- MFen: 1.184 -> 1.186
Submitted by: whsyu Obtained from: The FreeBSD Traditional Chinese Project https://opensvn.csie.org/traccgi/freebsddoc/wiki
This commit is contained in:
Chin-San Huang
parent
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commit
f793b41541
Notes:
svn2git
2020-12-08 03:00:23 +00:00
svn path=/head/; revision=31512
1 changed files with 84 additions and 119 deletions
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@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
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The FreeBSD Documentation Project
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$FreeBSD$
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Original revision: 1.184
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Original revision: 1.186
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-->
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<chapter id="x11">
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@ -111,7 +111,8 @@
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<para>在 X 架構下，
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<quote>X server</quote> 是在有鍵盤、螢幕、滑鼠的電腦上運作。
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而 server 部份則是負責像是顯示部份的管理、
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處理來自鍵盤、滑鼠方面的輸入等等，
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處理來自鍵盤、滑鼠及其他設備(比方像是以繪圖板來輸入、
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或者是顯示到投影機)的輸入等等，
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每個 X 程式(像是 <application>XTerm</application>，或
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<application>&netscape;</application>)都是 <quote>client</quote>。
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client 會傳訊息到 server 上，比如：<quote>Please draw a
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@ -125,7 +126,7 @@
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<para>這點可能會讓有些人產生困惑，因為 X 術語與他們原本的認知剛好相反。
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他們原本以為 <quote>X server</quote> 是要在最強悍的機器上跑才行，而
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<quote>X client</quote> 則是在他們桌機上面跑。</para>
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<quote>X client</quote> 則是在他們桌機上面跑。 實際上卻不是這樣。</para>
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<para>有點相當重要，請記住 X server 是在有接螢幕、鍵盤的機器上運作，
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而 X client 則是顯示這些視窗的程式。</para>
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@ -178,34 +179,30 @@
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<note>
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<title>Focus Policy</title>
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<para>Another feature the window manager is responsible for is the
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mouse <quote>focus policy</quote>. Every windowing system
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needs some means of choosing a window to be actively receiving
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keystrokes, and should visibly indicate which window is active as
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well.</para>
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<para>window manager 的另一特色就是負責滑鼠指標的
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<quote>focus policy</quote>。 每一種視窗系統都需要選擇作用視窗的方式
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，以接受鍵盤輸入，以及決定目前哪個視窗是處於使用中的狀態。</para>
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<para>A familiar focus policy is called <quote>click-to-focus</quote>.
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This is the model utilized by µsoft.windows;, in which a window
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becomes active upon receiving a mouse click.</para>
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<para>通常較為人熟悉的 focus policy 叫做 <quote>click-to-focus</quote>，
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這是 µsoft.windows; 所採用的模式，也就是指標在該視窗按一下的話，
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該視窗就會處於使用中的狀態。</para>
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<para>X does not support any particular focus policy. Instead, the
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window manager controls which window has the focus at any one time.
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Different window managers will support different focus methods. All
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of them support click to focus, and the majority of them support
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several others.</para>
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<para>X 並不支援一些特殊的 focus policy。 換句話說，window manager
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會控制哪個視窗在何時是作用中。 不同的 window manager
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有不同的支援方式。 但它們都支援 click-to-focus，
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而且大多數都有支援多種方式。</para>
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<para>The most popular focus policies are:</para>
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<para>以下是目前最流行的 focus policy：</para>
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<variablelist>
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<varlistentry>
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<term>focus-follows-mouse</term>
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<listitem>
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<para>The window that is under the mouse pointer is the
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window that has the focus. This may not necessarily be
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the window that is on top of all the other windows.
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The focus is changed by pointing at another window, there
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is no need to click in it as well.</para>
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<para>滑鼠移到哪個視窗就是使用該視窗。
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該視窗不一定位於其他視窗上面，
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但只要把滑鼠移到該視窗就可以改變作用中的視窗，
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而不需在它上面點擊。</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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@ -213,12 +210,12 @@
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<term>sloppy-focus</term>
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<listitem>
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<para>This policy is a small extension to focus-follows-mouse.
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With focus-follows-mouse, if the mouse is moved over the
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root window (or background) then no window has the focus,
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and keystrokes are simply lost. With sloppy-focus, focus is
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only changed when the cursor enters a new window, and not
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when exiting the current window.</para>
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<para>該 policy 是針對 focus-follows-mouse 的小小延伸。
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對於 focus-follows-mouse 而言，若把游標移到最初的視窗(或桌面)，
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那所有其他視窗都會處於非作用中，而且所有鍵盤輸入也會失效。
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若是選用 sloppy-focus，則只有在游標移到新視窗時，
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作用中的視窗才會變成新的，
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而只離開目前作用中的視窗仍不會改變作用狀態。</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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@ -226,18 +223,15 @@
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<term>click-to-focus</term>
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<listitem>
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<para>The active window is selected by mouse click. The
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window may then be <quote>raised</quote>, and appear in
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front of all other windows. All keystrokes will now be
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directed to this window, even if the cursor is moved to
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another window.</para>
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<para>由游標點擊才會決定作用中的視窗。 並且該視窗會被
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<quote>raised(凸顯)</quote> 到所有其他視窗之前，
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即使游標移到其他視窗，所有的鍵盤輸入仍會由該視窗所接收。</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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</variablelist>
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<para>Many window managers support other policies, as well as
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variations on these. Be sure to consult the documentation for
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the window manager itself.</para>
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<para>許多 window manager 也支援其他 policy，與這些相比起來又有些不同，
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細節部分請參閱該 window manager 的文件說明。</para>
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</note>
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</sect2>
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@ -292,33 +286,25 @@
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&prompt.root; <userinput>make install clean</userinput></screen>
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<note>
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<para>To build <application>&xorg;</application> in its
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entirety, be sure to have at least 4 GB of free space
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available.</para>
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<para>若要編譯完整的 <application>&xorg;</application>，
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請先確認至少有 4 GB 的磁碟空間。</para>
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</note>
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<para>Alternatively, X11
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can be installed directly from packages.
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Binary packages to use with &man.pkg.add.1; tool are also available for
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X11. When the remote fetching
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feature of &man.pkg.add.1; is used, the version number of the
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package must be removed. &man.pkg.add.1; will automatically fetch
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the latest version of the application.</para>
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<para>此外 X11 也可直接透過 package 方式來安裝，可使用 &man.pkg.add.1;
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來安裝編譯好的 X11 套件，記得在透過網路安裝時不要指定版本即可，
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&man.pkg.add.1; 會自動抓該套件最新版的套件回來。</para>
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<para>So to fetch and install the package of
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<application>&xorg;</application>, simply type:</para>
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<para>若要自動透過 package 方式來裝 <application>&xorg;</application>
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，直接打下面這行即可：</para>
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<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>pkg_add -r xorg</userinput></screen>
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<note><para>The examples above will install the complete
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X11 distribution including the
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servers, clients, fonts etc. Separate packages and ports of X11
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are also
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available.</para></note>
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<note><para>上面的例子會裝完整的 X11 套件，包括 server、client、字型等。
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此外，還有其他的 X11 子套件可透過 package 或 port
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方式來單獨安裝。</para></note>
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<para>The rest of this chapter will explain how to configure
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X11, and how to set up a productive desktop
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environment.</para>
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<para>本章其餘部分將介紹如何設定 X11，
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以及如何打造高生產力的桌面環境。</para>
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</sect1>
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<sect1 id="x-config">
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@ -339,33 +325,26 @@
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<indexterm><primary>X11</primary></indexterm>
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<sect2>
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<title>Before Starting</title>
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<title>在開始之前</title>
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<para>Before configuration of X11
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the following information about the target system is needed:</para>
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<para>在開始設定 X11 之前，要先瞭解所要裝的機器資料為何：</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem><para>Monitor specifications</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Video Adapter chipset</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Video Adapter memory</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>螢幕規格</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>顯示卡的晶片規格</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>顯示卡的記憶體容量</para></listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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<indexterm><primary>horizontal scan rate</primary></indexterm>
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<indexterm><primary>vertical scan rate</primary></indexterm>
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<para>The specifications for the monitor are used by
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X11 to determine the resolution and
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refresh rate to run at. These specifications can usually be
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obtained from the documentation that came with the monitor or from
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the manufacturer's website. There are two ranges of numbers that
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are needed, the horizontal scan rate and the vertical synchronization
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rate.</para>
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<para>X11 會依螢幕規格來決定解析度以及更新頻率。
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這些規格通常可從螢幕所附的文件或廠商網站上取得。
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最重要的是要知道水平、垂直更新頻率為何。</para>
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<para>The video adapter's chipset defines what driver module
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X11 uses to talk to the graphics
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hardware. With most chipsets, this can be automatically
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determined, but it is still useful to know in case the automatic
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detection does not work correctly.</para>
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<para>而顯示卡晶片則決定 X11 要用哪一種驅動程式模組。
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大多數的晶片都可以自動偵測，但最好還是要知道是何種晶片，
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以免萬一自動偵測失敗。</para>
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<para>Video memory on the graphic adapter determines the
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resolution and color depth which the system can run at. This is
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@ -374,46 +353,39 @@
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</sect2>
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<sect2>
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<title>Configuring X11</title>
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<title>設定 X11</title>
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<para>Configuration of X11 is
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a multi-step process. The first step is to build an initial
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configuration file.
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As the super user, simply
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run:</para>
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<para><application>&xorg;</application> 自 7.3
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版起不再需任何設定檔，只要打下列即可：</para>
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<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>startx</userinput></screen>
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<para>若這指令不行或預設設定無法使用，那麼就需要手動設定 X11。
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設定 X11 需要幾個步驟，首先是以系統管理者帳號來建立初始設定檔：</para>
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<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>Xorg -configure</userinput></screen>
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<para>This will generate an
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X11 configuration skeleton file in the
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<filename>/root</filename> directory called
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<filename>xorg.conf.new</filename> (whether you &man.su.1; or
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do a direct login affects the inherited supervisor
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<envar>$HOME</envar> directory variable). The
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X11 program will attempt to probe
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the graphics hardware on the system and write a
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configuration file to load the proper drivers for the detected
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hardware on the target system.</para>
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<para>這會在 <filename>/root</filename> 目錄內產生
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<filename>xorg.conf.new</filename> 設定檔(無論是用 &man.su.1;
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或直接登入為 root，都會改變 root 預設的 <envar>$HOME</envar> 環境變數)。
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X11 程式接著會偵測系統的顯示卡相關硬體，並將偵測到硬體訊息寫入設定檔，
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以便載入正確的驅動程式。</para>
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<para>The next step is to test the existing
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configuration to verify that <application>&xorg;</application>
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can work with the graphics
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hardware on the target system. To perform this task,
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type:</para>
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<para>下一步是測試現有的設定檔，以便確認 <application>&xorg;</application>
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可以與顯示卡、螢幕相關硬體正確運作：</para>
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<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>Xorg -config xorg.conf.new</userinput></screen>
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<para>If a black and grey grid and an X mouse cursor appear,
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the configuration was successful. To exit the test, just press
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<para>若看得到一堆黑灰夾雜的網格畫面，以及 X 形的滑鼠游標，
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那麼設定檔就是成功的。 要退出測試，只要同時按下
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<keycombo action="simul">
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<keycap>Ctrl</keycap>
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<keycap>Alt</keycap>
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<keycap>Backspace</keycap>
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</keycombo> simultaneously.</para>
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</keycombo> 即可。</para>
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<note><para>If the mouse does not work, you will need to first
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configure it before proceeding. See <xref linkend="mouse">
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in the &os; install chapter.</para></note>
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<note><para>若滑鼠不正確運作，那麼需要先對其作設定。 請參閱
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&os; 安裝一章中的 <xref linkend="mouse"> 說明。</para></note>
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<indexterm><primary>X11 tuning</primary></indexterm>
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@ -1223,20 +1195,18 @@ DisplayManager.requestPort: 0</screen>
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</authorgroup>
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</sect1info>
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<title>Desktop Environments</title>
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<title>桌面環境</title>
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<para>This section describes the different desktop environments
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available for X on FreeBSD. A <quote>desktop environment</quote>
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can mean anything ranging from a simple window manager to a
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complete suite of desktop applications, such as
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<application>KDE</application> or <application>GNOME</application>.
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<para>本章會介紹在 FreeBSD 中的 X 裡頭，有哪些不同的桌面環境。
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<quote>桌面環境</quote>範圍很廣，從簡單的 window manager 到
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完整的桌面應用程式，例如 <application>KDE</application> 或 <application>GNOME</application>。
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</para>
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<sect2 id="x11-wm-gnome">
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<title>GNOME</title>
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<sect3 id="x11-wm-gnome-about">
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<title>About GNOME</title>
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<title>關於 GNOME</title>
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<indexterm><primary>GNOME</primary></indexterm>
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<para><application>GNOME</application> is a user-friendly
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@ -1263,25 +1233,20 @@ DisplayManager.requestPort: 0</screen>
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<para>可透過 package 或 Ports Collection 的方式來輕鬆安裝：</para>
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<para>To install the <application>GNOME</application> package
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from the network, simply type:</para>
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<para>透過網路利用 package 安裝 <application>GNOME</application>：</para>
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<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>pkg_add -r gnome2</userinput></screen>
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<para>To build <application>GNOME</application> from source, use
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the ports tree:</para>
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<para>從 ports tree 透過原始碼編譯安裝 <application>GNOME</application>：</para>
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<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /usr/ports/x11/gnome2</userinput>
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&prompt.root; <userinput>make install clean</userinput></screen>
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<para>Once <application>GNOME</application> is installed,
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the X server must be told to start
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<application>GNOME</application> instead of a default window
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manager.</para>
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<para>當 <application>GNOME</application> 安裝完成後，
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必須告訴 X server 啟動 <application>GNOME</application> 而非原本的 window manager。</para>
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<para>The easiest way to start
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<application>GNOME</application> is with
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<application>GDM</application>, the GNOME Display Manager.
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<para>啟動 <application>GNOME</application> 最簡單的方法是利
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用 <application>GDM</application>(GNOME Display Manager)。
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<application>GDM</application>, which is installed as a part
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of the <application>GNOME</application> desktop (but is
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disabled by default), can be enabled by adding
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|
|
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