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en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/linux-comparison/article.sgml
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@ -67,25 +67,25 @@ Copyright (c) 2005 Dru Lavigne
<abstract> <abstract>
<para>The objective of this whitepaper is to explain some of the <para>The objective of this whitepaper is to explain some of the
features and benefits provided by FreeBSD, and where features and benefits provided by &os;, and where
applicable, compare those features to Linux. This paper applicable, compare those features to &linux;. This paper
provides a starting point for those interested in exploring provides a starting point for those interested in exploring
Open Source alternatives to Linux.</para> Open Source alternatives to &linux;.</para>
</abstract> </abstract>
</articleinfo> </articleinfo>
<sect1 id="introduction"> <sect1 id="introduction">
<title>Introduction</title> <title>Introduction</title>
<para>FreeBSD is a &unix; like operating system based on the <para>&os; is a &unix; like operating system based on the
Berkeley Software Distribution. While FreeBSD and Linux are Berkeley Software Distribution. While &os; and &linux; are
commonly perceived as being very similar, there are differences:</para> commonly perceived as being very similar, there are differences:</para>
<orderedlist> <orderedlist>
<listitem> <listitem>
<para>Linux itself is a kernel. Distributions (e.g. Red Hat, <para>&linux; itself is a kernel. Distributions (e.g. Red Hat,
Debian, Suse and others) provide the installer and the Debian, Suse and others) provide the installer and the
utilities available to the user. http://www.linux.org/dist utilities available to the user. http://www.linux.org/dist
lists well over 300 distinct distributions. While giving lists well over 300 distinct distributions. While giving
@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ Copyright (c) 2005 Dru Lavigne
window managers, and software installation and patching window managers, and software installation and patching
routines.</para> routines.</para>
<para>FreeBSD is a complete operating system (kernel and <para>&os; is a complete operating system (kernel and
userland) with a well-respected heritage grounded in the userland) with a well-respected heritage grounded in the
roots of Unix development.[1] Since both the kernel and the roots of Unix development.[1] Since both the kernel and the
provided utilities are under the control of the same release provided utilities are under the control of the same release
@ -107,11 +107,11 @@ Copyright (c) 2005 Dru Lavigne
or kernel features are added, the user simply needs to read or kernel features are added, the user simply needs to read
one file, the Release Notes, which is publicly available on one file, the Release Notes, which is publicly available on
the main page of the <ulink the main page of the <ulink
url="http://www.freebsd.org">FreeBSD website</ulink>.</para> url="http://www.FreeBSD.org">&os; website</ulink>.</para>
</listitem> </listitem>
<listitem> <listitem>
<para>FreeBSD has a large and well organized programming base <para>&os; has a large and well organized programming base
which ensures changes are implemented quickly and in a which ensures changes are implemented quickly and in a
controlled manner. There are several thousand programmers controlled manner. There are several thousand programmers
who contribute code on a regular basis but only about 300 of who contribute code on a regular basis but only about 300 of
@ -132,10 +132,10 @@ Copyright (c) 2005 Dru Lavigne
<listitem> <listitem>
<para>While both FreeBSD and Linux use an Open Source <para>While both &os; and &linux; use an Open Source
licensing model, the actual licenses used differ. The Linux licensing model, the actual licenses used differ. The Linux
kernel is under the <ulink url="http://www.opensource.org/licenses/gpl-license.php">GPL license</ulink> while kernel is under the <ulink url="http://www.opensource.org/licenses/gpl-license.php">GPL license</ulink> while
FreeBSD uses the <ulink url="http://www.opensource.org/licenses/bsd-license.php">BSD license</ulink>. These, &os; uses the <ulink url="http://www.opensource.org/licenses/bsd-license.php">BSD license</ulink>. These,
and other Open Source licenses, are described in more detail and other Open Source licenses, are described in more detail
at the website of the <ulink url="http://www.opensource.org/licenses/">Open Source at the website of the <ulink url="http://www.opensource.org/licenses/">Open Source
Initiative</ulink>.</para> Initiative</ulink>.</para>
@ -156,31 +156,31 @@ Copyright (c) 2005 Dru Lavigne
</sect1> </sect1>
<sect1 id="freebsd-features"> <sect1 id="freebsd-features">
<title>FreeBSD Features</title> <title>&os; Features</title>
<sect2 id="freebsd-features-platforms"> <sect2 id="freebsd-features-platforms">
<title>Supported Platforms</title> <title>Supported Platforms</title>
<para>FreeBSD has gained a reputation as a secure, stable, <para>&os; has gained a reputation as a secure, stable,
operating system for the Intel (i386) platform. However, operating system for the &intel; (&i386;) platform. However,
FreeBSD also supports the following architectures:</para> &os; also supports the following architectures:</para>
<itemizedlist> <itemizedlist>
<listitem><simpara>alpha</simpara></listitem> <listitem><simpara>alpha</simpara></listitem>
<listitem><simpara>amd64</simpara></listitem> <listitem><simpara>amd64</simpara></listitem>
<listitem><simpara>ia64</simpara></listitem> <listitem><simpara>ia64</simpara></listitem>
<listitem><simpara>i386</simpara></listitem> <listitem><simpara>&i386;</simpara></listitem>
<listitem><simpara>pc98</simpara></listitem> <listitem><simpara>pc98</simpara></listitem>
<listitem><simpara>sparc64</simpara></listitem> <listitem><simpara>&sparc64;</simpara></listitem>
</itemizedlist> </itemizedlist>
<para>In addition, there is ongoing development to port FreeBSD <para>In addition, there is ongoing development to port &os;
to the following architectures:</para> to the following architectures:</para>
<itemizedlist> <itemizedlist>
<listitem><simpara>ARM</simpara></listitem> <listitem><simpara>&arm;</simpara></listitem>
<listitem><simpara>MIPS</simpara></listitem> <listitem><simpara>&mips;</simpara></listitem>
<listitem><simpara>PowerPC</simpara></listitem> <listitem><simpara>&powerpc;</simpara></listitem>
</itemizedlist> </itemizedlist>
<para>Up-to-date hardware lists are maintained for each <para>Up-to-date hardware lists are maintained for each
@ -188,24 +188,24 @@ Copyright (c) 2005 Dru Lavigne
supported. For servers, there is excellent hardware RAID and supported. For servers, there is excellent hardware RAID and
network interface support.</para> network interface support.</para>
<para>FreeBSD also makes a great workstation and laptop <para>&os; also makes a great workstation and laptop
operating system! It supports the X Window System, the same operating system! It supports the X Window System, the same
one used in Linux distributions to provide a desktop user one used in &linux; distributions to provide a desktop user
interface. It also supports over 13,000 easy to install interface. It also supports over 13,000 easy to install
third-party applications,[3] including KDE, Gnome, and third-party applications,[3] including KDE, Gnome, and
OpenOffice.</para> OpenOffice.</para>
<para>Several projects are available to ease the installation of <para>Several projects are available to ease the installation of
FreeBSD as a desktop. The most notable are:</para> &os; as a desktop. The most notable are:</para>
<itemizedlist> <itemizedlist>
<listitem><para><ulink <listitem><para><ulink
url="http://www.freesbie.org">FreeSBIE</ulink> which url="http://www.freesbie.org">FreeSBIE</ulink> which
provides a LiveCD of FreeBSD.</para></listitem> provides a LiveCD of &os;.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><ulink <listitem><para><ulink
url="http://www.pcbsd.com">PC-BSD</ulink> which provides an url="http://www.pcbsd.com">PC-BSD</ulink> which provides an
easy-to-use GUI installer for FreeBSD aimed at the desktop easy-to-use GUI installer for &os; aimed at the desktop
user.</para></listitem> user.</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist> </itemizedlist>
</sect2> </sect2>
@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ Copyright (c) 2005 Dru Lavigne
<sect2 id="freebsd-features-frameworks"> <sect2 id="freebsd-features-frameworks">
<title>Extensible Frameworks</title> <title>Extensible Frameworks</title>
<para>FreeBSD provides many extensible frameworks to easily <para>&os; provides many extensible frameworks to easily
allow you to customize the FreeBSD environment to your allow you to customize the FreeBSD environment to your
particular needs. Some of the major frameworks are:</para> particular needs. Some of the major frameworks are:</para>
@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ Copyright (c) 2005 Dru Lavigne
<varlistentry> <varlistentry>
<term>MAC</term> <term>MAC</term>
<listitem><para><ulink url="http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/mac.html">MAC</ulink>, <listitem><para><ulink url="&url.base;/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/mac.html">MAC</ulink>,
or Mandatory Access Control, provides fine-tuned access to or Mandatory Access Control, provides fine-tuned access to
files and is meant to augment traditional operating system files and is meant to augment traditional operating system
authorization provided by file permissions. Since MAC is authorization provided by file permissions. Since MAC is
@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ Copyright (c) 2005 Dru Lavigne
configured for any required policy varying from HIPAA configured for any required policy varying from HIPAA
compliance to the needs of a military-grade system.</para> compliance to the needs of a military-grade system.</para>
<para>FreeBSD ships with modules to implement the following <para>&os; ships with modules to implement the following
policies; however the framework allows you to develop any policies; however the framework allows you to develop any
required policy:</para> required policy:</para>
@ -303,10 +303,10 @@ Copyright (c) 2005 Dru Lavigne
<varlistentry> <varlistentry>
<term>PAM</term> <term>PAM</term>
<listitem><para>Like Linux, FreeBSD provides support for <ulink url="http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/pam/">PAM</ulink>, <listitem><para>Like &linux;, &os; provides support for <ulink url="&url.base;/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/pam/">PAM</ulink>,
Pluggable Authentication Modules. This allows an administrator Pluggable Authentication Modules. This allows an administrator
to augment the traditional Unix username/password to augment the traditional &unix; username/password
authentication model. FreeBSD provides modules to integrate authentication model. &os; provides modules to integrate
into many authentication mechanisms, including:</para> into many authentication mechanisms, including:</para>
<itemizedlist> <itemizedlist>
@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ Copyright (c) 2005 Dru Lavigne
<title>Security</title> <title>Security</title>
<para>Security is very important to the <ulink <para>Security is very important to the <ulink
url="http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/releng/">FreeBSD url="&url.base;/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/releng/">FreeBSD
Release Release
Engineering Team</ulink>. This Engineering Team</ulink>. This
manifests itself in several concrete areas:</para> manifests itself in several concrete areas:</para>
@ -341,26 +341,26 @@ Release
resolving known security issues. Full information regarding resolving known security issues. Full information regarding
FreeBSD's security handling procedures and where to find FreeBSD's security handling procedures and where to find
security information is available at security information is available at
<ulink url="http://www.freebsd.org/security/"></ulink>.</para></listitem> <ulink url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/security/"></ulink>.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>One of the problems associated with Open Source <listitem><para>One of the problems associated with Open Source
software is the sheer volume of available applications. There software is the sheer volume of available applications. There
are literally tens of thousands of Open Source application projects are literally tens of thousands of Open Source application projects
each with varying levels of responsiveness to security each with varying levels of responsiveness to security
incidents. FreeBSD has met this challenge head-on with <ulink incidents. &os; has met this challenge head-on with <ulink
url="http://www.vuxml.org/freebsd/">VuXML</ulink>. All software url="http://www.vuxml.org/freebsd/">VuXML</ulink>. All software
shipped with the FreeBSD operating system as well any software shipped with the FreeBSD operating system as well any software
available in the <ulink available in the <ulink
url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/ports/">Ports Collection</ulink> url="&url.base;/ports/">Ports Collection</ulink>
is compared to a database of known, unresolved is compared to a database of known, unresolved
vulnerabilities. An administrator can use the &man.portaudit.1; vulnerabilities. An administrator can use the &man.portaudit.1;
utility to quickly determine if any software on a FreeBSD utility to quickly determine if any software on a &os;
system is vulnerable, and if so, receive a description of the system is vulnerable, and if so, receive a description of the
problem and an URL containing a more detailed vulnerability problem and an URL containing a more detailed vulnerability
description.</para></listitem> description.</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist> </itemizedlist>
<para>FreeBSD also provides many mechanisms which allow an <para>&os; also provides many mechanisms which allow an
administrator to tune the operating system to meet his security administrator to tune the operating system to meet his security
needs:</para> needs:</para>
@ -375,12 +375,12 @@ Release
example, prevent specified files from being modified or example, prevent specified files from being modified or
deleted by even the superuser.</para></listitem> deleted by even the superuser.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>FreeBSD provides 3 built-in stateful, NAT-aware <listitem><para>&os; provides 3 built-in stateful, NAT-aware
firewalls, allowing the flexibility of choosing the ruleset firewalls, allowing the flexibility of choosing the ruleset
most appropriate to one's security needs.</para></listitem> most appropriate to one's security needs.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>The FreeBSD kernel is easily modified, allowing an <listitem><para>The &os; kernel is easily modified, allowing an
administrator to strip out unneeded functionality. FreeBSD administrator to strip out unneeded functionality. &os;
also supports kernel loadable modules and provides utilities also supports kernel loadable modules and provides utilities
to view, load and unload kernel modules.</para></listitem> to view, load and unload kernel modules.</para></listitem>
@ -393,7 +393,7 @@ Release
<sect1 id="freebsd-support"> <sect1 id="freebsd-support">
<title>Support</title> <title>Support</title>
<para>Like Linux, FreeBSD offers many venues for support, both <para>Like &linux;, &os; offers many venues for support, both
freely available and commercial.</para> freely available and commercial.</para>
<sect2 id="freebsd-support-free"> <sect2 id="freebsd-support-free">
@ -401,49 +401,49 @@ Release
<itemizedlist> <itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>FreeBSD is one of the best documented <listitem><para>&os; is one of the best documented
operating systems, and the documentation is available both operating systems, and the documentation is available both
as part of the operating system and on the Internet. Manual as part of the operating system and on the Internet. Manual
pages are clear, concise and provide working pages are clear, concise and provide working
examples. <ulink examples. <ulink
url="http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/"> url="&url.base;/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/">
The FreeBSD Handbook</ulink> The FreeBSD Handbook</ulink>
provides background information and configuration examples provides background information and configuration examples
for nearly every task one would wish to complete using for nearly every task one would wish to complete using
FreeBSD.</para></listitem> &os;.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>FreeBSD provides many support <ulink <listitem><para>&os; provides many support <ulink
url="http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/eresources.html#ERESOURCES-MAIL">mailing url="&url.base;/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/eresources.html#ERESOURCES-MAIL">mailing
lists</ulink>. lists</ulink>.
where answers are archived and fully searchable. If you have where answers are archived and fully searchable. If you have
a question that wasn't addressed by the Handbook, it most a question that wasn't addressed by the Handbook, it most
likely has already been answered on a mailing list. The likely has already been answered on a mailing list. The
Handbook and mailing lists are also available in several Handbook and mailing lists are also available in several
languages, all of which are easily accessible from languages, all of which are easily accessible from
<ulink url="http://www.freebsd.org"></ulink>.</para></listitem> <ulink url="http://www.FreeBSD.org"></ulink>.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>There are many FreeBSD IRC channels, forums <listitem><para>There are many FreeBSD IRC channels, forums
and user groups. See <ulink and user groups. See <ulink
url="http://www.freebsd.org/support.html"></ulink> for a url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/support.html"></ulink> for a
selection.</para></listitem> selection.</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist> </itemizedlist>
<para>If you're looking for a FreeBSD administrator, developer <para>If you're looking for a &os; administrator, developer
or support personnel, send a job description which includes or support personnel, send a job description which includes
geographic location to freebsd-jobs@FreeBSD.org.</para> geographic location to <email>freebsd-jobs@FreeBSD.org</email>.</para>
</sect2> </sect2>
<sect2 id="freebsd-support-commercial"> <sect2 id="freebsd-support-commercial">
<title>Commercial Offerings</title> <title>Commercial Offerings</title>
<para>There are many vendors who provide commercial FreeBSD <para>There are many vendors who provide commercial &os;
support. Resources for finding a vendor near you support. Resources for finding a vendor near you
include:</para> include:</para>
<itemizedlist> <itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>The Commercial Vendors page at the FreeBSD <listitem><para>The Commercial Vendors page at the &os;
site: <ulink site: <ulink
url="http://www.freebsd.org/commercial/"></ulink></para></listitem> url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/commercial/"></ulink></para></listitem>
<listitem><para>FreeBSDMall, who have been selling support contracts <listitem><para>FreeBSDMall, who have been selling support contracts
for nearly 10 years. for nearly 10 years.
@ -459,31 +459,31 @@ Release
url="http://www.bsdcertification.org"></ulink>.</para> url="http://www.bsdcertification.org"></ulink>.</para>
<para>If your project requires Common Criteria certification, <para>If your project requires Common Criteria certification,
FreeBSD includes the <ulink &os; includes the <ulink
url="http://www.trustedbsd.org">TrustedBSD</ulink> MAC url="http://www.trustedbsd.org">TrustedBSD</ulink> MAC
framework to ease the certification process.</para> framework to ease the certification process.</para>
</sect2> </sect2>
</sect1> </sect1>
<sect1 id="freebsd-advantages"> <sect1 id="freebsd-advantages">
<title>Advantages to Choosing FreeBSD</title> <title>Advantages to Choosing &os;</title>
<para>There are many advantages to including FreeBSD solutions in <para>There are many advantages to including &os; solutions in
your IT infrastructure:</para> your IT infrastructure:</para>
<itemizedlist> <itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>FreeBSD is well documented and follows many <listitem><para>&os; is well documented and follows many
standards. This allows your existing intermediate and advanced standards. This allows your existing intermediate and advanced
system administrators to quickly transfer their existing Linux system administrators to quickly transfer their existing Linux
and Unix skillsets to FreeBSD administration.</para></listitem> and Unix skillsets to FreeBSD administration.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>In-house developers have full access to all <listitem><para>In-house developers have full access to all
FreeBSD code[4] for all releases going back to the original FreeBSD code[4] for all releases going back to the original
FreeBSD release. Included with the code are all of the log &os; release. Included with the code are all of the log
messages which provide context to changes and messages which provide context to changes and
bug fixes. Additionally, a developer can easily replicate any bug fixes. Additionally, a developer can easily replicate any
release by simply checking out the code with the desired release by simply checking out the code with the desired
label. In contrast, Linux traditionally didn't follow this label. In contrast, &linux; traditionally didn't follow this
model, but has recently adopted a more mature development model, but has recently adopted a more mature development
model. [5]</para></listitem> model. [5]</para></listitem>
@ -493,7 +493,7 @@ Release
bug-tracking database. They are able to query and track bug-tracking database. They are able to query and track
existing bugs as well as submit their own patches for approval existing bugs as well as submit their own patches for approval
and possible committal into the FreeBSD base code. and possible committal into the FreeBSD base code.
<ulink url="http://www.freebsd.org/support.html#gnats"></ulink></para></listitem> <ulink url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/support.html#gnats"></ulink></para></listitem>
<listitem><para>The BSD license allows you to freely modify the <listitem><para>The BSD license allows you to freely modify the
code to suit your business purposes. Unlike the GPL, there are code to suit your business purposes. Unlike the GPL, there are
@ -505,10 +505,10 @@ Release
<sect1 id="freebsd-conclusion"> <sect1 id="freebsd-conclusion">
<title>Conclusion</title> <title>Conclusion</title>
<para>FreeBSD is a mature Unix-like operating system which <para>&os; is a mature &unix;-like operating system which
includes many of the features one would expect in a modern Unix includes many of the features one would expect in a modern &unix;
system. For those wishing to incorporate an Open Source solution system. For those wishing to incorporate an Open Source solution
in their existing infrastructure, FreeBSD is an excellent choice in their existing infrastructure, &os; is an excellent choice
indeed.</para> indeed.</para>
</sect1> </sect1>
@ -526,13 +526,13 @@ Release
url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSD_and_GPL_licensing"></ulink>.</para></listitem> url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSD_and_GPL_licensing"></ulink>.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Using <ulink <listitem><para>Using <ulink
url="http://www.freebsd.org/ports">FreeBSD's ports url="&url.base;/ports">FreeBSD's ports
collection</ulink>: software installation is as easy as collection</ulink>: software installation is as easy as
<command>pkg_add -r application_name</command>.</para></listitem> <command>pkg_add -r application_name</command>.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>In addition, all code is browsable through a <listitem><para>In addition, all code is browsable through a
web-interface: <ulink web-interface: <ulink
url="http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/cvsweb.cgi/"></ulink>.</para></listitem> url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/cvsweb.cgi/"></ulink>.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>An interesting overview of the evolving Linux <listitem><para>An interesting overview of the evolving Linux
development model can be found at <ulink development model can be found at <ulink