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Add some clarifications to section 8.4.

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Tighten up some headings by moving content into an existing Table.

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@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
recorded audio, adding sound effects, and controlling attached recorded audio, adding sound effects, and controlling attached
MIDI devices.</para> MIDI devices.</para>
<para>&os; also supports the playback of video files and DVDs. <para>&os; also supports the playback of video files and <acronym>DVD</acronym>s.
The &os; Ports Collection contains applications to encode, The &os; Ports Collection contains applications to encode,
convert, and playback various video media.</para> convert, and playback various video media.</para>
@ -61,12 +61,12 @@
</listitem> </listitem>
<listitem> <listitem>
<para>Play DVDs, <filename>.mpg</filename>, and <para>Play <acronym>DVD</acronym>s, <filename>.mpg</filename>, and
<filename>.avi</filename> files.</para> <filename>.avi</filename> files.</para>
</listitem> </listitem>
<listitem> <listitem>
<para>Rip CD and DVD content into files.</para> <para>Rip CD and <acronym>DVD</acronym> content into files.</para>
</listitem> </listitem>
<listitem> <listitem>
@ -713,48 +713,47 @@ MPEG 1.0 layer III, 128 kbit/s, 44100 Hz joint-stereo</screen>
</sect1> </sect1>
<sect1 id="video-playback"> <sect1 id="video-playback">
<!--
<sect1info> <sect1info>
<authorgroup> <authorgroup>
<author> <author>
<firstname>Ross</firstname> <firstname>Ross</firstname>
<surname>Lippert</surname> <surname>Lippert</surname>
<contrib>Contributed by </contrib> <contrib>Contributed by in June 2002</contrib>
</author> </author>
</authorgroup> </authorgroup>
<!-- 5 June 2002 -->
</sect1info> </sect1info>
-->
<title>Video Playback</title> <title>Video Playback</title>
<para>Before configuring video playback, determine the model <para>Before configuring video playback, determine the model
of the video card and the chip it uses. While and chipset of the video card. While
<application>&xorg;</application> supports a wide variety of <application>&xorg;</application> supports a wide variety of
video cards, fewer give good playback performance. To obtain video cards, not all provide good playback performance. To obtain
a list of extensions supported by the a list of extensions supported by the
<application>&xorg;</application> server using the card, run <application>&xorg;</application> server using the card, run
&man.xdpyinfo.1; while <application>&xorg;</application> is <command>xdpyinfo</command> while <application>&xorg;</application> is
running.</para> running.</para>
<para>It is a good idea to have a short MPEG test file for <para>It is a good idea to have a short MPEG test file for
evaluating various players and options. Since some DVD evaluating various players and options. Since some <acronym>DVD</acronym>
applications look for DVD media in <filename applications look for <acronym>DVD</acronym> media in <filename
class="directory">/dev/dvd</filename> by default, or have this class="directory">/dev/dvd</filename> by default, or have this
device name hardcoded in them, it might be useful to make device name hardcoded in them, it might be useful to make a
symbolic links to the proper devices:</para> symbolic links to the proper device:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>ln -sf /dev/acd0 /dev/dvd</userinput> <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>ln -sf /dev/cd0 /dev/dvd</userinput></screen>
&prompt.root; <userinput>ln -sf /dev/acd0 /dev/rdvd</userinput></screen>
<para>Due to the nature of &man.devfs.5;, manually created links <para>Due to the nature of &man.devfs.5;, manually created links
will not persist after a system reboot. In order to create the will not persist after a system reboot. In order to recreate the
symbolic links automatically when the system boots, add the symbolic link automatically when the system boots, add the
following lines to <filename>/etc/devfs.conf</filename>:</para> following line to <filename>/etc/devfs.conf</filename>:</para>
<programlisting>link acd0 dvd <programlisting>link cd0 dvd</programlisting>
link acd0 rdvd</programlisting>
<para>DVD decryption invokes special DVD-ROM functions and <para><acronym>DVD</acronym> decryption invokes certain functions that
requires write permission on the DVD devices.</para> require write permission to the <acronym>DVD</acronym> device.</para>
<para>To enhance the shared memory <para>To enhance the shared memory
<application>&xorg;</application> interface, it is <application>&xorg;</application> interface, it is
@ -772,7 +771,7 @@ kern.ipc.shmall=32768</programlisting>
<indexterm><primary>DGA</primary></indexterm> <indexterm><primary>DGA</primary></indexterm>
<para>There are several possible ways to display video under <para>There are several possible ways to display video under
<application>&xorg;</application>. What works is largely <application>&xorg;</application> and what works is largely
hardware dependent. Each method described below will have hardware dependent. Each method described below will have
varying quality across different hardware.</para> varying quality across different hardware.</para>
@ -786,41 +785,52 @@ kern.ipc.shmall=32768</programlisting>
<listitem> <listitem>
<para>XVideo: an extension to the <para>XVideo: an extension to the
<application>&xorg;</application> interface which supports <application>&xorg;</application> interface which
video in any drawable object.</para> allows video to be directly displayed in drawable objects
through a special acceleration. This extension provides
good quality playback even on low-end machines. The next section describes
how to determine if this extension is running.</para>
</listitem> </listitem>
<listitem> <listitem>
<para><acronym>SDL</acronym>: the Simple Directmedia <para><acronym>SDL</acronym>: the Simple Directmedia
Layer.</para> Layer is a porting layer for many operating systems,
allowing cross-platform applications to be developed which make
efficient use of sound and graphics. <acronym>SDL</acronym> provides a
low-level abstraction to the hardware which can sometimes be
more efficient than the <application>&xorg;</application>
interface. On &os;, <acronym>SDL</acronym> can be installed using the <filename
role="package">devel/sdl20</filename> package or port.</para>
</listitem> </listitem>
<listitem> <listitem>
<para><acronym>DGA</acronym>: the Direct Graphics <para><acronym>DGA</acronym>: the Direct Graphics
Access.</para> Access is an
<application>&xorg;</application> extension which allows a
program to bypass the <application>&xorg;</application> server
and directly alter the framebuffer. Because it relies on a low
level memory mapping, programs using it must be run as
<username>root</username>. The <acronym>DGA</acronym> extension can be tested and
benchmarked using &man.dga.1;. When <command>dga</command> is
running, it changes the colors of the display whenever a key is
pressed. To quit, press <keycap>q</keycap>.</para>
</listitem> </listitem>
<listitem> <listitem>
<para>SVGAlib: low level console graphics layer.</para> <para>SVGAlib: a low level console graphics layer.</para>
</listitem> </listitem>
</orderedlist> </orderedlist>
<sect3 id="video-interface-xvideo"> <sect3 id="video-interface-xvideo">
<title>XVideo</title> <title>XVideo</title>
<para><application>&xorg;</application> has an extension called <para>To check whether this extension is running, use
<emphasis>XVideo</emphasis>, also known as Xvideo, Xv, and xv.
It allows video to be directly displayed in drawable objects
through a special acceleration. This extension provides
good quality playback even on low-end machines.</para>
<para>To check whether the extension is running, use
<command>xvinfo</command>:</para> <command>xvinfo</command>:</para>
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>xvinfo</userinput></screen> <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>xvinfo</userinput></screen>
<para>XVideo is supported for the card if the result looks <para>XVideo is supported for the card if the result is similar
like:</para> to:</para>
<screen>X-Video Extension version 2.2 <screen>X-Video Extension version 2.2
screen #0 screen #0
@ -895,7 +905,7 @@ kern.ipc.shmall=32768</programlisting>
with every implementation of XVideo and their absence may hinder with every implementation of XVideo and their absence may hinder
some players.</para> some players.</para>
<para>If the result looks like:</para> <para>If the result instead looks like:</para>
<screen>X-Video Extension version 2.2 <screen>X-Video Extension version 2.2
screen #0 screen #0
@ -903,42 +913,8 @@ no adaptors present</screen>
<para>XVideo is probably not supported for the card. This means <para>XVideo is probably not supported for the card. This means
that it will be more difficult for the display to meet the that it will be more difficult for the display to meet the
computational demands of rendering video. Depending on the computational demands of rendering video, depending on the
video card and processor, one might still be able to have a video card and processor.</para>
satisfying experience.</para>
</sect3>
<sect3 id="video-interface-SDL">
<title>Simple Directmedia Layer</title>
<para>The Simple Directmedia Layer, SDL, is a
porting layer for many operating systems
allowing cross-platform applications to be developed which make
efficient use of sound and graphics. The SDL layer provides a
low-level abstraction to the hardware which can sometimes be
more efficient than the <application>&xorg;</application>
interface.</para>
<para><acronym>SDL</acronym> can be installed using the <filename
role="package">devel/sdl12</filename> package or port.</para>
</sect3>
<sect3 id="video-interface-DGA">
<title>Direct Graphics Access</title>
<para><acronym>DGA</acronym> is an
<application>&xorg;</application> extension which allows a
program to bypass the <application>&xorg;</application> server
and directly alter the framebuffer. Because it relies on a low
level memory mapping, programs using it must be run as
<username>root</username>.</para>
<para>The <acronym>DGA</acronym> extension can be tested and
benchmarked using &man.dga.1;. When <command>dga</command> is
running, it changes the colors of the display whenever a key is
pressed. To quit, press <keycap>q</keycap>.</para>
</sect3> </sect3>
</sect2> </sect2>
@ -953,101 +929,26 @@ no adaptors present</screen>
the &os; Ports Collection which can be used for video the &os; Ports Collection which can be used for video
playback.</para> playback.</para>
<para>Many of the video applications which run on &os; were
developed as &linux; applications. Many of these applications
are still beta-quality. Some of the problems commonly
encountered with video packages on &os; include:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>An application cannot playback a file which another
application produced.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>An application cannot playback a file which the
application itself produced.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The same application on two different machines,
rebuilt on each machine for that machine, plays back the
same file differently.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>A seemingly trivial filter, like rescaling of the image
size, results in bad artifacts from a buggy rescaling
routine.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>An application frequently dumps core.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Documentation is not installed with the port and can be
found either on the web or under the port's <filename
class='directory'>work</filename>
directory.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para>Many applications may also exhibit
<quote>&linux;-isms</quote>. There may be issues resulting from
the way some standard libraries are implemented in the &linux;
distributions, or some features of the &linux; kernel which have
been assumed by the authors of the applications. These issues
are not always noticed and worked around by the port
maintainers, which can lead to problems like these:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>The use of <filename>/proc/cpuinfo</filename> to detect
processor characteristics.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>A misuse of threads which causes a program to hang upon
completion instead of truly terminating.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Relies on software which is not yet available in the
&os; Ports Collection.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<sect3 id="video-mplayer"> <sect3 id="video-mplayer">
<title>MPlayer</title> <title><application>MPlayer</application> and <application>MEncoder</application></title>
<para><application>MPlayer</application> is a command-line video <para><application>MPlayer</application> is a command-line video
player with an optional graphical interface which aims to player with an optional graphical interface which aims to
provide speed and flexibility. This application, as well as provide speed and flexibility. Other
other graphical front-ends, is available from the &os; Ports graphical front-ends to <application>MPlayer</application> are available from the &os; Ports
Collection.</para> Collection.</para>
<sect4 id="video-mplayer-building"> <indexterm><primary>MPlayer</primary></indexterm>
<title>Building MPlayer</title>
<indexterm><primary>MPlayer</primary> <para><application>MPlayer</application> can be installed using
<secondary>making</secondary></indexterm> the <filename
role="package">multimedia/mplayer</filename> package or port. Several
<para><application>MPlayer</application> is available as a
package or port in <filename
role="package">multimedia/mplayer</filename>. Several
compile options are available and a variety of hardware compile options are available and a variety of hardware
checks occur during the build process. For these reasons, checks occur during the build process. For these reasons,
some users prefer to build the port rather than install the some users prefer to build the port rather than install the
package. The available options will be displayed in a package.</para>
menu after these commands are input:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /usr/ports/multimedia/mplayer</userinput> <para>When compiling the port, the menu options should be reviewed to determine the
&prompt.root; <userinput>make</userinput></screen>
<para>The menu options should be reviewed to determine the
type of support to compile into the port. If an option is type of support to compile into the port. If an option is
not selected, <application>MPlayer</application> will not be not selected, <application>MPlayer</application> will not be
able to display that type of video format. Use the arrow able to display that type of video format. Use the arrow
@ -1055,21 +956,13 @@ no adaptors present</screen>
finished, press <keycap>Enter</keycap> to continue the port finished, press <keycap>Enter</keycap> to continue the port
compile and installation.</para> compile and installation.</para>
<para>By default, this package or port will build the <para>By default, the package or port will build the
<command>mplayer</command> command line utility and the <command>mplayer</command> command line utility and the
<command>gmplayer</command> graphical utility. To encode <command>gmplayer</command> graphical utility. To encode
videos, install the <filename videos, compile the <filename
role="package">multimedia/mencoder</filename> port. Due role="package">multimedia/mencoder</filename> port. Due
to licensing restrictions, a package is not available for to licensing restrictions, a package is not available for
<command>MEncoder</command>.</para> <application>MEncoder</application>.</para>
</sect4>
<sect4 id="video-mplayer-using">
<title>Using MPlayer</title>
<indexterm><primary>MPlayer</primary>
<secondary>use</secondary></indexterm>
<para>The first time <application>MPlayer</application> is <para>The first time <application>MPlayer</application> is
run, it will create <filename run, it will create <filename
@ -1078,13 +971,13 @@ no adaptors present</screen>
of the user-specific configuration files.</para> of the user-specific configuration files.</para>
<para>This section describes only a few common uses. Refer <para>This section describes only a few common uses. Refer
to the <command>mplayer</command> manual page for a complete to mplayer(1) for a complete
description of its numerous options.</para> description of its numerous options.</para>
<para>To play the file <para>To play the file
<filename><replaceable>testfile.avi</replaceable></filename>, <filename><replaceable>testfile.avi</replaceable></filename>,
specify the video interfaces with specify the video interfaces with
<option>-vo</option>:</para> <option>-vo</option>, as seen in the following examples:</para>
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>mplayer -vo xv <replaceable>testfile.avi</replaceable></userinput></screen> <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>mplayer -vo xv <replaceable>testfile.avi</replaceable></userinput></screen>
@ -1100,31 +993,31 @@ no adaptors present</screen>
relative performance depends on many factors and will vary relative performance depends on many factors and will vary
significantly with hardware.</para> significantly with hardware.</para>
<para>To play a DVD, replace the <para>To play a <acronym>DVD</acronym>, replace
<filename><replaceable>testfile.avi</replaceable></filename> <filename><replaceable>testfile.avi</replaceable></filename>
with <option>dvd://<replaceable>N</replaceable> -dvd-device with <option>dvd://<replaceable>N</replaceable> -dvd-device
<replaceable>DEVICE</replaceable></option>, where <replaceable>DEVICE</replaceable></option>, where
<replaceable>N</replaceable> is the title number to play <replaceable>N</replaceable> is the title number to play
and <filename><replaceable>DEVICE</replaceable></filename> and <replaceable>DEVICE</replaceable>
is the device node for the DVD-ROM. For example, to play is the device node for the <acronym>DVD</acronym>. For example, to play
title 3 from <devicename>/dev/dvd</devicename>:</para> title 3 from <devicename>/dev/dvd</devicename>:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mplayer -vo xv dvd://3 -dvd-device /dev/dvd</userinput></screen> <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mplayer -vo xv dvd://3 -dvd-device /dev/dvd</userinput></screen>
<note> <note>
<para>The default DVD device can be defined during the build <para>The default <acronym>DVD</acronym> device can be defined during the build
of the <application>MPlayer</application> port by of the <application>MPlayer</application> port by
including the including the
<makevar>WITH_DVD_DEVICE=/path/to/desired/device</makevar> <makevar>WITH_DVD_DEVICE=/path/to/desired/device</makevar>
option. By default, the device is option. By default, the device is
<filename>/dev/acd0</filename>. More details can be found <filename>/dev/cd0</filename>. More details can be found
in the port's in the port's
<filename>Makefile.options</filename>.</para> <filename>Makefile.options</filename>.</para>
</note> </note>
<para>To stop, pause, advance, and so on, consult the <para>To stop, pause, advance, and so on, use a
keybindings, which are displayed by running <command>mplayer keybinding. To see the list of keybindings, run <command>mplayer
-h</command>, or read the manual page.</para> -h</command> or read mplayer(1).</para>
<para>Additional playback options include <para>Additional playback options include
<option>-fs -zoom</option>, which engages fullscreen mode, <option>-fs -zoom</option>, which engages fullscreen mode,
@ -1138,38 +1031,28 @@ no adaptors present</screen>
fs=yes fs=yes
zoom=yes</programlisting> zoom=yes</programlisting>
<para><command>mplayer</command> can be used to rip a DVD <para><command>mplayer</command> can be used to rip a <acronym>DVD</acronym>
title to a <filename>.vob</filename>. To dump the second title to a <filename>.vob</filename>. To dump the second
title from a DVD:</para> title from a <acronym>DVD</acronym>:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mplayer -dumpstream -dumpfile out.vob dvd://2 -dvd-device /dev/dvd</userinput></screen> <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mplayer -dumpstream -dumpfile out.vob dvd://2 -dvd-device /dev/dvd</userinput></screen>
<para>The output file, <filename>out.vob</filename>, will be <para>The output file, <filename>out.vob</filename>, will be
MPEG and can be manipulated by the other packages described in <acronym>MPEG</acronym> format.</para>
in this section.</para>
<para>The <ulink url="http://www.mplayerhq.hu/DOCS/">MPlayer <para>Anyone wishing to obtain a high level
documentation</ulink> is technically informative and of expertise with &unix; video should consult <ulink url="http://www.mplayerhq.hu/DOCS/">mplayerhq.hu/DOCS</ulink> as it is technically informative.
should be consulted by anyone wishing to obtain a high level This documentation should be considered as required reading
of expertise with &unix; video. The before submitting any bug reports.</para>
<application>MPlayer</application> mailing list is hostile
to anyone who has not bothered to read the documentation, so
before making a bug report, read the documentation
first.</para>
</sect4>
<sect4 id="video-mencoder">
<title><application>MEncoder</application></title>
<indexterm> <indexterm>
<primary>mencoder</primary> <primary>mencoder</primary>
</indexterm> </indexterm>
<para>Before using <command>mencoder</command>, it is a good <para>Before using <command>mencoder</command>, it is a good
idea to become familiar with the options described in the idea to become familiar with the options described at
<ulink <ulink
url="http://www.mplayerhq.hu/DOCS/HTML/en/mencoder.html">HTML url="http://www.mplayerhq.hu/DOCS/HTML/en/mencoder.html">mplayerhq.hu/DOCS/HTML/en/mencoder.html</ulink>. There are innumerable ways to
documentation</ulink>. There are innumerable ways to
improve quality, lower bitrate, and change formats, and some improve quality, lower bitrate, and change formats, and some
of these options may make the difference between good or bad of these options may make the difference between good or bad
performance. Improper combinations of command line options performance. Improper combinations of command line options
@ -1200,11 +1083,9 @@ zoom=yes</programlisting>
<para><filename><replaceable>input.avi</replaceable></filename> <para><filename><replaceable>input.avi</replaceable></filename>
can be replaced with <option>dvd://1 -dvd-device can be replaced with <option>dvd://1 -dvd-device
/dev/dvd</option> and run as <username>root</username> /dev/dvd</option> and run as <username>root</username>
to re-encode a DVD title directly. Since it may take a few to re-encode a <acronym>DVD</acronym> title directly. Since it may take a few
tries to get the desired result, it is recommended to dump tries to get the desired result, it is recommended to instead dump
the title to a file and to work on the file.</para> the title to a file and to work on the file.</para>
</sect4>
</sect3> </sect3>
<sect3 id="video-xine"> <sect3 id="video-xine">
@ -1226,40 +1107,35 @@ zoom=yes</programlisting>
to open a specific file.</para> to open a specific file.</para>
<para>Alternatively, <application>xine</application> may be <para>Alternatively, <application>xine</application> may be
invoked to play a file immediately without the graphical invoked from the command line
interface:</para> by specifying the name of the file to play:</para>
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>xine</userinput></screen>
<para>Alternatively, it may be invoked to play a file
immediately without the GUI with the command:</para>
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>xine -g -p <replaceable>mymovie.avi</replaceable></userinput></screen> <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>xine -g -p <replaceable>mymovie.avi</replaceable></userinput></screen>
<para>The <ulink <para>Refer to <ulink
url="http://dvd.sourceforge.net/xine-howto/en_GB/html/howto.html"> url="http://www.xine-project.org/faq">
xine HOWTO</ulink> contains a chapter on performance xine-project.org/faq</ulink> for more information and
improvement which is general to all players.</para> troubleshooting tips.</para>
</sect3> </sect3>
<sect3 id="video-ports-transcode"> <sect3 id="video-ports-transcode">
<title>The <application>transcode</application> <title>The <application>Transcode</application>
Utilities</title> Utilities</title>
<para><application>transcode</application> provides a suite of <para><application>Transcode</application> provides a suite of
tools for re-encoding video and audio files. tools for re-encoding video and audio files.
<application>transcode</application> can be used to merge <application>Transcode</application> can be used to merge
video files or repair broken files using command line tools video files or repair broken files using command line tools
with <filename>stdin/stdout</filename> stream with stdin/stdout stream
interfaces.</para> interfaces.</para>
<para><application>transcode</application> can be installed <para>In &os;, <application>Transcode</application> can be installed
using the <filename using the <filename
role="package">multimedia/transcode</filename> package or role="package">multimedia/transcode</filename> package or
port. Many users prefer to compile the port as it provides a port. Many users prefer to compile the port as it provides a
menu of compile options for specifying the support and codecs menu of compile options for specifying the support and codecs
to compile in. If an option is not selected, to compile in. If an option is not selected,
<application>transcode</application> will not be able to <application>Transcode</application> will not be able to
encode that format. Use the arrow keys and spacebar to select encode that format. Use the arrow keys and spacebar to select
the required formats. When finished, press the required formats. When finished, press
<keycap>Enter</keycap> to continue the port compile and <keycap>Enter</keycap> to continue the port compile and
@ -1272,18 +1148,17 @@ zoom=yes</programlisting>
<replaceable>input.avi</replaceable> -V --export_prof vcd-pal -o output_vcd</userinput> <replaceable>input.avi</replaceable> -V --export_prof vcd-pal -o output_vcd</userinput>
&prompt.user; <userinput>mplex -f 1 -o <replaceable>output_vcd.mpg output_vcd.m1v output_vcd.mpa</replaceable></userinput></screen> &prompt.user; <userinput>mplex -f 1 -o <replaceable>output_vcd.mpg output_vcd.m1v output_vcd.mpa</replaceable></userinput></screen>
<para>The resulting MPEG file, <para>The resulting <acronym>MPEG</acronym> file,
<filename><replaceable>output_vcd.mpg</replaceable></filename>, <filename><replaceable>output_vcd.mpg</replaceable></filename>,
is ready to be played with <application>MPlayer</application>. is ready to be played with <application>MPlayer</application>.
The file can be burned on a CD-R media to create a Video CD. In The file can be burned on a <acronym>CD</acronym> media to create a video <acronym>CD</acronym> using a utility such as
this, install and use the <filename <filename
role="package">multimedia/vcdimager</filename> and <filename role="package">multimedia/vcdimager</filename> or <filename
role="package">sysutils/cdrdao</filename> programs.</para> role="package">sysutils/cdrdao</filename>.</para>
<para>In addition to the manual page for <para>In addition to the manual page for
<command>transcode</command>, refer to the <ulink <command>transcode</command>, refer to <ulink
url="http://www.transcoding.org/cgi-bin/transcode">transcode url="http://www.transcoding.org/cgi-bin/transcode">transcoding.org/cgi-bin/transcode</ulink> for further information and examples.</para>
wiki</ulink> for further information and examples.</para>
</sect3> </sect3>
</sect2> </sect2>
</sect1> </sect1>