1059 lines
41 KiB
Text
1059 lines
41 KiB
Text
<!-- $FreeBSD$ -->
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<!-- The FreeBSD Documentation Project -->
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<!DOCTYPE ARTICLE PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//DTD DocBook V4.1-Based Extension//EN" [
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<!ENTITY % articles.ent PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//ENTITIES DocBook FreeBSD Articles Entity Set//EN">
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%articles.ent;
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]>
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<article>
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<articleinfo>
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<title>For People New to Both FreeBSD and &unix;</title>
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<authorgroup>
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<author>
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<firstname>Annelise</firstname>
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<surname>Anderson</surname>
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<affiliation>
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<address><email>andrsn@andrsn.stanford.edu</email></address>
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</affiliation>
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</author>
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</authorgroup>
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<pubdate>August 15, 1997</pubdate>
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<legalnotice id="trademarks" role="trademarks">
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&tm-attrib.freebsd;
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&tm-attrib.ibm;
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&tm-attrib.microsoft;
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&tm-attrib.netscape;
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&tm-attrib.opengroup;
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&tm-attrib.general;
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</legalnotice>
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<abstract>
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<para>Congratulations on installing FreeBSD! This introduction
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is for people new to both FreeBSD <emphasis>and</emphasis>
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&unix;—so it starts with basics. It assumes you are using
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version 2.0.5 or later of &os; as distributed by
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&os;.org, your system (for now) has a single user
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(you)—and you are probably pretty good with DOS/&windows;
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or &os2;.</para>
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</abstract>
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</articleinfo>
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<sect1>
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<title>Logging in and Getting Out</title>
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<para>Log in (when you see <prompt >login:</prompt>) as a user you
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created during installation or as <username>root</username>.
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(Your FreeBSD installation will already have an account for
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<username>root</username>; who can go anywhere and do anything, including deleting
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essential files, so be careful!) The symbols &prompt.user; and
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&prompt.root; in the following stand for the prompt (yours may
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be different), with &prompt.user; indicating an ordinary user
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and &prompt.root; indicating <username>root</username>.</para>
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<para>To log out (and get a new <prompt >login:</prompt> prompt)
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type</para>
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<informalexample>
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<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>exit</userinput></screen>
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</informalexample>
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<para>as often as necessary. Yes, press <keysym>enter</keysym>
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after commands, and remember that &unix; is
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case-sensitive—<command>exit</command>, not
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<command>EXIT</command>.</para>
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<para>To shut down the machine type</para>
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<informalexample>
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<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>/sbin/shutdown -h now</userinput></screen>
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</informalexample>
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<para>Or to reboot type</para>
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<informalexample>
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<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>/sbin/shutdown -r now</userinput></screen>
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</informalexample>
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<para>or</para>
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<informalexample>
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<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>/sbin/reboot</userinput></screen>
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</informalexample>
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<para>You can also reboot with
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<keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>Delete</keycap></keycombo>.
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Give it a little time to do its work. This is equivalent to
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<command>/sbin/reboot</command> in recent releases of FreeBSD
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and is much, much better than hitting the reset button. You
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do not want to have to reinstall this thing, do you?</para>
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</sect1>
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<sect1>
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<title>Adding A User with Root Privileges</title>
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<para>If you did not create any users when you installed the system
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and are thus logged in as <username>root</username>, you should probably create a
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user now with</para>
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<informalexample>
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<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>adduser</userinput></screen>
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</informalexample>
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<para>The first time you use <command>adduser</command>, it might ask for some
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defaults to save. You might want to make the default shell
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&man.csh.1; instead of &man.sh.1;, if it suggests
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<command>sh</command> as the default. Otherwise just press
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enter to accept each default. These defaults are saved in
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<filename>/etc/adduser.conf</filename>, an editable file.</para>
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<para>Suppose you create a user <username>jack</username> with
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full name <emphasis>Jack Benimble</emphasis>. Give <username>jack</username> a
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password if security (even kids around who might pound on the
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keyboard) is an issue. When it asks you if you want to invite
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<username>jack</username> into other groups, type <groupname>wheel</groupname></para>
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<informalexample>
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<screen>Login group is ``jack''. Invite jack into other groups: <userinput>wheel</userinput></screen>
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</informalexample>
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<para>This will make it possible to log in as
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<username>jack</username> and use the &man.su.1;
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command to become <username>root</username>. Then you will not get scolded any more for
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logging in as <username>root</username>.</para>
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<para>You can quit <command>adduser</command> any time by typing
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<keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>C</keycap></keycombo>,
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and at the end you will have a chance to approve your new user or
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simply type <keycap>n</keycap> for no. You might want to create
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a second new user so that when you edit <username>jack</username>'s login
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files, you will have a hot spare in case something goes
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wrong.</para>
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<para>Once you have done this, use <command>exit</command> to get
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back to a login prompt and log in as <username>jack</username>.
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In general, it is a good idea to do as much work as possible as
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an ordinary user who does not have the power—and
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risk—of <username>root</username>.</para>
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<para>If you already created a user and you want the user to be
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able to <command>su</command> to <username>root</username>, you can log in as <username>root</username>
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and edit the file <filename>/etc/group</filename>, adding <username>jack</username>
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to the first line (the group <groupname>wheel</groupname>). But
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first you need to practice &man.vi.1;, the text editor—or
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use the simpler text editor, &man.ee.1;, installed on recent
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versions of FreeBSD.</para>
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<para>To delete a user, use the <command>rmuser</command>
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command.</para>
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</sect1>
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<sect1>
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<title>Looking Around</title>
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<para>Logged in as an ordinary user, look around and try out some
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commands that will access the sources of help and information
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within FreeBSD.</para>
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<para>Here are some commands and what they do:</para>
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<variablelist>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><command>id</command></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>Tells you who you are!</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><command>pwd</command></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>Shows you where you are—the current working
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directory.</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><command>ls</command></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>Lists the files in the current directory.</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><command>ls <option>-F</option></command></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>Lists the files in the current directory with a
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<literal>*</literal> after executables, a
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<literal>/</literal> after directories, and an
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<literal>@</literal> after symbolic links.</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><command>ls <option>-l</option></command></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>Lists the files in long format—size, date,
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permissions.</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><command>ls <option>-a</option></command></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>Lists hidden <quote>dot</quote> files with the others.
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If you are <username>root</username>, the <quote>dot</quote> files show up
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without the <option>-a</option> switch.</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><command>cd</command></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>Changes directories. <command>cd
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<parameter>..</parameter></command> backs up one level;
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note the space after <command>cd</command>. <command>cd
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<parameter>/usr/local</parameter></command> goes there.
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<command>cd <parameter>~</parameter></command> goes to the
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home directory of the person logged in—e.g.,
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<filename>/usr/home/jack</filename>. Try <command>cd
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<parameter>/cdrom</parameter></command>, and then
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<command>ls</command>, to find out if your CDROM is
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mounted and working.</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><command>view
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<replaceable>filename</replaceable></command></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>Lets you look at a file (named
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<replaceable>filename</replaceable>) without changing it.
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Try <command>view
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<parameter>/etc/fstab</parameter></command>.
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Type <command>:q</command> to quit.</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><command>cat
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<replaceable>filename</replaceable></command></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>Displays <replaceable>filename</replaceable> on
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screen. If it is too long and you can see only the end of
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it, press <keycap>ScrollLock</keycap> and use the
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<keycap>up-arrow</keycap> to move backward; you can use
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<keycap>ScrollLock</keycap> with manual pages too. Press
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<keycap>ScrollLock</keycap> again to quit scrolling. You
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might want to try <command>cat</command> on some of the
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dot files in your home directory—<command>cat
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<parameter>.cshrc</parameter></command>, <command>cat
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<parameter>.login</parameter></command>, <command>cat
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<parameter>.profile</parameter></command>.</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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</variablelist>
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<para>You will notice aliases in <filename>.cshrc</filename> for
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some of the <command>ls</command> commands (they are very
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convenient). You can create other aliases by editing
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<filename>.cshrc</filename>. You can make these aliases
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available to all users on the system by putting them in the
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system-wide <command>csh</command> configuration file,
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<filename>/etc/csh.cshrc</filename>.</para>
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</sect1>
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<sect1>
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<title>Getting Help and Information</title>
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<para>Here are some useful sources of help.
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<replaceable>Text</replaceable> stands for something of your
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choice that you type in—usually a command or
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filename.</para>
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<variablelist>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><command>apropos
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<replaceable>text</replaceable></command></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>Everything containing string
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<replaceable>text</replaceable> in the <database>whatis
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database</database>.</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><command>man
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<replaceable>text</replaceable></command></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>The manual page for <replaceable>text</replaceable>. The
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major source of documentation for &unix; systems.
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<command>man <parameter>ls</parameter></command> will tell
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you all the ways to use the <command>ls</command> command.
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Press <keycap>Enter</keycap> to move through text,
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<keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>B</keycap></keycombo>
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to go back a page,
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<keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>F</keycap></keycombo>
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to go forward, <keycap>q</keycap> or
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<keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>C</keycap></keycombo>
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to quit.</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><command>which
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<replaceable>text</replaceable></command></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>Tells you where in the user's path the command
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<replaceable>text</replaceable> is found.</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><command>locate
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<replaceable>text</replaceable></command></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>All the paths where the string
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<replaceable>text</replaceable> is found.</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><command>whatis
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<replaceable>text</replaceable></command></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>Tells you what the command
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<replaceable>text</replaceable> does and its manual page.
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Typing <command>whatis *</command> will tell you about all
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the binaries in the current directory.</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><command>whereis
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<replaceable>text</replaceable></command></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>Finds the file <replaceable>text</replaceable>, giving
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its full path.</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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</variablelist>
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<para>You might want to try using <command>whatis</command> on
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some common useful commands like <command>cat</command>,
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<command>more</command>, <command>grep</command>,
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<command>mv</command>, <command>find</command>,
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<command>tar</command>, <command>chmod</command>,
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<command>chown</command>, <command>date</command>, and
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<command>script</command>. <command>more</command> lets you
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read a page at a time as it does in DOS, e.g., <command>ls -l |
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more</command> or <command>more
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<replaceable>filename</replaceable></command>. The
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<literal>*</literal> works as a wildcard—e.g., <command>ls
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w*</command> will show you files beginning with
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<literal>w</literal>.</para>
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<para>Are some of these not working very well? Both
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&man.locate.1; and &man.whatis.1; depend
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on a database that is rebuilt weekly. If your machine is not
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going to be left on over the weekend (and running FreeBSD), you
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might want to run the commands for daily, weekly, and monthly
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maintenance now and then. Run them as <username>root</username> and, for now, give each one
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time to finish before you start the next one.</para>
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<informalexample>
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<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>periodic daily</userinput>
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<lineannotation>output omitted</lineannotation>
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&prompt.root; <userinput>periodic weekly</userinput>
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<lineannotation>output omitted</lineannotation>
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&prompt.root; <userinput>periodic monthly</userinput>
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<lineannotation>output omitted</lineannotation></screen>
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</informalexample>
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<para>If you get tired of waiting, press
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<keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F2</keycap></keycombo> to
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get another <firstterm>virtual console</firstterm>, and log in
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again. After all, it is a multi-user, multi-tasking system.
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Nevertheless these commands will probably flash messages on your
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screen while they are running; you can type
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<command>clear</command> at the prompt to clear the screen.
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Once they have run, you might want to look at
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<filename>/var/mail/root</filename> and
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<filename>/var/log/messages</filename>.</para>
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<para>Running such commands is part of system
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administration—and as a single user of a &unix; system,
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you are your own system administrator. Virtually everything you
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need to be <username>root</username> to do is system administration. Such
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responsibilities are not covered very well even in those big fat
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books on &unix;, which seem to devote a lot of space to pulling
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down menus in windows managers. You might want to get one of
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the two leading books on systems administration, either Evi
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Nemeth et.al.'s <citetitle>UNIX System Administration
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Handbook</citetitle> (Prentice-Hall, 1995, ISBN
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0-13-15051-7)—the second edition with the red cover; or
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Æleen Frisch's <citetitle>Essential System
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Administration</citetitle> (O'Reilly & Associates, 2002,
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ISBN 0-596-00343-9). I used Nemeth.</para>
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</sect1>
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<sect1>
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<title>Editing Text</title>
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<para>To configure your system, you need to edit text files. Most
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of them will be in the <filename>/etc</filename> directory; and
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you will need to <command>su</command> to <username>root</username> to be able to
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change them. You can use the easy <command>ee</command>, but in
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the long run the text editor <command>vi</command> is worth
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learning. There is an excellent tutorial on vi in
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<filename>/usr/src/contrib/nvi/docs/tutorial</filename>, if you
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have the system sources installed.</para>
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<para>Before you edit a file, you should probably back it up.
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Suppose you want to edit <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>. You
|
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could just use <command>cd /etc</command> to get to the
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<filename>/etc</filename> directory and do:</para>
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<informalexample>
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<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cp rc.conf rc.conf.orig</userinput></screen>
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</informalexample>
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<para>This would copy <filename>rc.conf</filename> to
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<filename>rc.conf.orig</filename>, and you could later copy
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<filename>rc.conf.orig</filename> to
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<filename>rc.conf</filename> to recover the original. But even
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better would be moving (renaming) and then copying back:</para>
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<informalexample>
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<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mv rc.conf rc.conf.orig</userinput>
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&prompt.root; <userinput>cp rc.conf.orig rc.conf</userinput></screen>
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</informalexample>
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<para>because the <command>mv</command> command preserves the
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original date and owner of the file. You can now edit
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<filename>rc.conf</filename>. If you want the original back,
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you would then <userinput>mv rc.conf rc.conf.myedit</userinput>
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(assuming you want to preserve your edited version) and
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then</para>
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<informalexample>
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<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mv rc.conf.orig rc.conf</userinput></screen>
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</informalexample>
|
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<para>to put things back the way they were.</para>
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<para>To edit a file, type</para>
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<informalexample>
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<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>vi <replaceable>filename</replaceable></userinput></screen>
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</informalexample>
|
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<para>Move through the text with the arrow keys.
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<keycap>Esc</keycap> (the escape key) puts <command>vi</command>
|
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in command mode. Here are some commands:</para>
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<variablelist>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><command>x</command></term>
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|
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<listitem>
|
|
<para>delete letter the cursor is on</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><command>dd</command></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>delete the entire line (even if it wraps on the
|
|
screen)</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><command>i</command></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>insert text at the cursor</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><command>a</command></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>insert text after the cursor</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
|
|
<para>Once you type <command>i</command> or <command>a</command>,
|
|
you can enter text. <command>Esc</command> puts you back in
|
|
command mode where you can type</para>
|
|
|
|
<variablelist>
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><command>:w</command></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>to write your changes to disk and continue
|
|
editing</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><command>:wq</command></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>to write and quit</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><command>:q!</command></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>to quit without saving changes</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><command>/<replaceable>text</replaceable></command></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>to move the cursor to <replaceable>text</replaceable>;
|
|
<command>/<keycap>Enter</keycap></command> (the enter key)
|
|
to find the next instance of
|
|
<replaceable>text</replaceable>.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><command>G</command></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>to go to the end of the file</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><command><replaceable>n</replaceable>G</command></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>to go to line <replaceable>n</replaceable> in the
|
|
file, where <replaceable>n</replaceable> is a
|
|
number</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>L</keycap></keycombo></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>to redraw the screen</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>b</keycap></keycombo> and
|
|
<keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>f</keycap></keycombo></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>go back and forward a screen, as they do with
|
|
<command>more</command> and <command>view</command>.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
|
|
<para>Practice with <command>vi</command> in your home directory
|
|
by creating a new file with <command>vi
|
|
<replaceable>filename</replaceable></command> and adding and
|
|
deleting text, saving the file, and calling it up again.
|
|
<command>vi</command> delivers some surprises because it is
|
|
really quite complex, and sometimes you will inadvertently issue a
|
|
command that will do something you do not expect. (Some people
|
|
actually like <command>vi</command>—it is more powerful
|
|
than DOS EDIT—find out about the <command>:r</command>
|
|
command.) Use <keycap>Esc</keycap> one or more times to be sure
|
|
you are in command mode and proceed from there when it gives you
|
|
trouble, save often with <command>:w</command>, and use
|
|
<command>:q!</command> to get out and start over (from your last
|
|
<command>:w</command>) when you need to.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Now you can <command>cd</command> to
|
|
<filename>/etc</filename>, <command>su</command> to <username>root</username>, use
|
|
<command>vi</command> to edit the file
|
|
<filename>/etc/group</filename>, and add a user to <groupname>wheel</groupname> so the
|
|
user has root privileges. Just add a comma and the user's login
|
|
name to the end of the first line in the file, press
|
|
<keycap>Esc</keycap>, and use <command>:wq</command> to write
|
|
the file to disk and quit. Instantly effective. (You did not
|
|
put a space after the comma, did you?)</para>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1>
|
|
<title>Printing Files from DOS</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>At this point you probably do not have the printer working,
|
|
so here is a way to create a file from a manual page, move it to a
|
|
floppy, and then print it from DOS. Suppose you want to read
|
|
carefully about changing permissions on files (pretty
|
|
important). You can use <command>man chmod</command> to read
|
|
about it. The command</para>
|
|
|
|
<informalexample>
|
|
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>man chmod | col -b > chmod.txt</userinput></screen>
|
|
</informalexample>
|
|
|
|
<para>will remove formatting codes and send the manual page to the
|
|
<filename>chmod.txt</filename> file instead of showing it on
|
|
your screen. Now put a dos-formatted diskette in your floppy
|
|
drive <devicename>a</devicename>, <command>su</command> to <username>root</username>, and type</para>
|
|
|
|
<informalexample>
|
|
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>/sbin/mount -t msdos /dev/fd0 /mnt</userinput></screen>
|
|
</informalexample>
|
|
|
|
<para>to mount the floppy drive on
|
|
<filename>/mnt</filename>.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Now (you no longer need to be <username>root</username>, and you can type
|
|
<command>exit</command> to get back to being user jack) you can
|
|
go to the directory where you created
|
|
<filename>chmod.txt</filename> and copy the file to the floppy
|
|
with:</para>
|
|
|
|
<informalexample>
|
|
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>cp chmod.txt /mnt</userinput></screen>
|
|
</informalexample>
|
|
|
|
<para>and use <command>ls /mnt</command> to get a directory
|
|
listing of <filename>/mnt</filename>, which should show the file
|
|
<filename>chmod.txt</filename>.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>You might especially want to make a file from
|
|
<filename>/sbin/dmesg</filename> by typing</para>
|
|
|
|
<informalexample>
|
|
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>/sbin/dmesg > dmesg.txt</userinput></screen>
|
|
</informalexample>
|
|
|
|
<para>and copying <filename>dmesg.txt</filename> to the floppy.
|
|
<command>/sbin/dmesg</command> is the boot log record, and it is
|
|
useful to understand it because it shows what FreeBSD found when
|
|
it booted up. If you ask questions on the &a.questions; or on a USENET
|
|
group—like <quote>FreeBSD is not finding my tape drive,
|
|
what do I do?</quote>—people will want to know what
|
|
<command>dmesg</command> has to say.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>You can now unmount the floppy drive (as <username>root</username>) to get the
|
|
disk out with</para>
|
|
|
|
<informalexample>
|
|
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>/sbin/umount /mnt</userinput></screen>
|
|
</informalexample>
|
|
|
|
<para>and reboot to go to DOS. Copy these files to a DOS
|
|
directory, call them up with DOS EDIT, &windows; Notepad or
|
|
Wordpad, or a word processor, make a minor change so the file
|
|
has to be saved, and print as you normally would from DOS or
|
|
Windows. Hope it works! manual pages come out best if printed
|
|
with the DOS <command>print</command> command. (Copying files
|
|
from FreeBSD to a mounted DOS partition is in some cases still a
|
|
little risky.)</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Getting the printer printing from FreeBSD involves creating
|
|
an appropriate entry in <filename>/etc/printcap</filename> and
|
|
creating a matching spool directory in
|
|
<filename>/var/spool/output</filename>. If your printer is on
|
|
<hardware>lpt0</hardware> (what DOS calls
|
|
<hardware>LPT1</hardware>), you may only need to go to
|
|
<filename>/var/spool/output</filename> and (as <username>root</username>) create the
|
|
directory <filename>lpd</filename> by typing: <command>mkdir
|
|
lpd</command>, if it does not already exist. Then the printer
|
|
should respond if it is turned on when the system is booted, and
|
|
<command>lp</command> or <command>lpr</command> should send a
|
|
file to the printer. Whether or not the file actually prints
|
|
depends on configuring it, which is covered in the <ulink
|
|
url="&url.books.handbook;/index.html">FreeBSD
|
|
handbook.</ulink></para>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1>
|
|
<title>Other Useful Commands</title>
|
|
|
|
<variablelist>
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><command>df</command></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>shows file space and mounted systems.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><command>ps aux</command></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>shows processes running. <command>ps ax</command> is a
|
|
narrower form.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><command>rm <replaceable>filename</replaceable></command></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>remove <replaceable>filename</replaceable>.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><command>rm -R <replaceable>dir</replaceable></command></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>removes a directory <replaceable>dir</replaceable> and all
|
|
subdirectories—careful!</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><command>ls -R</command></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>lists files in the current directory and all
|
|
subdirectories; I used a variant, <command>ls -AFR >
|
|
where.txt</command>, to get a list of all the files in
|
|
<filename>/</filename> and (separately)
|
|
<filename>/usr</filename> before I found better ways to
|
|
find files.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><command>passwd</command></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>to change user's password (or <username>root</username>'s password)</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><command>man hier</command></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>manual page on the &unix; filesystem</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
|
|
<para>Use <command>find</command> to locate <filename>filename</filename> in
|
|
<filename>/usr</filename> or any of its subdirectories
|
|
with</para>
|
|
|
|
<informalexample>
|
|
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>find /usr -name "<replaceable>filename</replaceable>"</userinput></screen>
|
|
</informalexample>
|
|
|
|
<para>You can use <literal>*</literal> as a wildcard in
|
|
<parameter>"<replaceable>filename</replaceable>"</parameter>
|
|
(which should be in quotes). If you tell
|
|
<command>find</command> to search in <filename>/</filename>
|
|
instead of <filename>/usr</filename> it will look for the
|
|
file(s) on all mounted filesystems, including the CDROM and the
|
|
DOS partition.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>An excellent book that explains &unix; commands and utilities
|
|
is Abrahams & Larson, <citetitle>Unix for the
|
|
Impatient</citetitle> (2nd ed., Addison-Wesley, 1996).
|
|
There is also a lot of &unix; information on the Internet.</para>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1>
|
|
<title>Next Steps</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>You should now have the tools you need to get around and
|
|
edit files, so you can get everything up and running. There is
|
|
a great deal of information in the FreeBSD handbook (which is
|
|
probably on your hard drive) and <ulink
|
|
url="&url.base;/index.html">FreeBSD's web site</ulink>. A
|
|
wide variety of packages and ports are on the CDROM as well as
|
|
the web site. The handbook tells you more about how to use them
|
|
(get the package if it exists, with <command>pkg_add
|
|
/cdrom/packages/All/<replaceable>packagename</replaceable></command>,
|
|
where <replaceable>packagename</replaceable> is the filename of
|
|
the package). The CDROM has lists of the packages and ports
|
|
with brief descriptions in
|
|
<filename>cdrom/packages/index</filename>,
|
|
<filename>cdrom/packages/index.txt</filename>, and
|
|
<filename>cdrom/ports/index</filename>, with fuller descriptions
|
|
in <filename>/cdrom/ports/*/*/pkg/DESCR</filename>, where the
|
|
<literal>*</literal>s represent subdirectories of kinds of
|
|
programs and program names respectively.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>If you find the handbook too sophisticated (what with
|
|
<command>lndir</command> and all) on installing ports from the
|
|
CDROM, here is what usually works:</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Find the port you want, say <command>kermit</command>.
|
|
There will be a directory for it on the CDROM. Copy the
|
|
subdirectory to <filename>/usr/local</filename> (a good place
|
|
for software you add that should be available to all users)
|
|
with:</para>
|
|
|
|
<informalexample>
|
|
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cp -R /cdrom/ports/comm/kermit /usr/local</userinput></screen>
|
|
</informalexample>
|
|
|
|
<para>This should result in a
|
|
<filename>/usr/local/kermit</filename> subdirectory that has all
|
|
the files that the <command>kermit</command> subdirectory on the
|
|
CDROM has.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Next, create the directory
|
|
<filename>/usr/ports/distfiles</filename> if it does not already
|
|
exist using <command>mkdir</command>. Now check
|
|
<filename>/cdrom/ports/distfiles</filename> for a file with a
|
|
name that indicates it is the port you want. Copy that file to
|
|
<filename>/usr/ports/distfiles</filename>; in recent versions
|
|
you can skip this step, as FreeBSD will do it for you. In the
|
|
case of <command>kermit</command>, there is no distfile.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Then <command>cd</command> to the subdirectory of
|
|
<filename>/usr/local/kermit</filename> that has the file
|
|
<filename>Makefile</filename>. Type</para>
|
|
|
|
<informalexample>
|
|
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>make all install</userinput></screen>
|
|
</informalexample>
|
|
|
|
<para>During this process the port will FTP to get any compressed
|
|
files it needs that it did not find on the CDROM or in
|
|
<filename>/usr/ports/distfiles</filename>. If you do not have
|
|
your network running yet and there was no file for the port in
|
|
<filename>/cdrom/ports/distfiles</filename>, you will have to
|
|
get the distfile using another machine and copy it to
|
|
<filename>/usr/ports/distfiles</filename> from a floppy or your
|
|
DOS partition. Read <filename>Makefile</filename> (with
|
|
<command>cat</command> or <command>more</command> or
|
|
<command>view</command>) to find out where to go (the master
|
|
distribution site) to get the file and what its name is. Its
|
|
name will be truncated when downloaded to DOS, and after you get
|
|
it into <filename>/usr/ports/distfiles</filename> you will have to
|
|
rename it (with the <command>mv</command> command) to its
|
|
original name so it can be found. (Use binary file transfers!)
|
|
Then go back to <filename>/usr/local/kermit</filename>, find the
|
|
directory with <filename>Makefile</filename>, and type
|
|
<command>make all install</command>.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>The other thing that happens when installing ports or
|
|
packages is that some other program is needed. If the
|
|
installation stops with a message <errorname>can't find
|
|
unzip</errorname> or whatever, you might need to install the
|
|
package or port for unzip before you continue.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Once it is installed type <command>rehash</command> to make
|
|
FreeBSD reread the files in the path so it knows what is there.
|
|
(If you get a lot of <errorname>path not found</errorname>
|
|
messages when you use <command>whereis</command> or which, you
|
|
might want to make additions to the list of directories in the
|
|
path statement in <filename>.cshrc</filename> in your home
|
|
directory. The path statement in &unix; does the same kind of
|
|
work it does in DOS, except the current directory is not (by
|
|
default) in the path for security reasons; if the command you
|
|
want is in the directory you are in, you need to type
|
|
<filename>./</filename> before the command to make it work; no
|
|
space after the slash.)</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>You might want to get the most recent version of &netscape;
|
|
from their <ulink url="ftp://ftp.netscape.com/">FTP site</ulink>.
|
|
(&netscape; requires the X Window System.) There is now a FreeBSD
|
|
version, so look around carefully. Just use <command>gunzip
|
|
<replaceable>filename</replaceable></command> and <command>tar
|
|
xvf <replaceable>filename</replaceable></command> on it, move
|
|
the binary to <filename>/usr/local/bin</filename> or some other
|
|
place binaries are kept, <command>rehash</command>, and then put
|
|
the following lines in <filename>.cshrc</filename> in each
|
|
user's home directory or (easier) in
|
|
<filename>/etc/csh.cshrc</filename>, the system-wide
|
|
<command>csh</command> start-up file:</para>
|
|
|
|
<informalexample>
|
|
<programlisting>setenv XKEYSYMDB /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/XKeysymDB
|
|
setenv XNLSPATH /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/nls</programlisting>
|
|
</informalexample>
|
|
|
|
<para>This assumes that the file <filename>XKeysymDB</filename>
|
|
and the directory <filename>nls</filename> are in
|
|
<filename>/usr/X11R6/lib/X11</filename>; if they are not, find
|
|
them and put them there.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>If you originally got &netscape; as a port using the CDROM (or
|
|
FTP), do not replace <filename>/usr/local/bin/netscape</filename>
|
|
with the new netscape binary; this is just a shell script that
|
|
sets up the environment variables for you. Instead rename the
|
|
new binary to <filename>netscape.bin</filename> and replace the
|
|
old binary, which is
|
|
<filename>/usr/local/netscape/netscape</filename>.</para>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1>
|
|
<title>Your Working Environment</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>Your shell is the most important part of your working
|
|
environment. In DOS, the usual shell is command.com. The shell
|
|
is what interprets the commands you type on the command line,
|
|
and thus communicates with the rest of the operating system.
|
|
You can also write shell scripts, which are like DOS batch
|
|
files: a series of commands to be run without your
|
|
intervention.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Two shells come installed with FreeBSD:
|
|
<command>csh</command> and <command>sh</command>.
|
|
<command>csh</command> is good for command-line work, but
|
|
scripts should be written with <command>sh</command> (or
|
|
<command>bash</command>). You can find out what shell you have
|
|
by typing <command>echo $SHELL</command>.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>The <command>csh</command> shell is okay, but
|
|
<command>tcsh</command> does everything <command>csh</command>
|
|
does and more. It allows you to recall commands with the arrow
|
|
keys and edit them. It has tab-key completion of filenames
|
|
(<command>csh</command> uses the <keycap>Esc</keycap> key), and
|
|
it lets you switch to the directory you were last in with
|
|
<command>cd -</command>. It is also much easier to alter your
|
|
prompt with <command>tcsh</command>. It makes life a lot
|
|
easier.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Here are the three steps for installing a new shell:</para>
|
|
|
|
<procedure>
|
|
<step>
|
|
<para>Install the shell as a port or a package, just as you
|
|
would any other port or package. Use
|
|
<command>rehash</command> and <command>which tcsh</command>
|
|
(assuming you are installing <command>tcsh</command>) to make
|
|
sure it got installed.</para>
|
|
</step>
|
|
|
|
<step>
|
|
<para>As <username>root</username>, edit <filename>/etc/shells</filename>, adding a
|
|
line in the file for the new shell, in this case
|
|
<filename>/usr/local/bin/tcsh</filename>, and save the file.
|
|
(Some ports may do this for you.)</para>
|
|
</step>
|
|
|
|
<step>
|
|
<para>Use the <command>chsh</command> command to change your
|
|
shell to <command>tcsh</command> permanently, or type
|
|
<command>tcsh</command> at the prompt to change your shell
|
|
without logging in again.</para>
|
|
</step>
|
|
</procedure>
|
|
|
|
<note>
|
|
<para>It can be dangerous to change <username>root</username>'s shell to something
|
|
other than <command>sh</command> or <command>csh</command> on
|
|
early versions of FreeBSD and many other versions of &unix;; you
|
|
may not have a working shell when the system puts you into
|
|
single user mode. The solution is to use <command>su
|
|
-m</command> to become <username>root</username>, which will give you the
|
|
<command>tcsh</command> as <username>root</username>, because the shell is part of
|
|
the environment. You can make this permanent by adding it to
|
|
your <filename>.tcshrc</filename> file as an alias with:</para>
|
|
<programlisting>alias su su -m</programlisting>
|
|
</note>
|
|
|
|
<para>When <command>tcsh</command> starts up, it will read the
|
|
<filename>/etc/csh.cshrc</filename> and
|
|
<filename>/etc/csh.login</filename> files, as does
|
|
<command>csh</command>. It will also read the
|
|
<filename>.login</filename> file in your home directory and the
|
|
<filename>.cshrc</filename> file as well, unless you provide a
|
|
<filename>.tcshrc</filename> file. This you can do by simply
|
|
copying <filename>.cshrc</filename> to
|
|
<filename>.tcshrc</filename>.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Now that you have installed <command>tcsh</command>, you can
|
|
adjust your prompt. You can find the details in the manual page
|
|
for <command>tcsh</command>, but here is a line to put in your
|
|
<filename>.tcshrc</filename> that will tell you how many
|
|
commands you have typed, what time it is, and what directory you
|
|
are in. It also produces a <literal>></literal> if you are an
|
|
ordinary user and a <literal>#</literal> if you are <username>root</username>, but
|
|
tsch will do that in any case:</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>set prompt = "%h %t %~ %# "</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>This should go in the same place as the existing set prompt
|
|
line if there is one, or under "if($?prompt) then" if not.
|
|
Comment out the old line; you can always switch back to it if
|
|
you prefer it. Do not forget the spaces and quotes. You can get
|
|
the <filename>.tcshrc</filename> reread by typing
|
|
<command>source .tcshrc</command>.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>You can get a listing of other environmental variables that
|
|
have been set by typing <command>env</command> at the prompt.
|
|
The result will show you your default editor, pager, and
|
|
terminal type, among possibly many others. A useful command if
|
|
you log in from a remote location and can not run a program
|
|
because the terminal is not capable is <command>setenv TERM
|
|
vt100</command>.</para>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1>
|
|
<title>Other</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>As <username>root</username>, you can unmount the CDROM with
|
|
<command>/sbin/umount /cdrom</command>, take it out of the
|
|
drive, insert another one, and mount it with
|
|
<command>/sbin/mount_cd9660 /dev/cd0a /cdrom</command> assuming
|
|
<hardware>cd0a</hardware> is the device name for your CDROM
|
|
drive. The most recent versions of FreeBSD let you mount the
|
|
CDROM with just <command>/sbin/mount /cdrom</command>.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Using the live filesystem—the second of FreeBSD's
|
|
CDROM disks—is useful if you have got limited space. What
|
|
is on the live filesystem varies from release to release. You
|
|
might try playing games from the CDROM. This involves using
|
|
<command>lndir</command>, which gets installed with the X Window
|
|
System, to tell the program(s) where to find the necessary
|
|
files, because they are in the <filename>/cdrom</filename> file
|
|
system instead of in <filename>/usr</filename> and its
|
|
subdirectories, which is where they are expected to be. Read
|
|
<command>man lndir</command>.</para>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1>
|
|
<title>Comments Welcome</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>If you use this guide I would be interested in knowing where it
|
|
was unclear and what was left out that you think should be
|
|
included, and if it was helpful. My thanks to Eugene W. Stark,
|
|
professor of computer science at SUNY-Stony Brook, and John
|
|
Fieber for helpful comments.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Annelise Anderson,
|
|
<email>andrsn@andrsn.stanford.edu</email></para>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
</article>
|