MFen: 1.678
Obtained from: The FreeBSD Traditional Chinese project
This commit is contained in:
Chin-San Huang
parent
20f378f740
commit
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Notes:
svn2git
2020-12-08 03:00:23 +00:00
svn path=/head/; revision=30613
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<sect1 id="x11-synopsis">
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<title>概述</title>
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<para>FreeBSD uses X11 to provide users with
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a powerful graphical user interface. X11
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is an open-source implementation of the X Window System that
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includes both <application>&xorg;</application> and
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<application>&xfree86;</application>. &os; versions up to and
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including &os; 4.11-RELEASE and &os; 5.2.1-RELEASE
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will find the default installation to be
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<application>&xfree86;</application>, the X11 server released by
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The &xfree86; Project, Inc. As of &os; 5.3-RELEASE, the
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default and official flavor of X11 was changed to
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<application>&xorg;</application>, the X11 server developed by
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the X.Org Foundation.</para>
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<para>FreeBSD 使用 X11 來提供使用者相當好用的 GUI 介面。
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X11 是 X Window 系統(包括 <application>&xorg;</application>
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以及 <application>&xfree86;</application> 的開放原碼實作。
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&os; 從 &os; 4.11-RELEASE 到 &os; 5.2.1-RELEASE
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可在預設的安裝程式內安裝 <application>&xfree86;</application>
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(由 The &xfree86; Project, Inc 發行的 X11 server)。
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而 &os; 5.3-RELEASE 起，預設的 X11 改為
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<application>&xorg;</application>(由 X.Org 基金會所開發的
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X11 server)。</para>
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<para>This chapter will cover the installation and configuration
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of X11 with emphasis on
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<application>&xorg;</application>.</para>
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<para>本章主要是介紹 X11 軟體(<application>&xorg;</application>)
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的安裝與設定。</para>
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<para>For more information on the video hardware that X11
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supports, check either the <ulink
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url="http://www.x.org/">&xorg;</ulink> or <ulink
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url="http://www.XFree86.org/">&xfree86;</ulink> web
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sites.</para>
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<para>欲知 X11 有支援的顯示方面硬體的話，請參閱 <ulink
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url="http://www.x.org/">&xorg;</ulink> 或 <ulink
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url="http://www.XFree86.org/">&xfree86;</ulink> 的網站。</para>
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<para>讀完這章，您將了解：</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>The various components of the X Window System, and how they
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interoperate.</para>
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<para>X Window 系統的各組成部份，以及它們是如何相互運作。</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>How to install and configure X11.</para>
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<para>如何安裝、設定 X11。</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>How to install and use different window managers.</para>
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<para>如何安裝並使用不同的 window managers。</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>How to use &truetype; fonts in X11.</para>
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<para>如何在 X11 上使用 &truetype; 字型。</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>How to set up your system for graphical logins
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(<application>XDM</application>).</para>
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<para>如何設定系統以使用圖形登入介面。
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(<application>XDM</application>)</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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<para>在開始閱讀這章之前，您需要︰</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem><para>Know how to install additional third-party
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software (<xref linkend="ports">).</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>知道如何運用 ports、packages 來安裝軟體。
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(<xref linkend="ports">)</para></listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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<note>
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<para>This chapter covers the installation and the configuration
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of both <application>&xorg;</application> and
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<application>&xfree86;</application> X11 servers. For the most
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part, configuration files, commands and syntaxes are identical.
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In the case where there are differences, both
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<application>&xorg;</application> and
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<application>&xfree86;</application> syntaxes will be
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shown.</para>
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<para>本章會介紹 <application>&xorg;</application> 以及
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<application>&xfree86;</application> 的 X11 server 安裝、設定。
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大致而言，它們的設定檔、相關指令、語法會有些不同。
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所以遇到這種不同情況時，我們會標註 <application>&xorg;</application>
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以及 <application>&xfree86;</application> 的不同處。</para>
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</note>
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</sect1>
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<sect1 id="x-understanding">
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<title>Understanding X</title>
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<title>瞭解 X 的世界</title>
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<para>Using X for the first time can be somewhat of a shock to someone
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familiar with other graphical environments, such as µsoft.windows; or
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&macos;.</para>
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<para>第一次接觸 X 的人，大概都會有些震撼，尤其是熟悉其他 GUI 介面(像是
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µsoft.windows; 或 &macos;)的使用者。</para>
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<para>While it is not necessary to understand all of the details of various
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X components and how they interact, some basic knowledge makes
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it possible to take advantage of X's strengths.</para>
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<para>雖然 X 各元件的所有細節及運作方式，並不是必須要知道的。
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但對它們有些基本概念會更容易上手。</para>
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<sect2>
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<title>Why X?</title>
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<title>為何叫做 X？</title>
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<para>X is not the first window system written for &unix;, but it is the
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most popular of them. X's original development team had worked on another
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window system prior to writing X. That system's name was
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<quote>W</quote> (for <quote>Window</quote>). X was just the next
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letter in the Roman alphabet.</para>
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<para>X 並非 &unix; 上第一套視窗系統，但它卻是最廣為流傳運用。
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原本的 X 研發團隊在研發 X 之前有開發另一套視窗系統。 那套系統叫做
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<quote>W</quote>(取 <quote>Window</quote> 的第一個字)。
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而 X 則是 W 之後的下一個羅馬字母。</para>
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<para>X can be called <quote>X</quote>, <quote>X Window System</quote>,
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<quote>X11</quote>, and a number of other terms. You may find
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that using the term <quote>X Windows</quote> to describe X11
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can be offensive to some people; for a bit more insight on
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this, see &man.X.7;.</para>
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<para>X 亦被稱之為 <quote>X</quote>、<quote>X Window System</quote>、
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<quote>X11</quote>，以及其他一些詞彙。 使用 <quote>X Windows</quote>
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這字眼來稱呼 X11，可能會讓有些人不爽；這部分細節可參閱 &man.X.7;
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說明。</para>
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</sect2>
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<sect2>
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<title>The X Client/Server Model</title>
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<title>X 的 Client/Server 架構</title>
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<para>X was designed from the beginning to be network-centric, and
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adopts a <quote>client-server</quote> model.</para>
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<para>X 一開始是設計為網路架構環境，並採用
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<quote>client-server</quote> 架構。</para>
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<para>In the X model, the
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<quote>X server</quote> runs on the computer that has the keyboard,
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monitor, and mouse attached. The server's responsibility includes tasks such as managing
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the display, handling input from the keyboard and mouse, and so on.
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Each X application (such as <application>XTerm</application>, or
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<application>&netscape;</application>) is a <quote>client</quote>. A
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client sends messages to the server such as <quote>Please draw a
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window at these coordinates</quote>, and the server sends back
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messages such as <quote>The user just clicked on the OK
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button</quote>.</para>
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<para>在 X 架構下，
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<quote>X server</quote> 是在有鍵盤、螢幕、滑鼠的電腦上運作。
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而 server 部份則是負責像是顯示部份的管理、
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處理來自鍵盤、滑鼠方面的輸入等等，
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每個 X 程式(像是 <application>XTerm</application>，或
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<application>&netscape;</application>)都是 <quote>client</quote>。
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client 會傳訊息到 server 上，比如：<quote>Please draw a
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window at these coordinates</quote>，接著 server 會傳回訊息，比如：
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<quote>The user just clicked on the OK button</quote>。</para>
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<para>In a home or small
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office environment, the X server and the X clients commonly run on
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the same computer. However, it is perfectly possible to run the X
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server on a less powerful desktop computer, and run X applications
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(the clients) on, say, the powerful and expensive machine that serves
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the office. In this scenario the communication between the X client
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and server takes place over the network.</para>
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<para>在家庭或小辦公室環境，通常 X server 跟 X client
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都是在同一台電腦上執行的。 然而，也可以在比較爛的桌機上執行 X server，
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並在比較強、比較貴的電腦上跑 X 程式(client)來做事情。
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在這種場景，X client 與 server 之間的溝通就需透過網路來進行。</para>
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<para>This confuses some people, because the X terminology is
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exactly backward to what they expect. They expect the <quote>X
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server</quote> to be the big powerful machine down the hall, and
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the <quote>X client</quote> to be the machine on their desk.</para>
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<para>這點可能會讓有些人產生困惑，因為 X 術語與他們原本的認知剛好相反。
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他們原本以為 <quote>X server</quote> 是要在最強悍的機器上跑才行，而
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<quote>X client</quote> 則是在他們桌機上面跑。</para>
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<para>It is important to remember that the X server is the machine with the monitor and
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keyboard, and the X clients are the programs that display the
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windows.</para>
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<para>有點相當重要，請記住 X server 是在有接螢幕、鍵盤的機器上運作，
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而 X client 則是顯示這些視窗的程式。</para>
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<para>There is nothing in the protocol that forces the client and
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server machines to be running the same operating system, or even to
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be running on the same type of computer. It is certainly possible to
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run an X server on µsoft.windows; or Apple's &macos;, and there are
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various free and commercial applications available that do exactly
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that.</para>
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<para>協定(protocol)內並無強制規定 client 以及 server
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兩邊機器都得是同一作業系統，或者得是同型機器才可以。
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換句話說，也可以在 µsoft.windows; 或蘋果電腦(Apple)的 &macos;
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上跑 X server，而且可以透過許多免費或商業軟體完成這些安裝、設定。
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</para>
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<para>Starting with &os; 5.3-RELEASE, the X server that
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installs with &os; is <application>&xorg;</application>,
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and is available for free, under a
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license very similar to the FreeBSD license. Commercial X servers for
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FreeBSD are also available.</para>
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<para>自 &os; 5.3-RELEASE 起，&os; 所裝的 X server 則是
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<application>&xorg;</application>，
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它是採以相當類似 FreeBSD license 的授權方式，並且可自由使用。
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當然也有商業 X servers 的 FreeBSD 版。</para>
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</sect2>
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<sect2>
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<title>The Window Manager</title>
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<para>The X design philosophy is much like the &unix; design philosophy,
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<quote>tools, not policy</quote>. This means that X does not try to
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dictate how a task is to be accomplished. Instead, tools are provided
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to the user, and it is the user's responsibility to decide how to use
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those tools.</para>
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<para>X 設計哲學與 &unix; 設計哲學相當類似，都是
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<quote>tools, not policy</quote>。 也就是說，X
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不會試圖強制規定某任務應該要如何完成，而是只提供使用者一些工具，
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至於如何運用這些工具，則是使用者本身的事了。</para>
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<para>This philosophy extends to X not dictating what windows should
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look like on screen, how to move them around with the mouse, what
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keystrokes should be used to move between windows (i.e.,
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<para>X 延續這哲學，它並不規定：螢幕上的視窗該長什麼樣、要如何移動滑鼠指標、
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該用什麼組合鍵來切換各視窗(比如：在 µsoft.windows; 的
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<keycombo action="simul">
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<keycap>Alt</keycap>
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<keycap>Tab</keycap>
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</keycombo>, in the case of µsoft.windows;), what the title bars
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on each window should look like, whether or not they have close
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buttons on them, and so on.</para>
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</keycombo>鍵)、各視窗的標題列長相，以及是否該有關閉鈕等等。</para>
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<para>Instead, X delegates this responsibility to an application called
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a <quote>Window Manager</quote>. There are dozens of window
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managers available for X: <application>AfterStep</application>,
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<application>Blackbox</application>, <application>ctwm</application>,
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<application>Enlightenment</application>,
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<application>fvwm</application>, <application>Sawfish</application>,
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<application>twm</application>,
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<application>Window Maker</application>, and more. Each of these
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window managers provides a different look and feel; some of them
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support <quote>virtual desktops</quote>; some of them allow customized
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keystrokes to manage the desktop; some have a <quote>Start</quote>
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button or similar device; some are <quote>themeable</quote>, allowing
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a complete change of look-and-feel by applying a new theme. These
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window managers, and many more, are available in the
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<filename>x11-wm</filename> category of the Ports Collection.</para>
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<para>事實上，X 把這部分交給所謂的 <quote>Window Manager</quote> 來管理。
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有一堆 window manager 程式，像是: <application>AfterStep</application>
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、<application>Blackbox</application>、<application>ctwm</application>
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、<application>Enlightenment</application>、
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<application>fvwm</application>、<application>Sawfish</application>、
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<application>twm</application>、
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<application>Window Maker</application> 等等。每一種 window manager
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都提供不同的使用經驗； 有些還可使用 <quote>virtual desktops(虛擬桌面)
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</quote>；有些則可自訂組合鍵來管理桌面；有些會有 <quote>Start(開始)
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</quote>鈕或其他類似設計；有些則是 <quote>可更換佈景主題</quote>，
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可自行安裝新的佈景主題以更換外觀。 這些跟其他的
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window manager 在 Ports Collection 內的
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<filename>x11-wm</filename> 目錄內都有。</para>
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<para>In addition, the <application>KDE</application> and
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<application>GNOME</application> desktop environments both have their
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own window managers which integrate with the desktop.</para>
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<para>此外，<application>KDE</application> 及
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<application>GNOME</application> 桌面環境則有其自屬並整合完整的
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window manager。</para>
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<para>Each window manager also has a different configuration mechanism;
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some expect configuration file written by hand, others feature
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GUI tools for most of the configuration tasks; at least one
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(<application>Sawfish</application>) has a configuration file written
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in a dialect of the Lisp language.</para>
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<para>每個 window manager 也各有其不同的設定機制；有些需手動寫設定檔，
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而有的則可透過 GUI 工具來完成大部分的設定。舉個例子：
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<application>Sawfish</application> 就有以 Lisp 語言寫的設定檔。
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</para>
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<note>
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<title>Focus Policy</title>
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@ -1435,11 +1406,7 @@ DisplayManager.requestPort: 0</screen>
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<title>Installing GNOME</title>
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<para>The easiest way to install
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<application>GNOME</application> is through the
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<quote>Desktop Configuration</quote> menu during the FreeBSD
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installation process as described in <xref
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linkend="default-desktop"> of Chapter 2. It can also
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be easily installed from a package or the ports
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<application>GNOME</application> is installed from a package or the ports
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collection:</para>
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<para>To install the <application>GNOME</application> package
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@ -1606,10 +1573,7 @@ DisplayManager.requestPort: 0</screen>
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<para>Just as with <application>GNOME</application> or any
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other desktop environment, the easiest way to install
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<application>KDE</application> is through the <quote>Desktop
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Configuration</quote> menu during the FreeBSD installation
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process as described in <xref linkend="default-desktop"> of Chapter
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2. Once again, the software can be easily installed from a package
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<application>KDE</application> is installed from a package
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or from the Ports Collection:</para>
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<para>To install the <application>KDE</application> package
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|
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