Finish cleaning up this chapter.
Sponsored by: iXsystems
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Dru Lavigne
parent
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Notes:
svn2git
2020-12-08 03:00:23 +00:00
svn path=/head/; revision=43883
1 changed files with 96 additions and 122 deletions
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@ -27,9 +27,9 @@
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<para>&os; is a distributed project with users and contributors
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located all over the world. As such, &os; supports localization
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into many languages. This allows a user to view, input, or
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process data in non-English languages. Currently, one can
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choose from most of the major languages, including but not
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into many languages, allowing users to view, input, or
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process data in non-English languages. One can
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choose from most of the major languages, including, but not
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limited to: Chinese, German, Japanese, Korean, French, Russian,
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and Vietnamese.</para>
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@ -41,30 +41,20 @@
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<para>The term internationalization has been shortened to
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<acronym>i18n</acronym>, which represents the number of letters
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between the first and the last letters of internationalization.
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<acronym>L10n</acronym> uses the same naming scheme, coming from
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<quote>localization</quote>. Combined together,
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between the first and the last letters of <literal>internationalization</literal>.
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<acronym>L10n</acronym> uses the same naming scheme, but from
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<literal>localization</literal>. The
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<acronym>i18n</acronym>/<acronym>L10n</acronym> methods,
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protocols, and applications allow users to use languages of
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their choice.</para>
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<para><acronym>i18n</acronym> applications are programmed using
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<acronym>i18n</acronym> kits under libraries. These allow
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developers to write a simple file and translate displayed menus
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and texts to each language.</para>
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<para>This chapter discusses the internationalization and
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localization features of &os;. Since there are many aspects of
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the <acronym>i18n</acronym> implementation at both the system
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and application levels, more specific sources of documentation
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are referred to, where applicable.</para>
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<para>After reading this chapter, you will know:</para>
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localization features of &os;. After reading this chapter, you
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will know:</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>How different languages and locales are encoded on
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modern operating systems.</para>
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<para>How locale names are constructed.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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@ -77,13 +67,17 @@
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>How to use <application>Xorg</application> effectively
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with different languages.</para>
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<para>How to configure <application>Xorg</application> for
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different languages.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>Where to find more information about writing
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<acronym>i18n</acronym>-compliant applications.</para>
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<para>How to find <acronym>i18n</acronym>-compliant applications.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>Where to find more information for configuring specific
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languages.</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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@ -146,22 +140,6 @@
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</tgroup>
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</table>
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<indexterm><primary>encodings</primary></indexterm>
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<indexterm><primary>ASCII</primary></indexterm>
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<para>Some languages, such as Chinese or Japanese, cannot be
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represented using ASCII characters and require an extended
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language encoding using either wide or multibyte characters.
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Older applications may mistake these encodings for control
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characters while newer applications usually recognize 8-bit
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characters. Depending on the implementation, users may be
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required to compile an application with wide or multibyte
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character support, or configure it correctly. The rest of
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this section describes the various methods for configuring the
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locale on a &os; system. The next section will discuss the
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considerations for finding or compiling applications with i18n
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support.</para>
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<para>A complete listing of available locales can be found by
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typing:</para>
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@ -170,6 +148,34 @@
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<para>To determine the current locale setting:</para>
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<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>locale</userinput></screen>
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<indexterm><primary>encodings</primary></indexterm>
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<indexterm><primary>ASCII</primary></indexterm>
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<para>Language specific character sets, such as
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ISO8859-1, ISO8859-15, KOI8-R, and CP437, are
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described in &man.multibyte.3;. The active list of character sets can be found at the <link
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xlink:href="http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets">IANA
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Registry</link>.</para>
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<para>Some languages, such as Chinese or Japanese, cannot be
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represented using <acronym>ASCII</acronym> characters and require an extended
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language encoding using either wide or multibyte characters.
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Examples of wide or multibyte encodings include EUC and Big5.
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Older applications may mistake these encodings for control
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characters while newer applications usually recognize these
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characters. Depending on the implementation, users may be
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required to compile an application with wide or multibyte
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character support, or to configure it correctly.</para>
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<note>
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<para>&os; uses Xorg-compatible locale encodings.</para>
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</note>
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<para>The rest of
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this section describes the various methods for configuring the
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locale on a &os; system. The next section will discuss the
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considerations for finding and compiling applications with <acronym>i18n</acronym>
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support.</para>
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<sect2 xml:id="setting-locale">
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<title>Setting Locale for Login Shell</title>
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@ -193,7 +199,7 @@
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<listitem>
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<indexterm><primary>MIME</primary></indexterm>
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<para><envar>MM_CHARSET</envar> which sets the MIME
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<para><envar>MM_CHARSET</envar>, which sets the <acronym>MIME</acronym>
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character set used by applications</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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@ -218,7 +224,7 @@
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<para>This first method is the recommended method as it
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assigns the required environment variables for locale name
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and MIME character sets for every possible shell. This
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and <acronym>MIME</acronym> character sets for every possible shell. This
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setup can either be performed by each user or it can be
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configured for all users by the superuser.</para>
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@ -257,7 +263,7 @@ me:\
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<para>Alternately, the superuser can configure all users of
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the system for localization. The following variables in
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<filename>/etc/login.conf</filename> are used to set the
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locale and MIME character sete:</para>
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locale and <acronym>MIME</acronym> character set:</para>
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<programlisting><replaceable>language_name</replaceable>|<replaceable>Account Type Description</replaceable>:\
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:charset=<replaceable>MIME_charset</replaceable>:\
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@ -336,7 +342,7 @@ me:\
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<sect3 xml:id="startup-file">
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<title>Shell Startup File Method</title>
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<para>This method is not recommended as each shell that is
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<para>This second method is not recommended as each shell that is
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used requires manual configuration, where each shell has a
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different configuration file and differing syntax. As an
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example, to set the German language for the
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@ -407,11 +413,11 @@ keychange="<replaceable>fkey_number sequence</replaceable>"</programlisting>
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area if the screen font uses a bit 8 column.</para>
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<para>To see the list of available keymaps, type
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<filename>ls /usr/share/syscons/keymaps</filename>. When
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<command>ls /usr/share/syscons/keymaps</command>. When
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specifying the <replaceable>keymap_name</replaceable>, do not
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include the <filename>.kbd</filename> suffix. When uncertain
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as to which keymap to use, &man.kbdmap.1; can be used to test
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keymaps without rebooting.</para>
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include the <filename>.kbd</filename> suffix. To test
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keymaps without rebooting,
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use &man.kbdmap.1;.</para>
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<para>The <literal>keychange</literal> entry is usually needed
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to program function keys to match the selected terminal type
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@ -507,13 +513,13 @@ keychange="<replaceable>fkey_number sequence</replaceable>"</programlisting>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry>Japanese</entry>
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<entry><package>chinese/kon2</package></entry>
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<entry>Chinese/Japanese/Korean</entry>
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<entry><package>chinese/zhcon</package></entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry>Chinese/Japanese/Korean</entry>
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<entry><package>chinese/zhcon</package></entry>
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<entry>Japanese</entry>
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<entry><package>chinese/kon2</package></entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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@ -535,7 +541,7 @@ keychange="<replaceable>fkey_number sequence</replaceable>"</programlisting>
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&man.syscons.4; driver occupies the
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<literal>0xd0</literal>-<literal>0xd3</literal> range in the
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character set. If the language uses this range, move the
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cursor's range. To enable this workaround for &os;, add the
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cursor's range by adding the
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following line to <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>:</para>
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<programlisting>mousechar_start=3</programlisting>
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@ -751,7 +757,7 @@ Comment out for now. If needed, can be added as note in new Printing chapter.
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converted to &postscript; or PDF formats using language
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specific converters.</para>
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</sect2>
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-->
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Not sure where to put this section, perhaps as a note in the File system chapter?
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<sect2>
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<title>Kernel and File Systems</title>
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@ -773,62 +779,32 @@ Comment out for now. If needed, can be added as note in new Printing chapter.
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character sets, and chosen &os; filesystem character sets.
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Refer to &man.mount.msdosfs.8; for details.</para>
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</sect2>
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-->
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</sect1>
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<sect1 xml:id="l10n-compiling">
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<title>Compiling <acronym>i18n</acronym> Programs</title>
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<title>Finding <acronym>i18n</acronym> Applications</title>
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<para>The &os; <link xlink:href="&url.base;/ports/index.html">&os;
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Ports Collection</link> contains programs which provide
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application support for wide or multibyte characters for several
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languages. Refer to the <acronym>i18n</acronym> documentation
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in the respective &os; port for more information on how to
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configure the application correctly or to determine which
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compile options to use when building the port.</para>
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<para>Some things to keep in mind are:</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>Language specific single C chars character sets such as
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ISO8859-1, ISO8859-15, KOI8-R, and CP437. These are
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described in &man.multibyte.3;.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>Wide or multibyte encodings such as EUC and Big5.</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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<para>The active list of character sets can be found at the <link
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xlink:href="http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets">IANA
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Registry</link>.</para>
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<note>
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<para>&os; uses Xorg-compatible locale encodings instead.</para>
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</note>
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<para>In the &os; Ports Collection, <acronym>i18n</acronym>
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applications include <literal>i18n</literal> in their names for
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<para><acronym>i18n</acronym> applications are programmed using
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<acronym>i18n</acronym> kits under libraries. These allow
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developers to write a simple file and translate displayed menus
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and texts to each language.</para>
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<para>The <link xlink:href="&url.base;/ports/index.html">&os;
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Ports Collection</link> contains many
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applications with built-in support for wide or multibyte characters for several
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languages. Such applications include <literal>i18n</literal> in their names for
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easy identification. However, they do not always support the
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language needed.</para>
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<para>Many applications in the &os; Ports Collection have been
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ported with <acronym>i18n</acronym> support. Some of these
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include <literal>-i18n</literal> in the port name. These
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and many other programs have built in support for
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<acronym>i18n</acronym> and need no special
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consideration.</para>
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<indexterm>
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<primary><application>MySQL</application></primary>
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</indexterm>
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<para>However, some applications such as
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<application>MySQL</application> need to have their
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<filename>Makefile</filename> configured with the specific
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<para>Some applications can be compiled
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with the specific
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charset. This is usually done in the port's
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<filename>Makefile</filename> or by passing a value to
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<application>configure</application> in the source.</para>
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<application>configure</application>. Refer to the <acronym>i18n</acronym> documentation
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in the respective &os; port's source for more information on how to
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determine the needed <application>configure</application> value
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or the port's <filename>Makefile</filename> to determine which
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compile options to use when building the port.</para>
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</sect1>
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<sect1 xml:id="lang-setup">
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@ -853,8 +829,13 @@ Comment out for now. If needed, can be added as note in new Printing chapter.
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<secondary>Russian</secondary>
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</indexterm>
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<para>This section shows the specific settings needed to
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localize a &os; system for the Russian language. Refer to
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<link linkend="using-localization">Using Localization</link> for
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a more complete description of each type of setting.</para>
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<para>To set this locale for the login shell, add the following
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lines into each user's
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lines to each user's
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<filename>~/.login_conf</filename>:</para>
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<programlisting>me:My Account:\
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@ -944,25 +925,23 @@ Option "XkbOptions" "grp:toggle"</programlisting>
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<note>
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<para>The Russian XKB keyboard may not work with
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non-localized applications.</para>
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</note>
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<para>Minimally localized applications should call a
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non-localized applications. Minimally localized applications should call a
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<function>XtSetLanguageProc (NULL, NULL, NULL);</function>
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function early in the program.</para>
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</note>
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<para>See <link xlink:href="http://koi8.pp.ru/xwin.html">
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KOI8-R for X Window</link> for more instructions on
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<para>See <uri xlink:href="http://koi8.pp.ru/xwin.html">http://koi8.pp.ru/xwin.html</uri>
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for more instructions on
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localizing <application>Xorg</application> applications. For
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more general information about KOI8-R encoding, refer to
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<link xlink:href="http://koi8.pp.ru/">KOI8-R -
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Russian Net Character Set</link>.</para>
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<uri xlink:href="http://koi8.pp.ru/">http://koi8.pp.ru/</uri>.</para>
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</sect2>
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<sect2>
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<title>Additional Language-Specific Resources</title>
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<para>Some intro text here...</para>
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<para>This section lists some additional resources for
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configuring other locales.</para>
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<indexterm>
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<primary>localization</primary>
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@ -992,11 +971,7 @@ Option "XkbOptions" "grp:toggle"</programlisting>
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<listitem>
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<para>The &os;-Taiwan Project has a Chinese HOWTO for &os;
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at <uri
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xlink:href="http://netlab.cse.yzu.edu.tw/~statue/freebsd/zh-tut/">http://netlab.cse.yzu.edu.tw/~statue/freebsd/zh-tut/</uri>
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using many Chinese ports. The current editor for the
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<literal>&os; Chinese HOWTO</literal> is Shen
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Chuan-Hsing
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<email>statue@freebsd.sinica.edu.tw</email>.</para>
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xlink:href="http://netlab.cse.yzu.edu.tw/~statue/freebsd/zh-tut/">http://netlab.cse.yzu.edu.tw/~statue/freebsd/zh-tut/</uri>.</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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@ -1005,9 +980,9 @@ Option "XkbOptions" "grp:toggle"</programlisting>
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Languages</term>
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<listitem>
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<para>Slaven <email>eserte@cs.tu-berlin.de</email> wrote a
|
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tutorial on using umlauts on &os;. The tutorial is
|
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written in German and is available at <uri
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<para>A
|
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tutorial on using umlauts on &os; is
|
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available in German at <uri
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xlink:href="http://user.cs.tu-berlin.de/~eserte/FreeBSD/doc/umlaute/umlaute.html">http://user.cs.tu-berlin.de/~eserte/FreeBSD/doc/umlaute/umlaute.html</uri>.</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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@ -1016,9 +991,8 @@ Option "XkbOptions" "grp:toggle"</programlisting>
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<term>Greek Language Localization</term>
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<listitem>
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<para>Nikos Kokkalis <email>nickkokkalis@gmail.com</email>
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has written a complete article on Greek support in &os;.
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It is available <link
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<para>A complete article on Greek support in &os;
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is available <link
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||||
xlink:href="&url.doc.base;/el_GR.ISO8859-7/articles/greek-language-support/index.html">here</link>,
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in Greek only, as part of the official &os; Greek
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documentation.</para>
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@ -1043,7 +1017,7 @@ Option "XkbOptions" "grp:toggle"</programlisting>
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<para>Some &os; contributors have translated parts of the
|
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&os; documentation to other languages. They are
|
||||
available through links on the <link
|
||||
xlink:href="&url.base;/index.html">main site</link> or
|
||||
xlink:href="&url.base;/index.html">&os; web site</link> or
|
||||
in <filename>/usr/share/doc</filename>.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
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|
|
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Reference in a new issue