話，可以用 &man.dd.1; 指令來把映像檔直接寫入到磁片上。
|
||
在 FreeBSD上的話，可以打類似下面的指令：</para>
|
||
|
||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>dd if=boot.flp of=/dev/fd0</userinput></screen>
|
||
|
||
<para>在 FreeBSD 中，<filename>/dev/fd0</filename>
|
||
就是指第一台軟碟機(即一般 &ms-dos;/&windows;
|
||
上的 <devicename>A:</devicename> 磁碟機)；
|
||
而 <filename>/dev/fd1</filename> 指 <devicename>B:</devicename>
|
||
磁碟機，其餘的依此類推。 不過其他的 &unix;
|
||
系統可能會用不同的名稱，這時就要查閱該系統的說明文件了。</para>
|
||
</step>
|
||
</procedure>
|
||
|
||
<para>現在起，我們可以開始安裝 FreeBSD 囉！</para>
|
||
</sect2>
|
||
</sect1>
|
||
|
||
<sect1 id="install-start">
|
||
<title>開始安裝</title>
|
||
|
||
<important>
|
||
<para>預設的情況下，安裝過程並不會改變您磁碟機中的任何資料，
|
||
除非您看到下面的訊息：</para>
|
||
|
||
<literallayout class="monospaced">Last Chance: Are you SURE you want continue the installation?
|
||
|
||
If you're running this on a disk with data you wish to save then WE
|
||
STRONGLY ENCOURAGE YOU TO MAKE PROPER BACKUPS before proceeding!
|
||
|
||
We can take no responsibility for lost disk contents!</literallayout>
|
||
|
||
<para>在看到這最後的警告訊息前，
|
||
您都可以隨時離開安裝程式而不會變更您的硬碟。
|
||
如果您發現有任何設定錯誤，
|
||
這時您可以直接將電源關掉而不會造成任何傷害。</para>
|
||
</important>
|
||
|
||
<sect2 id="install-starting">
|
||
<title>開機啟動流程篇</title>
|
||
|
||
<sect3 id="install-starting-i386">
|
||
<title>&i386; 平台的開機流程</title>
|
||
|
||
<procedure>
|
||
<step>
|
||
<para>在一開始，電腦電源開關是關閉的。</para>
|
||
</step>
|
||
|
||
<step>
|
||
<para>打開電腦電源開關。剛開始的時候，
|
||
它應該會顯示進入系統設定選單或 BIOS 要按哪個鍵，
|
||
常見的有： <keycap>F2</keycap>, <keycap>F10</keycap>,
|
||
<keycap>Del</keycap> 或 <keycombo action="simul">
|
||
<keycap>Alt</keycap> <keycap>S</keycap>
|
||
</keycombo>。(按鍵請依據實際情況決定) 不論是要按哪個鍵，
|
||
請按它進入 BIOS 設定畫面。
|
||
有時您的電腦可能會顯示一個圖形畫面，
|
||
通常做法是按 <keycap>Esc</keycap> 鍵將離開這個圖形畫面，
|
||
以使您能夠看到必要的設定訊息。</para>
|
||
</step>
|
||
|
||
<step>
|
||
<para>找出可以設定『開機順序(Boot Order)』的選項，
|
||
通常該選項會列出一些設備讓您選擇，例如︰
|
||
<literal>Floppy</literal>, <literal>CDROM</literal>,
|
||
<literal>First Hard Disk</literal> 等等。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>如果要用軟碟安裝，請確定 floppy disk 要列為開機順序的第一個；
|
||
若要用光碟安裝，記得 CDROM 要列為開機順序的第一個。
|
||
為了避免不必要的疑惑，請參考機器、主機板說明手冊。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>儲存設定並離開，系統應該會重新啟動。</para>
|
||
</step>
|
||
|
||
<step>
|
||
<para>若要用磁片安裝，請把在
|
||
<xref linkend="install-floppies">一節中製作好的
|
||
<filename>boot.flp</filename> 那張安裝磁片放到第一台軟碟機中。
|
||
</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>如果是從光碟安裝，那麼開機後請將 FreeBSD 光碟放入光碟機中。
|
||
</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>如果，開機後如往常一樣而沒有從軟碟或光碟開機，請檢查︰</para>
|
||
|
||
<orderedlist>
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>是不是磁片或光碟太晚放入而錯失開機時間。
|
||
如果是，請將它們放入，然後重新開機。</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>BIOS 設定不對或忘了儲存設定，請重新檢查 BIOS 的設定。</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>您的電腦 BIOS 不支援從光碟開機。</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</orderedlist>
|
||
</step>
|
||
|
||
<step>
|
||
<para>此時，FreeBSD 就開始啟動了。
|
||
如果是從光碟開機，會見到類似下面的畫面(版本部分省略)：</para>
|
||
|
||
<screen>Booting from CD-Rom...
|
||
CD Loader 1.2
|
||
|
||
Building the boot loader arguments
|
||
Looking up /BOOT/LOADER... Found
|
||
Relocating the loader and the BTX
|
||
Starting the BTX loader
|
||
|
||
BTX loader 1.00 BTX version is 1.01
|
||
Console: internal video/keyboard
|
||
BIOS CD is cd0
|
||
BIOS drive C: is disk0
|
||
BIOS drive D: is disk1
|
||
BIOS 639kB/261120kB available memory
|
||
|
||
FreeBSD/i386 bootstrap loader, Revision 1.1
|
||
|
||
Loading /boot/defaults/loader.conf
|
||
/boot/kernel/kernel text=0x64daa0 data=0xa4e80+0xa9e40 syms=[0x4+0x6cac0+0x4+0x88e9d]
|
||
\</screen>
|
||
|
||
<para>如果您從軟碟開機，會看到類似下面的畫面(版本部分省略)：</para>
|
||
|
||
<screen>Booting from Floppy...
|
||
Uncompressing ... done
|
||
|
||
BTX loader 1.00 BTX version is 1.01
|
||
Console: internal video/keyboard
|
||
BIOS drive A: is disk0
|
||
BIOS drive C: is disk1
|
||
BIOS 639kB/261120kB available memory
|
||
|
||
FreeBSD/i386 bootstrap loader, Revision 1.1
|
||
|
||
Loading /boot/defaults/loader.conf
|
||
/kernel text=0x277391 data=0x3268c+0x332a8 |
|
||
|
||
Insert disk labelled "Kernel floppy 1" and press any key...</screen>
|
||
|
||
<para>請根據提示將 <filename>boot.flp</filename> 磁片取出，
|
||
並放入 <filename>kern1.flp</filename> 這張磁片，
|
||
然後按 <keycap>Enter</keycap> 鍵。
|
||
總之，您只需從第一張磁片啟動，然後根據提示，再放入相關磁片即可。
|
||
</para>
|
||
</step>
|
||
|
||
<step>
|
||
<para>無論從軟碟或光碟開機，接下來會進入 &os; boot loader
|
||
選單畫面：</para>
|
||
|
||
<figure id="boot-loader-menu">
|
||
<title>&os; Boot Loader 選單</title>
|
||
|
||
<mediaobject>
|
||
<imageobject>
|
||
<imagedata fileref="install/boot-loader-menu" format="PNG">
|
||
</imageobject>
|
||
</mediaobject>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<para>您可以等待 10 秒，或是按 <keycap>Enter</keycap> 鍵。</para>
|
||
</step>
|
||
</procedure>
|
||
|
||
</sect3>
|
||
<sect3>
|
||
<title>Alpha 平台的開機流程</title>
|
||
|
||
<indexterm><primary>Alpha</primary></indexterm>
|
||
|
||
<procedure>
|
||
<step>
|
||
<para>在一開始，電腦電源開關是關閉的。</para>
|
||
</step>
|
||
|
||
<step>
|
||
<para>打開電腦電源開關，然後等開機畫面出現。</para>
|
||
</step>
|
||
|
||
<step>
|
||
<para>若要用磁片安裝，請把在
|
||
<xref linkend="install-floppies">一節中製作好的
|
||
<filename>boot.flp</filename> 那張安裝磁片放到第一台軟碟機中。
|
||
然後，打下列指令來從磁片開機
|
||
(請把下列軟碟機代號改為你電腦的軟碟機代號)：</para>
|
||
|
||
<screen>>>><userinput>BOOT DVA0 -FLAGS '' -FILE ''</userinput></screen>
|
||
|
||
<para>若要用光碟安裝，請把做好的安裝片放入光碟機，
|
||
然後打下列指令來從光碟開機
|
||
(請把下列光碟機代號改為你電腦的光碟機代號)：</para>
|
||
|
||
<screen>>>><userinput>BOOT DKA0 -FLAGS '' -FILE ''</userinput></screen>
|
||
</step>
|
||
|
||
<step>
|
||
<para>接著 FreeBSD 開機片就會開始了。若是由軟碟開機的話，
|
||
這時會看到以下訊息：</para>
|
||
|
||
<screen>Insert disk labelled "Kernel floppy 1" and press any key...</screen>
|
||
|
||
<para>請照指示，拿走 <filename>boot.flp</filename> 片，改放
|
||
<filename>kern1.flp</filename> 片，
|
||
然後按 <keycap>Enter</keycap>。</para>
|
||
</step>
|
||
|
||
<step>
|
||
<para>無論從軟碟或光碟開機，您都會看到下面這段訊息：</para>
|
||
|
||
<screen>Hit [Enter] to boot immediately, or any other key for command prompt.
|
||
Booting [kernel] in 9 seconds... _</screen>
|
||
|
||
<para>您可以等待 10 秒，或是按 <keycap>Enter</keycap> 鍵。
|
||
接下來就會進入kernel configuration 選單。</para>
|
||
</step>
|
||
</procedure>
|
||
|
||
</sect3>
|
||
|
||
<sect3>
|
||
<title>&sparc64; 平台的開機流程</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>大多數的 &sparc64; 機器預設會自動從硬碟開機。 因此要裝 &os;
|
||
的話，則需要進入 PROM(OpenFirmware) 設定由網路或光碟開機才可。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>請先重開機，然後等待直到開機訊息出現。 這部分可能會隨機器型號不同
|
||
，而有所差異，但大概會出現像下列這樣：</para>
|
||
|
||
<screen>Sun Blade 100 (UltraSPARC-IIe), Keyboard Present
|
||
Copyright 1998-2001 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved.
|
||
OpenBoot 4.2, 128 MB memory installed, Serial #51090132.
|
||
Ethernet address 0:3:ba:b:92:d4, Host ID: 830b92d4.</screen>
|
||
|
||
<para>若您機器此時會先由硬碟開機，那麼需要按
|
||
<keycombo action="simul"><keycap>L1</keycap><keycap>A</keycap></keycombo>
|
||
或
|
||
<keycombo action="simul"><keycap>Stop</keycap><keycap>A</keycap></keycombo>
|
||
或者是透過 serial console (用法請參閱 &man.tip.1; 或 &man.cu.1;
|
||
內有關 <command>~#</command> 的說明) 送出 <command>BREAK</command>
|
||
指令來進入 PROM prompt。 大概會像下面：</para>
|
||
|
||
<screenco>
|
||
<areaspec>
|
||
<area id="prompt-single" coords="1 5">
|
||
<area id="prompt-smp" coords="2 5">
|
||
</areaspec>
|
||
|
||
<screen><prompt>ok </prompt>
|
||
<prompt>ok {0} </prompt></screen>
|
||
|
||
<calloutlist>
|
||
<callout arearefs="prompt-single">
|
||
<para>這是適用於只有單一 CPU 的機器。</para>
|
||
</callout>
|
||
|
||
<callout arearefs="prompt-smp">
|
||
<para>這是適用於 SMP 機器，數字部分是指目前在使用中的 CPU
|
||
編號。</para>
|
||
</callout>
|
||
</calloutlist>
|
||
</screenco>
|
||
|
||
<para>此時請把安裝光碟放入光碟機內，然後在 PROM prompt 打
|
||
<command>boot cdrom</command> 即可。</para>
|
||
|
||
</sect3>
|
||
|
||
</sect2>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<sect2 id="view-probe">
|
||
<title>那要怎麼去翻閱偵測硬體的結果呢？</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>先前在螢幕上所顯示的最後幾百行字，會存在暫存區(buffer)
|
||
以便您翻閱。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>若要翻閱暫存區，請按 <keycap>Scroll Lock</keycap> 鍵，
|
||
這會開啟捲動畫面功能。
|
||
然後就可以使用方向鍵，或是 <keycap>PageUp</keycap>、
|
||
<keycap>PageDown</keycap> 鍵來上下翻閱。
|
||
再按一次 <keycap>Scroll Lock</keycap> 鍵，就會停止畫面捲動。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>現在就請試試看，翻閱一下偵測硬體的畫面吧，
|
||
你應該會看到類似 <xref linkend="install-dev-probe"> 的畫面，
|
||
真正畫面會依你的電腦設備而有所不同。</para>
|
||
|
||
<figure id="install-dev-probe">
|
||
<title>偵測硬體的例子</title>
|
||
|
||
<screen>avail memory = 253050880 (247120K bytes)
|
||
Preloaded elf kernel "kernel" at 0xc0817000.
|
||
Preloaded mfs_root "/mfsroot" at 0xc0817084.
|
||
md0: Preloaded image </mfsroot> 4423680 bytes at 0xc03ddcd4
|
||
|
||
md1: Malloc disk
|
||
Using $PIR table, 4 entries at 0xc00fde60
|
||
npx0: <math processor> on motherboard
|
||
npx0: INT 16 interface
|
||
pcib0: <Host to PCI bridge> on motherboard
|
||
pci0: <PCI bus> on pcib0
|
||
pcib1:<VIA 82C598MVP (Apollo MVP3) PCI-PCI (AGP) bridge> at device 1.0 on pci0
|
||
pci1: <PCI bus> on pcib1
|
||
pci1: <Matrox MGA G200 AGP graphics accelerator> at 0.0 irq 11
|
||
isab0: <VIA 82C586 PCI-ISA bridge> at device 7.0 on pci0
|
||
isa0: <iSA bus> on isab0
|
||
atapci0: <VIA 82C586 ATA33 controller> port 0xe000-0xe00f at device 7.1 on pci0
|
||
ata0: at 0x1f0 irq 14 on atapci0
|
||
ata1: at 0x170 irq 15 on atapci0
|
||
uhci0 <VIA 83C572 USB controller> port 0xe400-0xe41f irq 10 at device 7.2 on pci
|
||
0
|
||
usb0: <VIA 83572 USB controller> on uhci0
|
||
usb0: USB revision 1.0
|
||
uhub0: VIA UHCI root hub, class 9/0, rev 1.00/1.00, addr1
|
||
uhub0: 2 ports with 2 removable, self powered
|
||
pci0: <unknown card> (vendor=0x1106, dev=0x3040) at 7.3
|
||
dc0: <ADMtek AN985 10/100BaseTX> port 0xe800-0xe8ff mem 0xdb000000-0xeb0003ff ir
|
||
q 11 at device 8.0 on pci0
|
||
dc0: Ethernet address: 00:04:5a:74:6b:b5
|
||
miibus0: <MII bus> on dc0
|
||
ukphy0: <Generic IEEE 802.3u media interface> on miibus0
|
||
ukphy0: 10baseT, 10baseT-FDX, 100baseTX, 100baseTX-FDX, auto
|
||
ed0: <NE2000 PCI Ethernet (RealTek 8029)> port 0xec00-0xec1f irq 9 at device 10.
|
||
0 on pci0
|
||
ed0 address 52:54:05:de:73:1b, type NE2000 (16 bit)
|
||
isa0: too many dependant configs (8)
|
||
isa0: unexpected small tag 14
|
||
orm0: <Option ROM> at iomem 0xc0000-0xc7fff on isa0
|
||
fdc0: <NEC 72065B or clone> at port 0x3f0-0x3f5,0x3f7 irq 6 drq2 on isa0
|
||
fdc0: FIFO enabled, 8 bytes threshold
|
||
fd0: <1440-KB 3.5" drive> on fdc0 drive 0
|
||
atkbdc0: <Keyboard controller (i8042)> at port 0x60,0x64 on isa0
|
||
atkbd0: <AT Keyboard> flags 0x1 irq1 on atkbdc0
|
||
kbd0 at atkbd0
|
||
psm0: <PS/2 Mouse> irq 12 on atkbdc0
|
||
psm0: model Generic PS/@ mouse, device ID 0
|
||
vga0: <Generic ISA VGA> at port 0x3c0-0x3df iomem 0xa0000-0xbffff on isa0
|
||
sc0: <System console> at flags 0x100 on isa0
|
||
sc0: VGA <16 virtual consoles, flags=0x300>
|
||
sio0 at port 0x3f8-0x3ff irq 4 flags 0x10 on isa0
|
||
sio0: type 16550A
|
||
sio1 at port 0x2f8-0x2ff irq 3 on isa0
|
||
sio1: type 16550A
|
||
ppc0: <Parallel port> at port 0x378-0x37f irq 7 on isa0
|
||
pppc0: SMC-like chipset (ECP/EPP/PS2/NIBBLE) in COMPATIBLE mode
|
||
ppc0: FIFO with 16/16/15 bytes threshold
|
||
plip0: <PLIP network interface> on ppbus0
|
||
ad0: 8063MB <IBM-DHEA-38451> [16383/16/63] at ata0-master UDMA33
|
||
acd0: CD-RW <LITE-ON LTR-1210B> at ata1-slave PIO4
|
||
Mounting root from ufs:/dev/md0c
|
||
/stand/sysinstall running as init on vty0</screen>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<para>請仔細檢查每項檢測結果，以確定 FreeBSD 有正確偵測到每項硬體。
|
||
若沒偵測到硬體的話，那畫面就不會列出來了。 <link
|
||
linkend="kernelconfig">自訂 kernel</link> 可以讓您加上原本預設的
|
||
<filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel 所不支援的硬體，像是音效卡之類。
|
||
</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>而 &os; 6.2 起的版本，在偵測硬體後會看到 <xref
|
||
linkend="config-country">，請用方向鍵選擇你的國別、地區或群組。
|
||
然後按 <keycap>Enter</keycap> 鍵就會幫你設定相關國別、鍵盤對應。
|
||
此外，要離開、重啟 <application>sysinstall</application>
|
||
程式，也很簡單。</para>
|
||
|
||
<figure id="config-country">
|
||
<title>選擇國別</title>
|
||
|
||
<mediaobject>
|
||
<imageobject>
|
||
<imagedata fileref="install/config-country" format="PNG">
|
||
</imageobject>
|
||
</mediaobject>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<figure id="sysinstall-exit">
|
||
<title>離開 Sysinstall 程式</title>
|
||
|
||
<mediaobject>
|
||
<imageobject>
|
||
<imagedata fileref="install/sysinstall-exit" format="PNG">
|
||
</imageobject>
|
||
</mediaobject>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<para>在主畫面選擇 <guimenuitem>Exit Install</guimenuitem>，
|
||
接下來應該會出現以下訊息：</para>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<screen> User Confirmation Requested
|
||
Are you sure you wish to exit? The system will reboot
|
||
(be sure to remove any floppies/CDs/DVDs from the drives).
|
||
|
||
[ Yes ] No</screen>
|
||
|
||
<para>若按下 &gui.yes; 之後，卻忘了把光碟退出來的話，
|
||
那麼等下重開機後又會再次啟動安裝程式了。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>若你是用磁片開機的話，那麼重開機之前，請記得先退出
|
||
<filename>boot.flp</filename> 片吧。</para>
|
||
</sect2>
|
||
</sect1>
|
||
|
||
<sect1 id="using-sysinstall">
|
||
<title>介紹 Sysinstall</title>
|
||
|
||
<para><application>sysinstall</application>
|
||
是 FreeBSD 計劃所提供的安裝程式。
|
||
它是以文字模式操作方式為主，分為幾層選單、畫面，以讓您進行安裝。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para><application>sysinstall</application> 選單主要由方向鍵、
|
||
<keycap>Enter</keycap>、<keycap>Tab</keycap>、<keycap>Space</keycap>
|
||
以及其他按鍵來進行操作，
|
||
在 <application>sysinstall</application> 主畫面的 Usage
|
||
內有這些鍵盤操作上的說明。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>要查閱這些說明，請將游標移到
|
||
<guimenuitem>Usage</guimenuitem>，然後選
|
||
<guibutton>[Select]</guibutton> ，這時你畫面應該會長像 <xref
|
||
linkend="sysinstall-main3">，接著請按 <keycap>Enter</keycap> 鍵。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>接下來，會出現安裝的使用說明，閱讀完畢請按
|
||
<keycap>Enter</keycap> 以跳回主畫面。</para>
|
||
|
||
<figure id="sysinstall-main3">
|
||
<title>選擇 Sysinstall 主畫面的『Usage(快速說明)』</title>
|
||
|
||
<mediaobject>
|
||
<imageobject>
|
||
<imagedata fileref="install/main1" format="PNG">
|
||
</imageobject>
|
||
</mediaobject>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<sect2 id="select-doc">
|
||
<title>選擇『 Documentation(說明文件)』選單</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>在主畫面用方向鍵選擇 <guimenuitem>Doc</guimenuitem>，然後按
|
||
<keycap>Enter</keycap> 鍵。</para>
|
||
|
||
<figure id="main-doc">
|
||
<title>選擇『Documentation(說明文件)』選單</title>
|
||
|
||
<mediaobject>
|
||
<imageobject>
|
||
<imagedata fileref="install/main-doc" format="PNG">
|
||
</imageobject>
|
||
</mediaobject>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<para>這時會出現說明文件的選單。</para>
|
||
|
||
<figure id="docmenu1">
|
||
<title>Sysinstall 的說明文件(Documentation)選單</title>
|
||
|
||
<mediaobject>
|
||
<imageobject>
|
||
<imagedata fileref="install/docmenu1" format="PNG">
|
||
</imageobject>
|
||
</mediaobject>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<para>閱讀這些說明文件很重要。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>要閱讀文件的話，請用方向鍵選取要閱讀的文件然後按
|
||
<keycap>Enter</keycap> 鍵。讀完後，再按一次
|
||
<keycap>Enter</keycap> 鍵就會回到說明文件畫面了。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>若要回到主畫面，用方向鍵選擇
|
||
<guimenuitem>Exit</guimenuitem> 然後按下
|
||
<keycap>Enter</keycap> 鍵即可。</para>
|
||
</sect2>
|
||
|
||
<sect2 id="keymap">
|
||
<title>選擇『鍵盤對應』選單</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>如果要改變鍵盤按鍵的對應模式，請在主選單選取
|
||
<guimenuitem>Keymap</guimenuitem> 然後按
|
||
<keycap>Enter</keycap> 鍵即可。 一般情況下是不用去改，
|
||
除非你用的鍵盤不是一般標準或非美式鍵盤。</para>
|
||
|
||
<figure id="sysinstall-keymap">
|
||
<title>Sysinstall 主選單</title>
|
||
|
||
<mediaobject>
|
||
<imageobject>
|
||
<imagedata fileref="install/main-keymap" format="PNG">
|
||
</imageobject>
|
||
</mediaobject>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<para>您可以使用上下鍵移動到您想使用的鍵盤對應方式，然後按下
|
||
<keycap>Space</keycap> 鍵以選取它；再按一下
|
||
<keycap>Space</keycap> 鍵可以取消選取。當您完成後，請選擇
|
||
&gui.ok; 然後按
|
||
<keycap>Enter</keycap> 鍵即可。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>在這個畫面顯示的只是其中一小部分；
|
||
若只要用預設鍵盤對應方式就好的話，可以用 <keycap>Tab</keycap>
|
||
來選 &gui.cancel; 這樣就會返回主畫面。</para>
|
||
|
||
<figure id="sysinstall-keymap-menu">
|
||
<title>Sysinstall 鍵盤對應選單</title>
|
||
|
||
<mediaobject>
|
||
<imageobject>
|
||
<imagedata fileref="install/keymap" format="PNG">
|
||
</imageobject>
|
||
</mediaobject>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
</sect2>
|
||
|
||
<sect2 id="viewsetoptions">
|
||
<title>安裝選項的設定畫面</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>請選 <guimenuitem>Options</guimenuitem> 然後按
|
||
<keycap>Enter</keycap> 鍵。</para>
|
||
|
||
<figure id="sysinstall-options">
|
||
<title>Sysinstall 主選單</title>
|
||
|
||
<mediaobject>
|
||
<imageobject>
|
||
<imagedata fileref="install/main-options" format="PNG">
|
||
</imageobject>
|
||
</mediaobject>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<figure id="options">
|
||
<title>Sysinstall 選項設定</title>
|
||
|
||
<mediaobject>
|
||
<imageobject>
|
||
<imagedata fileref="install/options" format="PNG">
|
||
</imageobject>
|
||
</mediaobject>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<para>通常，使用者大多用預設值就可以了，而不用修改它們。
|
||
而 Release Name 的地方則依你所安裝的版本而有所不同。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>而目前所選的的項目，會在畫面下方以藍底白字顯示說明。
|
||
注意：其中右邊最後的選項是
|
||
<guimenuitem>Use Defaults(使用預設值)</guimenuitem>
|
||
，您可以藉由此選項將所有的設定還原為預設值。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>另外，可以按 <keycap>F1</keycap> 鍵來閱讀各選項的說明。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>而按 <keycap>Q</keycap> 鍵則是可以回到主畫面。</para>
|
||
</sect2>
|
||
|
||
<sect2 id="start-install">
|
||
<title>開始進行標準安裝</title>
|
||
|
||
<para><guimenuitem>Standard(標準)</guimenuitem>安裝適用於那些初探 &unix;
|
||
或 FreeBSD 的使用者。用方向鍵選擇 <guimenuitem>Standard</guimenuitem>
|
||
然後按 <keycap>Enter</keycap> 鍵即可開始進入標準安裝。</para>
|
||
|
||
<figure id="sysinstall-standard">
|
||
<title>開始進行標準安裝</title>
|
||
|
||
<mediaobject>
|
||
<imageobject>
|
||
<imagedata fileref="install/main-std" format="PNG">
|
||
</imageobject>
|
||
</mediaobject>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
</sect2>
|
||
</sect1>
|
||
|
||
<sect1 id="install-steps">
|
||
<title>硬碟空間的分配</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>您的第一個任務就是要決定分配給 FreeBSD 用的磁碟空間、label，
|
||
以便 <application>sysinstall</application> 幫你做相關準備動作。
|
||
因此，你必須先對 FreeBSD 是如何確認磁碟的流程有個概念。</para>
|
||
|
||
<sect2 id="install-drive-bios-numbering">
|
||
<title>BIOS 磁碟機編號</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>在安裝、設定 FreeBSD 之前，有很重要的一點必須注意，
|
||
尤其當您有許多顆硬碟的時候。</para>
|
||
|
||
<indexterm><primary>DOS</primary></indexterm>
|
||
<indexterm><primary>Microsoft Windows</primary></indexterm>
|
||
<para>在 PC 架構，當您跑像 &ms-dos; 或 µsoft.windows;
|
||
這種跟 BIOS 設定相關的作業系統，
|
||
BIOS 那邊可以調整正常的磁碟機順序，然後這些作業系統會跟著 BIOS 做改變。
|
||
這讓使用者不一定非得要由所謂的 <quote>primary master</quote> 硬碟開機。
|
||
有人發現最簡單、便宜的備份系統方式，就是再去買一顆一模一樣的硬碟，
|
||
然後定期使用 <application>
|
||
<trademark class="registered">Ghost</trademark></application> 或
|
||
<application>XCOPY</application>
|
||
以將資料從第一顆硬碟複製到第二顆硬碟上面去。
|
||
所以，當第一顆硬碟掛了(可能是病毒或壞軌造成的)，
|
||
就可以輕鬆透過調整 BIOS 中的開機順序，
|
||
而直接用第二顆硬碟開機。
|
||
這跟將機殼拆開，把第二顆硬碟跟第一顆對調(要調 jumper)有同樣的效果，
|
||
差別就是：不用拆機殼。</para>
|
||
|
||
<indexterm><primary>SCSI</primary></indexterm>
|
||
<indexterm><primary>BIOS</primary></indexterm>
|
||
<para>此外，若裝有比較貴的 SCSI 卡系統，通常本身也有 BIOS 的功能來讓
|
||
SCSI 設備(最多可到 7 個)達到類似改變順序的功能。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>習慣上述方式的使用者很可能會感到驚訝，因為在 FreeBSD 中並非如此，
|
||
FreeBSD 不會參考 BIOS 設定值，而且也不能偵測 <quote>logical BIOS
|
||
drive mapping</quote> 設定。 這會讓人感覺很疑惑，明明就是一樣的硬碟，
|
||
而且資料也完全從另一顆複製過來，結果卻沒辦法像以前那樣用。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>使用 FreeBSD 的時候，請將 BIOS 中的硬碟開機順序調回原本正常的順序，
|
||
並且以後不要再改這設定。如果您需要切換硬碟順序的話，那請用硬體方式，
|
||
直接打開機殼，調 jumper 及排線即可。</para>
|
||
|
||
<sidebar>
|
||
<title>一段小故事：Bill 及 Fred 的安裝歷險</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>比爾(Bill)打算幫佛列德(Fred)把舊的 Wintel 機器灌 FreeBSD。
|
||
他在一顆 SCSI 硬碟(ID 是 0)裝上 FreeBSD。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>於是佛列德開始用他新的 FreeBSD 系統；但是過了幾天，他發現這顆
|
||
SCSI 老硬碟發生許多小問題。 之後，他就跟比爾說起這件事。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>此事經過幾天後，比爾決定是該解決問題的時候了，
|
||
所以他從後面房間的硬碟 <quote>收藏區</quote>
|
||
內拿出一個一模一樣的硬碟，並且經過初步 surface 掃瞄測試後，
|
||
顯示這顆硬碟還可堪用，因此，比爾將它的 ID 調成 4，
|
||
然後安裝到佛列德的機器，
|
||
並且將資料從磁碟 0 複製到磁碟 4。
|
||
現在新硬碟裝好了，而且看起來好像一切正常；
|
||
所以，比爾認為現在應該可以開始用它了。
|
||
於是到 SCSI BIOS 中設定 SCSI ID 4 為開機碟，
|
||
用磁碟 4 重新開機後，FreeBSD 一切跑得很順利。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>佛列德繼續用了幾天後，比爾跟佛列德決定要來玩點新的：
|
||
試著升級 FreeBSD 看看。
|
||
比爾將 ID 0 的硬碟移除(因為有問題)並且又從 <quote>收藏區</quote>
|
||
中拿了一顆一樣的硬碟來。
|
||
然後他用佛列德的開機磁片透過 FTP 方式將在這顆硬碟上裝了新版的
|
||
FreeBSD，安裝過程都很順利。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>佛列德用了這新版本幾天後，覺得它很適合用在工程部門...
|
||
是時候將以前放在舊系統的工作資料複製過來了。
|
||
因此，佛列德將 ID 4 的 SCSI 硬碟
|
||
(裡面有放從舊系統中複製過來的最新資料)先 mount 起來，
|
||
結果竟然發現在 ID 4 的硬碟上，他以前的所有資料都不見了！</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>奇怪，資料到底是跑到哪裡去了呢？</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>原來，當初比爾將 ID 0 硬碟的資料複製到 ID 4 硬碟的時候，
|
||
ID 4 就變成 <quote>新的複製品(new clone)</quote>。
|
||
而當他調 SCSI BIOS 設定 ID 4 為開機碟，想讓系統從 ID 4 開機，
|
||
這步驟其實只是他自己搞混了，
|
||
因為大部分的作業系統可以藉由調 BIOS 設定以改變開機順序，
|
||
但是 FreeBSD 卻會把開機順序還原成正常的模式，
|
||
因此，佛列德的 FreeBSD 還是從最初的那顆 ID 0 硬碟開機的。
|
||
事實上，所有的資料都還在故事最初的那顆硬碟上，
|
||
而不是在他想像中的 ID 4 硬碟。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>我們很高興在發現這件事時，那些資料都還在，
|
||
我們把資料從最初的那顆 ID 0 硬碟取出來並交還給佛列德
|
||
(而且比爾也從此瞭解了 0 的重要....)。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>雖然我們這邊的例子是用 SCSI 硬碟，
|
||
但是相同的觀念也可以套用在 IDE 硬碟上。</para>
|
||
</sidebar>
|
||
</sect2>
|
||
|
||
<sect2 id="main-fdisk">
|
||
<title>以 FDisk 來建立分割磁區(Slices)</title>
|
||
|
||
<note>
|
||
<para>在這時候您所做的變更都還不會真正寫入硬碟中。
|
||
如果你發現弄錯了，想要重來一遍的話，
|
||
可以用選單來離開 <application>sysinstall</application>，
|
||
或是按 <keycap>U</keycap> 鍵來
|
||
<guimenuitem>Undo(回復)</guimenuitem> 所有設定。
|
||
如果你弄亂了而且不知道怎麼離開，你可以直接將電腦電源關掉再重來。
|
||
</para>
|
||
</note>
|
||
|
||
<para>在 <application>sysinstall</application> 主畫面選擇使用標準安裝後，
|
||
應該會看到下面的訊息：</para>
|
||
|
||
<screen> Message
|
||
In the next menu, you will need to set up a DOS-style ("fdisk")
|
||
partitioning scheme for your hard disk. If you simply wish to devote
|
||
all disk space to FreeBSD (overwriting anything else that might be on
|
||
the disk(s) selected) then use the (A)ll command to select the default
|
||
partitioning scheme followed by a (Q)uit. If you wish to allocate only
|
||
free space to FreeBSD, move to a partition marked "unused" and use the
|
||
(C)reate command.
|
||
[ OK ]
|
||
|
||
[ Press enter or space ]</screen>
|
||
|
||
<para>這時請依畫面說明，按 <keycap>Enter</keycap> 鍵。
|
||
然後會看到一個列表，上面會列出所有在偵測硬體時所找到的硬碟。
|
||
<xref linkend="sysinstall-fdisk-drive1"> 範例顯示的是有找到兩個
|
||
IDE 磁碟機的情形，這兩個磁碟機分別為：
|
||
<devicename>ad0</devicename> 與 <devicename>ad2</devicename>。</para>
|
||
|
||
<figure id="sysinstall-fdisk-drive1">
|
||
<title>選擇 FDisk 要分割的硬碟</title>
|
||
|
||
<mediaobject>
|
||
<imageobject>
|
||
<imagedata fileref="install/fdisk-drive1" format="PNG">
|
||
</imageobject>
|
||
</mediaobject>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<para>你可能會好奇，為何 <devicename>ad1</devicename> 沒列在這裡。
|
||
為什麼會不見了呢？</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>試想，如果您有兩顆 IDE 硬碟，一個是 primary master，一個是 secondary
|
||
master，這樣會發生什麼事呢？ 如果 FreeBSD 依照找到的順序來為他們命名，
|
||
比如首先是 <devicename>ad0</devicename> 再來是
|
||
<devicename>ad1</devicename> 那麼就不會出現困擾。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>但是，現在問題來了。如果您現在想在 primary slave 加裝第三顆硬碟，
|
||
那麼這顆硬碟的名稱就會是 <devicename>ad1</devicename>，之前原本的
|
||
<devicename>ad1</devicename> 就會變成 <devicename>ad2</devicename>。
|
||
這樣會造成什麼問題呢？ 因為硬體設備的名稱(像是
|
||
<devicename>ad1s1a</devicename>)是用來尋找檔案系統的，
|
||
因此您可能會突然發現，有些檔案系統從此無法正常顯示，
|
||
必須修改 FreeBSD 設定(<filename>/etc/fstab</filename>)才可以正確顯示。
|
||
</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>為了解決這個問題，在設定 kernel 時可以採用 IDE
|
||
硬碟所在的位置來命名，而非根據找到的順序。 使用這種方式的話，
|
||
在 secondary master 的 IDE
|
||
硬碟就<emphasis>永遠</emphasis>會是 <devicename>ad2</devicename>，
|
||
即使系統中並沒有 <devicename>ad0</devicename> 或
|
||
<devicename>ad1</devicename> 也不受影響。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>由於此為 FreeBSD kernel 預設設定，也就是為何上述畫面只顯示
|
||
<devicename>ad0</devicename> 及 <devicename>ad2</devicename> 之故。
|
||
畫面上這台機器的兩顆硬碟是分別裝在 primary 以及 secondary 排線上的
|
||
master，這兩顆都沒有裝在 slave 上。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>請選好想安裝 FreeBSD 的硬碟，然後按下 &gui.ok;。 接著就會開始
|
||
<application>FDisk</application>，然後會看到類似 <xref
|
||
linkend="sysinstall-fdisk1"> 的畫面。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para><application>FDisk</application> 的顯示畫面分為三個部分。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>第一部份是畫面最上方的前兩行，這裡會顯示目前所選的硬碟資訊，
|
||
包括它在 FreeBSD 的名稱、硬碟 geometry、硬碟總容量。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>第二部分會顯示目前所選的硬碟上有哪些 slice 以及各 slice 的起末位置、
|
||
所佔容量、FreeBSD 名稱、描述說明、子類別(sub-type)。 例子中顯示出有 2
|
||
個小的並且尚未使用的 slice，這是受到 PC 的硬碟本身架構影響之故。 此外，
|
||
還有一個大的 <acronym>FAT</acronym> slice(通常是 &ms-dos; /
|
||
&windows; 中的 <devicename>C:</devicename>)，以及一個延伸磁碟分割區
|
||
(在 &ms-dos; / &windows; 內的其他磁碟代號)。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>第三部分則顯示 <application>FDisk</application> 可用的指令。</para>
|
||
|
||
<figure id="sysinstall-fdisk1">
|
||
<title>(舉例)未編輯前的 Fdisk 分割區(Partition)</title>
|
||
|
||
<mediaobject>
|
||
<imageobject>
|
||
<imagedata fileref="install/fdisk-edit1" format="PNG">
|
||
</imageobject>
|
||
</mediaobject>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<para>接下來要做的事，跟您要怎麼分割硬碟有關。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>若要讓 FreeBSD 使用整顆硬碟(稍後的安裝會再要您確認以
|
||
<application>sysinstall</application> 來繼續安裝，
|
||
就會清除該硬碟內上的資料)，那麼就可以按 <keycap>A</keycap> 鍵(
|
||
<guimenuitem>Use Entire Disk</guimenuitem>)，以刪除所有既存的 slice，
|
||
取而代之的是一個小的並標示為 <literal>unused</literal>(同樣的，這也是
|
||
PC 硬碟架構所造成)的 slice，以及一個大的 FreeBSD slice。 之後，
|
||
請用方向鍵把光棒移至該 FreeBSD slice，然後按 <keycap>S</keycap>
|
||
鍵以便將此 slice 標為開機 slice。
|
||
此時的畫面應該類似 <xref linkend="sysinstall-fdisk2">。 請注意：
|
||
在 <literal>Flags</literal> 欄位的 <literal>A</literal> 值表示該 slice
|
||
屬於 <emphasis>active</emphasis>，也會由此 slice 來開機。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>若要刪除現有 slice 以挪出空間給 FreeBSD 使用，可以把光棒移到要刪除的
|
||
slice 後按 <keycap>D</keycap> 鍵，然後再按 <keycap>C</keycap> 鍵，
|
||
此時會出現對話框，請輸入要新增的 slice 大小為何，輸入合適大小之後按
|
||
<keycap>Enter</keycap> 鍵即可。 該預設值為可分配空間的最大值，
|
||
可以是最大的或尚未分配的整顆硬碟大小。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>若已建立完畢給 FreeBSD 的空間(透過類似
|
||
<application>&partitionmagic;</application> 之類的工具)，那麼可以按
|
||
<keycap>C</keycap> 鍵以新增 slice。同樣也會有對話框出現，來問想要新增的
|
||
slice 大小為何。</para>
|
||
|
||
<figure id="sysinstall-fdisk2">
|
||
<title>Fdisk 採用整顆硬碟作分割區(Partition)</title>
|
||
|
||
<mediaobject>
|
||
<imageobject>
|
||
<imagedata fileref="install/fdisk-edit2" format="PNG">
|
||
</imageobject>
|
||
</mediaobject>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<para>完畢後請按 <keycap>Q</keycap> 鍵。 這些更改會暫存給
|
||
<application>sysinstall</application> 使用，但還不會真正寫入到硬碟
|
||
。</para>
|
||
</sect2>
|
||
|
||
<sect2 id="bootmgr">
|
||
<title>安裝 Boot Manager</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>現在可以選擇是否要裝 boot manager。 一般而言，
|
||
遇到下列情況才會需要裝 boot manager：</para>
|
||
|
||
<itemizedlist>
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>有一個以上的硬碟，而 FreeBSD 並非裝在第一個硬碟上。</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>同一顆硬碟上除了有裝 FreeBSD 之外，還有裝其他作業系統，
|
||
所以需要在開機時選擇要進入哪個作業系統。</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</itemizedlist>
|
||
|
||
<para>若只裝 FreeBSD，並且是裝在第一顆硬碟，那麼選
|
||
<guimenuitem>Standard</guimenuitem> 即可。 若已經有使用其他的
|
||
boot manager 可開機進入 FreeBSD 那麼請選 <guimenuitem>None</guimenuitem>
|
||
即可。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>請依自身需求與情況做抉擇，然後按 <keycap>Enter</keycap> 鍵。</para>
|
||
|
||
<figure id="sysinstall-bootmgr">
|
||
<title>Sysinstall 的 Boot Manager 選單</title>
|
||
|
||
<mediaobject>
|
||
<imageobject>
|
||
<imagedata fileref="install/boot-mgr" format="PNG">
|
||
</imageobject>
|
||
</mediaobject>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<para>按 <keycap>F1</keycap> 會有不同作業系統共存時，
|
||
有可能遇到的相關問題說明。</para>
|
||
</sect2>
|
||
|
||
<sect2>
|
||
<title>在其他硬碟上建立分割磁區(Slices)</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>若有一個以上的硬碟，那麼在選完 boot manager
|
||
之後會再回到選擇硬碟的畫面。 若要把 FreeBSD 裝在多個硬碟上，
|
||
那麼可以在此選擇其他硬碟，並重複使用 <application>FDisk</application>
|
||
來建立 slice 。</para>
|
||
|
||
<important>
|
||
<para>若第一顆硬碟不是裝 FreeBSD 的話，那麼每一顆就要都裝 FreeBSD boot
|
||
manager 才可以。</para>
|
||
</important>
|
||
|
||
<figure id="sysinstall-fdisk-drive2">
|
||
<title>離開『選擇硬碟』畫面</title>
|
||
|
||
<mediaobject>
|
||
<imageobject>
|
||
<imagedata fileref="install/fdisk-drive2" format="PNG">
|
||
</imageobject>
|
||
</mediaobject>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<para><keycap>Tab</keycap> 鍵可以在最後選擇的硬碟以及 &gui.ok;、
|
||
&gui.cancel; 之間進行切換。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>先按一次 <keycap>Tab</keycap> 會先移到 &gui.ok;，然後再按
|
||
<keycap>Enter</keycap> 鍵以繼續安裝。</para>
|
||
</sect2>
|
||
|
||
<sect2 id="bsdlabeleditor">
|
||
<title>以 <application>Disklabel</application> 來建立分割區(Partitions)
|
||
</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>現在必須在剛建立好的 slice 規劃一些分割區。 請注意：
|
||
每個分割區的代號是從 <literal>a</literal> 到 <literal>h</literal>，
|
||
此外 <literal>b</literal>、<literal>c</literal>、<literal>d</literal>
|
||
通常是特殊用途，不該隨意變動。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>有些程式可以透過特殊的分割方式而達到更好的效果，
|
||
尤其是分割區是分散在不同硬碟上的時候。 但是，現在是您第一次裝 FreeBSD，
|
||
所以請不要去煩惱該如何分割硬碟才好。 最重要的是，裝好 FreeBSD
|
||
然後學習如何善用之。 當對 FreeBSD 有一定程度的熟悉之後，可以隨時重裝
|
||
FreeBSD，並改變分割的方式。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>下面例子有四個分割區 — 其中一個是 swap 空間，i
|
||
其他三個是檔案系統。</para>
|
||
|
||
<table frame="none" pgwide="1">
|
||
<title>第一顆硬碟的分割區(Partition)配置</title>
|
||
|
||
<tgroup cols="4">
|
||
<colspec colwidth="1*">
|
||
<colspec colwidth="1*">
|
||
<colspec colwidth="1*">
|
||
<colspec colwidth="4*">
|
||
|
||
<thead>
|
||
<row>
|
||
<entry>分割區</entry>
|
||
|
||
<entry>檔案系統</entry>
|
||
|
||
<entry>大小</entry>
|
||
|
||
<entry>介紹</entry>
|
||
</row>
|
||
</thead>
|
||
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<row>
|
||
<entry><literal>a</literal></entry>
|
||
|
||
<entry><filename>/</filename></entry>
|
||
|
||
<entry>128 MB</entry>
|
||
|
||
<entry>此為根目錄檔案系統(root filesystem)。
|
||
其他的檔案系統都會掛載在根目錄之下。 128 MB
|
||
對於此檔案系統來說是相當合理的大小，
|
||
因為通常這裡並不會放太多資料，而在 FreeBSD 裝完後會用到約
|
||
40 MB 的根目錄空間。 剩下的空間是放臨時資料用的，
|
||
此外也應該要預留一些空間，因為日後的 FreeBSD
|
||
版本可能會需要更多的 <filename>/</filename>(根目錄) 空間
|
||
。</entry>
|
||
</row>
|
||
|
||
<row>
|
||
<entry><literal>b</literal></entry>
|
||
|
||
<entry>N/A</entry>
|
||
|
||
<entry>RAM 的 2~3 倍</entry>
|
||
|
||
<entry><para>系統的 swap 空間是放在 <literal>b</literal> 分割區。
|
||
如何選擇適合的 swap 空間大小可是一門學問。 一般來說，
|
||
swap 空間應該是記憶體(RAM)大小的 2 或 3 倍。 此外，swap
|
||
至少需要 64 MB，因此若 RAM 小於 32 MB 的話，請把
|
||
swap 大小設為 64 MB。</para><para>
|
||
|
||
若有一個以上的硬碟，則可以在每個硬碟都配置 swap 空間。
|
||
FreeBSD 會善用每個硬碟上的 swap 空間，如此一來便能有效提高
|
||
swap 的性能。 若您屬這類情況，請先算出總共需要的 swap 總大小
|
||
(比如：128 MB)，然後除以全部的硬碟數量(比如：兩顆硬碟)，
|
||
這樣算出來的結果就是每個硬碟上所需配置的 swap 大小，
|
||
在這個例子中，則每個硬碟所需之 swap 空間為 64 MB
|
||
。</para></entry>
|
||
</row>
|
||
|
||
<row>
|
||
<entry><literal>e</literal></entry>
|
||
|
||
<entry><filename>/var</filename></entry>
|
||
|
||
<entry>256 MB</entry>
|
||
|
||
<entry><filename>/var</filename> 目錄會放的檔案有很多種，像是 log
|
||
檔案以及其他的系統管理檔案。 這些檔案大部分都是 FreeBSD
|
||
每日運作所會讀、寫。 把這些檔案另外放到專門的檔案系統(即
|
||
<filename>/var</filename>) 則可以最佳化這些檔案的存取，
|
||
而不致於影響其他目錄的存取。</entry>
|
||
</row>
|
||
|
||
<row>
|
||
<entry><literal>f</literal></entry>
|
||
|
||
<entry><filename>/usr</filename></entry>
|
||
|
||
<entry>剩餘的硬碟空間</entry>
|
||
|
||
<entry>所有其他檔案通常會存在 <filename>/usr</filename>
|
||
及其子目錄內。</entry>
|
||
</row>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</tgroup>
|
||
</table>
|
||
|
||
<para>若要把 FreeBSD 裝在多個硬碟上，那麼必須在您所配置的其他 slice
|
||
上新增分割區。 最簡單的方式，就是在每個硬碟上建立分割區，一個給 swap
|
||
空間，另一個則是檔案系統。</para>
|
||
|
||
<table frame="none" pgwide="1">
|
||
<title>其他硬碟的分割區(Partition)配置</title>
|
||
|
||
<tgroup cols="4">
|
||
<colspec colwidth="1*">
|
||
<colspec colwidth="1*">
|
||
<colspec colwidth="2*">
|
||
<colspec colwidth="3*">
|
||
|
||
<thead>
|
||
<row>
|
||
<entry>分割區</entry>
|
||
|
||
<entry>檔案系統</entry>
|
||
|
||
<entry>大小</entry>
|
||
|
||
<entry>介紹</entry>
|
||
</row>
|
||
</thead>
|
||
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<row>
|
||
<entry><literal>b</literal></entry>
|
||
|
||
<entry>N/A</entry>
|
||
|
||
<entry>請參閱右側的介紹</entry>
|
||
|
||
<entry>前面有提過，swap 空間是可以跨各硬碟。 即使沒有使用
|
||
<literal>a</literal> 分割區，但習慣上還是會把 swap 空間設為
|
||
<literal>b</literal> 分割區。</entry>
|
||
</row>
|
||
|
||
<row>
|
||
<entry><literal>e</literal></entry>
|
||
|
||
<entry>/disk<replaceable>n</replaceable></entry>
|
||
|
||
<entry>剩餘的硬碟空間</entry>
|
||
|
||
<entry>剩下的空間是一個大的分割區，最簡單的做法是將之規劃為
|
||
<literal>a</literal> 分割區，而不是 <literal>e</literal>
|
||
分割區。 然而，習慣上 <literal>a</literal> 分割區是保留給
|
||
根目錄(<filename>/</filename>)所使用的。 當然，
|
||
您不一定要遵循此習慣，但 <application>sysinstall</application>
|
||
本身會，所以照它既有的方式會讓你安裝更加清爽、潔淨。
|
||
你可以把這些檔案系統掛載在任何地方，本範例是建議把它們掛載於
|
||
<filename>/disk<replaceable>n</replaceable></filename> 目錄，
|
||
其中的 <replaceable>n</replaceable> 的數字，
|
||
則依各硬碟的順序而有所變化。 但若您高興，
|
||
也可以把它們掛載於其他地方。</entry>
|
||
</row>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</tgroup>
|
||
</table>
|
||
|
||
<para>完成分割區配置之後，就可以用 <application>sysinstall</application>
|
||
來建立之。 您會看到如下訊息：</para>
|
||
|
||
<screen> Message
|
||
Now, you need to create BSD partitions inside of the fdisk
|
||
partition(s) just created. If you have a reasonable amount of disk
|
||
space (200MB or more) and don't have any special requirements, simply
|
||
use the (A)uto command to allocate space automatically. If you have
|
||
more specific needs or just don't care for the layout chosen by
|
||
(A)uto, press F1 for more information on manual layout.
|
||
|
||
[ OK ]
|
||
[ Press enter or space ]</screen>
|
||
|
||
<para>請按 <keycap>Enter</keycap> 鍵以進入 FreeBSD 分割區編輯器，叫做
|
||
<application>Disklabel</application>。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para><xref linkend="sysinstall-label"> 顯示第一次執行
|
||
<application>Disklabel</application> 的畫面，
|
||
這畫面可區分為三個區塊。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>前幾行顯示的是正在編輯的硬碟，以及目前正在建立的 slice 位於哪個
|
||
分割區上。(在此處，<application>Disklabel</application> 是使用
|
||
<literal>Partition name</literal>(分割區名稱)，而非 slice 名稱)。
|
||
此畫面也會顯示目前 slice 還有多少空間可供使用，
|
||
換句話說就是尚未指定分割區的多餘空間。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>在畫面中間，則顯示已建立的分割區、每個分割區的檔案系統名稱、
|
||
所佔大小，以及一些參數。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>在畫面下方，則顯示 <application>Disklabel</application>
|
||
可用的按鍵。</para>
|
||
|
||
<figure id="sysinstall-label">
|
||
<title>Sysinstall 的 Disklabel 編輯器</title>
|
||
|
||
<mediaobject>
|
||
<imageobject>
|
||
<imagedata fileref="install/disklabel-ed1" format="PNG">
|
||
</imageobject>
|
||
</mediaobject>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<para><application>Disklabel</application> 可自動分配分割區，
|
||
並賦予預設值大小，按 <keycap>A</keycap> 即可自動完成。 您會看到類似
|
||
<xref linkend="sysinstall-label2"> 的畫面。 不過，
|
||
由於所用的硬碟大小不一，所以自動分配所設定的大小不一定合用，不要緊，
|
||
您不一定得使用預設大小才可以。</para>
|
||
|
||
<note>
|
||
<para>預設會給 <filename>/tmp</filename> 目錄作為獨立分割區，
|
||
而非附屬於 <filename>/</filename> 之下。 如此一來，
|
||
可避免 <filename>/</filename> 會被一堆臨時檔案塞爆。</para>
|
||
</note>
|
||
|
||
<figure id="sysinstall-label2">
|
||
<title>Sysinstall 的 Disklabel 編輯器 — 使用自動分配</title>
|
||
|
||
<mediaobject>
|
||
<imageobject>
|
||
<imagedata fileref="install/disklabel-auto" format="PNG">
|
||
</imageobject>
|
||
</mediaobject>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<para>如果您不想用自動分配分割區而希望自行設定，
|
||
請用方向鍵選擇第一個分割區，並按下 <keycap>D</keycap> 刪除之。
|
||
重複此動作直到刪除所有分割區。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>建立第一個分割區(<literal>a</literal>，掛載為
|
||
<filename>/</filename> — 根目錄)，
|
||
請在畫面最上方選擇正確的磁碟分割磁區(slice)並按下
|
||
<keycap>C</keycap>。 接下來將出現對話框，
|
||
會要求輸入新的分割區大小(如 <xref linkend="sysinstall-label-add"> 所示)
|
||
。 這邊可以直接輸入以 block 為單位，
|
||
或者是以 <literal>M</literal>(MB)為單位、
|
||
或以 <literal>G</literal>(GB)為單位，
|
||
或者以 <literal>C</literal>(磁柱，cylinders) 為單位。</para>
|
||
|
||
<note><para>自 FreeBSD 5.X 起，則可使用
|
||
<literal>Custom Newfs</literal> 選項來用 <acronym>UFS2</acronym>
|
||
(從 &os; 5.1 起，此即為預設值)。 若是使用
|
||
<literal>Auto Defaults</literal> 自動預設的情況下，則可以再用
|
||
<literal>Custom Newfs</literal> 選項，或者在建立檔案系統時指定
|
||
<option>-O 2</option> 參數亦可。 若用 <literal>Custom Newfs</literal>
|
||
選項的話，則別忘了要加上 <option>-U</option> 來啟用 SoftUpdates
|
||
功能！ </para></note>
|
||
|
||
<figure id="sysinstall-label-add">
|
||
<title>根目錄的空間分配</title>
|
||
|
||
<mediaobject>
|
||
<imageobject>
|
||
<imagedata fileref="install/disklabel-root1" format="PNG">
|
||
</imageobject>
|
||
</mediaobject>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<para>此處預設顯示的大小，會是整個 slice 的所有空間。
|
||
若要採用先前例子所介紹的劃分大小，則按 <keycap>Backspace</keycap>
|
||
鍵來消除這些數字，並輸入例子中的 <userinput>128M</userinput>，如
|
||
<xref linkend="sysinstall-label-add2"> 所示。
|
||
接著按下 &gui.ok;。</para>
|
||
|
||
<figure id="sysinstall-label-add2">
|
||
<title>修改根目錄的空間分配</title>
|
||
|
||
<mediaobject>
|
||
<imageobject>
|
||
<imagedata fileref="install/disklabel-root2" format="PNG">
|
||
</imageobject>
|
||
</mediaobject>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<para>在輸入之後會問所要建立的是檔案系統(file system)或者是 swap 空間，
|
||
如 <xref linkend="sysinstall-label-type"> 所示。
|
||
第一個選項為檔案系統，所以選擇 <guimenuitem>FS</guimenuitem>
|
||
後按下<keycap>Enter</keycap>。</para>
|
||
|
||
<figure id="sysinstall-label-type">
|
||
<title>選擇分割區的類型</title>
|
||
|
||
<mediaobject>
|
||
<imageobject>
|
||
<imagedata fileref="install/disklabel-fs" format="PNG">
|
||
</imageobject>
|
||
</mediaobject>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<para>最後，因為要新增的是檔案系統，所以必須告訴
|
||
<application>Disklabel</application> 要將其掛載至何處。 如 <xref
|
||
linkend="sysinstall-label-mount"> 所示。 根目錄檔案系統
|
||
的掛載點為 <filename>/</filename>，所以請輸入 <userinput>/</userinput>
|
||
，然後按下 <keycap>Enter</keycap>。</para>
|
||
|
||
<figure id="sysinstall-label-mount">
|
||
<title>選擇根目錄的掛載點</title>
|
||
|
||
<mediaobject>
|
||
<imageobject>
|
||
<imagedata fileref="install/disklabel-root3" format="PNG">
|
||
</imageobject>
|
||
</mediaobject>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<para>剛所建立的分割區會顯示在畫面上，可以用上述類似動作來建立其他分割區。
|
||
然而在建立 swap 分割區時，系統並不會問要掛載於哪邊，因為 swap
|
||
空間是不必額外掛載的。 此外在建立最後分割區 <filename>/usr</filename>
|
||
時，可以直接採用預設大小，也就是該 slice 剩餘的所有空間。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>最後 FreeBSD 上的 DiskLabel 編輯器畫面會類似 <xref
|
||
linkend="sysinstall-label4">，實際數字則依安裝選擇而有所不同。
|
||
請按下 <keycap>Q</keycap> 即可完成分割區規劃。</para>
|
||
|
||
<figure id="sysinstall-label4">
|
||
<title>Sysinstall Disklabel 編輯器</title>
|
||
|
||
<mediaobject>
|
||
<imageobject>
|
||
<imagedata fileref="install/disklabel-ed2" format="PNG">
|
||
</imageobject>
|
||
</mediaobject>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
</sect2>
|
||
</sect1>
|
||
|
||
<sect1 id="install-choosing">
|
||
<title>選擇想要安裝的</title>
|
||
|
||
<sect2 id="distset">
|
||
<title>選擇要安裝的套件集(Distribution Set)</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>要裝哪些套件，主要取決於該系統的用途為何及磁碟空間而定。
|
||
預置的套件，從最小安裝到完整安裝都有。 若是 &unix; 或 FreeBSD
|
||
新手，通常直接選其中之一即可。
|
||
而自訂套件比較適合有經驗的人來用。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>若要瞭解各套件的選項細節資訊，請按 <keycap>F1</keycap> 鍵。
|
||
看完之後按 <keycap>Enter</keycap> 即會回到剛才的套件選擇畫面。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>若需要 GUI 介面，那必需加選 <literal>X</literal>
|
||
開頭的相關套件。 至於 X server 的設定及要用哪一類的桌面管理，必須在
|
||
&os; 裝好之後才能進行。 X server 設定細節部分請參閱 <xref
|
||
linkend="x11">。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>預設安裝的 X11 版本為 <application>&xorg;</application>。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>若需要自訂 kernel，那麼需加選有含 source code 的選項。
|
||
至於為何需自訂 kernel 及相關細節，請參閱
|
||
<xref linkend="kernelconfig">。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>很明顯地，全部都裝就不用困擾需要裝什麼了。 若硬碟夠大，請以方向鍵選
|
||
<xref linkend="distribution-set1"> 圖下的 <guimenuitem>All</guimenuitem>
|
||
選項，並按下 <keycap>Enter</keycap> 即可。
|
||
若硬碟空間不夠，請依自身需求選擇安裝。 當然在安裝完畢後，
|
||
還是可以依需求再加裝其他套件。</para>
|
||
|
||
<figure id="distribution-set1">
|
||
<title>選擇要裝的套件集(Distributions)</title>
|
||
|
||
<mediaobject>
|
||
<imageobject>
|
||
<imagedata fileref="install/dist-set" format="PNG">
|
||
</imageobject>
|
||
</mediaobject>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
</sect2>
|
||
|
||
<sect2 id="portscol">
|
||
<title>安裝 Ports Collection</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>在裝完套件集之後，接著會問是否要裝 FreeBSD Ports 套件。 Ports
|
||
套件可以讓您輕鬆安裝各種常見的軟體，它本身並不含那些軟體的原始碼，
|
||
而是一個包含如何自動下載、編譯、安裝 third-party 軟體的檔案集合。
|
||
<xref linkend="ports"> 會介紹如何使用 ports。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>安裝程式並不會檢查是否有足夠空間來放 ports tree，
|
||
所以請先確認有足夠空間。 目前 FreeBSD &rel.current; 的 FreeBSD
|
||
Ports Collection 大約需要 &ports.size; 的空間。 因此，
|
||
可以推估更新版的 FreeBSD 會需要更多的空間來裝。</para>
|
||
|
||
<screen> User Confirmation Requested
|
||
Would you like to install the FreeBSD ports collection?
|
||
|
||
This will give you ready access to over &os.numports; ported software packages,
|
||
at a cost of around &ports.size; of disk space when "clean" and possibly much
|
||
more than that if a lot of the distribution tarballs are loaded
|
||
(unless you have the extra CDs from a FreeBSD CD/DVD distribution
|
||
available and can mount it on /cdrom, in which case this is far less
|
||
of a problem).
|
||
|
||
The Ports Collection is a very valuable resource and well worth having
|
||
on your /usr partition, so it is advisable to say Yes to this option.
|
||
|
||
For more information on the Ports Collection & the latest ports,
|
||
visit:
|
||
http://www.FreeBSD.org/ports
|
||
|
||
[ Yes ] No</screen>
|
||
|
||
<para>用方向鍵選 &gui.yes; 就會裝 Ports Collection，否則就選
|
||
&gui.no; 以略過。 選好後按 <keycap>Enter</keycap> 繼續，
|
||
然後會再次回到選擇套件集的畫面。</para>
|
||
|
||
<figure id="distribution-set2">
|
||
<title>確認要安裝的套件集</title>
|
||
|
||
<mediaobject>
|
||
<imageobject>
|
||
<imagedata fileref="install/dist-set2" format="PNG">
|
||
</imageobject>
|
||
</mediaobject>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<para>若要勾選的項目都確認沒問題的話，就以方向鍵選
|
||
<guimenuitem>Exit</guimenuitem> 退出並確認 &gui.ok; 有選到，然後按I
|
||
<keycap>Enter</keycap> 繼續。</para>
|
||
|
||
</sect2>
|
||
</sect1>
|
||
|
||
<sect1 id="install-media">
|
||
<title>選擇安裝來源</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>若要從 CDROM 或 DVD 安裝，用方向鍵將游標移到
|
||
<guimenuitem>Install from a FreeBSD CD/DVD</guimenuitem>，並確定
|
||
選 &gui.ok; 後按下 <keycap>Enter</keycap> 就會開始裝了。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>若是要用其他的方式安裝的話，請選擇適當的安裝來源，
|
||
然後遵照螢幕指示進行安裝即可。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>按 <keycap>F1</keycap> 可以顯示針對此部分(安裝來源)的線上說明。
|
||
按一下 <keycap>Enter</keycap> 就會回到『選擇安裝來源』的畫面了。</para>
|
||
|
||
<figure id="choose-media">
|
||
<title>選擇安裝來源</title>
|
||
|
||
<mediaobject>
|
||
<imageobject>
|
||
<imagedata fileref="install/media" format="PNG">
|
||
</imageobject>
|
||
</mediaobject>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<note>
|
||
<title>FTP 安裝模式</title>
|
||
|
||
<indexterm>
|
||
<primary>installation</primary>
|
||
<secondary>network</secondary>
|
||
<tertiary>FTP</tertiary>
|
||
</indexterm>
|
||
|
||
<para>使用 FTP 安裝的話，有分三種模式︰主動式(active)FTP、
|
||
被動式(passive)FTP 或是透過 HTTP proxy server。</para>
|
||
|
||
<variablelist>
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term>主動式 FTP：<guimenuitem>從 FTP server 安裝</guimenuitem></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>該選項會透過 <quote>Active</quote> 模式作 FTP 傳輸動作。
|
||
這會無法穿過防火牆，但可用在那些較古早、不支援被動模式的 FTP
|
||
站。 若 FTP 連線會卡住(預設為被動模式)，
|
||
那請改換主動模式看看！</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term>被動式 FTP：<guimenuitem>透過防火牆，從 FTP server
|
||
安裝</guimenuitem></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<indexterm>
|
||
<primary>FTP</primary>
|
||
<secondary>passive mode</secondary>
|
||
</indexterm>
|
||
|
||
<para>該選項會讓 <application>sysinstall</application> 全程使用
|
||
<quote>Passive(被動式)</quote> 來進行 FTP 連線，
|
||
就可以穿過只允許使用固定 TCP port 連入的防火牆。</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term>透過 HTTP proxy 的 FTP：<guimenuitem>透過 http proxy 來從 FTP
|
||
站安裝</guimenuitem></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<indexterm>
|
||
<primary>FTP</primary>
|
||
<secondary>via a HTTP proxy</secondary>
|
||
</indexterm>
|
||
|
||
<para>該選項會讓 <application>sysinstall</application> 的 FTP 連線，
|
||
先透過 HTTP 協定(就像網頁瀏覽器一樣)連到 proxy server，而 proxy
|
||
server 會解譯送過來的的請求，然後轉送給 FTP server。
|
||
這可以穿透只允許 HTTP 連線但不允許 FTP 連線的防火牆。
|
||
但記得要用之時，必須指定 proxy server 的位址。</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
</variablelist>
|
||
|
||
<para>對 proxy FTP server 而言，通常要在登入用的帳號名稱後面，
|
||
加上 <quote>@</quote> 符號再加上要登入的 server 名稱。 然後，
|
||
proxy server 就會 <quote>fakes(偽裝)</quote> 為真的 server 樣子。
|
||
舉個例子，若要到 <hostid role="fqdn">ftp.FreeBSD.org</hostid> 來裝，
|
||
但中間透過 proxy FTP server 也就是
|
||
<hostid role="fqdn">foo.example.com</hostid> 並且使用 port 1234。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>在此情況下，可以到 options 選單，將 FTP username 設為
|
||
<literal>ftp@ftp.FreeBSD.org</literal>，密碼則設為自己的 email 信箱。
|
||
安裝來源部分，則使用 FTP (或 proxy 有支援的話，就用 passive FTP)，
|
||
而 URL 則用
|
||
<literal>ftp://foo.example.com:1234/pub/FreeBSD</literal>。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>因為 <hostid role="fqdn">ftp.FreeBSD.org</hostid> 的
|
||
<filename>/pub/FreeBSD</filename> 會被 porxy 到
|
||
<hostid role="fqdn">foo.example.com</hostid>，所以就可以從
|
||
<hostid role="fqdn">foo.example.com</hostid> <emphasis>這台</emphasis>
|
||
機器(這台會從 <hostid role="fqdn">ftp.FreeBSD.org</hostid> 抓檔回來給您)
|
||
安裝。</para>
|
||
</note>
|
||
</sect1>
|
||
|
||
<sect1 id="install-final-warning">
|
||
<title>開始進行安裝</title>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<para>到此為止，可以開始進行安裝了，
|
||
這也是您避免更動到硬碟的最後機會。</para>
|
||
|
||
<screen> User Confirmation Requested
|
||
Last Chance! Are you SURE you want to continue the installation?
|
||
|
||
If you're running this on a disk with data you wish to save then WE
|
||
STRONGLY ENCOURAGE YOU TO MAKE PROPER BACKUPS before proceeding!
|
||
|
||
We can take no responsibility for lost disk contents!
|
||
|
||
[ Yes ] No</screen>
|
||
|
||
<para>選擇 &gui.yes; 並按下
|
||
<keycap>Enter</keycap>以確認真的要開始安裝</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>安裝所需時間會依據所選擇安裝的套件集(distribution)
|
||
、安裝來源以及電腦速度而有所不同。
|
||
在安裝的過程中，會有一些訊息顯示目前的安裝進度。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>當您看到下面的訊息表示已經安裝完成了︰</para>
|
||
|
||
<screen> Message
|
||
|
||
Congratulations! You now have FreeBSD installed on your system.
|
||
|
||
We will now move on to the final configuration questions.
|
||
For any option you do not wish to configure, simply select No.
|
||
|
||
If you wish to re-enter this utility after the system is up, you may
|
||
do so by typing: /usr/sbin/sysinstall.
|
||
|
||
[ OK ]
|
||
|
||
[ Press enter or space ]</screen>
|
||
|
||
<para>請按 <keycap>Enter</keycap> 鍵來進行相關的後續設定。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>如果剛選的是 &gui.no; 並按下
|
||
<keycap>Enter</keycap> 鍵，那麼會中斷安裝(就不會動到你的原有系統)。
|
||
接著，會出現以下訊息：</para>
|
||
|
||
<screen> Message
|
||
Installation complete with some errors. You may wish to scroll
|
||
through the debugging messages on VTY1 with the scroll-lock feature.
|
||
You can also choose "No" at the next prompt and go back into the
|
||
installation menus to retry whichever operations have failed.
|
||
|
||
[ OK ]</screen>
|
||
|
||
<para>這段訊息乃是因為都沒裝任何東西之故，請按 <keycap>Enter</keycap> 以跳回主畫面。</para>
|
||
</sect1>
|
||
|
||
<sect1 id="install-post">
|
||
<title>後續安裝</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>安裝系統成功之後，可以在新裝好的 FreeBSD
|
||
重開機之前，或者是事後再透過 <command>sysinstall</command>
|
||
(&os; 5.2 之前版本則是 <command>/stand/sysinstall</command>) 然後選擇
|
||
<guimenuitem>Configure</guimenuitem> 選項以進行後續設定。</para>
|
||
|
||
<sect2 id="inst-network-dev">
|
||
<title>設定網路</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>如果您之前有設定用 PPP 連線透過 FTP 安裝，那麼這個畫面將不會出現；
|
||
正如上面剛所說的，您可以稍後再做更改。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>有關 LAN 或把 FreeBSD 設定為 gateway 或 router 請參閱使用手冊中有關
|
||
<link linkend="advanced-networking">網路進階運用</link> 的章節。</para>
|
||
|
||
<screen> User Confirmation Requested
|
||
Would you like to configure any Ethernet or SLIP/PPP network devices?
|
||
|
||
[ Yes ] No</screen>
|
||
|
||
<para>如果要設定網路卡，請選擇 &gui.yes; 然後按 <keycap>Enter</keycap>。
|
||
否則請選 &gui.no; 以繼續。</para>
|
||
|
||
<figure id="ed-config1">
|
||
<title>選擇網路卡</title>
|
||
|
||
<mediaobject>
|
||
<imageobject>
|
||
<imagedata fileref="install/ed0-conf" format="PNG">
|
||
</imageobject>
|
||
</mediaobject>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<para>用方向鍵選擇您要設定的網路卡，然後按 <keycap>Enter</keycap>。</para>
|
||
|
||
<screen> User Confirmation Requested
|
||
Do you want to try IPv6 configuration of the interface?
|
||
|
||
Yes [ No ]</screen>
|
||
|
||
<para>在私人區域網路的情況，由於目前的 Internet 協定
|
||
(<acronym>IPv4</acronym>)還算夠用，
|
||
所以請選 &gui.no; 不設定 <acronym>IPv6</acronym>，然後按
|
||
<keycap>Enter</keycap>。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>若是透過 <acronym>RA</acronym> server 連到既有的
|
||
<acronym>IPv6</acronym> 環境，那麼就選 &gui.yes; 並按
|
||
<keycap>Enter</keycap>，之後系統會花幾秒鐘去搜尋 RA server。</para>
|
||
|
||
<screen> User Confirmation Requested
|
||
Do you want to try DHCP configuration of the interface?
|
||
|
||
Yes [ No ]</screen>
|
||
|
||
<para>接下來，若不需要 DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)請選
|
||
&gui.no; 並按<keycap>Enter</keycap>。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>選擇 &gui.yes; 的話，則會執行
|
||
<application>dhclient</application>，若成功要到 IP，
|
||
則其會自動填上相關的環境設定，細節請參閱 <xref
|
||
linkend="network-dhcp">。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>下面的網路設定圖顯示如何在區域網路(LAN)中，
|
||
將該機器設定為 gateway 的方式：</para>
|
||
|
||
<figure id="ed-config2">
|
||
<title>設定 ed0 這張網路卡的網路設定</title>
|
||
|
||
<mediaobject>
|
||
<imageobject>
|
||
<imagedata fileref="install/ed0-conf2" format="PNG">
|
||
</imageobject>
|
||
</mediaobject>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<para>可用 <keycap>Tab</keycap> 鍵在各欄位間作切換，
|
||
並填上適合的資料：</para>
|
||
|
||
<variablelist>
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term>Host(機器名稱)</term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>完整的機器名稱，例如本例中的
|
||
<hostid role="fqdn">k6-2.example.com</hostid>。</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term>Domain(網域)</term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>機器所屬的網域名稱，例如本例中的
|
||
<hostid role="domainname">example.com</hostid>。</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term>IPv4 Gateway</term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>這裡請輸入 Gateway 的 IP 位址，其可負責將封包轉遞到遠端網路。
|
||
只有在該 gateway 屬於該網路其中節點之一時，才要輸入。
|
||
若這機器本身要做為該區域網路的 gateway 的話，
|
||
<emphasis>請保持本欄為空白</emphasis>。 此外，
|
||
通常 IPv4 Gateway 也會被認為是 default gateway 或
|
||
default route。</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term>Name server(Name server 或 DNS server)</term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>該網路所用的 DNS server 之 IP。 本例假設該機器所在的網路沒有
|
||
DNS，故填上的是該 ISP 所提供的 DNS server
|
||
(<hostid role="ipaddr">208.163.10.2</hostid>)。</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term>IPv4 address</term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>The IP address to be used for this interface was
|
||
<hostid role="ipaddr">192.168.0.1</hostid></para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term>Netmask</term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>The address block being used for this local area
|
||
network is a Class C block
|
||
(<hostid role="ipaddr">192.168.0.0</hostid> -
|
||
<hostid role="ipaddr">192.168.0.255</hostid>).
|
||
The default netmask is for a Class C network
|
||
(<hostid role="netmask">255.255.255.0</hostid>).</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term>Extra options to ifconfig</term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>Any interface-specific options to <command>ifconfig</command>
|
||
you would like to add. There were none in this case.</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
</variablelist>
|
||
|
||
<para>Use <keycap>Tab</keycap> to select &gui.ok;
|
||
when finished and press <keycap>Enter</keycap>.</para>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<screen> User Confirmation Requested
|
||
Would you like to Bring Up the ed0 interface right now?
|
||
|
||
[ Yes ] No</screen>
|
||
|
||
<para>Choosing &gui.yes; and pressing
|
||
<keycap>Enter</keycap> will bring
|
||
the machine up on the network and be ready for use. However,
|
||
this does not accomplish much during installation, since
|
||
the machine still needs to be rebooted.</para>
|
||
</sect2>
|
||
|
||
<sect2 id="gateway">
|
||
<title>Configure Gateway</title>
|
||
|
||
<screen> User Confirmation Requested
|
||
Do you want this machine to function as a network gateway?
|
||
|
||
[ Yes ] No</screen>
|
||
|
||
<para>If the machine will be acting as the gateway for a local area
|
||
network and forwarding packets between other machines then select
|
||
&gui.yes; and press <keycap>Enter</keycap>.
|
||
If the machine is a node on a network then
|
||
select &gui.no; and press
|
||
<keycap>Enter</keycap> to continue.</para>
|
||
</sect2>
|
||
|
||
<sect2 id="inetd-services">
|
||
<title>Configure Internet Services</title>
|
||
|
||
<screen> User Confirmation Requested
|
||
Do you want to configure inetd and the network services that it provides?
|
||
|
||
Yes [ No ]</screen>
|
||
|
||
<para>If &gui.no; is selected, various services
|
||
such <application>telnetd</application> will not be enabled. This
|
||
means that remote users will not be able to
|
||
<application>telnet</application> into this machine. Local users
|
||
will still be able to access remote machines with
|
||
<application>telnet</application>.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>These services can be enabled after installation by editing
|
||
<filename>/etc/inetd.conf</filename> with your favorite text editor.
|
||
See <xref linkend="network-inetd-overview"> for more information.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Select &gui.yes; if you wish to
|
||
configure these services during install. An additional
|
||
confirmation will display:</para>
|
||
|
||
<screen> User Confirmation Requested
|
||
The Internet Super Server (inetd) allows a number of simple Internet
|
||
services to be enabled, including finger, ftp and telnetd. Enabling
|
||
these services may increase risk of security problems by increasing
|
||
the exposure of your system.
|
||
|
||
With this in mind, do you wish to enable inetd?
|
||
|
||
[ Yes ] No</screen>
|
||
|
||
<para>Select &gui.yes; to continue.</para>
|
||
|
||
<screen> User Confirmation Requested
|
||
inetd(8) relies on its configuration file, /etc/inetd.conf, to determine
|
||
which of its Internet services will be available. The default FreeBSD
|
||
inetd.conf(5) leaves all services disabled by default, so they must be
|
||
specifically enabled in the configuration file before they will
|
||
function, even once inetd(8) is enabled. Note that services for
|
||
IPv6 must be separately enabled from IPv4 services.
|
||
|
||
Select [Yes] now to invoke an editor on /etc/inetd.conf, or [No] to
|
||
use the current settings.
|
||
|
||
[ Yes ] No</screen>
|
||
|
||
<para>Selecting &gui.yes; will allow adding
|
||
services by deleting the <literal>#</literal> at the beginning
|
||
of a line.</para>
|
||
|
||
<figure id="inetd-edit">
|
||
<title>Editing <filename>inetd.conf</filename></title>
|
||
|
||
<mediaobject>
|
||
<imageobject>
|
||
<imagedata fileref="install/edit-inetd-conf" format="PNG">
|
||
</imageobject>
|
||
</mediaobject>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<para>After adding the desired services, pressing <keycap>Esc</keycap>
|
||
will display a menu which will allow exiting and saving
|
||
the changes.</para>
|
||
|
||
</sect2>
|
||
|
||
<sect2 id="ssh-login">
|
||
<title>啟用 SSH 登入</title>
|
||
|
||
<indexterm>
|
||
<primary>SSH</primary>
|
||
<secondary>sshd</secondary>
|
||
</indexterm>
|
||
|
||
<screen> User Confirmation Requested
|
||
Would you like to enable SSH login?
|
||
Yes [ No ]</screen>
|
||
|
||
<para>選擇 &gui.yes; 就會啟用 &man.sshd.8;，也就是
|
||
<application>OpenSSH</application> 的 daemon 程式。
|
||
這會允許該機器可從遠端安全登入。 關於
|
||
<application>OpenSSH</application> 請參閱 <xref
|
||
linkend="openssh"> 部分的說明。</para>
|
||
</sect2>
|
||
|
||
<sect2 id="ftpanon">
|
||
<title>Anonymous FTP</title>
|
||
|
||
<indexterm>
|
||
<primary>FTP</primary>
|
||
<secondary>anonymous</secondary>
|
||
</indexterm>
|
||
|
||
<screen> User Confirmation Requested
|
||
Do you want to have anonymous FTP access to this machine?
|
||
|
||
Yes [ No ]</screen>
|
||
|
||
<sect3 id="deny-anon">
|
||
<title>Deny Anonymous FTP</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>Selecting the default &gui.no; and pressing
|
||
<keycap>Enter</keycap> will still allow users who have accounts
|
||
with passwords to use FTP to access the machine.</para>
|
||
</sect3>
|
||
|
||
<sect3 id="ftpallow">
|
||
<title>Allow Anonymous FTP</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>Anyone can access your machine if you elect to allow
|
||
anonymous FTP connections. The security implications should be
|
||
considered before enabling this option. For more information
|
||
about security see <xref linkend="security">.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>To allow anonymous FTP, use the arrow keys to select
|
||
&gui.yes; and press <keycap>Enter</keycap>.
|
||
The following screen (or similar) will display:</para>
|
||
|
||
<figure id="anon-ftp2">
|
||
<title>Default Anonymous FTP Configuration</title>
|
||
|
||
<mediaobject>
|
||
<imageobject>
|
||
<imagedata fileref="install/ftp-anon1" format="PNG">
|
||
</imageobject>
|
||
</mediaobject>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<para>Pressing <keycap>F1</keycap> will display the help:</para>
|
||
|
||
<screen>This screen allows you to configure the anonymous FTP user.
|
||
|
||
The following configuration values are editable:
|
||
|
||
UID: The user ID you wish to assign to the anonymous FTP user.
|
||
All files uploaded will be owned by this ID.
|
||
|
||
Group: Which group you wish the anonymous FTP user to be in.
|
||
|
||
Comment: String describing this user in /etc/passwd
|
||
|
||
|
||
FTP Root Directory:
|
||
|
||
Where files available for anonymous FTP will be kept.
|
||
|
||
Upload subdirectory:
|
||
|
||
Where files uploaded by anonymous FTP users will go.</screen>
|
||
|
||
<para>The ftp root directory will be put in <filename>/var</filename>
|
||
by default. If you do not have enough room there for the
|
||
anticipated FTP needs, the <filename>/usr</filename> directory
|
||
could be used by setting the FTP Root Directory to
|
||
<filename>/usr/ftp</filename>.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>When you are satisfied with the values, press
|
||
<keycap>Enter</keycap> to continue.</para>
|
||
|
||
<screen> User Confirmation Requested
|
||
Create a welcome message file for anonymous FTP users?
|
||
|
||
[ Yes ] No</screen>
|
||
|
||
<para>If you select &gui.yes; and press
|
||
<keycap>Enter</keycap>, an editor will automatically start
|
||
allowing you to edit the message.</para>
|
||
|
||
<figure id="anon-ftp4">
|
||
<title>Edit the FTP Welcome Message</title>
|
||
|
||
<mediaobject>
|
||
<imageobject>
|
||
<imagedata fileref="install/ftp-anon2" format="PNG">
|
||
</imageobject>
|
||
</mediaobject>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<para>This is a text editor called <command>ee</command>. Use the
|
||
instructions to change the message or change the message later
|
||
using a text editor of your choice. Note the file name/location
|
||
at the bottom of the editor screen.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Press <keycap>Esc</keycap> and a pop-up menu will default
|
||
to <guimenuitem>a) leave editor</guimenuitem>. Press
|
||
<keycap>Enter</keycap> to exit and continue. Press
|
||
<keycap>Enter</keycap> again to save changes if you made
|
||
any.</para>
|
||
</sect3>
|
||
</sect2>
|
||
|
||
<sect2 id="nfsconf">
|
||
<title>Configure Network File System</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>Network File System (NFS) allows sharing of files across a
|
||
network. A machine can be configured as a server, a client, or
|
||
both. Refer to <xref linkend="network-nfs"> for a more information.</para>
|
||
|
||
<sect3 id="nsf-server-options">
|
||
<title>NFS Server</title>
|
||
|
||
<screen> User Confirmation Requested
|
||
Do you want to configure this machine as an NFS server?
|
||
|
||
Yes [ No ]</screen>
|
||
|
||
<para>If there is no need for a Network File System server,
|
||
select &gui.no; and press
|
||
<keycap>Enter</keycap>.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>If &gui.yes; is chosen, a message will
|
||
pop-up indicating that the <filename>exports</filename> file must be
|
||
created.</para>
|
||
|
||
<screen> Message
|
||
Operating as an NFS server means that you must first configure an
|
||
/etc/exports file to indicate which hosts are allowed certain kinds of
|
||
access to your local filesystems.
|
||
Press [Enter] now to invoke an editor on /etc/exports
|
||
[ OK ]</screen>
|
||
|
||
<para>Press <keycap>Enter</keycap> to continue. A text editor will
|
||
start allowing the <filename>exports</filename> file to be created
|
||
and edited.</para>
|
||
|
||
<figure id="nfs-server-edit">
|
||
<title>Editing <filename>exports</filename></title>
|
||
|
||
<mediaobject>
|
||
<imageobject>
|
||
<imagedata fileref="install/nfs-server-edit" format="PNG">
|
||
</imageobject>
|
||
</mediaobject>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<para>Use the instructions to add the actual exported filesystems
|
||
now or later using a text editor of your choice. Note the
|
||
file name/location at the bottom of the editor screen.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Press <keycap>Esc</keycap> and a pop-up menu will default to
|
||
<guimenuitem>a) leave editor</guimenuitem>. Press
|
||
<keycap>Enter</keycap> to exit and continue.</para>
|
||
</sect3>
|
||
|
||
<sect3 id="nfs-client-options">
|
||
<title>NFS Client</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>The NFS client allows your machine to access NFS servers.</para>
|
||
|
||
<screen> User Confirmation Requested
|
||
Do you want to configure this machine as an NFS client?
|
||
|
||
Yes [ No ]</screen>
|
||
|
||
<para>With the arrow keys, select &gui.yes;
|
||
or &gui.no; as appropriate and
|
||
press <keycap>Enter</keycap>.</para>
|
||
</sect3>
|
||
</sect2>
|
||
|
||
<sect2 id="console">
|
||
<title>System Console Settings</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>There are several options available to customize the system
|
||
console.</para>
|
||
|
||
<screen> User Confirmation Requested
|
||
Would you like to customize your system console settings?
|
||
|
||
[ Yes ] No</screen>
|
||
|
||
<para>To view and configure the options, select
|
||
&gui.yes; and press
|
||
<keycap>Enter</keycap>.</para>
|
||
|
||
<figure id="saver-options">
|
||
<title>System Console Configuration Options</title>
|
||
|
||
<mediaobject>
|
||
<imageobject>
|
||
<imagedata fileref="install/console-saver1" format="PNG">
|
||
</imageobject>
|
||
</mediaobject>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<para>A commonly used option is the screen saver. Use the arrow keys
|
||
to select <guimenuitem>Saver</guimenuitem> and then press
|
||
<keycap>Enter</keycap>.</para>
|
||
|
||
<figure id="saver-select">
|
||
<title>Screen Saver Options</title>
|
||
|
||
<mediaobject>
|
||
<imageobject>
|
||
<imagedata fileref="install/console-saver2" format="PNG">
|
||
</imageobject>
|
||
</mediaobject>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<para>Select the desired screen saver using the arrow keys
|
||
and then press <keycap>Enter</keycap>. The System Console
|
||
Configuration menu will redisplay.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>The default time interval is 300 seconds. To change the time
|
||
interval, select <guimenuitem>Saver</guimenuitem> again. At the
|
||
Screen Saver Options menu, select <guimenuitem>Timeout</guimenuitem>
|
||
using the arrow keys and press <keycap>Enter</keycap>. A pop-up
|
||
menu will appear:</para>
|
||
|
||
<figure id="saver-timeout">
|
||
<title>Screen Saver Timeout</title>
|
||
|
||
<mediaobject>
|
||
<imageobject>
|
||
<imagedata fileref="install/console-saver3" format="PNG">
|
||
</imageobject>
|
||
</mediaobject>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<para>The value can be changed, then select &gui.ok;
|
||
and press <keycap>Enter</keycap> to return to the System Console
|
||
Configuration menu.</para>
|
||
|
||
<figure id="saver-exit">
|
||
<title>System Console Configuration Exit</title>
|
||
|
||
<mediaobject>
|
||
<imageobject>
|
||
<imagedata fileref="install/console-saver4" format="PNG">
|
||
</imageobject>
|
||
</mediaobject>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<para>Selecting <guimenuitem>Exit</guimenuitem> and pressing
|
||
<keycap>Enter</keycap> will continue with the post-installation
|
||
configurations.</para>
|
||
</sect2>
|
||
|
||
<sect2 id="timezone">
|
||
<title>Setting the Time Zone</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>Setting the time zone for your machine will allow it to
|
||
automatically correct for any regional time changes and perform
|
||
other time zone related functions properly.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>The example shown is for a machine located in the Eastern
|
||
time zone of the United States. Your selections will vary according
|
||
to your geographical location.</para>
|
||
|
||
<screen> User Confirmation Requested
|
||
Would you like to set this machine's time zone now?
|
||
|
||
[ Yes ] No</screen>
|
||
|
||
<para>Select &gui.yes; and press
|
||
<keycap>Enter</keycap> to set the time zone.</para>
|
||
|
||
<screen> User Confirmation Requested
|
||
Is this machine's CMOS clock set to UTC? If it is set to local time
|
||
or you don't know, please choose NO here!
|
||
|
||
Yes [ No ]</screen>
|
||
|
||
<para>Select &gui.yes;
|
||
or &gui.no; according to how the machine's
|
||
clock is configured and press <keycap>Enter</keycap>.</para>
|
||
|
||
<figure id="set-timezone-region">
|
||
<title>Select Your Region</title>
|
||
|
||
<mediaobject>
|
||
<imageobject>
|
||
<imagedata fileref="install/timezone1" format="PNG">
|
||
</imageobject>
|
||
</mediaobject>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<para>The appropriate region is selected using the arrow keys
|
||
and then pressing <keycap>Enter</keycap>.</para>
|
||
|
||
<figure id="set-timezone-country">
|
||
<title>Select Your Country</title>
|
||
|
||
<mediaobject>
|
||
<imageobject>
|
||
<imagedata fileref="install/timezone2" format="PNG">
|
||
</imageobject>
|
||
</mediaobject>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<para>Select the appropriate country using the arrow keys
|
||
and press <keycap>Enter</keycap>.</para>
|
||
|
||
<figure id="set-timezone-locality">
|
||
<title>Select Your Time Zone</title>
|
||
|
||
<mediaobject>
|
||
<imageobject>
|
||
<imagedata fileref="install/timezone3" format="PNG">
|
||
</imageobject>
|
||
</mediaobject>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<para>The appropriate time zone is selected using the arrow
|
||
keys and pressing <keycap>Enter</keycap>.</para>
|
||
|
||
<screen> Confirmation
|
||
Does the abbreviation 'EDT' look reasonable?
|
||
|
||
[ Yes ] No</screen>
|
||
|
||
<para>Confirm the abbreviation for the time zone is correct.
|
||
If it looks okay, press <keycap>Enter</keycap> to continue with
|
||
the post-installation configuration.</para>
|
||
</sect2>
|
||
|
||
<sect2 id="linuxcomp">
|
||
<title>Linux Compatibility</title>
|
||
|
||
<screen> User Confirmation Requested
|
||
Would you like to enable Linux binary compatibility?
|
||
|
||
[ Yes ] No</screen>
|
||
|
||
<para>Selecting &gui.yes; and pressing
|
||
<keycap>Enter</keycap> will allow
|
||
running Linux software on FreeBSD. The install will add
|
||
the appropriate packages for Linux compatibility.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>If installing by FTP, the machine will need to be connected to
|
||
the Internet. Sometimes a remote ftp site will not have all the
|
||
distributions like the Linux binary compatibility. This can
|
||
be installed later if necessary.</para>
|
||
</sect2>
|
||
|
||
<sect2 id="mouse">
|
||
<title>Mouse Settings</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>This option will allow you to cut and paste text in the
|
||
console and user programs with a 3-button mouse. If using a 2-button
|
||
mouse, refer to manual page, &man.moused.8;, after installation for
|
||
details on emulating the 3-button style. This example depicts a
|
||
non-USB mouse configuration (such as a PS/2 or COM port mouse):</para>
|
||
|
||
<screen> User Confirmation Requested
|
||
Does this system have a PS/2, serial, or bus mouse?
|
||
|
||
[ Yes ] No </screen>
|
||
|
||
<para>Select &gui.yes; for a PS/2, serial, or bus mouse, or
|
||
&gui.no; for a USB mouse and press
|
||
<keycap>Enter</keycap>.</para>
|
||
|
||
<figure id="mouse-protocol">
|
||
<title>Select Mouse Protocol Type</title>
|
||
|
||
<mediaobject>
|
||
<imageobject>
|
||
<imagedata fileref="install/mouse1" format="PNG">
|
||
</imageobject>
|
||
</mediaobject>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<para>Use the arrow keys to select <guimenuitem>Type</guimenuitem> and
|
||
press <keycap>Enter</keycap>.</para>
|
||
|
||
<figure id="set-mouse-protocol">
|
||
<title>Set Mouse Protocol</title>
|
||
|
||
<mediaobject>
|
||
<imageobject>
|
||
<imagedata fileref="install/mouse2" format="PNG">
|
||
</imageobject>
|
||
</mediaobject>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<para>The mouse used in this example is a PS/2 type, so the default
|
||
<guimenuitem>Auto</guimenuitem> was appropriate. To change protocol,
|
||
use the arrow keys to select another option. Ensure that &gui.ok; is
|
||
highlighted and press <keycap>Enter</keycap> to exit this menu.</para>
|
||
|
||
<figure id="config-mouse-port">
|
||
<title>Configure Mouse Port</title>
|
||
|
||
<mediaobject>
|
||
<imageobject>
|
||
<imagedata fileref="install/mouse3" format="PNG">
|
||
</imageobject>
|
||
</mediaobject>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<para>Use the arrow keys to select <guimenuitem>Port</guimenuitem> and
|
||
press <keycap>Enter</keycap>.</para>
|
||
|
||
<figure id="set-mouse-port">
|
||
<title>Setting the Mouse Port</title>
|
||
|
||
<mediaobject>
|
||
<imageobject>
|
||
<imagedata fileref="install/mouse4" format="PNG">
|
||
</imageobject>
|
||
</mediaobject>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<para>This system had a PS/2 mouse, so the default
|
||
<guimenuitem>PS/2</guimenuitem> was appropriate. To change the port,
|
||
use the arrow keys and then press <keycap>Enter</keycap>.</para>
|
||
|
||
<figure id="test-daemon">
|
||
<title>Enable the Mouse Daemon</title>
|
||
|
||
<mediaobject>
|
||
<imageobject>
|
||
<imagedata fileref="install/mouse5" format="PNG">
|
||
</imageobject>
|
||
</mediaobject>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<para>Last, use the arrow keys to select
|
||
<guimenuitem>Enable</guimenuitem>, and press
|
||
<keycap>Enter</keycap> to enable and test the mouse
|
||
daemon.</para>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<figure id="test-mouse-daemon">
|
||
<title>Test the Mouse Daemon</title>
|
||
|
||
<mediaobject>
|
||
<imageobject>
|
||
<imagedata fileref="install/mouse6" format="PNG">
|
||
</imageobject>
|
||
</mediaobject>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<para>Move the mouse around the screen and verify the cursor
|
||
shown responds properly. If it does, select
|
||
&gui.yes; and press <keycap>Enter</keycap>. If
|
||
not, the mouse has not been configured correctly — select
|
||
&gui.no; and try using different configuration
|
||
options.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Select <guimenuitem>Exit</guimenuitem> with the arrow keys
|
||
and press <keycap>Enter</keycap> to return to continue with the
|
||
post-installation configuration.</para>
|
||
</sect2>
|
||
|
||
<sect2 id="packages">
|
||
<title>Install Packages</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>Packages are pre-compiled binaries and are a convenient
|
||
way to install software.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Installation of one package is shown for purposes of
|
||
illustration. Additional packages can also be added at this
|
||
time if desired. After installation
|
||
<command>sysinstall</command> can be used to add additional
|
||
packages.</para>
|
||
|
||
<screen> User Confirmation Requested
|
||
The FreeBSD package collection is a collection of hundreds of
|
||
ready-to-run applications, from text editors to games to WEB servers
|
||
and more. Would you like to browse the collection now?
|
||
|
||
[ Yes ] No</screen>
|
||
|
||
<para>Selecting &gui.yes; and pressing
|
||
<keycap>Enter</keycap> will be
|
||
followed by the Package Selection screens:</para>
|
||
|
||
<figure id="package-category">
|
||
<title>Select Package Category</title>
|
||
|
||
<mediaobject>
|
||
<imageobject>
|
||
<imagedata fileref="install/pkg-cat" format="PNG">
|
||
</imageobject>
|
||
</mediaobject>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<para>Only packages on the current installation media are
|
||
available for installation at any given time.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>All packages available will be displayed if
|
||
<guimenuitem>All</guimenuitem> is selected or you can select a
|
||
particular category. Highlight your selection with the arrow
|
||
keys and press <keycap>Enter</keycap>.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>A menu will display showing all the packages available for
|
||
the selection made:</para>
|
||
|
||
<figure id="package-select">
|
||
<title>Select Packages</title>
|
||
|
||
<mediaobject>
|
||
<imageobject>
|
||
<imagedata fileref="install/pkg-sel" format="PNG">
|
||
</imageobject>
|
||
</mediaobject>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<para>The <application>bash</application> shell is shown selected.
|
||
Select as many as desired by highlighting the package and pressing the
|
||
<keycap>Space</keycap> key. A short description of each package will
|
||
appear in the lower left corner of the screen.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Pressing the <keycap>Tab</keycap> key will toggle between the last
|
||
selected package, &gui.ok;, and &gui.cancel;.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>When you have finished marking the packages for installation,
|
||
press <keycap>Tab</keycap> once to toggle to the &gui.ok; and press
|
||
<keycap>Enter</keycap> to return to the Package Selection menu.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>The left and right arrow keys will also toggle between &gui.ok;
|
||
and &gui.cancel;. This method can also be used to select &gui.ok; and
|
||
press <keycap>Enter</keycap> to return to the Package Selection
|
||
menu.</para>
|
||
|
||
<figure id="package-install">
|
||
<title>Install Packages</title>
|
||
|
||
<mediaobject>
|
||
<imageobject>
|
||
<imagedata fileref="install/pkg-install" format="PNG">
|
||
</imageobject>
|
||
</mediaobject>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<para>Use the <keycap>Tab</keycap> and arrow keys to select <guibutton>[ Install ]</guibutton>
|
||
and press <keycap>Enter</keycap>. You will then need to confirm
|
||
that you want to install the packages:</para>
|
||
|
||
<figure id="package-install-confirm">
|
||
<title>Confirm Package Installation</title>
|
||
|
||
<mediaobject>
|
||
<imageobject>
|
||
<imagedata fileref="install/pkg-confirm" format="PNG">
|
||
</imageobject>
|
||
</mediaobject>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<para>Selecting &gui.ok; and pressing <keycap>Enter</keycap> will start
|
||
the package installation. Installing messages will appear until
|
||
completed. Make note if there are any error messages.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>The final configuration continues after packages are
|
||
installed. If you end up not selecting any packages, and wish
|
||
to return to the final configuration, select
|
||
<guibutton>Install</guibutton> anyways.</para>
|
||
</sect2>
|
||
|
||
<sect2 id="addusers">
|
||
<title>Add Users/Groups</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>You should add at least one user during the installation so
|
||
that you can use the system without being logged in as
|
||
<username>root</username>. The root partition is generally small
|
||
and running applications as <username>root</username> can quickly
|
||
fill it. A bigger danger is noted below:</para>
|
||
|
||
<screen> User Confirmation Requested
|
||
Would you like to add any initial user accounts to the system? Adding
|
||
at least one account for yourself at this stage is suggested since
|
||
working as the "root" user is dangerous (it is easy to do things which
|
||
adversely affect the entire system).
|
||
|
||
[ Yes ] No</screen>
|
||
|
||
<para>Select &gui.yes; and press
|
||
<keycap>Enter</keycap> to continue with adding a user.</para>
|
||
|
||
<figure id="add-user2">
|
||
<title>Select User</title>
|
||
|
||
<mediaobject>
|
||
<imageobject>
|
||
<imagedata fileref="install/adduser1" format="PNG">
|
||
</imageobject>
|
||
</mediaobject>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<para>Select <guimenuitem>User</guimenuitem> with the arrow keys
|
||
and press <keycap>Enter</keycap>.</para>
|
||
|
||
<figure id="add-user3">
|
||
<title>Add User Information</title>
|
||
|
||
<mediaobject>
|
||
<imageobject>
|
||
<imagedata fileref="install/adduser2" format="PNG">
|
||
</imageobject>
|
||
</mediaobject>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<para>The following descriptions will appear in the lower part of
|
||
the screen as the items are selected with <keycap>Tab</keycap>
|
||
to assist with entering the required information:</para>
|
||
|
||
<variablelist>
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term>Login ID</term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>The login name of the new user (mandatory).</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term>UID</term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>The numerical ID for this user (leave blank for
|
||
automatic choice).</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term>Group</term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>The login group name for this user (leave blank for
|
||
automatic choice).</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term>Password</term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>The password for this user (enter this field with
|
||
care!).</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term>Full name</term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>The user's full name (comment).</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term>Member groups</term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>The groups this user belongs to (i.e. gets access
|
||
rights for).</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term>Home directory</term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>The user's home directory (leave blank for
|
||
default).</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term>Login shell</term>
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>The user's login shell (leave blank for
|
||
default, e.g. <filename>/bin/sh</filename>).</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
</variablelist>
|
||
|
||
<para>The login shell was changed from <filename>/bin/sh</filename> to
|
||
<filename>/usr/local/bin/bash</filename> to use the
|
||
<application>bash</application> shell that was previously installed as
|
||
a package. Do not try to use a shell that does not exist or you will
|
||
not be able to login. The most common shell used in the
|
||
BSD-world is the C shell, which can be indicated as
|
||
<filename>/bin/tcsh</filename>.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>The user was also added to the <groupname>wheel</groupname> group
|
||
to be able to become a superuser with <username>root</username>
|
||
privileges.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>When you are satisfied, press &gui.ok; and
|
||
the User and Group Management menu will redisplay:</para>
|
||
|
||
<figure id="add-user4">
|
||
<title>Exit User and Group Management</title>
|
||
|
||
<mediaobject>
|
||
<imageobject>
|
||
<imagedata fileref="install/adduser3" format="PNG">
|
||
</imageobject>
|
||
</mediaobject>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<para>Groups can also be added at this time if specific needs
|
||
are known. Otherwise, this may be accessed through using
|
||
<command>sysinstall</command> (<command>/stand/sysinstall</command>
|
||
in &os; versions older than 5.2) after installation is
|
||
completed.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>When you are finished adding users, select
|
||
<guimenuitem>Exit</guimenuitem> with the arrow keys and press
|
||
<keycap>Enter</keycap> to continue the installation.</para>
|
||
</sect2>
|
||
|
||
<sect2 id="rootpass">
|
||
<title>Set the <username>root</username> Password</title>
|
||
|
||
<screen> Message
|
||
Now you must set the system manager's password.
|
||
This is the password you'll use to log in as "root".
|
||
|
||
[ OK ]
|
||
|
||
[ Press enter or space ]</screen>
|
||
|
||
<para>Press <keycap>Enter</keycap> to set the <username>root</username>
|
||
password.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>The password will need to be typed in twice correctly. Needless to
|
||
say, make sure you have a way of finding the password if you
|
||
forget. Notice that the password you type in is not echoed, nor
|
||
are asterisks displayed.</para>
|
||
|
||
<screen>New password :
|
||
Retype new password :</screen>
|
||
|
||
<para>The installation will continue after the password is
|
||
successfully entered.</para>
|
||
</sect2>
|
||
|
||
<sect2 id="exit-inst">
|
||
<title>Exiting Install</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>If you need to configure <link linkend="network-services">additional network devices</link> or
|
||
any other configuration, you can do it at this point or
|
||
after installation with <command>sysinstall</command>
|
||
(<command>/stand/sysinstall</command> in &os; versions older
|
||
than 5.2).</para>
|
||
|
||
<screen> User Confirmation Requested
|
||
Visit the general configuration menu for a chance to set any last
|
||
options?
|
||
|
||
Yes [ No ]</screen>
|
||
|
||
<para>Select &gui.no; with the arrow keys
|
||
and press <keycap>Enter</keycap> to return to the Main
|
||
Installation Menu.</para>
|
||
|
||
<figure id="final-main">
|
||
<title>Exit Install</title>
|
||
|
||
<mediaobject>
|
||
<imageobject>
|
||
<imagedata fileref="install/mainexit" format="PNG">
|
||
</imageobject>
|
||
</mediaobject>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<para>Select <guibutton>[X Exit Install]</guibutton> with the arrow
|
||
keys and press <keycap>Enter</keycap>. You will be asked to
|
||
confirm exiting the installation:</para>
|
||
|
||
<screen> User Confirmation Requested
|
||
Are you sure you wish to exit? The system will reboot (be sure to
|
||
remove any floppies/CDs/DVDs from the drives).
|
||
|
||
[ Yes ] No</screen>
|
||
|
||
<para>Select &gui.yes; and remove the floppy if
|
||
booting from the floppy. The CDROM drive is locked until the machine
|
||
starts to reboot. The CDROM drive is then unlocked and the disk can
|
||
be removed from drive (quickly).</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>The system will reboot so watch for any error messages that
|
||
may appear, see <xref linkend="freebsdboot">
|
||
details.</para>
|
||
</sect2>
|
||
|
||
<sect2 id="network-services">
|
||
<sect2info>
|
||
<authorgroup>
|
||
<author>
|
||
<firstname>Tom</firstname>
|
||
<surname>Rhodes</surname>
|
||
<contrib>Contributed by </contrib>
|
||
</author>
|
||
</authorgroup>
|
||
</sect2info>
|
||
<title>Configure Additional Network Services</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>Configuring network services can be a daunting
|
||
task for new users if they lack previous
|
||
knowledge in this area. Networking, including the Internet,
|
||
is critical to all modern operating systems including &os;;
|
||
as a result, it is very useful to have some understanding
|
||
&os;'s extensive networking capabilities. Doing this
|
||
during the installation will ensure users have some
|
||
understanding of the various services available to them.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Network services are programs that accept input from
|
||
anywhere on the network. Every effort is made to make sure
|
||
these programs will not do anything <quote>harmful</quote>.
|
||
Unfortunately, programmers are not perfect and through time
|
||
there have been cases where bugs in network services have been
|
||
exploited by attackers to do bad things. It is important that
|
||
you only enable the network services you know that you need. If
|
||
in doubt it is best if you do not enable a network service until
|
||
you find out that you do need it. You can always enable it
|
||
later by re-running <application>sysinstall</application> or by
|
||
using the features provided by the
|
||
<filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename> file.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Selecting the <guimenu>Networking</guimenu> option will display
|
||
a menu similar to the one below:</para>
|
||
|
||
<figure id="network-configuration">
|
||
<title>Network Configuration Upper-level</title>
|
||
|
||
<mediaobject>
|
||
<imageobject>
|
||
<imagedata fileref="install/net-config-menu1" format="PNG">
|
||
</imageobject>
|
||
</mediaobject>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<para>The first option, <guimenuitem>Interfaces</guimenuitem>, was previously covered during
|
||
the <xref linkend="inst-network-dev">, thus this option can
|
||
safely be ignored.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Selecting the <guimenuitem>AMD</guimenuitem> option adds
|
||
support for the <acronym>BSD</acronym> automatic mount utility.
|
||
This is usually used in conjunction with the
|
||
<acronym>NFS</acronym> protocol (see below)
|
||
for automatically mounting remote file systems.
|
||
No special configuration is required here.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Next in line is the <guimenuitem>AMD Flags</guimenuitem>
|
||
option. When selected, a menu will pop up for you
|
||
to enter specific <acronym>AMD</acronym> flags.
|
||
The menu already contains a set of default options:</para>
|
||
|
||
<screen>-a /.amd_mnt -l syslog /host /etc/amd.map /net /etc/amd.map</screen>
|
||
|
||
<para>The <option>-a</option> option sets the default mount
|
||
location which is specified here as
|
||
<filename>/.amd_mnt</filename>. The <option>-l</option>
|
||
option specifies the default <filename>log</filename> file;
|
||
however, when <literal>syslogd</literal> is used all log
|
||
activity will be sent to the system log daemon. The
|
||
<filename class="directory">/host</filename> directory is used
|
||
to mount an exported file system from a remote
|
||
host, while <filename class="directory">/net</filename>
|
||
directory is used to mount an exported file system from an
|
||
<acronym>IP</acronym> address. The
|
||
<filename>/etc/amd.map</filename> file defines the default
|
||
options for <acronym>AMD</acronym> exports.</para>
|
||
|
||
<indexterm>
|
||
<primary>FTP</primary>
|
||
<secondary>anonymous</secondary>
|
||
</indexterm>
|
||
|
||
<para>The <guimenuitem>Anon FTP</guimenuitem> option permits anonymous
|
||
<acronym>FTP</acronym> connections. Select this option to
|
||
make this machine an anonymous <acronym>FTP</acronym> server.
|
||
Be aware of the security risks involved with this option.
|
||
Another menu will be displayed to explain the security risks
|
||
and configuration in depth.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>The <guimenuitem>Gateway</guimenuitem> configuration menu will set
|
||
the machine up to be a gateway as explained previously. This
|
||
can be used to unset the <guimenuitem>Gateway</guimenuitem> option if you accidentally
|
||
selected it during the installation process.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>The <guimenuitem>Inetd</guimenuitem> option can be used to configure
|
||
or completely disable the &man.inetd.8; daemon as discussed
|
||
above.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>The <guimenuitem>Mail</guimenuitem> option is used to configure the system's
|
||
default <acronym>MTA</acronym> or Mail Transfer Agent.
|
||
Selecting this option will bring up the following menu:</para>
|
||
|
||
<figure id="mta-selection">
|
||
<title>Select a default MTA</title>
|
||
|
||
<mediaobject>
|
||
<imageobject>
|
||
<imagedata fileref="install/mta-main" format="PNG">
|
||
</imageobject>
|
||
</mediaobject>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<para>Here you are offered a choice as to which
|
||
<acronym>MTA</acronym> to install
|
||
and set as the default. An <acronym>MTA</acronym> is nothing
|
||
more than a mail server which delivers email to users on the
|
||
system or the Internet.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Selecting <guimenuitem>Sendmail</guimenuitem> will install
|
||
the popular <application>sendmail</application> server which
|
||
is the &os; default. The <guimenuitem>Sendmail local</guimenuitem> option
|
||
will set <application>sendmail</application> to be the default
|
||
<acronym>MTA</acronym>, but disable its ability to receive
|
||
incoming email from the Internet. The other options here,
|
||
<guimenuitem>Postfix</guimenuitem> and
|
||
<guimenuitem>Exim</guimenuitem> act similar to
|
||
<guimenuitem>Sendmail</guimenuitem>. They both deliver
|
||
email; however, some users prefer these alternatives to the
|
||
<application>sendmail</application>
|
||
<acronym>MTA</acronym>.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>After selecting an <acronym>MTA</acronym>, or choosing
|
||
not to select an MTA, the network configuration menu will appear
|
||
with the next option being <guimenuitem>NFS client</guimenuitem>.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>The <guimenuitem>NFS client</guimenuitem> option will
|
||
configure the system to communicate with a server via
|
||
<acronym>NFS</acronym>. An <acronym>NFS</acronym> server
|
||
makes file systems available to other machines on the
|
||
network via the <acronym>NFS</acronym> protocol. If this is
|
||
a stand-alone machine, this option can remain unselected.
|
||
The system may require more configuration later; see
|
||
<xref linkend="network-nfs"> for more
|
||
information about client and server configuration.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Below that option is the <guimenuitem>NFS server</guimenuitem>
|
||
option, permitting you to set the system up as an
|
||
<acronym>NFS</acronym> server. This adds the required
|
||
information to start up the <acronym>RPC</acronym> remote
|
||
procedure call services. <acronym>RPC</acronym> is used to
|
||
coordinate connections between hosts and programs.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Next in line is the <guimenuitem>Ntpdate</guimenuitem> option,
|
||
which deals with time synchronization. When selected, a menu
|
||
like the one below shows up:</para>
|
||
|
||
<figure id="Ntpdate-config">
|
||
<title>Ntpdate Configuration</title>
|
||
|
||
<mediaobject>
|
||
<imageobject>
|
||
<imagedata fileref="install/ntp-config" format="PNG">
|
||
</imageobject>
|
||
</mediaobject>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<para>From this menu, select the server which is the closest
|
||
to your location. Selecting a close one will make the time
|
||
synchronization more accurate as a server further from your
|
||
location may have more connection latency.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>The next option is the <acronym>PCNFSD</acronym> selection.
|
||
This option will install the
|
||
<filename role="package">net/pcnfsd</filename> package from
|
||
the Ports Collection. This is a useful utility which provides
|
||
<acronym>NFS</acronym> authentication services for systems which
|
||
are unable to provide their own, such as Microsoft's
|
||
&ms-dos; operating system.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Now you must scroll down a bit to see the other
|
||
options:</para>
|
||
|
||
<figure id="Network-configuration-cont">
|
||
<title>Network Configuration Lower-level</title>
|
||
|
||
<mediaobject>
|
||
<imageobject>
|
||
<imagedata fileref="install/net-config-menu2" format="PNG">
|
||
</imageobject>
|
||
</mediaobject>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<para>The &man.rpcbind.8;, &man.rpc.statd.8;, and
|
||
&man.rpc.lockd.8; utilities are all used for Remote Procedure
|
||
Calls (<acronym>RPC</acronym>).
|
||
The <command>rpcbind</command> utility manages communication
|
||
between <acronym>NFS</acronym> servers and clients, and is
|
||
required for <acronym>NFS</acronym> servers to operate
|
||
correctly. The <application>rpc.statd</application> daemon interacts
|
||
with the <application>rpc.statd</application> daemon on other hosts to
|
||
provide status monitoring. The reported status is usually held
|
||
in the <filename>/var/db/statd.status</filename> file. The
|
||
next option listed here is the <guimenuitem>rpc.lockd</guimenuitem>
|
||
option, which, when selected, will provide file locking
|
||
services. This is usually used with
|
||
<application>rpc.statd</application> to monitor what hosts are
|
||
requesting locks and how frequently they request them.
|
||
While these last two options are marvelous for debugging, they
|
||
are not required for <acronym>NFS</acronym> servers and clients
|
||
to operate correctly.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>As you progress down the list the next item here is
|
||
<guimenuitem>Routed</guimenuitem>, which is the routing daemon. The
|
||
&man.routed.8; utility manages network routing tables,
|
||
discovers multicast routers, and supplies a copy of the routing
|
||
tables to any physically connected host on the network upon
|
||
request. This is mainly used for machines which act as a
|
||
gateway for the local network. When selected, a menu will be
|
||
presented requesting the default location of the utility.
|
||
The default location is already defined for you and can be
|
||
selected with the <keycap>Enter</keycap> key. You will then
|
||
be presented with yet another menu, this time asking for the
|
||
flags you wish to pass on to <application>routed</application>. The
|
||
default is <option>-q</option> and it should already appear
|
||
on the screen.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Next in line is the <guimenuitem>Rwhod</guimenuitem> option which,
|
||
when selected, will start the &man.rwhod.8; daemon
|
||
during system initialization. The <command>rwhod</command>
|
||
utility broadcasts system messages across the network
|
||
periodically, or collects them when in <quote>consumer</quote>
|
||
mode. More information can be found in the &man.ruptime.1; and
|
||
&man.rwho.1; manual pages.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>The next to the last option in the list is for the
|
||
&man.sshd.8; daemon. This is the secure shell server for
|
||
<application>OpenSSH</application> and it is highly recommended
|
||
over the standard <application>telnet</application> and
|
||
<acronym>FTP</acronym> servers. The <application>sshd</application>
|
||
server is used to create a secure connection from one host to
|
||
another by using encrypted connections.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Finally there is the <guimenuitem>TCP Extensions</guimenuitem>
|
||
option. This enables the <acronym>TCP</acronym> Extensions
|
||
defined in <acronym>RFC</acronym> 1323 and
|
||
<acronym>RFC</acronym> 1644. While on many hosts this can
|
||
speed up connections, it can also cause some connections to be
|
||
dropped. It is not recommended for servers, but may be
|
||
beneficial for stand alone machines.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Now that you have configured the network services, you can
|
||
scroll up to the very top item which is <guimenuitem>X Exit</guimenuitem>
|
||
and continue on to the next configuration item or simply exit
|
||
<application>sysinstall</application> in selecting
|
||
<guimenuitem>X Exit</guimenuitem> twice then <guibutton>[X
|
||
Exit Install]</guibutton>.</para>
|
||
|
||
</sect2>
|
||
|
||
<sect2 id="freebsdboot">
|
||
<title>&os; 開機流程</title>
|
||
|
||
<sect3 id="freebsdboot-i386">
|
||
<title>&os;/&arch.i386; 的開機流程</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>If everything went well, you will see messages scroll
|
||
off the screen and you will arrive at a login prompt. You can view
|
||
the content of the messages by pressing <keycap>Scroll-Lock</keycap>
|
||
and using <keycap>PgUp</keycap> and <keycap>PgDn</keycap>.
|
||
Pressing <keycap>Scroll-Lock</keycap> again will return
|
||
to the prompt.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>The entire message may not display (buffer limitation) but
|
||
it can be viewed from the command line after logging in by typing
|
||
<command>dmesg</command> at the prompt.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Login using the username/password you set during installation
|
||
(<username>rpratt</username>, in this example). Avoid logging in as
|
||
<username>root</username> except when necessary.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Typical boot messages (version information omitted):</para>
|
||
|
||
<screen>Copyright (c) 1992-2002 The FreeBSD Project.
|
||
Copyright (c) 1979, 1980, 1983, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994
|
||
The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
|
||
|
||
Timecounter "i8254" frequency 1193182 Hz
|
||
CPU: AMD-K6(tm) 3D processor (300.68-MHz 586-class CPU)
|
||
Origin = "AuthenticAMD" Id = 0x580 Stepping = 0
|
||
Features=0x8001bf<FPU,VME,DE,PSE,TSC,MSR,MCE,CX8,MMX>
|
||
AMD Features=0x80000800<SYSCALL,3DNow!>
|
||
real memory = 268435456 (262144K bytes)
|
||
config> di sn0
|
||
config> di lnc0
|
||
config> di le0
|
||
config> di ie0
|
||
config> di fe0
|
||
config> di cs0
|
||
config> di bt0
|
||
config> di aic0
|
||
config> di aha0
|
||
config> di adv0
|
||
config> q
|
||
avail memory = 256311296 (250304K bytes)
|
||
Preloaded elf kernel "kernel" at 0xc0491000.
|
||
Preloaded userconfig_script "/boot/kernel.conf" at 0xc049109c.
|
||
md0: Malloc disk
|
||
Using $PIR table, 4 entries at 0xc00fde60
|
||
npx0: <math processor> on motherboard
|
||
npx0: INT 16 interface
|
||
pcib0: <Host to PCI bridge> on motherboard
|
||
pci0: <PCI bus> on pcib0
|
||
pcib1: <VIA 82C598MVP (Apollo MVP3) PCI-PCI (AGP) bridge> at device 1.0 on pci0
|
||
pci1: <PCI bus> on pcib1
|
||
pci1: <Matrox MGA G200 AGP graphics accelerator> at 0.0 irq 11
|
||
isab0: <VIA 82C586 PCI-ISA bridge> at device 7.0 on pci0
|
||
isa0: <ISA bus> on isab0
|
||
atapci0: <VIA 82C586 ATA33 controller> port 0xe000-0xe00f at device 7.1 on pci0
|
||
ata0: at 0x1f0 irq 14 on atapci0
|
||
ata1: at 0x170 irq 15 on atapci0
|
||
uhci0: <VIA 83C572 USB controller> port 0xe400-0xe41f irq 10 at device 7.2 on pci0
|
||
usb0: <VIA 83C572 USB controller> on uhci0
|
||
usb0: USB revision 1.0
|
||
uhub0: VIA UHCI root hub, class 9/0, rev 1.00/1.00, addr 1
|
||
uhub0: 2 ports with 2 removable, self powered
|
||
chip1: <VIA 82C586B ACPI interface> at device 7.3 on pci0
|
||
ed0: <NE2000 PCI Ethernet (RealTek 8029)> port 0xe800-0xe81f irq 9 at
|
||
device 10.0 on pci0
|
||
ed0: address 52:54:05:de:73:1b, type NE2000 (16 bit)
|
||
isa0: too many dependant configs (8)
|
||
isa0: unexpected small tag 14
|
||
fdc0: <NEC 72065B or clone> at port 0x3f0-0x3f5,0x3f7 irq 6 drq 2 on isa0
|
||
fdc0: FIFO enabled, 8 bytes threshold
|
||
fd0: <1440-KB 3.5" drive> on fdc0 drive 0
|
||
atkbdc0: <keyboard controller (i8042)> at port 0x60-0x64 on isa0
|
||
atkbd0: <AT Keyboard> flags 0x1 irq 1 on atkbdc0
|
||
kbd0 at atkbd0
|
||
psm0: <PS/2 Mouse> irq 12 on atkbdc0
|
||
psm0: model Generic PS/2 mouse, device ID 0
|
||
vga0: <Generic ISA VGA> at port 0x3c0-0x3df iomem 0xa0000-0xbffff on isa0
|
||
sc0: <System console> at flags 0x1 on isa0
|
||
sc0: VGA <16 virtual consoles, flags=0x300>
|
||
sio0 at port 0x3f8-0x3ff irq 4 flags 0x10 on isa0
|
||
sio0: type 16550A
|
||
sio1 at port 0x2f8-0x2ff irq 3 on isa0
|
||
sio1: type 16550A
|
||
ppc0: <Parallel port> at port 0x378-0x37f irq 7 on isa0
|
||
ppc0: SMC-like chipset (ECP/EPP/PS2/NIBBLE) in COMPATIBLE mode
|
||
ppc0: FIFO with 16/16/15 bytes threshold
|
||
ppbus0: IEEE1284 device found /NIBBLE
|
||
Probing for PnP devices on ppbus0:
|
||
plip0: <PLIP network interface> on ppbus0
|
||
lpt0: <Printer> on ppbus0
|
||
lpt0: Interrupt-driven port
|
||
ppi0: <Parallel I/O> on ppbus0
|
||
ad0: 8063MB <IBM-DHEA-38451> [16383/16/63] at ata0-master using UDMA33
|
||
ad2: 8063MB <IBM-DHEA-38451> [16383/16/63] at ata1-master using UDMA33
|
||
acd0: CDROM <DELTA OTC-H101/ST3 F/W by OIPD> at ata0-slave using PIO4
|
||
Mounting root from ufs:/dev/ad0s1a
|
||
swapon: adding /dev/ad0s1b as swap device
|
||
Automatic boot in progress...
|
||
/dev/ad0s1a: FILESYSTEM CLEAN; SKIPPING CHECKS
|
||
/dev/ad0s1a: clean, 48752 free (552 frags, 6025 blocks, 0.9% fragmentation)
|
||
/dev/ad0s1f: FILESYSTEM CLEAN; SKIPPING CHECKS
|
||
/dev/ad0s1f: clean, 128997 free (21 frags, 16122 blocks, 0.0% fragmentation)
|
||
/dev/ad0s1g: FILESYSTEM CLEAN; SKIPPING CHECKS
|
||
/dev/ad0s1g: clean, 3036299 free (43175 frags, 374073 blocks, 1.3% fragmentation)
|
||
/dev/ad0s1e: filesystem CLEAN; SKIPPING CHECKS
|
||
/dev/ad0s1e: clean, 128193 free (17 frags, 16022 blocks, 0.0% fragmentation)
|
||
Doing initial network setup: hostname.
|
||
ed0: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
|
||
inet 192.168.0.1 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255
|
||
inet6 fe80::5054::5ff::fede:731b%ed0 prefixlen 64 tentative scopeid 0x1
|
||
ether 52:54:05:de:73:1b
|
||
lo0: flags=8049<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 16384
|
||
inet6 fe80::1%lo0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x8
|
||
inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128
|
||
inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 0xff000000
|
||
Additional routing options: IP gateway=YES TCP keepalive=YES
|
||
routing daemons:.
|
||
additional daemons: syslogd.
|
||
Doing additional network setup:.
|
||
Starting final network daemons: creating ssh RSA host key
|
||
Generating public/private rsa1 key pair.
|
||
Your identification has been saved in /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key.
|
||
Your public key has been saved in /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key.pub.
|
||
The key fingerprint is:
|
||
cd:76:89:16:69:0e:d0:6e:f8:66:d0:07:26:3c:7e:2d root@k6-2.example.com
|
||
creating ssh DSA host key
|
||
Generating public/private dsa key pair.
|
||
Your identification has been saved in /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key.
|
||
Your public key has been saved in /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key.pub.
|
||
The key fingerprint is:
|
||
f9:a1:a9:47:c4:ad:f9:8d:52:b8:b8:ff:8c:ad:2d:e6 root@k6-2.example.com.
|
||
setting ELF ldconfig path: /usr/lib /usr/lib/compat /usr/X11R6/lib
|
||
/usr/local/lib
|
||
a.out ldconfig path: /usr/lib/aout /usr/lib/compat/aout /usr/X11R6/lib/aout
|
||
starting standard daemons: inetd cron sshd usbd sendmail.
|
||
Initial rc.i386 initialization:.
|
||
rc.i386 configuring syscons: blank_time screensaver moused.
|
||
Additional ABI support: linux.
|
||
Local package initialization:.
|
||
Additional TCP options:.
|
||
|
||
FreeBSD/i386 (k6-2.example.com) (ttyv0)
|
||
|
||
login: rpratt
|
||
Password:</screen>
|
||
|
||
<para>Generating the RSA and DSA keys may take some time on slower
|
||
machines. This happens only on the initial boot-up of a new
|
||
installation. Subsequent boots will be faster.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>If the X server has been configured and a Default Desktop
|
||
chosen, it can be started by typing <command>startx</command> at
|
||
the command line.</para>
|
||
|
||
</sect3>
|
||
|
||
<sect3>
|
||
<title>&os;/&arch.alpha; 開機流程</title>
|
||
|
||
<indexterm><primary>Alpha</primary></indexterm>
|
||
|
||
<para>Once the install procedure has finished, you will be
|
||
able to start FreeBSD by typing something like this to the
|
||
SRM prompt:</para>
|
||
|
||
<screen>>>><userinput>BOOT DKC0</userinput></screen>
|
||
|
||
<para>This instructs the firmware to boot the specified
|
||
disk. To make FreeBSD boot automatically in the future, use
|
||
these commands:</para>
|
||
|
||
<screen><prompt>>>></prompt> <userinput>SET BOOT_OSFLAGS A</userinput>
|
||
<prompt>>>></prompt> <userinput>SET BOOT_FILE ''</userinput>
|
||
<prompt>>>></prompt> <userinput>SET BOOTDEF_DEV DKC0</userinput>
|
||
<prompt>>>></prompt> <userinput>SET AUTO_ACTION BOOT</userinput></screen>
|
||
|
||
<para>The boot messages will be similar (but not identical) to
|
||
those produced by FreeBSD booting on the &i386;.</para>
|
||
</sect3>
|
||
</sect2>
|
||
|
||
<sect2 id="shutdown">
|
||
<title>FreeBSD Shutdown</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>It is important to properly shutdown the operating
|
||
system. Do not just turn off power. First, become a superuser by
|
||
typing <command>su</command> at the command line and entering the
|
||
<username>root</username> password. This will work only if the user
|
||
is a member of the <groupname>wheel</groupname> group.
|
||
Otherwise, login as <username>root</username> and use
|
||
<command>shutdown -h now</command>.</para>
|
||
|
||
<screen>The operating system has halted.
|
||
Please press any key to reboot.</screen>
|
||
|
||
<para>It is safe to turn off the power after the shutdown command
|
||
has been issued and the message <quote>Please press any key to reboot</quote>
|
||
appears. If any key is pressed instead of turning off the power
|
||
switch, the system will reboot.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>You could also use the
|
||
<keycombo action="simul">
|
||
<keycap>Ctrl</keycap>
|
||
<keycap>Alt</keycap>
|
||
<keycap>Del</keycap>
|
||
</keycombo>
|
||
key combination to reboot the system, however this is not recommended
|
||
during normal operation.</para>
|
||
|
||
</sect2>
|
||
</sect1>
|
||
|
||
<sect1 id="install-trouble">
|
||
<title>安裝的疑難雜症解決</title>
|
||
|
||
<indexterm>
|
||
<primary>installation</primary>
|
||
<secondary>troubleshooting</secondary>
|
||
</indexterm>
|
||
<para>The following section covers basic installation troubleshooting,
|
||
such as common problems people have reported. There are also a few
|
||
questions and answers for people wishing to dual-boot FreeBSD with
|
||
&ms-dos; or &windows;.</para>
|
||
|
||
<sect2>
|
||
<title>What to Do If Something Goes Wrong</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>Due to various limitations of the PC architecture, it is
|
||
impossible for probing to be 100% reliable, however, there are a
|
||
few things you can do if it fails.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Check the <ulink
|
||
url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/releases/index.html">Hardware Notes
|
||
</ulink> document for your version of &os; to make sure
|
||
your hardware is supported.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>若硬體有在支援清單內，但使用 <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel
|
||
仍有問題，那麼就可能需要 <link
|
||
linkend="kernelconfig">自訂 kernel</link>，以加入有支援的硬體。
|
||
The kernel on the boot disks is configured
|
||
assuming that most hardware devices are in their factory default
|
||
configuration in terms of IRQs, IO addresses, and DMA channels. If
|
||
your hardware has been reconfigured, you will most likely need to
|
||
edit the kernel configuration and recompile to tell
|
||
&os; where to find things.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>It is also possible that a probe for a device not present will
|
||
cause a later probe for another device that is present to fail. In
|
||
that case, the probes for the conflicting driver(s) should be
|
||
disabled.</para>
|
||
|
||
<note>
|
||
<para>Some installation problems can be avoided or alleviated
|
||
by updating the firmware on various hardware components, most notably
|
||
the motherboard. The motherboard firmware may also be referred to
|
||
as <acronym>BIOS</acronym> and most of the motherboard or computer
|
||
manufactures have a website where the upgrades and upgrade information
|
||
may be located.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Most manufacturers strongly advise against upgrading the motherboard
|
||
<acronym>BIOS</acronym> unless there is a good reason for doing so, which
|
||
could possibly be a critical update of sorts. The upgrade process
|
||
<emphasis>can</emphasis> go wrong, causing permanent damage to the
|
||
<acronym>BIOS</acronym> chip.</para>
|
||
</note>
|
||
</sect2>
|
||
|
||
<sect2>
|
||
<title>Using &ms-dos; and &windows; File Systems</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>At this time, &os; does not support file systems compressed with the
|
||
<application>Double Space™</application> application. Therefore the file
|
||
system will need to be uncompressed before &os; can access the data. This
|
||
can be done by running the <application>Compression Agent</application>
|
||
located in the <guimenuitem>Start</guimenuitem>> <guimenuitem>Programs</guimenuitem> >
|
||
<guimenuitem>System Tools</guimenuitem> menu.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>&os; can support &ms-dos; based file systems(FAT16 and FAT32).
|
||
This requires you use the &man.mount.msdosfs.8; command
|
||
with the required parameters. The utility most common usage is:</para>
|
||
|
||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mount -t msdosfs /dev/ad0s1 /mnt</userinput></screen>
|
||
|
||
<para>In this example, the &ms-dos; file system is located on the first partition of
|
||
the primary hard disk. Your situation may be different, check the output from
|
||
the <command>dmesg</command>, and <command>mount</command> commands. They should
|
||
produce enough information to give an idea of the partition layout.</para>
|
||
|
||
<note><para>Extended &ms-dos; file systems are usually mapped after the &os;
|
||
partitions. In other words, the slice number may be higher than the ones
|
||
&os; is using. For instance, the first &ms-dos; partition may be
|
||
<filename>/dev/ad0s1</filename>, the &os; partition may be
|
||
<filename>/dev/ad0s2</filename>, with the extended &ms-dos; partition being
|
||
located on <filename>/dev/ad0s3</filename>. To some, this can be confusing
|
||
at first.</para></note>
|
||
|
||
<para>NTFS partitions can also be mounted in a similar manner
|
||
using the &man.mount.ntfs.8; command.</para>
|
||
</sect2>
|
||
|
||
<sect2>
|
||
<title>Troubleshooting Questions and Answers</title>
|
||
|
||
<qandaset>
|
||
<qandaentry>
|
||
<question>
|
||
<para>My system hangs while probing hardware during boot,
|
||
or it behaves strangely during install, or the floppy
|
||
drive isn't probed.</para>
|
||
</question>
|
||
<answer>
|
||
<para>&os; 5.0 and above makes extensive use of the system
|
||
ACPI service on the i386, amd64 and ia64 platforms to
|
||
aid in system configuration if it's detected during
|
||
boot. Unfortunately, some bugs still exist in both the
|
||
ACPI driver and within system motherboards and BIOS.
|
||
The use of ACPI can be disabled by setting
|
||
the <literal>hint.acpi.0.disabled</literal> hint in the
|
||
third stage boot loader:</para>
|
||
|
||
<screen>set hint.acpi.0.disabled="1"</screen>
|
||
|
||
<para>This is reset each time the system is booted, so it
|
||
is necessary to
|
||
add <literal>hint.acpi.0.disabled="1"</literal> to the
|
||
file
|
||
<filename>/boot/loader.conf</filename>. More
|
||
information about the boot loader can be found
|
||
in <xref linkend="boot-synopsis">.</para>
|
||
</answer>
|
||
</qandaentry>
|
||
<qandaentry>
|
||
<question>
|
||
<para>I go to boot from the hard disk for the first time
|
||
after installing &os;, the kernel loads and probes my
|
||
hardware, but stops with messages like:</para>
|
||
|
||
<screen>changing root device to ad1s1a panic: cannot mount root</screen>
|
||
|
||
<para>What is wrong? What can I do?</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>What is this
|
||
<literal>bios_drive:interface(unit,partition)kernel_name</literal>
|
||
thing that is displayed with the boot help?</para>
|
||
</question>
|
||
<answer>
|
||
<para>There is a longstanding problem in the case where
|
||
the boot disk is not the first disk in the system. The
|
||
BIOS uses a different numbering scheme to &os;, and
|
||
working out which numbers correspond to which is
|
||
difficult to get right.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>In the case where the boot disk is not the first
|
||
disk in the system, &os; can need some help finding it.
|
||
There are two common situations here, and in both of
|
||
these cases, you need to tell &os; where the root
|
||
filesystem is. You do this by specifying the BIOS disk
|
||
number, the disk type and the &os; disk number for that
|
||
type.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>The first situation is where you have two IDE disks,
|
||
each configured as the master on their respective IDE
|
||
busses, and wish to boot &os; from the second disk. The
|
||
BIOS sees these as disk 0 and disk 1, while &os; sees
|
||
them as <devicename>ad0</devicename> and
|
||
<devicename>ad2</devicename>.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>&os; is on BIOS disk 1, of type
|
||
<literal>ad</literal> and the &os; disk number is 2, so
|
||
you would say:</para>
|
||
|
||
<screen><userinput>1:ad(2,a)kernel</userinput></screen>
|
||
|
||
<para>Note that if you have a slave on the primary bus,
|
||
the above is not necessary (and is effectively
|
||
wrong).</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>The second situation involves booting from a SCSI
|
||
disk when you have one or more IDE disks in the system.
|
||
In this case, the &os; disk number is lower than the
|
||
BIOS disk number. If you have two IDE disks as well as
|
||
the SCSI disk, the SCSI disk is BIOS disk 2,
|
||
type <literal>da</literal> and &os; disk number 0, so
|
||
you would say:</para>
|
||
|
||
<screen><userinput>2:da(0,a)kernel</userinput></screen>
|
||
|
||
<para>To tell &os; that you want to boot from BIOS disk 2,
|
||
which is the first SCSI disk in the system. If you only
|
||
had one IDE disk, you would use '1:' instead.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Once you have determined the correct values to use,
|
||
you can put the command exactly as you would have typed
|
||
it in the <filename>/boot.config</filename> file using a
|
||
standard text editor. Unless instructed otherwise, &os;
|
||
will use the contents of this file as the default
|
||
response to the <literal>boot:</literal> prompt.</para>
|
||
</answer>
|
||
</qandaentry>
|
||
<qandaentry>
|
||
<question>
|
||
<para>I go to boot from the hard disk for the first time
|
||
after installing &os;, but the Boot Manager prompt just
|
||
prints <literal>F?</literal> at the boot menu each time
|
||
but the boot won't go any further.</para>
|
||
</question>
|
||
<answer>
|
||
<para>The hard disk geometry was set incorrectly in the
|
||
Partition editor when you installed &os;. Go back into
|
||
the partition editor and specify the actual geometry of
|
||
your hard disk. You must reinstall &os; again from the
|
||
beginning with the correct geometry.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>If you are failing entirely in figuring out the
|
||
correct geometry for your machine, here's a tip: Install
|
||
a small DOS partition at the beginning of the disk and
|
||
install &os; after that. The install program will see
|
||
the DOS partition and try to infer the correct geometry
|
||
from it, which usually works.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>The following tip is no longer recommended, but is
|
||
left here for reference:</para>
|
||
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
<para>If you are setting up a truly dedicated &os;
|
||
server or workstation where you don't care for
|
||
(future) compatibility with DOS, Linux or another
|
||
operating system, you've also got the option to use
|
||
the entire disk (`A' in the partition editor),
|
||
selecting the non-standard option where &os; occupies
|
||
the entire disk from the very first to the very last
|
||
sector. This will leave all geometry considerations
|
||
aside, but is somewhat limiting unless you're never
|
||
going to run anything other than &os; on a
|
||
disk.</para>
|
||
</blockquote>
|
||
</answer>
|
||
</qandaentry>
|
||
<qandaentry>
|
||
<question>
|
||
<para>The system finds my &man.ed.4; network card, but I
|
||
keep getting device timeout errors.</para>
|
||
</question>
|
||
<answer>
|
||
<para>Your card is probably on a different IRQ from what
|
||
is specified in
|
||
the <filename>/boot/device.hints</filename> file. The
|
||
ed driver does not use the `soft' configuration by
|
||
default (values entered using EZSETUP in DOS), but it
|
||
will use the software configuration if you
|
||
specify <literal>-1</literal> in the hints for the
|
||
interface.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Either move the jumper on the card to a hard
|
||
configuration setting (altering the kernel settings if
|
||
necessary), or specify the IRQ as <literal>-1</literal>
|
||
by setting the hint <quote>hint.ed.0.irq="-1"</quote>
|
||
This will tell the kernel to use the soft
|
||
configuration.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Another possibility is that your card is at IRQ 9,
|
||
which is shared by IRQ 2 and frequently a cause of
|
||
problems (especially when you have a VGA card using IRQ
|
||
2!). You should not use IRQ 2 or 9 if at all
|
||
possible.</para>
|
||
</answer>
|
||
</qandaentry>
|
||
</qandaset>
|
||
</sect2>
|
||
</sect1>
|
||
|
||
<sect1 id="install-advanced">
|
||
<sect1info>
|
||
<authorgroup>
|
||
<author>
|
||
<firstname>Valentino</firstname>
|
||
<surname>Vaschetto</surname>
|
||
<contrib>Contributed by </contrib>
|
||
</author>
|
||
<!-- May 2001 -->
|
||
</authorgroup>
|
||
</sect1info>
|
||
|
||
<title>進階安裝指南</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>This section describes how to install FreeBSD in exceptional
|
||
cases.</para>
|
||
|
||
<sect2 id="headless-install">
|
||
<title>Installing FreeBSD on a System without a Monitor or
|
||
Keyboard</title>
|
||
|
||
<indexterm>
|
||
<primary>installation</primary>
|
||
<secondary>headless (serial console)</secondary>
|
||
</indexterm>
|
||
<indexterm><primary>serial console</primary></indexterm>
|
||
<para>This type of installation is called a <quote>headless
|
||
install</quote>, because the machine that you are trying to install
|
||
FreeBSD on either does not have a monitor attached to it, or does not
|
||
even have a VGA output. How is this possible you ask? Using a
|
||
serial console. A serial console is basically using another
|
||
machine to act as the main display and keyboard for a
|
||
system. To do this, just follow the steps to create
|
||
installation floppies, explained in <xref
|
||
linkend="install-floppies">.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>To modify these floppies to boot into a serial console, follow
|
||
these steps:</para>
|
||
|
||
<procedure>
|
||
<step>
|
||
<title>Enabling the Boot Floppies to Boot into a Serial Console</title>
|
||
<indexterm>
|
||
<primary><command>mount</command></primary>
|
||
</indexterm>
|
||
<para>If you were to boot into the floppies that you just
|
||
made, FreeBSD would boot into its normal install mode. We
|
||
want FreeBSD to boot into a serial console for our
|
||
install. To do this, you have to mount the
|
||
<filename>boot.flp</filename> floppy onto your FreeBSD
|
||
system using the &man.mount.8; command.</para>
|
||
|
||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mount /dev/fd0 /mnt</userinput></screen>
|
||
|
||
<para>Now that you have the floppy mounted, you must
|
||
change into the <filename class="directory">/mnt</filename> directory:</para>
|
||
|
||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /mnt</userinput></screen>
|
||
|
||
<para>Here is where you must set the floppy to boot into a
|
||
serial console. You have to make a file called
|
||
<filename>boot.config</filename> containing
|
||
<literal>/boot/loader -h</literal>. All this does is pass a flag to the bootloader to
|
||
boot into a serial console.</para>
|
||
|
||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>echo "/boot/loader -h" > boot.config</userinput></screen>
|
||
|
||
<para>Now that you have your floppy configured correctly,
|
||
you must unmount the floppy using the &man.umount.8;
|
||
command:</para>
|
||
|
||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /</userinput>
|
||
&prompt.root; <userinput>umount /mnt</userinput></screen>
|
||
|
||
<para>Now you can remove the floppy from the floppy
|
||
drive.</para>
|
||
</step>
|
||
|
||
<step>
|
||
<title>Connecting Your Null-modem Cable</title>
|
||
|
||
<indexterm><primary>null-modem cable</primary></indexterm>
|
||
<para>You now need to connect a
|
||
<link linkend="term-cables-null">null-modem cable</link> between
|
||
the two machines. Just connect the cable to the serial
|
||
ports of the 2 machines. <emphasis>A normal serial cable
|
||
will not work here</emphasis>, you need a null-modem
|
||
cable because it has some of the wires inside crossed
|
||
over.</para>
|
||
</step>
|
||
|
||
<step>
|
||
<title>Booting Up for the Install</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>It is now time to go ahead and start the install. Put
|
||
the <filename>boot.flp</filename> floppy in the floppy
|
||
drive of the machine you are doing the headless install
|
||
on, and power on the machine.</para>
|
||
</step>
|
||
|
||
<step>
|
||
<title>Connecting to Your Headless Machine</title>
|
||
<indexterm>
|
||
<primary><command>cu</command></primary>
|
||
</indexterm>
|
||
<para>Now you have to connect to that machine with
|
||
&man.cu.1;:</para>
|
||
|
||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cu -l /dev/cuad0</userinput></screen>
|
||
|
||
<para>在 &os; 5.X，請改用
|
||
<filename>/dev/cuaa0</filename> 而非
|
||
<filename>/dev/cuad0</filename>。</para>
|
||
|
||
</step>
|
||
</procedure>
|
||
|
||
<para>That's it! You should now be able to control the headless machine
|
||
through your <command>cu</command> session. It will ask you to
|
||
put in the <filename>kern1.flp</filename>, and then it will come up
|
||
with a selection of what kind of terminal to use. Select the
|
||
FreeBSD color console and proceed with your install!</para>
|
||
|
||
</sect2>
|
||
</sect1>
|
||
|
||
<sect1 id="install-diff-media">
|
||
<title>製作安裝片</title>
|
||
|
||
<note>
|
||
<para>為避免重覆說明，在文中所提到的「FreeBSD 光碟」，
|
||
在這裡指的是您所購買或自行燒錄的 FreeBSD CDROM 或 DVD。</para>
|
||
</note>
|
||
|
||
<para>There may be some situations in which you need to create your own
|
||
FreeBSD installation media and/or source. This might be physical media,
|
||
such as a tape, or a source that <application>sysinstall</application>
|
||
can use to retrieve the files, such as a local FTP site, or an &ms-dos;
|
||
partition.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>For example:</para>
|
||
|
||
<itemizedlist>
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>You have many machines connected to your local network, and one
|
||
FreeBSD disc. You want to create a local FTP site using the
|
||
contents of the FreeBSD disc, and then have your machines use this
|
||
local FTP site instead of needing to connect to the Internet.</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>You have a FreeBSD disc, and FreeBSD does not recognize your CD/DVD
|
||
drive, but &ms-dos;/&windows; does. You want to copy the FreeBSD
|
||
installation files to a DOS partition on the same computer, and
|
||
then install FreeBSD using those files.</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>The computer you want to install on does not have a CD/DVD
|
||
drive or a network card, but you can connect a
|
||
<quote>Laplink-style</quote> serial or parallel cable to a computer
|
||
that does.</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>You want to create a tape that can be used to install
|
||
FreeBSD.</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</itemizedlist>
|
||
|
||
<sect2 id="install-cdrom">
|
||
<title>Creating an Installation CDROM</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>As part of each release, the FreeBSD project makes available at least two
|
||
CDROM images (<quote>ISO images</quote>) per supported architecture. These images can be written
|
||
(<quote>burned</quote>) to CDs if you have a CD writer, and then used
|
||
to install FreeBSD. If you have a CD writer, and bandwidth is cheap,
|
||
then this is the easiest way to install FreeBSD.</para>
|
||
|
||
<procedure>
|
||
<step>
|
||
<title>Download the Correct ISO Images</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>The ISO images for each release can be downloaded from <filename>ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ISO-IMAGES-<replaceable>arch</replaceable>/<replaceable>version</replaceable></filename> or the closest mirror.
|
||
Substitute <replaceable>arch</replaceable> and
|
||
<replaceable>version</replaceable> as appropriate.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>That directory will normally contain the following images:</para>
|
||
|
||
<table frame="none">
|
||
<title>FreeBSD 5.<replaceable>X</replaceable> and 6.<replaceable>X</replaceable>
|
||
ISO Image Names and Meanings</title>
|
||
|
||
<tgroup cols="2">
|
||
<thead>
|
||
<row>
|
||
<entry>檔名</entry>
|
||
|
||
<entry>內容</entry>
|
||
</row>
|
||
</thead>
|
||
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<row>
|
||
<entry><filename><replaceable>版本</replaceable>-RELEASE-<replaceable>架構</replaceable>-bootonly.iso</filename></entry>
|
||
|
||
<entry>Everything you need to boot into a FreeBSD
|
||
kernel and start the installation interface.
|
||
The installable files have to be pulled over FTP
|
||
or some other supported source.</entry>
|
||
</row>
|
||
|
||
<row>
|
||
<entry><filename><replaceable>版本</replaceable>-RELEASE-<replaceable>架構</replaceable>-disc1.iso</filename></entry>
|
||
|
||
<entry>Everything you need to install &os; and a
|
||
<quote>live filesystem</quote>, which is used in
|
||
conjunction with the <quote>Repair</quote> facility
|
||
in <application>sysinstall</application>.</entry>
|
||
</row>
|
||
|
||
<row>
|
||
<entry><filename><replaceable>版本</replaceable>-RELEASE-<replaceable>架構</replaceable>-disc2.iso</filename></entry>
|
||
|
||
<entry>&os; 文件(&os; 6.2 之前的)，以及許多 third-party
|
||
packages。</entry>
|
||
</row>
|
||
|
||
<row>
|
||
<entry><filename><replaceable>版本</replaceable>-RELEASE-<replaceable>架構</replaceable>-docs.iso</filename></entry>
|
||
|
||
<entry>&os; 文件(&os; 6.2 及之後)。</entry>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</tgroup>
|
||
</table>
|
||
|
||
<para>You <emphasis>must</emphasis> download one of either the bootonly
|
||
ISO image (if available), or the image of disc one. Do not download
|
||
both of them, since the disc one image contains everything that the
|
||
bootonly ISO image contains.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Use the bootonly ISO if Internet access is cheap for you. It will
|
||
let you install &os;, and you can then install third-party
|
||
packages by downloading them using the ports/packages system (see
|
||
<xref linkend="ports">) as
|
||
necessary.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Use the image of disc one if you want to install a &os;
|
||
release and want
|
||
a reasonable selection of third-party packages on the disc
|
||
as well.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>The additional disc images are useful, but not essential,
|
||
especially if you have high-speed access to the Internet.</para>
|
||
</step>
|
||
|
||
<step>
|
||
<title>Write the CDs</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>You must then write the CD images to disc. If you will be
|
||
doing this on another FreeBSD system then see
|
||
<xref linkend="creating-cds"> for more information (in
|
||
particular, <xref linkend="burncd"> and
|
||
<xref linkend="cdrecord">).</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>If you will be doing this on another platform then you will
|
||
need to use whatever utilities exist to control your CD writer on
|
||
that platform. The images provided are in the standard ISO format,
|
||
which many CD writing applications support.</para>
|
||
</step>
|
||
</procedure>
|
||
|
||
<note><para>If you are interested in building a customized
|
||
release of FreeBSD, please see the <ulink
|
||
url="&url.articles.releng;">Release Engineering
|
||
Article</ulink>.</para></note>
|
||
|
||
</sect2>
|
||
|
||
<sect2 id="install-ftp">
|
||
<title>Creating a Local FTP Site with a FreeBSD Disc</title>
|
||
|
||
<indexterm>
|
||
<primary>installation</primary>
|
||
<secondary>network</secondary>
|
||
<tertiary>FTP</tertiary>
|
||
</indexterm>
|
||
|
||
<para>FreeBSD discs are laid out in the same way as the FTP site. This
|
||
makes it very easy for you to create a local FTP site that can be used
|
||
by other machines on your network when installing FreeBSD.</para>
|
||
|
||
<procedure>
|
||
<step>
|
||
<para>On the FreeBSD computer that will host the FTP site, ensure
|
||
that the CDROM is in the drive, and mounted on
|
||
<filename>/cdrom</filename>.</para>
|
||
|
||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mount /cdrom</userinput></screen>
|
||
</step>
|
||
|
||
<step>
|
||
<para>Create an account for anonymous FTP in
|
||
<filename>/etc/passwd</filename>. Do this by editing
|
||
<filename>/etc/passwd</filename> using &man.vipw.8; and adding
|
||
this line:</para>
|
||
|
||
<programlisting>ftp:*:99:99::0:0:FTP:/cdrom:/nonexistent</programlisting>
|
||
</step>
|
||
|
||
<step>
|
||
<para>Ensure that the FTP service is enabled in
|
||
<filename>/etc/inetd.conf</filename>.</para>
|
||
</step>
|
||
</procedure>
|
||
|
||
<para>Anyone with network connectivity to your machine can now
|
||
chose a media type of FTP and type in
|
||
<userinput>ftp://<replaceable>your machine</replaceable></userinput>
|
||
after picking <quote>Other</quote> in the FTP sites menu during
|
||
the install.</para>
|
||
|
||
<note>
|
||
<para>If the boot media (floppy disks, usually) for your FTP
|
||
clients is not precisely the same version as that provided
|
||
by the local FTP site, then <application>sysinstall</application> will not let you
|
||
complete the installation. If the versions are not similar and
|
||
you want to override this, you must go into the <guimenu>Options</guimenu> menu
|
||
and change distribution name to
|
||
<guimenuitem>any</guimenuitem>.</para>
|
||
</note>
|
||
|
||
<warning>
|
||
<para>This approach is OK for a machine that is on your local network,
|
||
and that is protected by your firewall. Offering up FTP services to
|
||
other machines over the Internet (and not your local network)
|
||
exposes your computer to the attention of crackers and other
|
||
undesirables. We strongly recommend that you follow good security
|
||
practices if you do this.</para>
|
||
</warning>
|
||
</sect2>
|
||
|
||
<sect2>
|
||
<title>建立安裝用的磁片</title>
|
||
|
||
<indexterm>
|
||
<primary>installation</primary>
|
||
<secondary>floppies</secondary>
|
||
</indexterm>
|
||
|
||
<para>若您必須從磁片安裝(雖然我們<emphasis>不</emphasis>建議這樣做)，
|
||
不論是因為硬體不支援或是您堅持要用這麼刻苦的方式，
|
||
您都必須先準備一些磁片以供安裝。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>磁片至少得是 1.44 MB
|
||
At a minimum, you will need as many 1.44 MB floppies
|
||
as it takes to hold all the files in the
|
||
<filename>base</filename> (base distribution) directory. If
|
||
you are preparing the floppies from DOS, then they
|
||
<emphasis>must</emphasis> be formatted using the &ms-dos;
|
||
<command>FORMAT</command> command. If you are using &windows;,
|
||
use Explorer to format the disks (right-click on the
|
||
<devicename>A:</devicename> drive, and select <quote>Format</quote>).</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Do <emphasis>not</emphasis> trust factory pre-formatted
|
||
floppies. Format them again yourself, just to be sure. Many
|
||
problems reported by our users in the past have resulted from
|
||
the use of improperly formatted media, which is why we are
|
||
making a point of it now.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>If you are creating the floppies on another FreeBSD machine,
|
||
a format is still not a bad idea, though you do not need to put
|
||
a DOS filesystem on each floppy. You can use the
|
||
<command>disklabel</command> and <command>newfs</command>
|
||
commands to put a UFS filesystem on them instead, as the
|
||
following sequence of commands (for a 3.5" 1.44 MB floppy)
|
||
illustrates:</para>
|
||
|
||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>fdformat -f 1440 fd0.1440</userinput>
|
||
&prompt.root; <userinput>bsdlabel -w fd0.1440 floppy3</userinput>
|
||
&prompt.root; <userinput>newfs -t 2 -u 18 -l 1 -i 65536 /dev/fd0</userinput></screen>
|
||
|
||
<para>Then you can mount and write to them like any other
|
||
filesystem.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>After you have formatted the floppies, you will need to copy
|
||
the files to them. The distribution files are split into chunks
|
||
conveniently sized so that five of them will fit on a conventional
|
||
1.44 MB floppy. Go through all your floppies, packing as many
|
||
files as will fit on each one, until you have all of the
|
||
distributions you want packed up in this fashion. Each
|
||
distribution should go into a subdirectory on the floppy, e.g.:
|
||
<filename>a:\base\base.aa</filename>,
|
||
<filename>a:\base\base.ab</filename>, and so on.</para>
|
||
|
||
<important>
|
||
<para>The <filename>base.inf</filename> file also needs to go on the
|
||
first floppy of the <filename>base</filename> set since it is read
|
||
by the installation program in order to figure out how many
|
||
additional pieces to look for when fetching and concatenating the
|
||
distribution.</para>
|
||
</important>
|
||
|
||
<para>Once you come to the Media screen during the install
|
||
process, select <guimenuitem>Floppy</guimenuitem> and you
|
||
will be prompted for the rest.</para>
|
||
</sect2>
|
||
|
||
<sect2 id="install-msdos">
|
||
<title>從 &ms-dos; 分割區安裝</title>
|
||
|
||
<indexterm>
|
||
<primary>installation</primary>
|
||
<secondary>from MS-DOS</secondary>
|
||
</indexterm>
|
||
<para>若準備要從 &ms-dos; 分割區進行安裝，
|
||
請把所有安裝檔都複製到該分割區根目錄內的 <filename>freebsd</filename>
|
||
目錄。 比如：<filename>c:\freebsd</filename>。
|
||
此目錄結構必須與光碟或 FTP 內的目錄結構一致，
|
||
因此若是要從光碟複製檔案，建議使用 DOS 的 <command>xcopy</command>
|
||
指令。 例如，要複製 &os; 最小安裝所需的檔案：</para>
|
||
|
||
<screen><prompt>C:\></prompt> <userinput>md c:\freebsd</userinput>
|
||
<prompt>C:\></prompt> <userinput>xcopy e:\bin c:\freebsd\bin\ /s</userinput>
|
||
<prompt>C:\></prompt> <userinput>xcopy e:\manpages c:\freebsd\manpages\ /s</userinput></screen>
|
||
|
||
<para>假設 <devicename>C:</devicename> 槽有多餘空間，可以放 &os;
|
||
安裝檔；<devicename>E:</devicename>則是光碟機代號。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>若沒有光碟機，可以到 <ulink
|
||
url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/releases/i386/&rel.current;-RELEASE/">ftp.FreeBSD.org</ulink> 去下載安裝檔。
|
||
每個安裝套件都有其相對應的目錄；比如 <emphasis>base</emphasis>
|
||
是放在 <ulink
|
||
url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/releases/i386/&rel.current;-RELEASE/base/">&rel.current;/base/</ulink>
|
||
目錄內。</para>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<para>請將您要安裝的套件(當然空間要夠)放到 &ms-dos; 分割區的
|
||
<filename>c:\freebsd</filename> 裡 — 因為這個
|
||
<literal>BIN</literal> 安裝套件僅供最精簡安裝而已。</para>
|
||
</sect2>
|
||
|
||
<sect2>
|
||
<title>製作安裝用的磁帶</title>
|
||
|
||
<indexterm>
|
||
<primary>installation</primary>
|
||
<secondary>from QIC/SCSI Tape</secondary>
|
||
</indexterm>
|
||
<para>從磁帶上安裝也許是最簡單的方式，比用 FTP 或光碟安裝還快。
|
||
安裝程式假設所有檔案都會壓縮放在磁帶上。 在取得所有要裝的安裝檔之後
|
||
，可以用下列指令把它們壓縮放在磁帶上：</para>
|
||
|
||
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /freebsd/distdir</userinput>
|
||
&prompt.root; <userinput>tar cvf /dev/rwt0 dist1 ... dist2</userinput></screen>
|
||
|
||
<para>當要安裝時，必須先確認磁帶還有足夠空間，
|
||
以便讓安裝過程暫存空間(可以自行選擇要放在哪個目錄)，
|
||
可以容納磁帶安裝時的<emphasis>全部</emphasis>檔案。
|
||
由於磁帶本身並不能隨機存取，因此用磁帶安裝會需要很大的暫存空間。
|
||
</para>
|
||
|
||
<note>
|
||
<para>在使用安裝磁片開機<emphasis> 之前</emphasis>，
|
||
磁帶一定要先放入磁帶機內，否則在偵測硬體時可能會無法偵測到磁帶機。
|
||
</para>
|
||
</note>
|
||
</sect2>
|
||
|
||
<sect2>
|
||
<title>Before Installing over a Network</title>
|
||
|
||
<indexterm>
|
||
<primary>installation</primary>
|
||
<secondary>network</secondary>
|
||
<tertiary>serial (SLIP or PPP)</tertiary>
|
||
</indexterm>
|
||
<indexterm>
|
||
<primary>installation</primary>
|
||
<secondary>network</secondary>
|
||
<tertiary>parallel (PLIP)</tertiary>
|
||
</indexterm>
|
||
<indexterm>
|
||
<primary>installation</primary>
|
||
<secondary>network</secondary>
|
||
<tertiary>Ethernet</tertiary>
|
||
</indexterm>
|
||
<para>有三種網路安裝方式：
|
||
Ethernet (標準 Ethernet 晶片)、Serial port(SLIP 或 PPP)、
|
||
Parallel port (PLIP (laplink cable))。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>透過網路安裝的最快方式，就是使用 Ethernet 網路卡！
|
||
&os; 支援大多數常見的 Ethernet 網路卡；
|
||
所有支援的網路卡(及其所需的設定)都有在各版本的 &os; 內的 Hardware
|
||
Note 說明文件內列出。 若您所用的是有支援的 PCMCIA 網路卡，
|
||
請務必在開機<emphasis>之前</emphasis>，先把該網路卡插上。 因為 &os;
|
||
的安裝過程，目前並不支援 PCMCIA 卡的熱插拔。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>此外，還需要知道該用的 IP 位址以及相對應的 netmask 為何，
|
||
以及機器名稱。 若所用的是 PPP 連線，而且沒有固定 IP，別擔心，
|
||
因為您的 ISP 會自動分配 IP 給您。 關於這些網路的細部設定，
|
||
可以洽詢您網路環境的系統管理者。
|
||
若要能以機器名稱就能連到相對應的機器，而非直接使用 IP位址去連，
|
||
那麼您還需要 DNS 以及 gateway 的位址(若用的是 PPP 連線，
|
||
gateway 位址就是 ISP 所分配給你的 IP 位址)。 若想透過 HTTP proxy
|
||
來使用 FTP 安裝，那麼必須知道 proxy 的網址為何。
|
||
若您對上述所需資訊不甚了解，那麼請在安裝<emphasis>之前</emphasis>，
|
||
先詢問系統管理者或 ISP。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>SLIP 的支援相當原始，並且主要受限於電腦之間的實體線路(hard-wired)
|
||
，比如筆記型電腦與其他電腦之間的 serial 線。
|
||
之所以得以電腦間以直接線路連結，乃是由於 SLIP
|
||
安裝目前並不支援撥接功能。 PPP 才有提供撥接功能，
|
||
所以請儘可能優先採用 PPP 而非 SLIP。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>若要透過數據機(modem)來安裝，那 PPP 幾乎是您唯一選擇。
|
||
請先準備好 ISP 所提供的相關資料，因為在安裝之初就會用到。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>若使用 PAP 或 CHAP 來連到 ISP(換句話說，若在 &windows;
|
||
可以不透過 script 就可以連線到 ISP)，那麼您僅需在
|
||
<application>ppp</application> 提示符號下輸入 <command>dial</command>
|
||
指令即可撥號。 否則，您必須知道如何以該數據機所採用的
|
||
<quote>AT 指令集</quote>來連到 ISP，因為 PPP 撥號程式僅提供非常陽春的
|
||
終端模擬器(terminal emulator)而起。 請參閱 Handbook 中 <link
|
||
linkend="userppp">user-ppp</link> 章節以及 <ulink
|
||
url="&url.books.faq;/ppp.html">FAQ</ulink> 中的相關項目。
|
||
若有操作上的疑問，可以打 <command>set log local ...</command>
|
||
指令，以便在螢幕上顯示相關記錄。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>若可直接以 hard-wired 方式連到另外的 &os;(2.0-R 及之後) 機器，
|
||
那麼可以考慮透過 <quote>laplink</quote> 平行電纜來安裝。
|
||
平行埠的傳輸速率比序列埠高很多(最高可達每秒 50 kbytes/sec)，
|
||
所以安裝速度會更快一些。</para>
|
||
|
||
<sect3>
|
||
<title>Before Installing via NFS</title>
|
||
|
||
<indexterm>
|
||
<primary>installation</primary>
|
||
<secondary>network</secondary>
|
||
<tertiary>NFS</tertiary>
|
||
</indexterm>
|
||
<para>NFS 安裝方式相當簡便，只需將 FreeBSD 安裝檔案都放到某台 NFS
|
||
server 上，然後再指定使用這台 NFS 作為安裝來源即可。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>若該 server 只允許 <quote>privileged port</quote>(通常這是 Sun
|
||
工作站的預設值)，那麼在安裝之前，必須先到 <guimenu>Options</guimenu>
|
||
選單去指定 <literal>NFS Secure</literal> 設定值。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>若網路卡的連線品質不佳，那可能需要調整一下
|
||
<literal>NFS Slow</literal> 設定。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>為了讓 NFS 安裝能順利完成，NFS 主機必須要可以支援子目錄的掛載
|
||
(mount)，例如：&os; &rel.current; 安裝目錄是在：
|
||
<filename>ziggy:/usr/archive/stuff/FreeBSD</filename>，那麼
|
||
<hostid>ziggy</hostid> 必須允許直接掛載在
|
||
<filename>/usr/archive/stuff/FreeBSD</filename>，而非僅
|
||
<filename>/usr</filename> 或是
|
||
<filename>/usr/archive/stuff</filename>。</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>在 &os; 的 <filename>/etc/exports</filename> 檔，上述功能是由
|
||
<option>-alldirs</option> 選項所設定。 其他的 NFS server
|
||
可能會有不同的設定方式。 若看到
|
||
<errorname>permission denied</errorname> 錯誤訊息，
|
||
則表示可能由於沒有啟用這選項所造成的。</para>
|
||
</sect3>
|
||
|
||
</sect2>
|
||
</sect1>
|
||
</chapter>
|
||
|
||
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