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<!-- <!--
The FreeBSD Documentation Project The FreeBSD Documentation Project
$FreeBSD: doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/disks/chapter.sgml,v 1.29 2001/06/21 17:20:56 murray Exp $ $FreeBSD: doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/disks/chapter.sgml,v 1.30 2001/06/23 06:57:01 dd Exp $
--> -->
<chapter id="disks"> <chapter id="disks">
@ -19,8 +19,10 @@
<para>Before you install and configure FreeBSD on your system, there is an <para>Before you install and configure FreeBSD on your system, there is an
important subject that you should be aware of if, especially if you have important subject that you should be aware of if, especially if you have
multiple hard drives.</para> multiple hard drives.</para>
<indexterm><primary>DOS</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>Microsoft Windows</primary></indexterm>
<para>In a PC running DOS or any of the BIOS-dependent operating systems <para>In a PC running DOS or any of the BIOS-dependent operating systems
(WINxxx), the BIOS is able to abstract the normal disk drive order, and (WINxxx), the BIOS is able to abstract the normal disk drive order, and
the operating system goes along with the change. This allows the user the operating system goes along with the change. This allows the user
@ -34,6 +36,8 @@
to logically swap the drives. It's like switching the cables on the to logically swap the drives. It's like switching the cables on the
drives, but without having to open the case.</para> drives, but without having to open the case.</para>
<indexterm><primary>SCSI</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>BIOS</primary></indexterm>
<para>More expensive systems with SCSI controllers often include BIOS <para>More expensive systems with SCSI controllers often include BIOS
extensions which allow the SCSI drives to be re-ordered in a similar extensions which allow the SCSI drives to be re-ordered in a similar
fashion for up to seven drives.</para> fashion for up to seven drives.</para>
@ -116,6 +120,10 @@
<sect1 id="disks-naming"> <sect1 id="disks-naming">
<title>Disk Naming</title> <title>Disk Naming</title>
<indexterm><primary>IDE</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>SCSI</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>RAID</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>fash memory</primary></indexterm>
<para>Physical drives come in two main flavors, <para>Physical drives come in two main flavors,
<acronym>IDE</acronym>, or <acronym>SCSI</acronym>; but there <acronym>IDE</acronym>, or <acronym>SCSI</acronym>; but there
are also drives backed by RAID controllers, flash memory, and so are also drives backed by RAID controllers, flash memory, and so
@ -192,7 +200,9 @@
<sect2> <sect2>
<title>Slices and Partitions</title> <title>Slices and Partitions</title>
<indexterm><primary>slices</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>partitions</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>dangerously dedicated</primary></indexterm>
<para>Physical disks usually contain <para>Physical disks usually contain
<firstterm>slices</firstterm>, unless they are <firstterm>slices</firstterm>, unless they are
<quote>dangerously dedicated</quote>. Slice numbers follow <quote>dangerously dedicated</quote>. Slice numbers follow
@ -220,6 +230,7 @@
have their own branches, such as have their own branches, such as
<filename>/usr/local</filename>, and so on.</para> <filename>/usr/local</filename>, and so on.</para>
<indexterm><primary>root filesystem</primary></indexterm>
<para>There are various reasons to house some of these <para>There are various reasons to house some of these
directories on separate filesystems. <filename>/var</filename> directories on separate filesystems. <filename>/var</filename>
contains log, spool, and various types of temporary files, and contains log, spool, and various types of temporary files, and
@ -235,6 +246,8 @@
<sect2 id="disks-fstab"> <sect2 id="disks-fstab">
<title>The fstab File</title> <title>The fstab File</title>
<indexterm><primary>filesystems</primary><secondary>mounted with
fstab</secondary></indexterm>
<para>During the <link linkend="boot">boot process</link>, <para>During the <link linkend="boot">boot process</link>,
filesystems listed in <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> are filesystems listed in <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> are
@ -272,6 +285,7 @@
<sect2 id="disks-mount"> <sect2 id="disks-mount">
<title>The mount Command</title> <title>The mount Command</title>
<indexterm><primary>filesystems</primary><secondary>mounting</secondary></indexterm>
<para>The &man.mount.8; command is what is ultimately used to <para>The &man.mount.8; command is what is ultimately used to
mount filesystems.</para> mount filesystems.</para>
@ -397,6 +411,7 @@
<sect2 id="disks-umount"> <sect2 id="disks-umount">
<title>The umount Command</title> <title>The umount Command</title>
<indexterm><primary>filesystems</primary><secondary>unmounting</secondary></indexterm>
<para>The umount command takes, as a parameter, one of a <para>The umount command takes, as a parameter, one of a
mountpoint, a device name, or the <option>-a</option> or mountpoint, a device name, or the <option>-a</option> or
@ -415,15 +430,17 @@
<sect1 id="disks-adding"> <sect1 id="disks-adding">
<title>Adding Disks</title> <title>Adding Disks</title>
<indexterm><primary>disks</primary><secondary>adding</secondary></indexterm>
<para><emphasis>Originally contributed by &a.obrien; 26 April <para><emphasis>Originally contributed by &a.obrien; 26 April
1998</emphasis></para> 1998</emphasis></para>
<para>Lets say we want to add a new SCSI disk to a machine that currently <para>Lets say we want to add a new SCSI disk to a machine that
only has a single drive. First turn off the computer and install the currently only has a single drive. First turn off the computer
drive in the computer following the instructions of the computer, and install the drive in the computer following the instructions
controller, and drive manufacturer. Due the wide variations of procedures of the computer, controller, and drive manufacturer. Due the
to do this, the details are beyond the scope of this document.</para> wide variations of procedures to do this, the details are beyond
the scope of this document.</para>
<para>Login as user <username>root</username>. After you've installed the <para>Login as user <username>root</username>. After you've installed the
drive, inspect <filename>/var/run/dmesg.boot</filename> to ensure the new drive, inspect <filename>/var/run/dmesg.boot</filename> to ensure the new
@ -433,77 +450,92 @@
be <filename>wd1</filename> in pre-4.0 systems, or be <filename>wd1</filename> in pre-4.0 systems, or
<filename>ad1</filename> in most 4.X systems).</para> <filename>ad1</filename> in most 4.X systems).</para>
<para>Because FreeBSD runs on IBM-PC compatible computers, it must take into <indexterm><primary>partitions</primary></indexterm>
account the PC BIOS partitions. These are different from the traditional <indexterm><primary>slices</primary></indexterm>
BSD partitions. A PC disk has up to four BIOS partition entries. If the <indexterm><primary>fdisk</primary></indexterm>
disk is going to be truly dedicated to FreeBSD, you can use the
<emphasis>dedicated</emphasis> mode. Otherwise, FreeBSD will have to live <para>Because FreeBSD runs on IBM-PC compatible computers, it must
with in one of the PC BIOS partitions. FreeBSD calls the PC BIOS take into account the PC BIOS partitions. These are different
partitions <emphasis>slices</emphasis> so as not to confuse them with from the traditional BSD partitions. A PC disk has up to four
traditional BSD partitions. You may also use slices on a disk that is BIOS partition entries. If the disk is going to be truly
dedicated to FreeBSD, but used in a computer that also has another dedicated to FreeBSD, you can use the
operating system installed. This is to not confuse the <emphasis>dedicated</emphasis> mode. Otherwise, FreeBSD will
<command>fdisk</command> utility of the other operating system.</para> have to live with in one of the PC BIOS partitions. FreeBSD
calls the PC BIOS partitions <emphasis>slices</emphasis> so as
not to confuse them with traditional BSD partitions. You may
also use slices on a disk that is dedicated to FreeBSD, but used
in a computer that also has another operating system installed.
This is to not confuse the <command>fdisk</command> utility of
the other operating system.</para>
<para>In the slice case the drive will be added as <para>In the slice case the drive will be added as
<filename>/dev/da1s1e</filename>. This is read as: SCSI disk, unit number <filename>/dev/da1s1e</filename>. This is read as: SCSI disk,
1 (second SCSI disk), slice 1 (PC BIOS partition 1), and unit number 1 (second SCSI disk), slice 1 (PC BIOS partition 1),
<filename>e</filename> BSD partition. In the dedicated case, the drive and <filename>e</filename> BSD partition. In the dedicated
will be added simply as <filename>/dev/da1e</filename>.</para> case, the drive will be added simply as
<filename>/dev/da1e</filename>.</para>
<sect2> <sect2>
<title>Using sysinstall</title> <title>Using sysinstall</title>
<indexterm><primary>sysinstall</primary><secondary>adding disks</secondary></indexterm>
<para>You may use <command>/stand/sysinstall</command> to partition and
label a new disk using its easy to use menus. Either login as user <para>You may use <command>/stand/sysinstall</command> to
<username>root</username> or use the <command>su</command> command. Run partition and label a new disk using its easy to use menus.
Either login as user <username>root</username> or use the
<command>su</command> command. Run
<command>/stand/sysinstall</command> and enter the <command>/stand/sysinstall</command> and enter the
<literal>Configure</literal> menu. With in the <literal>FreeBSD <literal>Configure</literal> menu. With in the
Configuration Menu</literal>, scroll down and select the <literal>FreeBSD Configuration Menu</literal>, scroll down and
<literal>Partition</literal> item. Next you should be presented with a select the <literal>Partition</literal> item. Next you should
list of hard drives installed in your system. If you do not see be presented with a list of hard drives installed in your
<literal>da1</literal> listed, you need to recheck your physical system. If you do not see <literal>da1</literal> listed, you
installation and <command>dmesg</command> output in the file need to recheck your physical installation and
<command>dmesg</command> output in the file
<filename>/var/run/dmesg.boot</filename>.</para> <filename>/var/run/dmesg.boot</filename>.</para>
<para>Select <literal>da1</literal> to enter the <literal>FDISK Partition <para>Select <literal>da1</literal> to enter the <literal>FDISK
Editor</literal>. Choose <literal>A</literal> to use the entire disk Partition Editor</literal>. Choose <literal>A</literal> to
for FreeBSD. When asked if you want to <quote>remain cooperative with use the entire disk for FreeBSD. When asked if you want to
any future possible operating systems</quote>, answer <quote>remain cooperative with any future possible operating
<literal>YES</literal>. Write the changes to the disk using systems</quote>, answer <literal>YES</literal>. Write the
<command>W</command>. Now exit the FDISK editor using changes to the disk using <command>W</command>. Now exit the
<command>q</command>. Next you will be asked about the Master Boot FDISK editor using <command>q</command>. Next you will be
Record. Since you are adding a disk to an already running system, asked about the Master Boot Record. Since you are adding a
choose <literal>None</literal>.</para> disk to an already running system, choose
<literal>None</literal>.</para>
<para>Next enter the <literal>Disk Label Editor</literal>. This is where <indexterm><primary>BSD partitions</primary></indexterm>
you will create the traditional BSD partitions. A disk can have up to <para>Next enter the <literal>Disk Label Editor</literal>. This
eight partitions, labeled a-h. A few of the partition labels have is where you will create the traditional BSD partitions. A
special uses. The <literal>a</literal> partition is used for the root disk can have up to eight partitions, labeled a-h. A few of
partition (<filename>/</filename>). Thus only your system disk (e.g, the partition labels have special uses. The
the disk you boot from) should have an <literal>a</literal> partition. <literal>a</literal> partition is used for the root partition
The <literal>b</literal> partition is used for swap partitions, and you (<filename>/</filename>). Thus only your system disk (e.g,
may have many disks with swap partitions. The <literal>c</literal> the disk you boot from) should have an <literal>a</literal>
partition addresses the entire disk in dedicated mode, or the entire partition. The <literal>b</literal> partition is used for
FreeBSD slice in slice mode. The other partitions are for general swap partitions, and you may have many disks with swap
use.</para> partitions. The <literal>c</literal> partition addresses the
entire disk in dedicated mode, or the entire FreeBSD slice in
slice mode. The other partitions are for general use.</para>
<para>Sysinstall's Label editor favors the <literal>e</literal> partition <para>Sysinstall's Label editor favors the <literal>e</literal>
for non-root, non-swap partitions. With in the Label editor, create a partition for non-root, non-swap partitions. With in the
single file system using <command>C</command>. When prompted if this Label editor, create a single file system using
will be a FS (file system) or swap, choose <literal>FS</literal> and <command>C</command>. When prompted if this will be a FS
give a mount point (e.g, <filename>/mnt</filename>). When adding a disk (file system) or swap, choose <literal>FS</literal> and give a
in post-install mode, Sysinstall will not create entries in mount point (e.g, <filename>/mnt</filename>). When adding a
<filename>/etc/fstab</filename> for you, so the mount point you specify disk in post-install mode, Sysinstall will not create entries
isn't important.</para> in <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> for you, so the mount point
you specify isn't important.</para>
<para>You are now ready to write the new label to the disk and create a <para>You are now ready to write the new label to the disk and
file system on it. Do this by hitting <command>W</command>. Ignore any create a file system on it. Do this by hitting
errors from Sysinstall that it could not mount the new partition. Exit <command>W</command>. Ignore any errors from Sysinstall that
the Label Editor and Sysinstall completely.</para> it could not mount the new partition. Exit the Label Editor
and Sysinstall completely.</para>
<para>The last step is to edit <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> to add an <para>The last step is to edit <filename>/etc/fstab</filename>
entry for your new disk.</para> to add an entry for your new disk.</para>
</sect2> </sect2>
<sect2> <sect2>
@ -535,6 +567,7 @@
<sect3> <sect3>
<title>Dedicated</title> <title>Dedicated</title>
<indexterm><primary>OS/2</primary></indexterm>
<para>If you will not be sharing the new drive with another operating <para>If you will not be sharing the new drive with another operating
system, you may use the <literal>dedicated</literal> mode. Remember system, you may use the <literal>dedicated</literal> mode. Remember
@ -565,12 +598,17 @@
<sect1 id="disks-virtual"> <sect1 id="disks-virtual">
<title>Virtual Disks: Network, Memory, and File-Based Filesystems</title> <title>Virtual Disks: Network, Memory, and File-Based Filesystems</title>
<indexterm><primary>virtual disks</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>disks</primary><secondary>virtual</secondary></indexterm>
<para>Aside from the disks you physically insert into your computer: <para>Aside from the disks you physically insert into your computer:
floppies, CDs, hard drives, and so forth; other forms of disks floppies, CDs, hard drives, and so forth; other forms of disks
are understood by FreeBSD - the <firstterm>virtual are understood by FreeBSD - the <firstterm>virtual
disks</firstterm>.</para> disks</firstterm>.</para>
<indexterm><primary>NFS</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>Coda</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>disks</primary><secondary>memory</secondary></indexterm>
<para>These include network filesystems such as the <link <para>These include network filesystems such as the <link
linkend="nfs">Network Filesystem</link> and Coda, memory-based linkend="nfs">Network Filesystem</link> and Coda, memory-based
filesystems such as <link linkend="disks-md">md</link> and filesystems such as <link linkend="disks-md">md</link> and
@ -579,6 +617,7 @@
<sect2 id="disks-vnconfig"> <sect2 id="disks-vnconfig">
<title>vnconfig: file-backed filesystem</title> <title>vnconfig: file-backed filesystem</title>
<indexterm><primary>disks</primary><secondary>file-backed</secondary></indexterm>
<para>&man.vnconfig.8; configures and enables vnode pseudo disk <para>&man.vnconfig.8; configures and enables vnode pseudo disk
devices. A <firstterm>vnode</firstterm> is a representation devices. A <firstterm>vnode</firstterm> is a representation
@ -622,6 +661,7 @@ Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Avail Capacity Mounted on
<sect2 id="disks-md"> <sect2 id="disks-md">
<title>md: Memory Filesystem</title> <title>md: Memory Filesystem</title>
<indexterm><primary>disks</primary><secondary>memory</secondary></indexterm>
<para>md is a simple, efficient means to do memory <para>md is a simple, efficient means to do memory
filesystems.</para> filesystems.</para>
@ -645,6 +685,9 @@ Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Avail Capacity Mounted on
<sect1 id="quotas"> <sect1 id="quotas">
<title>Disk Quotas</title> <title>Disk Quotas</title>
<indexterm><primary>accounting</primary><secondary>disk
space</secondary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>disk quotas</primary></indexterm>
<para>Quotas are an optional feature of the operating system that <para>Quotas are an optional feature of the operating system that
allow you to limit the amount of disk space and/or the number of allow you to limit the amount of disk space and/or the number of
@ -676,7 +719,7 @@ Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Avail Capacity Mounted on
line:</para> line:</para>
<programlisting>enable_quotas=<quote>YES</quote></programlisting> <programlisting>enable_quotas=<quote>YES</quote></programlisting>
<indexterm><primary>disk quotas</primary><secondary>checking</secondary></indexterm>
<para>For finer control over your quota startup, there is an <para>For finer control over your quota startup, there is an
additional configuration variable available. Normally on bootup, additional configuration variable available. Normally on bootup,
the quota integrity of each file system is checked by the the quota integrity of each file system is checked by the
@ -740,6 +783,7 @@ Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Avail Capacity Mounted on
<sect2> <sect2>
<title>Setting Quota Limits</title> <title>Setting Quota Limits</title>
<indexterm><primary>disk quotas</primary><secondary>limits</secondary></indexterm>
<para>Once you have configured your system to enable quotas, verify <para>Once you have configured your system to enable quotas, verify
that they really are enabled. An easy way to do this is to that they really are enabled. An easy way to do this is to
@ -761,6 +805,7 @@ Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Avail Capacity Mounted on
combination of both. Each of these limits are further broken down combination of both. Each of these limits are further broken down
into two categories; hard and soft limits.</para> into two categories; hard and soft limits.</para>
<indexterm><primary>hard limit</primary></indexterm>
<para>A hard limit may not be exceeded. Once a user reaches his <para>A hard limit may not be exceeded. Once a user reaches his
hard limit he may not make any further allocations on the file hard limit he may not make any further allocations on the file
system in question. For example, if the user has a hard limit of system in question. For example, if the user has a hard limit of
@ -768,6 +813,7 @@ Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Avail Capacity Mounted on
user can only allocate an additional 10 blocks. Attempting to user can only allocate an additional 10 blocks. Attempting to
allocate an additional 11 blocks will fail.</para> allocate an additional 11 blocks will fail.</para>
<indexterm><primary>soft limit</primary></indexterm>
<para>Soft limits, on the other hand, can be exceeded for a limited <para>Soft limits, on the other hand, can be exceeded for a limited
amount of time. This period of time is known as the grace period, amount of time. This period of time is known as the grace period,
which is one week by default. If a user stays over his or her which is one week by default. If a user stays over his or her
@ -825,6 +871,7 @@ Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Avail Capacity Mounted on
<sect2> <sect2>
<title>Checking Quota Limits and Disk Usage</title> <title>Checking Quota Limits and Disk Usage</title>
<indexterm><primary>disk quotas</primary><secondary>checking</secondary></indexterm>
<para>You can use either the <command>quota</command> or the <para>You can use either the <command>quota</command> or the
<command>repquota</command> commands to check quota limits and <command>repquota</command> commands to check quota limits and
@ -845,6 +892,7 @@ Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Avail Capacity Mounted on
/usr 65* 50 75 5days 7 50 60 /usr 65* 50 75 5days 7 50 60
/usr/var 0 50 75 0 50 60</programlisting> /usr/var 0 50 75 0 50 60</programlisting>
<indexterm><primary>grace period</primary></indexterm>
<para>On the <filename>/usr</filename> file system in the above <para>On the <filename>/usr</filename> file system in the above
example this user is currently 15 blocks over the soft limit of example this user is currently 15 blocks over the soft limit of
50 blocks and has 5 days of the grace period left. Note the 50 blocks and has 5 days of the grace period left. Note the
@ -862,6 +910,7 @@ Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Avail Capacity Mounted on
<sect2> <sect2>
<title>Quotas over NFS</title> <title>Quotas over NFS</title>
<indexterm><primary>NFS</primary></indexterm>
<para>Quotas are enforced by the quota subsystem on the NFS server. <para>Quotas are enforced by the quota subsystem on the NFS server.
The &man.rpc.rquotad.8; daemon makes quota information available The &man.rpc.rquotad.8; daemon makes quota information available
@ -881,6 +930,7 @@ Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Avail Capacity Mounted on
<sect1 id="creating-cds"> <sect1 id="creating-cds">
<title>Creating CDs</title> <title>Creating CDs</title>
<indexterm><primary>CDROMs</primary><secondary>creating</secondary></indexterm>
<para><emphasis>Contributed by Mike Meyer <para><emphasis>Contributed by Mike Meyer
<email>mwm@mired.org</email>, April 2001.</emphasis></para> <email>mwm@mired.org</email>, April 2001.</emphasis></para>
@ -901,18 +951,22 @@ Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Avail Capacity Mounted on
to make up the tracks on the CD, then write the tracks to the to make up the tracks on the CD, then write the tracks to the
CD.</para> CD.</para>
<indexterm><primary>ISO 9660</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>filesystems</primary><secondary>ISO-9660</secondary></indexterm>
<para>The ISO 9660 file system was designed to deal with these <para>The ISO 9660 file system was designed to deal with these
differences. It unfortunately codifies file system limits that were differences. It unfortunately codifies file system limits that were
common then. Fortunately, it provides an extension mechanism that common then. Fortunately, it provides an extension mechanism that
allows properly written CDs to exceed those limits while still allows properly written CDs to exceed those limits while still
working with systems that do not support those extensions.</para> working with systems that do not support those extensions.</para>
<indexterm><primary>mkisofs</primary></indexterm>
<para>The <command><link linkend="mkisofs">mkisofs</link></command> <para>The <command><link linkend="mkisofs">mkisofs</link></command>
program is used to produce a data file containing an ISO 9660 file program is used to produce a data file containing an ISO 9660 file
system. It has options that support various extensions, and is system. It has options that support various extensions, and is
described below. You can install it with the <filename> described below. You can install it with the <filename>
/usr/ports/sysutils/mkisofs</filename> port.</para> /usr/ports/sysutils/mkisofs</filename> port.</para>
<indexterm><primary>CD burner</primary><secondary>ATAPI</secondary></indexterm>
<para>Which tool to use to burn the CD depends on whether your CD burner <para>Which tool to use to burn the CD depends on whether your CD burner
is ATAPI or something else. ATAPI CD burners use the <command><link is ATAPI or something else. ATAPI CD burners use the <command><link
linkend="burncd">burncd</link></command> program that is part of linkend="burncd">burncd</link></command> program that is part of
@ -930,6 +984,7 @@ Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Avail Capacity Mounted on
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mkisofs <option>-o</option> <replaceable>imagefile.iso</replaceable> <replaceable>/path/to/tree</replaceable></userinput></screen> <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mkisofs <option>-o</option> <replaceable>imagefile.iso</replaceable> <replaceable>/path/to/tree</replaceable></userinput></screen>
<indexterm><primary>filesystems</primary><secondary>ISO-9660</secondary></indexterm>
<para>This command will create an <replaceable>imagefile</replaceable> <para>This command will create an <replaceable>imagefile</replaceable>
containing an ISO 9660 file system that is a copy of the tree at containing an ISO 9660 file system that is a copy of the tree at
<replaceable>/path/to/tree</replaceable>. In the process, it will <replaceable>/path/to/tree</replaceable>. In the process, it will
@ -939,6 +994,8 @@ Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Avail Capacity Mounted on
for details of this process, and options that can be used to for details of this process, and options that can be used to
control it.</para> control it.</para>
<indexterm><primary>filesystems</primary><secondary>HFS</secondary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>filesystems</primary><secondary>Joliet</secondary></indexterm>
<para>A number of options are available to overcome those <para>A number of options are available to overcome those
restrictions. In particular, <option>-R</option> enables the restrictions. In particular, <option>-R</option> enables the
Rock Ridge extensions common to Unix systems, <option>-J</option> Rock Ridge extensions common to Unix systems, <option>-J</option>
@ -953,7 +1010,8 @@ Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Avail Capacity Mounted on
file system image that is identical to the FreeBSD tree you started file system image that is identical to the FreeBSD tree you started
from, though it may violate the ISO 9660 standard in a number of from, though it may violate the ISO 9660 standard in a number of
ways.</para> ways.</para>
<indexterm><primary>CDROMs</primary><secondary>creating bootable</secondary></indexterm>
<para>The last option of general use is <option>-b</option>. This is <para>The last option of general use is <option>-b</option>. This is
used to specify the location of the boot image for use in producing an used to specify the location of the boot image for use in producing an
<quote>El Torito</quote> bootable CD. This option takes an <quote>El Torito</quote> bootable CD. This option takes an
@ -983,7 +1041,7 @@ Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Avail Capacity Mounted on
<sect2 id="burncd"> <sect2 id="burncd">
<title>burncd</title> <title>burncd</title>
<indexterm><primary>CDROMs</primary><secondary>burning</secondary></indexterm>
<para>If you have an ATAPI CD burner, you can use the <para>If you have an ATAPI CD burner, you can use the
<command>burncd</command> command to burn an ISO image onto a <command>burncd</command> command to burn an ISO image onto a
CD. <command>burncd</command> is part of the base system, installed CD. <command>burncd</command> is part of the base system, installed
@ -1024,7 +1082,7 @@ Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Avail Capacity Mounted on
the <option>dev</option> to use. To find the proper setting, use the <option>dev</option> to use. To find the proper setting, use
the <option>-scanbus</option> flag of <command>cdrecord</command>, the <option>-scanbus</option> flag of <command>cdrecord</command>,
which might produce results like this:</para> which might produce results like this:</para>
<indexterm><primary>CDROMs</primary><secondary>burning</secondary></indexterm>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cdrecord <option>-scanbus</option></userinput> <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cdrecord <option>-scanbus</option></userinput>
Cdrecord 1.9 (i386-unknown-freebsd4.2) Copyright (C) 1995-2000 J&ouml;rg Schilling Cdrecord 1.9 (i386-unknown-freebsd4.2) Copyright (C) 1995-2000 J&ouml;rg Schilling
Using libscg version 'schily-0.1' Using libscg version 'schily-0.1'

67
en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/printing/chapter.sgml
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
<!-- <!--
The FreeBSD Documentation Project The FreeBSD Documentation Project
$FreeBSD: doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/printing/chapter.sgml,v 1.34 2001/05/28 13:41:59 sheldonh Exp $ $FreeBSD: doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/printing/chapter.sgml,v 1.35 2001/06/23 06:57:04 dd Exp $
--> -->
<chapter id="printing"> <chapter id="printing">
@ -12,6 +12,8 @@
<sect1> <sect1>
<title>Synopsis</title> <title>Synopsis</title>
<indexterm><primary>LPD spooling system</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>printing</primary></indexterm>
<para>In order to use printers with FreeBSD, you will need to set them <para>In order to use printers with FreeBSD, you will need to set them
up to work with the Berkeley line printer spooling system, also up to work with the Berkeley line printer spooling system, also
@ -38,6 +40,7 @@
attached to other hosts on the network.</para> attached to other hosts on the network.</para>
</listitem> </listitem>
<indexterm><primary>print jobs</primary></indexterm>
<listitem> <listitem>
<para>It enables users to submit files to be printed; these <para>It enables users to submit files to be printed; these
submissions are known as <emphasis>jobs</emphasis>.</para> submissions are known as <emphasis>jobs</emphasis>.</para>
@ -96,6 +99,7 @@
for data to be copied to the printer.</para> for data to be copied to the printer.</para>
</listitem> </listitem>
<indexterm><primary>TeX</primary></indexterm>
<listitem> <listitem>
<para>LPD can conveniently run a job to be printed through <para>LPD can conveniently run a job to be printed through
filters to add date/time headers or convert a special file filters to add date/time headers or convert a special file
@ -190,6 +194,7 @@
or both of the following interfaces:</para> or both of the following interfaces:</para>
<itemizedlist> <itemizedlist>
<indexterm><primary>printer</primary><secondary>serial</secondary></indexterm>
<listitem> <listitem>
<para><emphasis>Serial</emphasis> interfaces use a serial <para><emphasis>Serial</emphasis> interfaces use a serial
port on your computer to send data to the printer. Serial port on your computer to send data to the printer. Serial
@ -200,6 +205,7 @@
options.</para> options.</para>
</listitem> </listitem>
<indexterm><primary>printer</primary><secondary>parallel</secondary></indexterm>
<listitem> <listitem>
<para><emphasis>Parallel</emphasis> interfaces use a <para><emphasis>Parallel</emphasis> interfaces use a
parallel port on your computer to send data to the parallel port on your computer to send data to the
@ -209,6 +215,7 @@
options with parallel interfaces, making their options with parallel interfaces, making their
configuration exceedingly simple.</para> configuration exceedingly simple.</para>
<indexterm><primary>centronics (see parallel printers)</primary></indexterm>
<para>Parallel interfaces are sometimes known as <para>Parallel interfaces are sometimes known as
<quote>Centronics</quote> interfaces, named after the <quote>Centronics</quote> interfaces, named after the
connector type on the printer.</para> connector type on the printer.</para>
@ -222,6 +229,7 @@
can communicate in both directions under FreeBSD when a can communicate in both directions under FreeBSD when a
IEEE1284 compliant cable is used.</para> IEEE1284 compliant cable is used.</para>
<indexterm><primary>PostScript</primary></indexterm>
<para>Usually, the only time you need two-way communication with <para>Usually, the only time you need two-way communication with
the printer is if the printer speaks PostScript. PostScript the printer is if the printer speaks PostScript. PostScript
printers can be very verbose. In fact, PostScript jobs are printers can be very verbose. In fact, PostScript jobs are
@ -274,6 +282,7 @@
<quote>DTE-to-DCE</quote> cable.</para> <quote>DTE-to-DCE</quote> cable.</para>
</listitem> </listitem>
<indexterm><primary>null-modem cable</primary></indexterm>
<listitem> <listitem>
<para>A <emphasis>null-modem</emphasis> cable connects some <para>A <emphasis>null-modem</emphasis> cable connects some
pins straight through, swaps others (send data to receive pins straight through, swaps others (send data to receive
@ -284,12 +293,15 @@
<listitem> <listitem>
<para>A <emphasis>serial printer</emphasis> cable, required <para>A <emphasis>serial printer</emphasis> cable, required
for some unusual printers, is like the null modem cable, for some unusual printers, is like the null-modem cable,
but sends some signals to their counterparts instead of but sends some signals to their counterparts instead of
being internally shorted.</para> being internally shorted.</para>
</listitem> </listitem>
</itemizedlist> </itemizedlist>
<indexterm><primary>baud rate</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>parity</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>flow control protocol</primary></indexterm>
<para>You should also set up the communications parameters for <para>You should also set up the communications parameters for
the printer, usually through front-panel controls or DIP the printer, usually through front-panel controls or DIP
switches on the printer. Choose the highest switches on the printer. Choose the highest
@ -547,6 +559,7 @@ sio2: type 16550A</screen>
the program &man.lptest.1; is perfect: it generates all 96 the program &man.lptest.1; is perfect: it generates all 96
printable ASCII characters in 96 lines.</para> printable ASCII characters in 96 lines.</para>
<indexterm><primary>PostScript</primary></indexterm>
<para>For a PostScript (or other language-based) printer, we <para>For a PostScript (or other language-based) printer, we
will need a more sophisticated test. A small PostScript will need a more sophisticated test. A small PostScript
program, such as the following, will suffice:</para> program, such as the following, will suffice:</para>
@ -561,6 +574,7 @@ showpage</programlisting>
used as shown in the examples appearing in the following used as shown in the examples appearing in the following
sections.</para> sections.</para>
<indexterm><primary>PCL</primary></indexterm>
<note> <note>
<para>When this document refers to a printer language, it is <para>When this document refers to a printer language, it is
assuming a language like PostScript, and not Hewlett assuming a language like PostScript, and not Hewlett
@ -574,6 +588,7 @@ showpage</programlisting>
<sect5 id="printing-checking-parallel"> <sect5 id="printing-checking-parallel">
<title>Checking a Parallel Printer</title> <title>Checking a Parallel Printer</title>
<indexterm><primary>printer</primary><secondary>parallel</secondary></indexterm>
<para>This section tells you how to check if FreeBSD can <para>This section tells you how to check if FreeBSD can
communicate with a printer connected to a parallel communicate with a printer connected to a parallel
port.</para> port.</para>
@ -636,6 +651,7 @@ showpage</programlisting>
<sect5 id="printing-checking-serial"> <sect5 id="printing-checking-serial">
<title>Checking a Serial Printer</title> <title>Checking a Serial Printer</title>
<indexterm><primary>printer</primary><secondary>serial</secondary></indexterm>
<para>This section tells you how to check if FreeBSD can <para>This section tells you how to check if FreeBSD can
communicate with a printer on a serial port.</para> communicate with a printer on a serial port.</para>
@ -653,6 +669,9 @@ showpage</programlisting>
<programlisting>printer:dv=/dev/<replaceable>port</replaceable>:br#<replaceable>bps-rate</replaceable>:pa=<replaceable>parity</replaceable></programlisting> <programlisting>printer:dv=/dev/<replaceable>port</replaceable>:br#<replaceable>bps-rate</replaceable>:pa=<replaceable>parity</replaceable></programlisting>
<indexterm><primary>bits-per-second</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>serial port</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>parity</primary></indexterm>
<para>Where <replaceable>port</replaceable> is the device <para>Where <replaceable>port</replaceable> is the device
entry for the serial port (<literal>ttyd0</literal>, entry for the serial port (<literal>ttyd0</literal>,
<literal>ttyd1</literal>, etc.), <literal>ttyd1</literal>, etc.),
@ -739,6 +758,7 @@ showpage</programlisting>
reads this file each time the spooler is used, so updates to the reads this file each time the spooler is used, so updates to the
file take immediate effect.</para> file take immediate effect.</para>
<indexterm><primary>printer</primary><secondary>capabilities</secondary></indexterm>
<para>The format of the &man.printcap.5; file is straightforward. <para>The format of the &man.printcap.5; file is straightforward.
Use your favorite text editor to make changes to Use your favorite text editor to make changes to
<filename>/etc/printcap</filename>. The format is identical to <filename>/etc/printcap</filename>. The format is identical to
@ -759,6 +779,7 @@ showpage</programlisting>
section for more information on naming.</para> section for more information on naming.</para>
</step> </step>
<indexterm><primary>header pages</primary></indexterm>
<step> <step>
<para>Turn off header pages (which are on by default) by <para>Turn off header pages (which are on by default) by
inserting the <literal>sh</literal> capability; see the inserting the <literal>sh</literal> capability; see the
@ -876,6 +897,7 @@ bamboo|ps|PS|S|panasonic|Panasonic KX-P4455 PostScript v51.4:</programlisting>
<sect4 id="printing-no-header-pages"> <sect4 id="printing-no-header-pages">
<title>Suppressing Header Pages</title> <title>Suppressing Header Pages</title>
<indexterm><primary>printing</primary><secondary>header pages</secondary></indexterm>
<para>The LPD spooling system will by default print a <para>The LPD spooling system will by default print a
<emphasis>header page</emphasis> for each job. The header <emphasis>header page</emphasis> for each job. The header
@ -908,6 +930,8 @@ bamboo|ps|PS|S|panasonic|Panasonic KX-P4455 PostScript v51.4:\
<sect4 id="printing-spooldir"> <sect4 id="printing-spooldir">
<title>Making the Spooling Directory</title> <title>Making the Spooling Directory</title>
<indexterm><primary>printer spool</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>print jobs</primary></indexterm>
<para>The next step in the simple spooler setup is to make a <para>The next step in the simple spooler setup is to make a
<emphasis>spooling directory</emphasis>, a directory where <emphasis>spooling directory</emphasis>, a directory where
@ -1022,6 +1046,7 @@ bamboo|ps|PS|S|panasonic|Panasonic KX-P4455 PostScript v51.4:\
<sect4 id="printing-commparam"> <sect4 id="printing-commparam">
<title>Configuring Spooler Communication Parameters</title> <title>Configuring Spooler Communication Parameters</title>
<indexterm><primary>printer</primary><secondary>serial</secondary></indexterm>
<para>For printers on serial ports, LPD can set up the bps rate, <para>For printers on serial ports, LPD can set up the bps rate,
parity, and other serial communication parameters on behalf of parity, and other serial communication parameters on behalf of
@ -1131,6 +1156,7 @@ bamboo|ps|PS|S|panasonic|Panasonic KX-P4455 PostScript v51.4:\
<sect4 id="printing-textfilter"> <sect4 id="printing-textfilter">
<title>Installing the Text Filter</title> <title>Installing the Text Filter</title>
<indexterm><primary>print filters</primary></indexterm>
<para>We are now ready to tell LPD what text filter to use to <para>We are now ready to tell LPD what text filter to use to
send jobs to the printer. A <emphasis>text filter</emphasis>, send jobs to the printer. A <emphasis>text filter</emphasis>,
@ -1276,6 +1302,7 @@ $%&amp;'()*+,-./01234567
<sect2 id="printing-advanced-filter-intro"> <sect2 id="printing-advanced-filter-intro">
<title>Filters</title> <title>Filters</title>
<indexterm><primary>print filters</primary></indexterm>
<para>Although LPD handles network protocols, queuing, access control, <para>Although LPD handles network protocols, queuing, access control,
and other aspects of printing, most of the <emphasis>real</emphasis> and other aspects of printing, most of the <emphasis>real</emphasis>
@ -1384,6 +1411,7 @@ $%&amp;'()*+,-./01234567
capability in <filename>/etc/printcap</filename>, or capability in <filename>/etc/printcap</filename>, or
<filename>/dev/console</filename> by default).</para> <filename>/dev/console</filename> by default).</para>
<indexterm><primary>troff</primary></indexterm>
<para>Which filter LPD starts and the filter's arguments depend on <para>Which filter LPD starts and the filter's arguments depend on
what is listed in the <filename>/etc/printcap</filename> file and what is listed in the <filename>/etc/printcap</filename> file and
what arguments the user specified for the job on the what arguments the user specified for the job on the
@ -1492,7 +1520,8 @@ $%&amp;'()*+,-./01234567
</variablelist> </variablelist>
</para> </para>
</listitem> </listitem>
<indexterm><primary>printer</primary><secondary>filters</secondary></indexterm>
<listitem> <listitem>
<para>A <emphasis>conversion filter</emphasis> converts a specific <para>A <emphasis>conversion filter</emphasis> converts a specific
file format into one the printer can render onto paper. For file format into one the printer can render onto paper. For
@ -1585,6 +1614,7 @@ $%&amp;'()*+,-./01234567
<sect3 id="printing-advanced-if-conversion"> <sect3 id="printing-advanced-if-conversion">
<title>Accommodating Plain Text Jobs on PostScript Printers</title> <title>Accommodating Plain Text Jobs on PostScript Printers</title>
<indexterm><primary>print jobs</primary></indexterm>
<para>If you are the only user of your computer and PostScript (or <para>If you are the only user of your computer and PostScript (or
other language-based) printer, and you promise to never send plain other language-based) printer, and you promise to never send plain
@ -1604,6 +1634,7 @@ $%&amp;'()*+,-./01234567
<para>How do we do this?</para> <para>How do we do this?</para>
<indexterm><primary>printer</primary><secondary>serial</secondary></indexterm>
<para>If you have got a serial printer, a great way to do it is to <para>If you have got a serial printer, a great way to do it is to
install <command>lprps</command>. <command>lprps</command> is a install <command>lprps</command>. <command>lprps</command> is a
PostScript printer filter which performs two-way communication with PostScript printer filter which performs two-way communication with
@ -1671,7 +1702,8 @@ fi</programlisting>
<sect3 id="printing-advanced-ps"> <sect3 id="printing-advanced-ps">
<title>Simulating PostScript on Non-PostScript Printers</title> <title>Simulating PostScript on Non-PostScript Printers</title>
<indexterm><primary>PostScript</primary><secondary>emulating</secondary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>Ghostscript</primary></indexterm>
<para>PostScript is the <emphasis>de facto</emphasis> standard for <para>PostScript is the <emphasis>de facto</emphasis> standard for
high quality typesetting and printing. PostScript is, however, an high quality typesetting and printing. PostScript is, however, an
<emphasis>expensive</emphasis> standard. Thankfully, Alladin <emphasis>expensive</emphasis> standard. Thankfully, Alladin
@ -1766,6 +1798,7 @@ exit 2</programlisting>
<sect4> <sect4>
<title>Why Install Conversion Filters?</title> <title>Why Install Conversion Filters?</title>
<indexterm><primary>TeX</primary><secondary>printing dvi files</secondary></indexterm>
<para>Conversion filters make printing various kinds of files easy. <para>Conversion filters make printing various kinds of files easy.
As an example, suppose we do a lot of work with the TeX As an example, suppose we do a lot of work with the TeX
@ -1879,6 +1912,7 @@ exit 2</programlisting>
printer needs a <literal>df</literal> capability in its entry in printer needs a <literal>df</literal> capability in its entry in
<filename>/etc/printcap</filename>.</para> <filename>/etc/printcap</filename>.</para>
<indexterm><primary>fortran</primary></indexterm>
<para>Despite what others might contend, formats like FORTRAN text <para>Despite what others might contend, formats like FORTRAN text
and plot are probably obsolete. At your site, you can give new and plot are probably obsolete. At your site, you can give new
meanings to these or any of the formatting options just by meanings to these or any of the formatting options just by
@ -2163,6 +2197,8 @@ exit 0</programlisting>
<emphasis>some</emphasis> file types&mdash;and, of course, you can <emphasis>some</emphasis> file types&mdash;and, of course, you can
still provide conversion filters just for them.</para> still provide conversion filters just for them.</para>
<indexterm><primary>apsfilter</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>printer</primary><secondary>filters</secondary><tertiary>apsfilter</tertiary></indexterm>
<para>The FreeBSD ports collection has a text filter that performs <para>The FreeBSD ports collection has a text filter that performs
automatic conversion called <command>apsfilter</command>. It can automatic conversion called <command>apsfilter</command>. It can
detect plain text, PostScript, and DVI files, run the proper detect plain text, PostScript, and DVI files, run the proper
@ -2270,6 +2306,8 @@ exit 0</programlisting>
script to do the needed initialization and then execute script to do the needed initialization and then execute
<command>lpf</command>.</para> <command>lpf</command>.</para>
<indexterm><primary>page accounting</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>accounting</primary><secondary>printer</secondary></indexterm>
<para>In order for <command>lpf</command> to do page accounting <para>In order for <command>lpf</command> to do page accounting
correctly, it needs correct values filled in for the correctly, it needs correct values filled in for the
<literal>pw</literal> and <literal>pl</literal> capabilities in the <literal>pw</literal> and <literal>pl</literal> capabilities in the
@ -2288,6 +2326,8 @@ exit 0</programlisting>
various printers, then you probably want to consider <emphasis>header various printers, then you probably want to consider <emphasis>header
pages</emphasis> as a necessary evil.</para> pages</emphasis> as a necessary evil.</para>
<indexterm><primary>banner pages (see header pages)</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>header pages</primary></indexterm>
<para>Header pages, also known as <emphasis>banner</emphasis> or <para>Header pages, also known as <emphasis>banner</emphasis> or
<emphasis>burst pages</emphasis> identify to whom jobs belong after <emphasis>burst pages</emphasis> identify to whom jobs belong after
they are printed. They are usually printed in large, bold letters, they are printed. They are usually printed in large, bold letters,
@ -2676,6 +2716,8 @@ done
<sect2 id="printing-advanced-network-printers"> <sect2 id="printing-advanced-network-printers">
<title>Networked Printing</title> <title>Networked Printing</title>
<indexterm><primary>printer</primary><secondary>network</secondary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>network printing</primary></indexterm>
<para>FreeBSD supports networked printing: sending jobs to remote <para>FreeBSD supports networked printing: sending jobs to remote
printers. Networked printing generally refers to two different printers. Networked printing generally refers to two different
things:</para> things:</para>
@ -2740,6 +2782,9 @@ done
linkend="printing-advanced-restricting-remote">Restricting Jobs linkend="printing-advanced-restricting-remote">Restricting Jobs
from Remote Printers</link>).</para> from Remote Printers</link>).</para>
<indexterm><primary>printer</primary><secondary>network</secondary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>network printing</primary></indexterm>
<para>If you are using a printer with a network interface that is <para>If you are using a printer with a network interface that is
compatible with LPD, then the <emphasis>printer host</emphasis> in compatible with LPD, then the <emphasis>printer host</emphasis> in
the discussion below is the printer itself, and the the discussion below is the printer itself, and the
@ -2923,6 +2968,8 @@ exec /usr/libexec/lpr/lpf "$@" | /usr/local/libexec/netprint scrivener 5100</pro
<title>Restricting Printer Usage</title> <title>Restricting Printer Usage</title>
<para>This section gives information on restricting printer usage. The <para>This section gives information on restricting printer usage. The
<indexterm><primary>printer</primary><secondary>restricting
access to</secondary></indexterm>
LPD system lets you control who can access a printer, both locally or LPD system lets you control who can access a printer, both locally or
remotely, whether they can print multiple copies, how large their jobs remotely, whether they can print multiple copies, how large their jobs
can be, and how large the printer queues can get.</para> can be, and how large the printer queues can get.</para>
@ -3065,12 +3112,14 @@ bamboo|ps|PS|S|panasonic|Panasonic KX-P4455 PostScript v51.4:\
<sect3 id="printing-advanced-restricting-sizes"> <sect3 id="printing-advanced-restricting-sizes">
<title>Controlling Sizes of Jobs Submitted</title> <title>Controlling Sizes of Jobs Submitted</title>
<indexterm><primary>print jobs</primary></indexterm>
<para>If you have many users accessing the printers, you probably need <para>If you have many users accessing the printers, you probably need
to put an upper limit on the sizes of the files users can submit to to put an upper limit on the sizes of the files users can submit to
print. After all, there is only so much free space on the print. After all, there is only so much free space on the
filesystem that houses the spooling directories, and you also need filesystem that houses the spooling directories, and you also need
to make sure there is room for the jobs of other users.</para> to make sure there is room for the jobs of other users.</para>
<indexterm><primary>print jobs</primary><secondary>controlling</secondary></indexterm>
<para>LPD enables you to limit the maximum byte size a file in a job <para>LPD enables you to limit the maximum byte size a file in a job
can be with the <literal>mx</literal> capability. The units are in can be with the <literal>mx</literal> capability. The units are in
BUFSIZ blocks, which are 1024 bytes. If you put a zero for this BUFSIZ blocks, which are 1024 bytes. If you put a zero for this
@ -3242,6 +3291,7 @@ boo/minfree</userinput></screen>
<sect2 id="printing-advanced-acct"> <sect2 id="printing-advanced-acct">
<title>Accounting for Printer Usage</title> <title>Accounting for Printer Usage</title>
<indexterm><primary>accounting</primary><secondary>printer</secondary></indexterm>
<para>So, you need to charge for printouts. And why not? Paper and ink <para>So, you need to charge for printouts. And why not? Paper and ink
cost money. And then there are maintenance costs&mdash;printers are cost money. And then there are maintenance costs&mdash;printers are
loaded with moving parts and tend to break down. You have examined loaded with moving parts and tend to break down. You have examined
@ -3525,6 +3575,7 @@ total 337.00 154 $ 6.74</screen>
<sect1 id="printing-using"> <sect1 id="printing-using">
<title>Using Printers</title> <title>Using Printers</title>
<indexterm><primary>printer</primary><secondary>usage</secondary></indexterm>
<para>This section tells you how to use printers you have setup with <para>This section tells you how to use printers you have setup with
FreeBSD. Here is an overview of the user-level commands:</para> FreeBSD. Here is an overview of the user-level commands:</para>
@ -3581,6 +3632,7 @@ total 337.00 154 $ 6.74</screen>
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>lpr <replaceable>filename</replaceable> <replaceable>...</replaceable></userinput></screen> <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>lpr <replaceable>filename</replaceable> <replaceable>...</replaceable></userinput></screen>
<indexterm><primary>printing</primary></indexterm>
<para>This prints each of the listed files to the default printer. If <para>This prints each of the listed files to the default printer. If
you list no files, &man.lpr.1; reads data to you list no files, &man.lpr.1; reads data to
print from standard input. For example, this command prints some print from standard input. For example, this command prints some
@ -3611,6 +3663,7 @@ total 337.00 154 $ 6.74</screen>
<sect2 id="printing-lpq"> <sect2 id="printing-lpq">
<title>Checking Jobs</title> <title>Checking Jobs</title>
<indexterm><primary>print jobs</primary></indexterm>
<para>When you print with &man.lpr.1;, the data you wish to print is put <para>When you print with &man.lpr.1;, the data you wish to print is put
together in a package called a <quote>print job</quote>, which is sent together in a package called a <quote>print job</quote>, which is sent
to the LPD spooling system. Each printer has a queue of jobs, and to the LPD spooling system. Each printer has a queue of jobs, and
@ -3771,6 +3824,7 @@ cfA013rose dequeued
plain text or if you want plain text formatted through the plain text or if you want plain text formatted through the
&man.pr.1; utility.</para> &man.pr.1; utility.</para>
<indexterm><primary>TeX</primary></indexterm>
<para>For example, the following command prints a DVI file (from the <para>For example, the following command prints a DVI file (from the
TeX typesetting system) named <filename>fish-report.dvi</filename> TeX typesetting system) named <filename>fish-report.dvi</filename>
to the printer named <literal>bamboo</literal>:</para> to the printer named <literal>bamboo</literal>:</para>
@ -4249,6 +4303,7 @@ cfA013rose dequeued
<varlistentry> <varlistentry>
<term>LPRng</term> <term>LPRng</term>
<indexterm><primary>LPRng</primary></indexterm>
<listitem> <listitem>
<para>LPRng, which purportedly means <quote>LPR: the Next <para>LPRng, which purportedly means <quote>LPR: the Next
Generation</quote> is a complete rewrite of PLP. Patrick Powell Generation</quote> is a complete rewrite of PLP. Patrick Powell
@ -4315,6 +4370,9 @@ exit 2</programlisting>
"#$%&amp;'()*+,-./012345 "#$%&amp;'()*+,-./012345
#$%&amp;'()*+,-./0123456</programlisting> #$%&amp;'()*+,-./0123456</programlisting>
<indexterm><primary>DOS</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>OS/2</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>ASCII</primary></indexterm>
<para>You have become another victim of the <emphasis>staircase <para>You have become another victim of the <emphasis>staircase
effect</emphasis>, caused by conflicting interpretations of effect</emphasis>, caused by conflicting interpretations of
what characters should indicate a new line. UNIX-style what characters should indicate a new line. UNIX-style
@ -4386,6 +4444,7 @@ exit 2</programlisting>
proper escape code, modify the text filter to send the proper escape code, modify the text filter to send the
code first, then send the print job.</para> code first, then send the print job.</para>
<indexterm><primary>PCL</primary></indexterm>
<para>Here is an example text filter for printers that <para>Here is an example text filter for printers that
understand the Hewlett-Packard PCL escape codes. This understand the Hewlett-Packard PCL escape codes. This
filter makes the printer treat LF characters as a LF and filter makes the printer treat LF characters as a LF and