464 lines
16 KiB
Text
464 lines
16 KiB
Text
<!DOCTYPE BOOK PUBLIC "-//Davenport//DTD DocBook V3.0//EN">
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<!-- $Id: article.sgml,v 1.5 1998-10-14 03:25:31 dwhite Exp $ -->
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<book>
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<bookinfo>
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<bookbiblio>
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<title>Formatting Media For Use With FreeBSD 2.2-RELEASE</title>
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<subtitle>A Tutorial</subtitle>
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<authorgroup>
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<author>
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<firstname>Doug</firstname>
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<surname>White</surname>
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<affiliation>
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<address><email>dwhite@resnet.uoregon.edu</email></address>
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</affiliation>
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</author>
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</authorgroup>
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<pubdate>March 1997</pubdate>
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<abstract><para>This document describes how to slice, partition, and
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format hard disk drives and similar media for use with FreeBSD. The
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examples given have been tested under FreeBSD 2.2-GAMMA and may work
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for other releases. </para>
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</abstract>
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</bookbiblio>
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</bookinfo>
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<chapter>
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<title>Introduction & Definitions</title>
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<sect1>
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<title>Overview</title>
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<para>Successfully adding disks to an existing system is the mark of an
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experienced system administrator. Slicing, partitioning, and adding
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disks requires a careful dance of proper command and name syntax. One
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slipped finger and an entire disk could disappear in seconds. This
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document is written in an attempt to simplify this process and avoid
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accidents. Thankfully, enhancements to existing tools (notably
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sysinstall) have greatly improved this process in recent releases of
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FreeBSD. </para>
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<para>There are two possible modes of disk formatting:
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem><para><firstterm>compatibility mode</firstterm>: Arranging a
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disk so that it has a slice table for use with other operating
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systems.</para> </listitem>
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<listitem><para><firstterm>dangerously dedicated mode</firstterm>:
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Formatting a disk with no slice table. This makes the process of
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adding disks easier, however non-FreeBSD operating systems may not
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accept the disk. </para> </listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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</para>
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<para>For most cases, dedicated mode is the easiest to set up and use
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in existing systems, as a new disk is usually dedicated entirely to
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FreeBSD. However, compatibility mode insures optimum interoperability
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with future installations at a cost of increased complexity.</para>
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<para>In addition to selecting the mode, two methods of slicing the
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disk are available. One is using the system installation tool
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<command>/stand/sysinstall</command>. 2.1.7-RELEASE and later
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versions of <command>sysinstall</command> contain code to ease setup
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of disks during normal system operation, mainly allowing access to the
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Label and Partition editors and a Write feature which will update just
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the selected disk and slice without affecting other disks. The other
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method is running the tools manually from a root command line. For
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dangerously dedicated mode, only three or four commands are involved
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while <command>sysinstall</command> requires some manipulation.</para>
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</sect1>
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<sect1>
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<title>Definitions</title>
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<para>UNIX disk management over the centuries has invented many new
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definitions for old words. The following glossary covers the
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definitions used in this document and (hopefully) for FreeBSD in
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general. </para>
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<!-- I'm tempted to use GLOSSARY here but will resort to a list for
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now. -->
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem><para>compatibility mode: Arranging a disk so that it has a slice
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table for use with other operating systems. Oppose dangerously
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dedicated mode.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>dangerously dedicated mode: Formatting a disk with no slice
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table. This makes the process of adding disks easier, however
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non-FreeBSD operating systems may not accept the disk. Oppose
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compatibility mode.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>disk: A circular disc, covered with magnetic or similarly
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manipulable material, spun by a motor under a head. Data is stored on
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the disk by changing the pattern of magnetism on the disc, which can
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be later read. Hard disks, CD-ROMs, Magneto-optical,and Zip/Jaz
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removables are examples of disks.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>slice: A division of a disk. Up to four slices are permitted on one
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disk in the PC standard. Slices are composed of contiguous sectors.
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Slices are recorded in a <quote>slice table</quote> used by the system BIOS to
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locate bootable partitions. The slice table is usually called the
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Partition Table in DOS parlance. Maintained by the fdisk utility.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>partition: A division of a slice. Usually used in reference
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to divisions of the FreeBSD slice of a disk. Each filesystem and swap
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area on a disk resides in a partition. Maintained using the disklabel
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utility.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>sector: Smallest subdivision of a disk. One sector usually
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represents 512 bytes of data.</para></listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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</sect1>
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<sect1>
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<title>Warnings & Pitfalls</title>
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<para>Building disks is not something to take lightly. It is quite possible
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to destroy the contents of other disks in your system if the proper
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precautions are not taken.</para>
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<para><emphasis>Check your work carefully.</> It is very simple to destroy
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the incorrect disk when working with these commands. When
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in doubt consult the kernel boot output for the proper device.</para>
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<para>Needless to say, we are not responsible for any damage to any data
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or hardware that you may experience. You work at your own risk!</para>
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</sect1>
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<sect1>
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<title>Zip, Jaz, and Other Removables</title>
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<para>Removable disks can be formatted in the same way as normal hard
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disks. It is essential to have the disk drive connected to the system
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and a disk placed in the drive during startup, so the kernel can
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determine the drive's geometry. Check the <command>dmesg</command>
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output and make sure your device and the disk's size is listed. If
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the kernel reports
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<informalexample>
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<screen>
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Can't get the size
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</screen>
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</informalexample>
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then the disk was not in the drive. In this case, you will need to restart the
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machine before attempting to format disks.
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</para>
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</sect1>
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</chapter>
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<chapter>
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<title>Formatting Disks in Dedicated Mode</title>
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<sect1>
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<title>Introduction</title>
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<para>This section details how to make disks that are totally dedicated to
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FreeBSD. Remember, dedicated mode disks cannot be booted by the PC
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architecture.</para>
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</sect1>
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<sect1>
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<title>Making Dedicated Mode Disks using Sysinstall</title>
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<para><command>/stand/sysinstall</command>, the system installation
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utility, has been expanded in recent versions to make the process of
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dividing disks properly a less tiring affair. The fdisk and disklabel
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editors built into sysinstall are GUI tools that remove much of the
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confusion from slicing disks. For FreeBSD versions 2.1.7 and later,
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this is perhaps the simplest way to slice disks.</para>
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<orderedlist>
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<listitem><para>Start sysinstall as root by typing
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<informalexample>
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<screen><userinput>/stand/sysinstall</userinput></screen>
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</informalexample>
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from the command prompt.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Select <command>Index</command>.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Select <command>Partition</command>.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Select the disk to edit with arrow keys and
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<keycap>SPACE</keycap>.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem><para>If you are using this entire disk for FreeBSD, select
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<command>A</command>.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>When asked:
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<informalexample>
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<screen>
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Do you want to do this with a true partition entry so as to remain
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cooperative with any future possible operating systems on the
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drive(s)?
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</screen>
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</informalexample>answer <command>No</command>.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>When asked if you still want to do this, answer
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<command>Yes</command>.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Select <command>Write</command>.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>When warned about Writing on installed systems, answer
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<command>Yes</command>.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para><command>Quit</command>the FDISK Editor and
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<keycap>ESCAPE</keycap> back to the Index menu.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Select <command>Label</command> from the Index
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menu.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Label as desired. For a single partition, enter
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<command>C</command> to Create a partition, accept the
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default size, partition type Filesystem, and a mountpoint (which isn't
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used).</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Enter <command>W</command> when done and confirm to
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continue. The filesystem will be newfs'd for you, unless you select
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otherwise (for news partitions you'll want to do this!). You'll get
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the error:
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<informalexample>
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<screen>Error mounting /mnt/dev/wd2s1e on /mnt/blah : No such file or directory </screen>
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</informalexample>
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Ignore.
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</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Exit out by repeatedly pressing <keycap>ESCAPE</keycap>.</para></listitem>
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</orderedlist>
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</sect1>
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<sect1>
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<title>Making Dedicated Mode Disks Using the Command Line</title>
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<para>Execute the following commands, replacing wd2 with the disk
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name. Lines beginning with # are comments. </para>
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<informalexample>
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<screen>
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<userinput>
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dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/rwd2 count=2
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disklabel /dev/rwd2 | disklabel -B -R -r wd2 /dev/stdin
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# We only want one partition, so using slice 'c' should be fine:
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newfs /dev/rwd2c
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</userinput>
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</screen>
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</informalexample>
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<para> If you need to edit the disklabel to create multiple
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partitions (such as swap), use the following: </para>
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<informalexample>
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<screen>
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<userinput>
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dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/rwd2 count=2
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disklabel /dev/r$d > /tmp/label
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# Edit disklabel to add partitions:
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vi /tmp/label
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disklabel -B -R -r wd2 /tmp/label
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# newfs partitions appropriately
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</userinput>
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</screen>
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</informalexample>
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<para>Your disk is now ready for use.</para>
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</sect1>
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</chapter>
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<chapter>
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<title>Making Compatibility Mode Disks</title>
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<sect1>
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<title>Introduction</title>
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<para>The command line is the easiest way to make dedicated disks, and
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the worst way to make compatibility disks. The command-line fdisk
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utility requires higher math skills and an in-depth understanding of
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the slice table, which is more than most people want to deal with.
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Use sysinstall for compatibility disks, as described below.</para>
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</sect1>
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<sect1>
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<title>Making Compatibility Mode Disks Using Sysinstall</title>
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<orderedlist>
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<listitem><para>Start sysinstall as root by typing
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<informalexample>
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<screen><userinput>/stand/sysinstall</></screen>
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</informalexample>
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from the command prompt.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Select <command>Index</command>.</para> </listitem>
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<listitem><para>Select <command>Partition</command>.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Select the disk to edit with arrow keys and
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<keycap>SPACE</keycap>.
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</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>If you are using this entire disk for FreeBSD, select
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<command>A</command>.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>When asked:
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<informalexample>
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<screen>
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Do you want to do this with a true partition entry so as to remain
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cooperative with any future possible operating systems on the
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drive(s)?
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</screen>
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</informalexample> answer <command>yes</command>.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Select <command>Write</command>.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>When asked to install the boot manager, select None with
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<keycap>SPACE</keycap> then hit <keycap>ENTER</keycap> for OK.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para><command>Quit</command> the FDISK Editor.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>You'll be asked about the boot manager, select
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<command>None</command>
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again. </para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Select <command>Label</command> from the Index
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menu.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Label as desired. For a single partition, accept the
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default size, type filesystem, and a mountpoint (which isn't
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used).</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>The filesystem will be newfs'd for you, unless you select otherwise (for news partitions you'll want to do this!). You'll get the error:
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<informalexample>
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<screen>
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Error mounting /mnt/dev/wd2s1e on /mnt/blah : No such file or directory </screen>
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</informalexample>
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Ignore.
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</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Exit out by repeatedly pressing <keycap>ESCAPE</keycap>.</para></listitem>
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</orderedlist>
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<para>Your new disk is now ready for use.</para>
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</sect1>
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</chapter>
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<chapter>
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<title>Other Disk Operations</title>
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<sect1>
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<title>Adding Swap Space</title>
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<para>As a system grows, it's need for swap space can also grow.
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Although adding swap space to existing disks is very difficult, a new
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disk can be partitioned with additional swap space. </para>
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<para>To add swap space when adding a disk to a system:
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<orderedlist>
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<listitem><para>When partitioning the disk, edit the disklabel and
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allocate the amount of swap space to add in partition `b' and the
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remainder in another partition, such as `a' or `e'. The size is given
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in 512 byte blocks. </para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>When newfsing the drive, do NOT newfs the `c'
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partition. Instead, newfs the partition where the non-swap space
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lies.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Add an entry to <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> as follows:
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<informalexample>
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<programlisting>
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/dev/wd0b none swap sw 0 0
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</programlisting>
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</informalexample>
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Change /dev/wd0b to the device of the newly added
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space.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>To make the new space immediately available, use the
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<command>swapon</command> command.
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<informalexample>
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<screen>
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<userinput>
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$ swapon /dev/sd0b
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</userinput>
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swapon: added /dev/sd0b as swap space
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</screen>
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</informalexample>
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</para></listitem>
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</orderedlist>
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</para>
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</sect1>
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<sect1>
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<title>Copying the Contents of Disks</title>
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<!-- Should have specific tag -->
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<para>Submitted By: Renaud Waldura (<email>renaud@softway.com</email>) </para>
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<para>To move file from your original base disk to the fresh new one,
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do:
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<informalexample>
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<screen>
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<userinput>
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mount /dev/wd2 /mnt
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pax -r -w -p e /usr/home /mnt
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umount /mnt
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rm -rf /usr/home/*
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mount /dev/wd2 /usr/home
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</userinput>
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</screen>
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</informalexample>
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</para>
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</sect1>
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<sect1>
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<title>Creating Striped Disks using CCD</title>
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<para>Commands Submitted By: Stan Brown (<email>stanb@awod.com</email>) </para>
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<para>
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The Concatenated Disk Driver, or CCD, allows you to treat several identical disks as a single disk.
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Striping can result in increased disk performance by distributing reads and
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writes across the disks. See the ccd(4) and ccdconfig(4) man pages or the
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<ulink URL="http://stampede.cs.berkeley.edu/ccd/">CCD Homepage</ulink> for further details.</para>
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<para>To create a new CCD, execute the following commands. This describes
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how to add three disks together; simply add or remove devices as
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necessary. Remember that the disks to be striped must be <emphasis>identical.</></para>
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<para>Before executing these commands, make sure you add the line
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<userinput>
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pseudo-device ccd 4
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</userinput>
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to your kernel.</para>
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<informalexample>
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<screen>
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<userinput>
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cd /dev ; sh MAKDEV ccd0
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disklabel -r -w sd0 auto
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disklabel -r -w sd1 auto
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disklabel -r -w sd2 auto
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disklabel -e sd0c # change type to 4.2BSD
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disklabel -e sd1c # change type to 4.2BSD
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disklabel -e sd2c # change type to 4.2BSD
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ccdconfig ccd0 32 0 /dev/sd0c /dev/sd1c /dev/sd2c
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newfs /dev/rccd0c
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</userinput>
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</screen>
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</informalexample>
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<para>Now you can mount and use your CCD by referencing device /dev/ccd0c.
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</para>
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</sect1>
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</chapter>
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<chapter>
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<title>Credits</title>
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<para>The author would like to thank the following individuals for
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their contributions to this project:
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem><para>Darryl Okahata
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(<email>darrylo@hpnmhjw.sr.hp.com</email>) for his
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simple dedicated mode setup documentation which I have used repeatedly
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on freebsd-questions.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Jordan Hubbard
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(<email>jkh@freebsd.org</email>) for making
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sysinstall useful for this type of task.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>John Fieber
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(<email>jfieber@indiana.edu</email>) for making
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information and examples of the DocBook DTD on which this document is
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based.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Greg Lehey (<email>grog@freebsd.org</email>) for checking my
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work and pointing out inaccuracies, as well as miscellaneous support.
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</para></listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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</para>
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</chapter>
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</book>
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